Heretic Heretic

one who disagrees one who disagrees with or denies the with or denies the basic teachings of a basic teachings of a religionreligion

Power CenterPower Center

Nations that possessed Nations that possessed the ability to conduct the ability to conduct overseas exploration overseas exploration during the 15during the 15thth century.century.

VernacularVernacular

everyday language everyday language of ordinary peopleof ordinary people

Not Latin!Not Latin!

Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation

A 16A 16thth century century European religious European religious movement aimed movement aimed at reforming the at reforming the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.

IndulgenceIndulgence

pardon sold by the pardon sold by the Catholic Church to Catholic Church to reduce one’s reduce one’s punishment for sinspunishment for sins

LutheranLutheran

a member of a a member of a Protestant church Protestant church founded on the founded on the teachings of Martin teachings of Martin Luther Luther

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent

a meeting of Roman a meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized on doctrines criticized by the Protestant by the Protestant Reformers (1545)Reformers (1545)

Main Points of CT:Main Points of CT:

Church officials had final authorityChurch officials had final authority Faith and good works are necessary Faith and good works are necessary

for salvationfor salvation The Bible and church tradition are The Bible and church tradition are

equally powerful authorities for equally powerful authorities for guidelinesguidelines

Indulgences are valid (but false Indulgences are valid (but false selling was banned.)selling was banned.)

Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg

a 1555 agreement a 1555 agreement declaring that the declaring that the religion of each religion of each German state would German state would be decided by its be decided by its rulerruler

Edict of NantesEdict of Nantes

a 1598 declaration in which a 1598 declaration in which the French king Henry IV the French king Henry IV promised that Protestants promised that Protestants could live in peace in France could live in peace in France and could set up houses of and could set up houses of worship in some French worship in some French cities. cities.

Thirty Years’ WarThirty Years’ War

European conflict over European conflict over religion, territory and religion, territory and power among ruling power among ruling families (1618-1648)families (1618-1648)

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Starting in the mid-1500’s, a Starting in the mid-1500’s, a major change in European major change in European thought, in which the study of thought, in which the study of the natural world began to be the natural world began to be characterized by careful characterized by careful observation and the observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. questioning of accepted beliefs.

Heliocentric Heliocentric TheoryTheory

The idea that the The idea that the earth and the other earth and the other planets revolve planets revolve around the sun.around the sun.

Scientific MethodScientific MethodA logical procedure for A logical procedure for gathering information gathering information about the natural world, about the natural world, in which experimentation in which experimentation and observation are and observation are used to test hypotheses.used to test hypotheses.

ConquistadorsConquistadors

the Spanish soldiers, the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune explorers, and fortune hunters who took part hunters who took part in the conquest of the in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th Americas in the 16th century century

EncomiendaEncomienda

a grant of land made by a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the Americas, including the right to use Native right to use Native Americans as laborers Americans as laborers on iton it

ColonyColony

land controlled by a land controlled by a distant nation distant nation

ColumbianColumbianExchange Exchange

the global transfer of plants, the global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that animals, and diseases that occurred during the occurred during the European colonization of European colonization of the Americansthe Americans

Balance of TradeBalance of Trade

The relationship between a The relationship between a country’s exports and country’s exports and imports. A positive imports. A positive balance of trade is when a balance of trade is when a country’s exports exceed country’s exports exceed their imports. their imports.

Mercantilism Mercantilism

economic policy of economic policy of European nations in European nations in the 1600s, equating the 1600s, equating wealth and powerwealth and power

CapitalismCapitalism

An economic system An economic system based on private based on private ownership and on the ownership and on the investment of money in investment of money in business ventures in business ventures in order to make a profit. order to make a profit.

Joint-stock companyJoint-stock company

a business in which a business in which investors pool their investors pool their wealth for a common wealth for a common purpose, then share the purpose, then share the profitsprofits

Absolute MonarchAbsolute Monarch

ruler with ruler with complete and complete and unrestricted authorityunrestricted authority over the government over the government and lives of the people and lives of the people he or she governshe or she governs

Magna CartaMagna Carta

““Great Charter”- a Great Charter”- a document guaranteeing document guaranteeing basic political rights in basic political rights in England, drawn up by England, drawn up by nobles and approved by nobles and approved by King John in 1215King John in 1215

EnlightenmentEnlightenment 18th century, European 18th century, European movement in which movement in which thinkers attempted to thinkers attempted to apply the principles of apply the principles of reason and the scientific reason and the scientific method to all aspects of method to all aspects of society. society.

Natural rightsNatural rights

the rights that all the rights that all people are born with- people are born with- according to John according to John Locke, the rights of Locke, the rights of life, liberty, and life, liberty, and propertyproperty

Glorious Revolution Glorious Revolution

1688, the bloodless overthrow of the 1688, the bloodless overthrow of the English king James II and his English king James II and his replacement by William and Mary replacement by William and Mary (Protestant)(Protestant)

Old RegimeOld Regime

the political and the political and social system that social system that existed in France existed in France before the French before the French RevolutionRevolution

BourgeoisieBourgeoisieThe middle class. The middle class. Well-educated and Well-educated and sometimes sometimes wealthy, but part wealthy, but part of the third estate. of the third estate.

Estates-GeneralEstates-General an assembly of an assembly of representatives representatives from all three of the from all three of the estates, or social estates, or social classes, in Franceclasses, in France

National AssemblyNational Assembly

French congress established French congress established by representatives of the by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the reforms in the name of the French people. French people.

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

the French war for the French war for democracy that democracy that began in 1789 and began in 1789 and ended with the ended with the overthrow of the overthrow of the monarchymonarchy

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror 1793-1794 Maximilien 1793-1794 Maximilien Robespierre ruled Robespierre ruled France nearly as a France nearly as a dictator and thousands dictator and thousands of political figures and of political figures and ordinary citizens were ordinary citizens were executedexecuted

Declaration of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and CitizenRights of Man and Citizen

a statement of a statement of revolutionary revolutionary ideals adopted by ideals adopted by France’s National France’s National Assembly in 1789Assembly in 1789

Sans-culottes Sans-culottes

in the French Revolution, a in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners and Parisian wage-earners and small shopkeepers who small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, government, lower prices, and an end of food and an end of food shortagesshortages

Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code

a comprehensive and a comprehensive and uniform system of uniform system of laws established for laws established for France by NapoleonFrance by Napoleon

Congress of ViennaCongress of ViennaA series of meetings in 1814-1815 (8 A series of meetings in 1814-1815 (8

months!), during which the months!), during which the European leaders sought to European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of security after the defeat of Napoleon.Napoleon.

(Prussia, Russia, Austria, Britain and (Prussia, Russia, Austria, Britain and France- France- MetternichMetternich* )* )

Results: legitimacy, Balance of Results: legitimacy, Balance of Power, use of diplomacy to Power, use of diplomacy to restore peace….like the UN!restore peace….like the UN!

Estate Estate

one of three social classes in France one of three social classes in France before the French Revolution- the before the French Revolution- the First Estate consisting of the clergy; First Estate consisting of the clergy; the Second Estate, of the nobility; the Second Estate, of the nobility; and the Third Estate, of the rest of and the Third Estate, of the rest of the populationthe population

ProletariatProletariat

the working classthe working class

Tennis Court Oath Tennis Court Oath

Pledge made by the members of Pledge made by the members of France’s National Assembly in 1789, France’s National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a meeting until they had drawn up a new constitutionnew constitution