vitamin deficiencies 1
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VITAMIN
DEFICIENCIES
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VITAMINS
Vitamin refer to heterogeneous group of fat
soluble and water soluble compoundessential in nutrition that bears no structuralor necessary functional relationship to each
other.
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WATER SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
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VITAMIN B12
Essential part of several enzyme systems
involving the transfer or synthesis of one-carbon units (eg. Methyl groups).
Most important function: metabolism
of nucleic acids and proteins.
Carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
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LEGHORN CHICKEN
(ug)Growing 0-6weeks
9
6-12 weeks 3
12-18 weeks 318 weeks -first egg
4
Layers 4
Breeders 80
BROILER
(ug)0-3 weeks 10
3-6 weeks 10
6-8 weeks 7
VITAMIN B12
REQUIREMENT
TURKEYS
(ug)0-4 weeks 3
4-8 weeks 3
8-12 weeks3
12-16weeks
3
16-20
weeks
3
Per Kg ofdiet.
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VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCYGrowing chicken: reduced weight gainand feed intake along with poor
feathering and nervous disorders.
Perosis
due to a dietary deficiency ofmethionine, choline or betaine as sourcesof methyl groups.
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VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY
-Anemia
-Gizzard erosion-Fatty infiltration of heart, liver andkidneys.
-Myelin degeneration in chicks.
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TREATMENT
IM injection of 2 ug vitamin B12/hen.
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CHOLINE
Acts as a methyl source in synthesiswithin the body of methyl-containing
compounds such as methionine,creatinine, carnitine and N-methylnicotinamide.Regulates the normal functioning of
parasympathetic nerves thus, regulatingthe activity of heart, eyes and digestivesystem.
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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)
Growing 0-6weeks
1,300
6-12 weeks 900
12-18 weeks 50018 weeks -first egg
500
Layers 1,05
0
BROILER(mg)
0-3 weeks 1,300
3-6 weeks 1000
6-8 weeks 750
CHOLINE REQUIREMENT
TURKEYS(mg)
0-4 weeks 1,600
4-8 weeks 1,400
8-12 weeks1,100
12-16weeks
1,100
16-20 950
Per Kg ofdiet.
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CHOLINE DEFICIENCY
Perosis: outstanding sign of cholinedeficiency in chicks and poults.
Characterized by pinpoint hemorrhagesand slight puffiness about the hock jointfollowed by an apparent flattening ofthe tibiometatarsal joint caused by arotation of the metatarsus.
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CHOLINE DEFICIENCY
Achilles tendon slips from
its condyles.
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EXCESS CHOLINE
Decrease used of vitamin B6
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TREATMENT
Can be cured by supplementing theration with sufficient choline to meet the
requirements.
Once the tendon has slipped, thedamage is irreparable.
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NIACIN
Essential component of nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (NAD) and
nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotidephosphate (NADP) which are essential forthe metabolism of carbohydrates, lipidsand proteins.
Important in metabolic reaction that furnishenergy.
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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)
Growing 0-6weeks
27
6-12 weeks 10
12-18 weeks 1018 weeks -first egg
10
Layers 10
Breeders 10
BROILER(mg)
0-3 weeks 35
3-6 weeks 30
6-8 weeks 25
NIACIN
REQUIREMENTTURKEYS
(mg)
0-4 weeks 60
4-8 weeks 60
8-12 weeks 50
12-16weeks
50
16-20
weeks
40Per Kg of
diet.
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NIACIN DEFICIENCY
Characterized by severe metabolicdisorders in the skin and digestive
organs.
-Loss of appetite -Retarded growth
-Bowing of the legs -Poor feathering-dermatitis on the head and feet-Enlargement of the tibiotarsal joint
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NIACIN DEFICIENCY
Chicks- Black tongue
-tongue, oral cavity andesophagus became inflamed at 2 wkof age.
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TREATMENT
Supplementing a deficient ration withrequired amount of nicotinic acid has no
or little effect on cases that haveprogress to the extent that the tendonhas slipped from its condyles (perosis)or enlarged hock disorder in tomturkeys.
