vittoria international school, torino chemistry course biological molecules and food the chemistry...
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![Page 1: Vittoria International School, Torino Chemistry course Biological molecules and food The chemistry of macromolecules Professor Elena V. Tibaldi](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5514a034550346d36e8b599a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Vittoria International School, Torino
Chemistry course Biological molecules and foodThe chemistry of macromolecules
Professor
Elena V. Tibaldi
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carbohydrates
lipids
vitamins
proteins
When we buy food we find a table called “nutrition facts”
what are those names listed?
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Carbohydrates are the most important molecules for energy production
Plants are able to produce glucose through photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + solar energy Glucose + O2
Animals need to eat food to get glucose for
the cells
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Muscle cells are plenty of mitochondria they need a lot of energy!
Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
Energy is produced in the cells through a process called
cell respiration
Carbohydrates and energy production
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Carbohydrates
monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
polisaccharides
cellulosestarch
glycogen
disaccharides
maltose
lactose
sucrose
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High levels of glucose in blood danger
www.nlm.nih.gov/.../ency/fullsize/18029.jpg
Glucose test
www.nlm.nih.gov/.../ency/fullsize/19825.jpg
Eccess glucose in bloodstream diabetes
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Lipids
functions
energy storage
hormone precursor
structural
impermeabilization
thermal insulation
vitamine precursor
mechanicalprotection
types
triglycerides
cholesterol
waxes
phospholipids
steroids
• long chains of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen• insoluble in water
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Triglycerides
• made of glycerol and three fatty acids• insoluble in water• energy storage and impermeabilization
• oil if liquid at RT (ie olive oil) and fat is solid at RT (ie butter)
myoptumhealth.com
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Phospholipids
• Produced in liver
• Main constituent of cell membrane lipid bilayer
• Formed by a hydrophilic head (glycerol and phosphate group) and two hydrophobic tails (fatty acids)
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Waxes1) Insoluble in water protection and impermeabilization
Bird feathers Upper surface of leaves
3) Bees use them to build the hive
2) Fruit impermeabilization (apples, pear, cherries)
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Cholesterol
www.lowercholesterolldl.com
• in animal cell membrane• vitamin D precursor (bones and teeth)
• produced by liver
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High cholesterol levels danger!
In liver: gallstone formation
medicalimages.allrefer.com
In blood: atherosclerotic plaques build up in artery walls
hubpages.com
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Proteins
functions
immune defense
muscle contraction
structuraltransport
membrane receptor
enzymatic
regulatory
• Chain of aminoacids
• Found in eggs, meat, fish, milk and derivatives, vegetables and cereals
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Vitamins
In vegetables, fruit, fish, meat, cereals
Many different types:• vit A (retinol)• vit B complex• vit C (ascorbic acid)• vit D (important for bones and teeth)• vit K (produced by bacterial flora)
phentermine.bz/tag/natural-vitamins
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Breakfast is a very important meal
During breakfast we need to get at least 20% of daily values
Breakfast should be abondant, but easy to digest
Cereals, rusks, milk and coffee and fruits
should be preferable to
butter, croissants and cakes!
Have a good and healthy day!