ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES

ENCYCLOPEDIA ofSNOW, ICE AND

GLACIERS

edited by

VIJAY P. SINGHTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas

USA

PRATAP SINGHNew Delhi

India

UMESH K. HARITASHYAUniversity of Dayton

Dayton, OhioUSA

^J Springer

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Guide to the Reader

Ablation DepressionLasafam Iturrizaga

AblatometerRijan B. Kayastha

Acidity of Glacier IceCunde Xiao

Active Ice WedgePratima Pandey

AdfreezePratima Pandey

Aerial Photogrammetry for Glacial MonitoringMartin Kappas

Alaskan GlaciersBruce F. Molnia

AlbedoThomas C. Grenfell

AlpsMartin Beniston

Altai-Sayan GlaciersVladimir Aizen

XXI

xli

xliii

xlv

1

3

3

4

Anabatic Winds: In Relation withSnow/Glacier Basin

Umesh K. Haritashya, Vijay P. Singh andPratap Singh

Anchor IceD. P. Dobhal

Andean GlaciersMathias Vuille

Anisotropic Ice FlowOlivier Gagliardini

AntarcticaRasik Ravindra and Arun Chaturvedi

Anti-IcingRijan B. Kayastha

39

40

40

44

45

54

4 Anti-Syngenetic Ice WedgePratima Pandey

16 Arctic HydroclimatologyJessica Ellen Cherry

23 Artificial Ground FreezingRijan B. Kayastha

35 Artificial Production of SnowCarmen de Jong

38 Atmosphere-Snow/Ice InteractionsTimo Vihma

54

4 Appalachian Glacier Complex in Maritime Canada 54Rudolph R. Stea

58

61

61

66

viii CONTENTS

Atmospheric Circulation and GlaciochemicalRecords

Shichang Kang

Automated Glacier MappingFrank Paul

Basal Sediment Evacuation by SubglacialDrainage Systems

Barrel A. Swift

Base Flow/Groundwater FlowDebasmita Misra, Ronald P. Daanen andAnita M. Thompson

Bed .(Bottom) TopographyVijay Kumar

''Bed Forms (Fluvial)Vijay Kumar

Bed RoughnessVijay Kumar

Bed StrengthVijay Kumar

Benchmark GlacierTobias Bolch

Biogeochemistry of Sea IceDavid N. Thomas

Blue IceRichard Bintanja

Bottom Melting or Undermelt (Ice Shelf)Ashok Kumar Verma

Brash IceChelamallu Hariprasad

Calving GlaciersCharles R. Warren

Canadian Rockies and Coast Mountainsof Canada

John J. Clague, Brian Menounos andRoger Wheate

Cascade Mountains, USARijan B. Kayastha

Cascade SystemRijan B. Kayastha

Catastrophic FloodingFiona Tweed

Catastrophic Rock Slope Failures and Mountain75 Glaciers

Kenneth Hewitt, John J. Clague and Philip Deline

76 Catchment GlacierD. P. Dobhal

85

90

94

94

95

98

102

105

106

Caucasus MountainsChris R. Stokes

Characteristics of Snow and Glacier Fed Riversin Mountainous Regions with SpecialReference to Himalayan Basins

