Abstract-to consider apart from the concept or picture

Active voice-when the verb is done by the subject in a sentence

Ad hominem fallacy- argument is made against an author, therefore author’s claim is wrong

Ad misericordiam fallacy-argument or statement is considered true due to pity/ sympathy for author

Apostrophe-used in place of letters absent in a word of conjunction

Archetype- universal unconscious idea behind all/most stories

Artistic unity- all elements apply to the central theme, no irrelevancies

Bibliography- a list of sources used to find ideas and facts

Catharsis- release of emotion, tension and anxiety

Character foil- character that is similar to main character or protagonist

Citation-a quotation showing a particular word or phrase, is also used when forming a bibliography

Cliché- overused stereotype expression

Coherence- overall sense of understanding between individuals or amongst a group

Colloquialism- use of a familiar conversation, rather than formal speech or writing

Comic relief- used by authors to “lighten” the mood during a tense or suspenseful event.

Critical analysis- an appraisal based on careful analytical evaluation

Critical essay- emotion and feelings aside, claims are based upon evidence directly from literature being studied

Deus ex machina ending- fictional or improbable device used to resolve a plot

Didactic- intended to instruct

Documentary- film or journal based on actual fact with no emotion or personal opinion

Editorial- opinions of an editor or publisher in a publication (newspaper, T.V., radio, etc.)

Elegy- mournful poem, poem composed for one who is dead

Essay- literacy composition on a single subject, also expresses author’s personal ideas.

Eulogy- public speech or written tribute to the achievements of a person, place or thing.

Exposition- first part or form of music and literature to establish purpose and meaning

Expository- contains within it an exposition

Extended metaphor- metaphor extended through a stanza or entire poem, with multiple reference to it.

Figurative language- speech or writing that deports from literal meaning for effect, e.g. figures of speech

Formal essay- essay written with proper structure and compelling thesis

Genre- a class or category of artistic endeavour having particular form, content, technique or the like

High culture- people or products held in highest esteem by a culture (upper class)

Informal essay- written for pleasure, can still be persuasive and informative

In media res- narrative starts in the middle of the story

Language arts- the skills including: reading, composition, speech, spelling, and dramatics. Taught to give proficiency of language.

Low culture- derogatory term for someone forms of popular culture

Metacognition- thinking about thinking, awareness and understanding one’s thinking and cognitive process

Passive voice- used when focusing on the person or thing affected by an action

Personal essay- overall application package will represent who “you” are to people whom you will most likely not know personally.

Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy-mistaken notion that simply because one thing happens after another, the first event has a direct effect on the second event

Rhetorical device- technique that an author speaker uses to convey to the listener or reader a meaning with the goal or persuading the reader or listener towards considering a topic from a different perspective

Sarcasm- a cutting, often ironic, remark intended to wound.

Sardonic- scornfully or cynically mocking

Satire- a literacy work in which human voice or folly is attacked through irony, derision or wit.

Stream of consciousness story- writer renders a flow of associated thought and feeling giving the impression of one’s consciousness as it streams through ideas, visual, auditory, and physical

Tragedy- a dramatic composition, often in verse, dealing with a serious or sombre theme (Comedy with a tragic hero)

Tragic flaw- the character defect that causes the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy.

Tragic hero- a literacy character who makes an error of judgement or has a fatal flaw, combing with not fearing displacement and restlessness towards lot in life; creates a tragedy.

Verisimilitude- the appearance or semblance of truth

Weasel words- a word used to temper the forthrightness of a statement, a word that makes one’s views equivocal, misleading, or confusing

Works cited list- placed at end of document to provide publication information for the sources used.

Writer’s handbook- a handbook writers use for their publishments and to help them write.

Writing prompt- short segments of text that help give writers ideas for further ideas.