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EXCESS NIACIN
Flushing-vasodilation
Pruritus
Gastroenteritis.
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Also called bird antidermatitisvitamin.
PANTOTHENIC
ACID
A component of coenzyme A which is
involved in the formation of citricacid in theKrebs cycle, synthesis and oxidation
of fatty
acids, oxidation of keto acids
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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)
Growing 0-6weeks
10
6-12 weeks 10
12-18 weeks 1018 weeks -first egg
10
Layers 2
Breeders 7
BROILER(mg)
0-3 weeks 10
3-6 weeks 10
6-8 weeks 10
PANTOTHENIC ACIDREQUIREMENT
TURKEYS(mg)
0-4 weeks 10
4-8 weeks 9
8-12 weeks 9
12-16weeks
9
16-20
weeks
9Per Kg of
diet.
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Major lesions of deficiency involve the
nervous system, adrenal cortex and theskin.
PANTOTHENIC ACID
DEFICIENCY
Embryos- have subcutaneoushemorrhages and severe edema.
Chicks-ruffled and brittle feathers and arapidly developing dermatitis.
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PANTOTHENIC ACID
DEFICIENCYCrusty scablike lesions appear in corners
of the mouth.
Eyelid margins are granular.
Outer layers of skin between the toesand
on bottoms of the feet sometimes
peel off.
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Difference with Biotin:in pantothenic acid def, dermatitis
of the feet is usually noted first on thetoes: in contrast, in biotin deficiency,dermatitis primarily affects thefootpads.
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TREATMENT
Appears to be completely reversibleby
oral treatment or injection with thevitamin
followed by restoration of an
adequatelevel in the diet.
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RIBOVLAVIN
Helps in the synthesis of many oxidising
enzymes of some which vitallyassociated with oxidation-reductionreactions involved in cell respiration.
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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)
Growing 0-6weeks
3.6
6-12 weeks 1.8
12-18 weeks 1.818 weeks -first egg
2.2
Layers 2.5
Breeders 3.6
BROILER(mg)
0-3 weeks 3.6
3-6 weeks 3.6
6-8 weeks 3.0
RIBOFLAVIN
REQUIREMENT
TURKEYS(mg)
0-4 weeks 4.0
4-8 weeks 3.6
8-12 weeks 3.0
12-16weeks
3.0
16-20
weeks
2.5Per Kg of
diet.
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RIBOVLAVIN
DEFICIENCYEpithelium and myelin sheaths of
someSome of the main nerves are major
targets.Curled-toe paralysis in growingchickens.
Riboflavin-deficient eggs do not hatch.
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RIBOVLAVIN
DEFICIENCYDeficient chicks are reluctant to move
unless forced and then frequently walk
on their hocks with the aid of theirwings.
Chicks lied prostrate with their legs
extended, sometimes in opposite
directions.
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RIBOVLAVIN
DEFICIENCYEnlargement of the sciatic and branchial.
nerve sheaths is the characteristic sign.
Egg albumin loses its characteristic
yellow tinged.
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TREATMENT
Two g doses of riboflavinfollowed by
incorporation of an adequate levelin the
ration.
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FOLIC ACID
Required for normal nucleic acidmetabolism
and formation of the nucleoproteinsrequired
for cell multiplication.
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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)
Growing 0-6weeks
0.55
6-12 weeks 0.25
12-18 weeks 0.25
18 weeks -first egg
0.25
La ers 0.25
BROILER(mg)
0-3 weeks 0.55
3-6 weeks 0.55
6-8 weeks 0.5
FOLIC ACID
REQUIREMENTTURKEYS
(mg)
0-4 weeks 1.0
4-8 weeks 1.0
8-12 weeks0.8
12-16weeks
0.8
16-20
weeks
0.7Per Kg of
diet.
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FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY
Macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia and
leukopenia.
Combs becomes waxy white and palemucous membranes in the mouth are
noted.