Akhouri Pramod Krishna

Chemical and Microbe Records in Snow and IceLiu Yongqin

Chemical Processes in Snow and IceAmanda M. Grannas

Circulation and Mixing in Ice-Covered LakesLars Bengtsson

Cirque Glaciers0yvind Paasche

Climate Change and GlaciersArun B. Shrestha

Climate Variability and High AltitudeTemperature and Precipitation

Mathias Vuille

Cloudburstj 03 Vijay Kumar

CohesionP. Pradeep Kumar

Cold-Based GlaciersReginald D. Lor rain and Sean J. Fitzsimons

Condensation NucleiP. Pradeep Kumar

111 Confluence of RiversAnju Chaudhary

112 Congelation IcePratima Pandey

112 CrackPratima Pandey

113

127

127

128

Chemical Composition of Snow, Ice, and Glaciers 133Amanda M. Grannas

135

138

139

141

145

153

156

157

157

16L

161

163

163

CONTENTS

CreepChristophe Lambiel, Reynald Delaloye andIsabelle Gdrtner-Roer

CrevassesC. J. van der Veen

Critical TemperaturePratima Pandey

CrushPratima Pandey

CrustPratima Pandey

CryoconiteNozomu Takeuchi

CryodessicationP. Pradeep Kumar

CryofrontP. Pradeep Kumar

CryogenesisP. Pradeep Kumar

Cryogenic AquicludeP. Pradeep Kumar

Cryogenic FabricP. Pradeep Kumar

CryolithologyP. Pradeep Kumar

CryopegP. Pradeep Kumar

CryosolP. Pradeep Kumar

Cryostatic PressurePratima Pandey

CryostructurePratima Pandey

CryoturbationP. Pradeep Kumar

Dating Glacial LandformsJason P. Briner

Dead IceD. P. Dobhal

163 DebrisTobias Bolch

Debris Thermal Properties and Impact on165 Ice Ablation

Ryohei Suzuki

168 Debris-Covered GlaciersMartin P. Kirkbride

168 DeglaciationVinvent Rinterknecht

1 "° Degree-DaysRoger J. Braithwaite

1 6 8 Depletion of Snow CoverSanjay K. Jain

171

171

171

171

172

Deposition from Debris-Rich IceGulab.Singh and Farjana S. Birajdar

Digital Elevation Model Generation OverGlacierized Region

Thierry Toutin

Digital Image Information Extraction Techniquesfor Snow Cover Mapping from RemoteSensing Data