Dramatic/ Visual Composition/ Film Terminology:Art (Visual) Essay-An essay where the idea is conveyed through images or artistic symbolismAerial Shot-shot taken from above the actor, making it seem you were in the air looking down.Cinematography-The art or technique of movie photography, including both the shooting and development of the film.Close-up shot-tightly frames a person or object in comics, films, or photosComposition-the organization or grouping of the different parts of a work of art so as to achieve a unified whole.Dollying-A wheeled apparatus used to transport a movie or television camera about a set.Director-A film director or filmmaker is a person who directs the making or production of a filmEye-level shot-Eye-level shots tend to be neutral. Much like the medium shot, an eye-level shot puts the viewer on equal footing with the subject being filmed. lt has none of the diminishing or exaggerating qualities of the high- and low-angle shots.High-angle shot-In film, a high angle shot is usually when the camera is located high. High angle shots also make the figure or object seem vulnerable or powerless.Panning-refers to horizontal movement or rotation of a stationary camera.Long shot-In photography, film and video, a long shot (sometimes referred to as a full shot or a wide shot) typically shows the entire object or human figure and is usually intended to place it in some relation to its surroundings.Low-angle shot-In photography, film and video, a long shot (sometimes referred to as a full shot or a wide shot) typically shows the entire object or human figure and is usually intended to place it in some relation to its surroundings.Medium shot-In film, a medium shot is a camera shot from a medium distance.Photo essay-Is a set or series of photographs that are intended to tell a story or evoke a series of emotions in the viewer.

Playwright-A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or drama.Screenplay-a motion-picture or television scenarioScript-the manuscript or one of various copies of the written text of a play, motion picture, or radio or television broadcastStage direction-an instruction written into the script of a play, indicating stage actions, movements of performers, or production requirements.Tracking-a structure consisting of a pair of parallel lines of rails with their crossties, on which a railroad train, trolley, or the like runs.Voice-over-the voice of an off-screen narrator, announcer, or the like

Assessment Terminology:Coherence-understanding or agreementControlling idea-idea that makes the reader question, raising their curiosity.Diction-Choice and use of words in speech or writing.Implied thesis-An implied thesis is indirect and does not specifically state a definite thesisMatters of choice-Diction, syntax, word choice and word arrangementMatters of correctness-Sentence structure, grammar, and mechanicsSyntactic-according to the rules of syntax, or relating to syntax.Syntax-The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. Thesis-central theme of the document, supported by evidence.Thesis statement-an explanation of the topic or purpose of a research paper

Issue 1Liberalism- a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.Individualism- a social theory advocating the liberty, rights, or independent action of the individual.Common Good- the good of a communityCollectivism- the political principle of centralized social and economic control, esp. of all means of production. Ideology- The body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture.Progressivism- the doctrines and beliefs of the Progressive party.Individual Rights & Freedoms- the rights of individuals, in contrast with group rights.Competition- the act of competing; rivalry for supremacy, a prize, etcEconomic Freedom- the libertarian tradition emphasizing free markets and private propertyThe Rule of Law- the law is above everyone and it applies to everyone. Whether governors or governed, rulers or ruled, no one is above the law, no one is exempted from the law, and no one can grant exemption to the application of the law.Private Property- any physical or intangible entity that is owned by a person or jointly by a group of personsPublic Property- is property which is jointly owned by a whole community of individuals or by a non-communistic, dictatorial, or totalitarian governmentCollective Responsibility & interests- individuals are to be held responsible for other people's actions by tolerating, ignoring, or harboring them, without actively collaborating in these actionsCooperation- the combination of persons for purposes of production, purchase, or distribution for their joint benefitEconomic Equality- is a state of economic affairs in which the participants of a society are of equal standing and equal access to all the economic

resources in terms of economic power, wealth, and contribution. It is a founding principle of various forms of socialism.Collective Norms- Roles set by a community.

Issue 2John Locke-English Philosopher, advocate of democracy.Baron de Montesquieu-French social commentator and political thinker, famous for Separation of Powers where state is into divided estates or branches each with own responsibilities and power.Adam Smith-Scottish moral philosopher, famous for invisible hand theory.John Stuart Mill-English philosopher and political thinker, philosophised how liberty justified freedom in opposition to unlimited state control.Laissez Faire Capitalism-allowing evens to take their own course, let people do what they please.Industrialization- To develop industryThe Class System-Society is divided into lower wealth and upper wealth, with an occasional middle class.Limited Government- government in which its functions and powers are prescribed, limited, and restricted by lawMarxism-the system of economic and political thought developed by Karl Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, esp. the doctrine that the state throughout history has been a device for the exploitation of the masses by a dominant class, that class struggle has been the main agency of historical change, and that the capitalist system, containing from the first the seeds of its own decay, will inevitably, after the period of the dictatorship of the proletariat, be superseded by a socialist order and a classless society.Socialism- a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.Welfare Capitalism- the combination of a capitalist economic system with a welfare state or, in a strictly American context, to the practice of businesses providing welfare-like services to employees.