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Spastic type of cervical paralysis thatresults
in the neck becoming stiff andextended.
FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY
Abnormal structure of the hyalinecartilage
and retardation of ossification.
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TREATMENT
IM injection of 50-100 g pure
pteroylglutamic(folic) acid causes a peak reticulocyte
response within 4 days in severely anemic
folic acid-deficient chicks.
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BIOTIN
Cofactor in carboxylation anddecarboxylation
Reactions involving fixation of CO2.Have important roles in anabolic processes
and nitrogen metabolism.
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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)
Growing 0-6weeks
0.150
6-12 weeks 0.100
12-18 weeks 0.100
18 weeks -first egg
0.100
La ers 0.10
BROILER(mg)
0-3 weeks 0.150
3-6 weeks 0.150
6-8 weeks 0.150
BIOTIN REQUIREMENT
TURKEYS(mg)
0-4 weeks 0.250
4-8 weeks 0.200
8-12 weeks0.125
12-16weeks
0.125
16-20 0.10
Per Kg ofdiet.
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BIOTIN DEFICIENCY
Results in dermatitis of the feet and theskin
around the beak and eyes.Perosis and footpad dermatitis are also
Characteristic signs.
Occurrence of fatty liver and kidneysyndrome.
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BIOTIN DEFICIENCY
Embryonic deformities include ashortened
tibiotarsus that is bent posteriorly,shorteningof the bones of the wing and skull and
shorte-
ning and bending of the anterior end ofthe
scapula.
Syndactylia -an extensive webbingbetween
the third and fourth toes.
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PYRIDOXINE
Required in several enzymes, particularly
those involved in transamination anddecar-boxylation reactions involving fixation of
CO2.Anabolic and in nitrogen metabolism.
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LEGHORN CHICKEN(mg)
Growing 0-6weeks
3
6-12 weeks 3
12-18 weeks 3
18 weeks -first egg
3
Layers 2.5
Breeders 4.5
BROILER(mg)
0-3 weeks 3.5
3-6 weeks 3.5
6-8 weeks 3.5
PYRIDOXINE
REQUIREMENTTURKEYS
(mg)
0-4 weeks 4.5
4-8 weeks 4.5
8-12 weeks 3.5
12-16weeks
3.5
16-20weeks
3.0Per Kg of
diet.
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PYRIDOXINE
DEFICIENCY-Retarded growth, dermatitis and
anemia.
-reduced nitrogen retention.-marked increase in Fe and a decrease inCu
levels of the serum.Young chicks:nervous movements of thelegs
when walking and undergo spasmodiccon-
vulsions leading to death.
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PYRIDOXINE
DEFICIENCYMarked gizzard erosion.
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TREATMENT
Inclusion of 1% taurocholic acid in thediet.
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THIAMINE
Converted in the body to an active form,
thiamin pyrophosphate, which is animportant
cofactor in oxidative decarboxylation
reactions and aldehyde exchange incarbohy-
drate metabolism.
Plays an important role in thecarbohydrate metabolism and normalfunctioning of the nerves.
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LEGHORN CHICKEN(IU)
Growing 0-6weeks
1.0
6-12 weeks 1.0
12-18 weeks 0.8
18 weeks -first egg
0.8
Layers 0.7
Breeders 0.7
BROILER(IU)
0-3 weeks 0.8
3-6 weeks 0.8
6-8 weeks 0.8
THIAMINEQUIREMENT
TURKEYS(IU)
0-4 weeks 2
4-8 weeks 2
8-12 weeks 2
12-16weeks
2
16-20weeks
2
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THIAMINE DEFICIENCY
Polyneuritis may be seen in mature
birds3 wk after they are fed a thiamine-
deficient
diet.
Birds may sit on flexed legs and draw
backtheir heads in star-gazing position.
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THIAMINE DEFICIENCY
Retraction of the head is due to
paralysis ofthe anterior neck muscles.
Chickens lose the ability to stand or situpright
and topple to the floor.
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ThankYou and
Godbless!!!