Manoj K. Arora, Aparna Shukla andRavi P. Gupta

Direct Surface Runoff, ~~ Lars Bengtsson

Discharge/Streamflow. 12 Debasmita Misra, Ronald P. Daanen and

Anita M. Thompson

j 72 Distributary ChannelsAnju Chaudhary

173 Diurnal Cycle of RunoffDarrel A. Swift

173 Diverging Ice FlowGulab Singh and Farjana S. Birajdar

173 Drift Glacier/Ice/SnowGulab Singh and Farjana S. Birajdar

175 Dry and Wet Snow Line/ZoneRavi P. Gupta

186 Dry SnowRavi P. Gupta

186

188

190

192

196

200

201

202

213

232

234

236

237

239 ,

240

240

241

CONTENTS

Dye Tracer Investigations of Glacier HydrologyPeter Nienow

Dynamics of GlaciersHester Jiskoot

Elongation RatioVijay Kumar

Englacial ConduitD. P. Dobhal

Englacial ProcessesAndrew G. Fountain

Environmental IsotopesBhishm Kumar

Epigenetic IceChelamallu Hariprasad

Epiglacial MorphologyClaudio Smiraglia and Guglielmina Diolaiuti

Equilibrium-Line Altitude (ELA)Jostein Bakke and Atle Nesje

Erosion of Hard Rock Bed 'D. P. Dobhal

Erosion RateSubhajit Sinha

Estimation of Glacier Volume and VolumeChange by Scaling Methods

David B. Bahr

Estuary Ice CoverBrian Morse

Fast IceD. P. Dobhal

Finger RaftingDominic Vella and John Wettlaufer

FirnRachel W. Obbard, Ian Baker andRachel W. Lomonaco

FjordsUmesh K. Haritashya, Vijay P. Singh andPratap Singh

FoliationGulab Singh

242 Forbes BandGulab Singh

245

257

258

261

262

289

289

293

296

Formation and Deformation of Basal IceSimon J. Cook

FrazilGulab Singh

257 Freezing Bottom (Ice Shelf)Gulab Singh

Freezing MeltwaterGulab Singh and F. S. Birajdar

Freezing and Thawing IndexJiang Fengqing and Zhang Yanwei

Frequency Analysis of Snow StormsStanley A. Changnon

Fresh Water Storage262 Pratima Pandey

2 o i Divya Dudeja

Geochemistry of Snow and IceTandong Yao, Yongqin Liu, Huabiao Zhao andWusheng Yu

GeocryologyAmit Kumar

GIS in Glaciology290 Jacob Napieralski

Glacial Drainage CharacteristicsRichard A. Marston

Glacial EcosystemsNozomu Takeuchi

Glacial ErosionPing Fu and Jonathan Harbor

296

297

300

300

301

301

302

303

268

277

277

278

Frictional MeltingPratima Pandey

FrostAlan W. Rempel

Frozen Soil HydrologyRonald P. Daanen, Debasmita Misra andAnita M. Thompson

Frozen Toe (Outer Zone of Glacier Snout)Pratima Pandey

Gelisols

303

303

306

311

313

313

324

325

328

330

332

CONTENTS

Glacial ErraticD. P. Dobhal

341 Glacier SurgingHester Jiskoot

415

Glacial Geomorphology and Landforms EvolutionAlan R. Gillespie

Glacial GroovesD. P. Dobhal

Glacial OverdeepeningChristopher Lloyd

Glacial StriationsD. P. Dobhal

Glacial^TroughD. P. Dobhal

Glacial/Interglacial CyclesMichel Crucifix

Glaciation During Times of Enhanced/ReducedAtmospheric Carbon Dioxide

Andrew B. G. Bush

Glaciations and Groundwater Flow SystemsJean-Michel Lemieux and Edward A. Sudicky

GlacierD. P. Dobhal

Glacier Bird of the AndesDouglas R. Hardy and Spencer P. Hardy

Glacier CaveMonohar Arora

Glacier Field Studies: Important Things to NoticeJohn F. Shroder

Glacier HydrologyPratap Singh

Glacier Lake Outburst FloodsLasafam Iturrizaga

Glacier Mass BalanceWilfried Haeberli

Glacier Motion/Ice VelocityTerry Hughes

Glacier PotholeRajesh Kumar

Glacier SlidingRajesh Kumar

341 Glacier SystemRajesh Kumar

358 Glacier ToeRajesh Kumar

358 Glaciers of the Karakoram HimalayaKenneth Hewitt

359 GlacieretRajesh Kumar

-'•' GlacierizationRajesh Kumar

GlacioeustasyAmit Kumar

366GlaciofluvialRajesh Kumar

-,~~ Glaciogenic DepositsRajesh Kumar

Glaciohydraulic SupercoolingFiona Tweed

377 GlacioisostasyAmit Kumar

377 GlaciolacustrineHimali Panthri

378 GlaciologyPeter G. Knight

379 GlaciomarineAmit Kumar

381 Glaciostatic Pressure/StressDivya Dudeja

399 Glaciotectonic Structures, Landforms,and Processes

James S. Aber and Andrzej Ber408

Global Climate Modeling in CryosphericAssessment

414 Jeffrey R id ley

Global Outlook of Snowcover, Sea Ice,415 and Glaciers

Mauri Pelto

428

429

429

436

436

436

437

437

438

439

440

440

443

443

444

458

461

CONTENTS

Global Warming and its Effect onSnow/Ice/Glaciers

Stephen J. Dery

GPS in Glaciology, ApplicationsMatt A. King

GRACE in GlaciologyJohn Wahr

GfanulometryAmit Kumar

Gravel SheetAmit Kumar

•a

Gravitational Mass Movement DepositsD. P. Dobhal

f

Gravity Flow (Mass Flow)Rajesh Kumar

Gray-White IceChelamallu Hariprasad

Greenland Glaciers Outside the Ice SheetJacob C Yde '"