Labour Standards- conventions, treaties and recommendations designed to eliminate unjust and inhumane labour practicesUnions- organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas, such as working conditions.Universal Suffrage-everyone is allowed to vote.Welfare State- the state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizensHuman Rights- fundamental rights, esp. those believed to belong to an individual and in whose exercise a government may not interfere, as the rights to speak, associate, work, etc.Feminism- the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men.Expansionism- a policy of expansion, as of territory or currencyContainment:

Truman Doctrine- Truman was attempting to solve Eastern Europe's instability while making sure that communism would not spread to nations like Greece and Turkey.Domino theory- if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect

Deterrence- a strategy in any field of potential conflict of being prepared to inflict unacceptable damage on an aggressor, and making sure the potential aggressor is aware of the risk so that he refrains from aggressionBrinkmanship- the practice of pushing a dangerous situation to the verge of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcomeDétente- international situation where previously hostile nations not involved in an open war de-escalate tensions through diplomacy and confidence-building measuresNon-alignment- an international organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power blocLiberation Movements- A liberation movement is an organization fighting a rebellion against a colonial

power, often seeking independence based on a nationalist identity and an anti-imperialist outlook.Neo-Conservation- a political philosophy that emerged in the United States of America, and which supports using American economic and military power to bring liberalism, democracy, and human rights to other countries.Environmentalism- Advocacy for or work toward protecting the natural environment from destruction or pollution.Post-modernism- trends or movements in the arts and literature developing in the 1970s in reaction to or rejection of the dogma, principles, or practices of established modernism.Extremism- a tendency or disposition to go to extremes or an instance of going to extremes,

Issue 3Consensus- majority of opinionRepresentative Democracy-elected individuals representing government.Direct Democracy-power to rule is within hands of the assembly of citizens who choose to hold it.Authoritarianism-centralized control of government, with discrete or minimal individuals freedoms.Command Economics-state or workers' councils manage the economy.Free Market Economics-No government interaction into the market only to regulate again fraud or force.Traditional Economics-decisions about market are based of traditional ways.Mixed Economics-Both the individual and government have equal involvement in the market.American Bill of Rights-bill that gives U.S. citizens rights, passed by congress in 1789.Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms-bill that gives rights to Canadians, passed by Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's government on Aug. 10, 1960.Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms- statutory bill of rights and human rights code passed by the National Assembly of Quebec on June 27, 1975. corresponds with Charter of French Language.War measures act- allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers, making citizens have to go help with war effort.

Patriot Act- Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, increases right for law enforcement to search private documents.Debt- something that is owed or that one is bound to pay to or perform for anotherPoverty- the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of supportRacism- belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others.Pandemics- prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world; epidemic over a large area.Terrorism- the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, esp. for political purposes.Censorship-the act of censoring; meaning blocking or not revealing something.Illiberalism- The idea of being not being generous or giving. Not for benefit of community.

Issue 4 The Human Condition- the distinctive features of human existenceDissent- to differ in sentiment or opinionCivility- a polite action or expressionCivil Disobedience-the refusal to obey certain laws or government demands for the purpose of influencing legislation or government policy.Political Participation-exercising your right to vote and have a say in the government.Citizen Advocacy-encouragement for the citizen, and in favor of their rights.Humanitarian Crises- an event or series of events which represents a critical threat to the health, safety, security or wellbeing of a community or other large group of people, usually over a wide areaCivil Rights Movements-rioting or protesting decisions based upon Civil Rights, in order to make them better.Anti-war movements-Rebellion and protesting against government or other powers to go to war or be supportive of one.

McCarthyism (Red Scare)- the politically motivated practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence.Pro-democracy movements-Marches or protests to advocate democracy in sectors of society and government where it is lacking.Collective and Individual action-taking action for or towards government as a self or as a community.