Greenland Ice SheetPoul Christoffersen

Ground IceD. P. Dobhal

Ground Penetrating Radar MeasurementsOver Glaciers

David C. Nobes

Heat and Mass Transfer in Sea IceDaniel J. Pringle

High Elevation Glacio-ClimatologyVladimir Aizen

HimalayaJohn F. Shroder

Himalayan Glaciers in 2010 and 2035J. Graham Cogley

Hindu KushJohn F. Shroder

Holocene Glacier FluctuationsJohannes Koch

Horizontal Component of AblationRijan B. Kayastha

Horizontal Component of Velocity468 Rijan B. Kayastha

Hummocks (Peat)471 Subhajit Sinha

Hydrochemical Characteristics of Snow, Ice, and474 Glaciers

Jacob Clement Yde

477 Hydrogen IsotopesBhishm Kumar

477 HydrographsIan C. Willis

4 ' ' Hydrologic Cycle and SnowRonald P. Daanen, Debasmita Misra andAnita M. Thompson

All

478

478

505

Hydrological Response in Glacierized BasinsIan C. Willis

Hydrology of JokulhlaupsFiona Tweed

Hydropower: Hydroelectric Power GenerationA9.A from Alpine Glacier Melt

Mauri S. Pelto

4 8 9 HypsometryAndres Rivera, Fiona Cawkwell, Camilo Rada andClaudio Bravo

490 HysteresisVijay Kumar

IceYoshinori Furukawa

507 I c e A § e

Matthias Kuhle

510 Ice Age Cycles: Data, Models, and UncertaintiesDonald Rapp

520 Ice Age Development TheoryMatthias Kuhle

523 Ice ApronMahendra R. Bhutiyani

525 Ice CapsMahendra R. Bhutiyani

529 Ice CavesMahendra R. Bhutiyani

530

530

530

533

534

538

541

544

546

551

554

557

560

565

576

581

582

583

CONTENTS

Ice CoreNancy A. N. Bertler

Ice Covered LakesLars Bengtsson

Ice DamsMahendra R. Bhutiyani

Ice SheetAldstair G. C. Graham

Ice Sheet Mass BalanceEric Rignot

Ice ShelfAdrian Jenkins

Ice-Cored MorainesSven Lukas

Ice-Dammed LakesFiona Tweed

Ice-Marginal DepositionMahendra R. Bhutiyani

Ice-Marginal ProcessesMatthew R. Bennett

Ice-Volcano InteractionsHugh Tuffen

IcefallMahendra R. Bhutiyani

Iceland GlaciersOddur Sigurdsson

ICESat Data in Glaciologieal StudiesThomas A. Neumann, H. J. Zwally andBob E. Schutz

IcicleP. Pradeep Kumar

IcingP. Pradeep Kumar

Impacts of Snow and Glaciers on RunoffSarah Boon

Interception of SnowManmohan Kumar Goel

InterflowManmohan Kumar Goel

5 84 International Polar Year 2007-2008Ian Allison

589 Interstitial IceP. Pradeep Kumar

590 Intrusive IceChelamallu Hariprasad

592 Inventory of GlaciersFrank Paul

608 inverse Methods in GlaciologyG. Hilmar Gudmundsson

613

619

621

623

625

Inversion LayersMahendra R. Bhutiyani

6 1 6 Inverted Cup Depth Hoar CrystalsMahendra R. Bhutiyani

Irreducible WaterMahendra R. Bhutiyani

Isotope AnalysisTandong Yao, Wusheng Yu, Huabiao Zhao andYongqin Liu

Isotopic Characteristics of Ice, Snow, and GlaciersBhism Kumar

Isotopic Fractionation of Freezing WaterMartyn Tranter

Isotopic Signatures£30 Bhishm Kumar

Kame and Kettle TopographyAmit Kumar

Katabatic Wind: In Relation With Snowand Glaciers

540 Amit Kumar

Kilimanjaro640 Douglas R. Hardy

Kunlun Mountains640 Jingshi Liu

Lake Ellsworth646 John Woodward, Martin J. Siegert,

Andy M. Smith and Neil Ross

647 Lake IceRajesh Kumar

647

649

649

650

653

656

656

657

657

665

668

669

671

671

672

679

683

686

CONTENTS

Lake VostokMalte Thoma

687 Marginal Channel (Lateral Meltwater Channel)Amit Kumar

724

Laminated Sediments 690Rajesh Kumar

Landforms of Glacial Deposition 690John F. Shroder

Marginal Ice ZonesRajesh Kumar

Marine GlaciersRajesh Kumar

Landforms of Glacial ErosionJohn F. Shroder

692 Marine Ice SheetRajesh Kumar

Landforms of Glacial Transportation 693John F. Shroder

Landscapes of Glacial Erosion 694Martin P. Kirkbride

Last Glacial Maximum Glaciation (LGM/LGP)in High Asia (Tibet and Surrounding Mountains) 697

Matthias Kuhle

Latent Heat of Condensation 702Prem Datt

Latent Heat of Fusion/FreezingPrem Datt

Latent Heat of Sublimation 703Prem Datt

Latent Heat of Vaporization/Condensation 703Prem Datt

Lateroglacial 704Lasafam Iturrizaga

Lateroglacial Landform Systems 704Lasafam Iturrizaga

Laurentide Ice Sheet 708John T. Andrews

Layering of Snow 713Rajesh Kumar

LIDAR in Glaciology 713Michael N. Demuth

Little Ice Age 722Rajesh Kumar

Lobe 722Rajesh Kumar

Mapping of Internal Glacial Layers 723David A. Braaten

Mechanical WeatheringRajesh Kumar

Median Elevation of GlaciersD. P. Dobhal

Mediterranean Glaciers and GlaciationPhilip D. Hughes

Melt Runoff ModelingPratap Singh

Melting ProcessesLuke Copland

Meltwater ChannelsCliff Atkins

Meltwater ConduitD. P. Dobhal

Meltwater ErosionRajesh Kumar

Meltwater PressureRajesh Kumar

Meltwater StoragePratap Singh

Microorganisms Associated with GlaciersVanya I. Miteva

Monitoring and Warning SystemsMarkus Konz

Monsoonal Records Observed fromSnow/Ice/Glacier

Shichang Kang

MoraineAnders Schomacker

MoulinsUmesh K. Haritashya, Vijay P. Singh andPratap Singh

724

725

725

725

726

726

730

733

735

738

738

739

739

741

744

0

746

747

756

CONTENTS

Mount EverestRijan B. Kayastha

Mount KenyaWilliam C. Mahaney

Mountain GeomorphologyDavid R. Butler

Natural Hazards Associated with Glaciers andPermafrost

Andreas Kddb

Negative Temperature Gradient (in Ice)Rajesh Kumar

•a,

NeoglaciationRajesh Kumar

Network of StakesPratap Singh

New Zealand GlaciersWendy Lawson

Niche GlacierD. P. Dobhal

Normalized-Difference Snow Index (NDSI)Dorothy K. Hall and George A. Riggs

Novaya ZemlyaChris R. Stokes

Nye (N) ChannelsD. P. Dobhal

OgivesDivya Dudeja

Optical Remote Sensing of Alpine GlaciersDuncan J. Quincey and Michael P. Bishop

Orographic PrecipitationJustin R. Minder and Gerard H. Roe

Outlet GlacierMonohar Arora

Overburden PressurePrem Datt

Oxygen IsotopesBhishm Kumar

Palaeo Glaciofluvial Sediment SystemsNorm R. Catto

756 Palaeo-ChannelVijay Kumar

758 Palaeo-Ice StreamChris R. Stokes

761 Palaeoclimate and Past GlaciationsPhilip D. Hughes

Palaeohydrology763 Vijay Kumar

775PamirsVladimir Aizen

Pancake Ice775 Chelamallu Hariprasad

775

PapuaIan Allison

779

781

781

Paraglacial Landscape Transformations775 Lasafam Iturrizaga

PatagoniaStephan Harrison

Paternoster LakesUmesh K. Haritashya, Vijay P. Singh andPratap Singh

Peak Flood Glacier DischargeMonohar Arora

Percolation ZonePrem Datt

Perennially Frozen GroundMonohar Arora

Periglacial7 8 3 H. M. French

Permacrete794 Ashok Kumar Verma

Permafrost799 Yuri Shur, M. Torre Jorgenson and

M. Z. Kanevskiy

799 Permafrost on AsteroidsWilliam C. Mahaney

799 Permafrost and Climate InteractionsSharon L. Smith and Margo M. Burgess

801 Permafrost ModelingDaniel Riseborough

803

803

808

812

813

815

815

817

824

826

827

827

827

827

841

841

852

858

CONTENTS

Permanent/Perpetual Snow LineMonohar Arora

859 Rating CurveIan C. Willis

918

Physical Properties of SnowFlorent Domine

859 Recession CoefficientManmohan Kumar Goel

922

Piedmont GlaciersMonohar Arora

PingoHimali Panthri

Plastic DeformationA. K. Singh

PlastieTlowA. K. Singh

Pleistocene EpochAmit Kumar

PluckingAmit Kumar

Polythermal GlaciersNeil F. Glasser

PrecipitationDonna F. Tucker

Proglacial LakesBrenda L. Hall

Quaternary GlaciationJu'rgen Ehlers and Philip Gibbard

Radar Application in Snow, Ice, and GlaciersG. Venkataraman and Gulab Singh

Radiative Transfer ModelingJie Cheng and Shunlin Liang

Radioactive FalloutBhishm Kumar

Radioactive IsotopesBhishm Kumar

RadioactivityBhishm Kumar

Rain-Induced SnowmeltDelphis F. Levia and Daniel J. Leathers

Ram ResistancePrem Datt

863 Recession of DischargeManoj K. Jain

922

863

864

864

865

865

865

867

870

Reconstruction of the Last Glaciations in theWhole of Asia 924

Matthias Kuhle

Recrystallization of Ice 932Ashok Kumar Verma

Refreezing of Meltwater 932Ashok Kumar Verma

Regelation 933Ashok Kumar Verma

Remobilization (of Debris) 933Renoj J. Thayyen

Resedimentation 933Subhajit Sinha

Retreat/Advance of Glaciers 934Luke Copland

873

883

903

913

913

914

915

Rime IceRenoj J. Thayyen

River Ice HydrologyHung Tao Shen

Roche MoutonneesHimali Panthri

Rock GlaciersJohn R. Giardino, Netra R. Regmi andJohnD. Vitek

Rocky MountainsEric M. Leonard

Rothlisberger (R)-ChannelsRenoj J. Thayyen

Runoff CoefficientManmohan Kumar Goel

Runoff Generation

939

939

942

943

948

952

952

953917 Anita M. Thompson, Debasmita Misra and

Ronald P. Daanen

CONTENTS xvii

Runoff ObservationsAnita M. Thompson, Debasmita Misra andRonald P. Daanen

Runout DistanceA. K. Singh

SalinityC. K. Jain

SaltationC. K. Jain

Scandinavian GlaciersJuha P. Lunkka

Sea IceMatti Leppdranta

Sea-LevelAnny Cazenave

Seasonal FrostChelamallu Hariprasad

Seasonal Snow CoverAmit Kumar

Sediment Budgets :Helen E. Reid and Gary J. Brierley

Sediment Core and Glacial EnvironmentReconstruction

Jostein Bakke and 0yvind Paasche

Sediment Entrainment, Transport, and DepositionMichael J. Hambrey and Neil F. Glasser

Sediment Flux Source-To-SinkAchim A. Beylich

Sediment Gravity FlowGeorge Postma

Sediment RoutingSubhajit Sinha

Sediment Transfer ModelingRichard Hodgkins

Sediment YieldKelly MacGregor

SEM Analysis of Glacial SedimentsWilliam C. Mahaney

Septa of Englacial DebrisSubhajit Sinha

955 SeracMarkus Konz

Siberia957 Kazuyoshi Suzuki

Slush and Sleet of Snow959 A . K. Singh

Snow9 5 9 A. K. Singh

960

964

Snow Bed/Snow Bed VegetationNadine Konz

Snow CourseA. K. Singh

Snow Cover and Snowmelt in Forest RegionsTobias Jonas and Richard Essery

974 Snow Cover Changes in the AlpsChristoph Marty

974 Snow Crystal StructureKenneth G. Libbrecht

975 Snow DeformationJerome B. Johnson

Snow Density979 Steven Fassnacht

Snow Depth984.. Gavin Gong

Snow Drift1 0 0 3 Richard Bintanj a

1005 S n o w G a u g e1 U U 5 A. K. Singh

1010 Snow GrainsThomas H. Painter

Snow HydrologySarah Boon and Katie Buries

1014 Snow LayerA. K. Singh

1016 Snow LoadA. K. Singh

1027 Snow MetamorphismA. K. Singh

1027

1028

1031

1031

1032

1032

1033

1036

1038

1041

1045

1045

1048

1049

1050

1053 ,

1059

1060

1060

CONTENTS

Snow MicrostructureChristine Pielmeier

Snow PelletA. K. Singh

Snow PillowA. K. Singh

Snow PitA>K. Singh

Snow RipeningA. K. Singh

Snow* SkatingAshok Kumar Verma

Snow SkiingAshok Kumar Verma

Snow StormA. K. Singh

Snow and Vegetation InteractionChristopher A. Hiemstra and Glen E, Liston

Snow Water EquivalentMichael Durand

SnowboardAmit Kumar

SolifluctionStephen J. Walsh and Daniel J. Weiss

Solute in Glacial MeltwatersMartyn Tranter

Solutes in Glacier IceRenoj Thayyen

Specific Melt RatePratap Singh

Stable IsotopesBhishm Kumar

1061 Streamflow Trends in Mountainous RegionsPeter Molnar, Paolo Burlando andFrancesca Pellicciotti

1062

1062

1063

1064

1064

1066

1067

1067

1070

1071

1074

1077

Structural GlaciologyMichael J. Hambrey

Subglacial Borehole InstrumentationPhilip R. Porter

Subglacial Drainage SystemBryn Hubbard

Subglacial Lakes, AntarcticJohn C. Priscu

Subglacial ProcessesSean Fitzsimons and Reginald Lorrain

Subglacial VolcanismHugh Tuffen

Subglacial WeatheringMarkus Konz

Sublimation from Snow and IceA. K. Singh

Summer Accumulation Type GlaciersNozomu Naito

Super Cooling CloudsP. Pradeep Kumar

Supercooled WaterSimon Cook

Supra-Glacial Debris EntrainmentsD. P. Dobhal

Surface Energy Balance1078 Michiel Van den Broeke, Xavier Fettweis and

Thomas Molg

1078 Surface Temperature of Snow and IceDorothy K. Hall

1084

1089

1091

1095

1099

1101

1105

1106

1106

1107

1108

1108

1112

1112

1123

Stage-Discharge RelationshipAmit Kumar

1079 Suspended Sediment ConcentrationVeerle Vanacker

1125

Stationary GlacierRenoj Thayyen

Stratigraphy of SnowpacksPeter W. Nienow and Fay Campbell

1081 Suspended Sediment DynamicsTim Stott

1081 Suspended Sediment LoadAmit Kumar

1126

1132

CONTENTS

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometryfor Glacier Movement Studies

Y. S. Rao

TalikTingjun Zhang

TarnHimali Panthri

Temperate GlaciersAndrew Fountain

Temperature Lapse Rates in Glacierized BasinsShawn J. Marshall and Mira Losic

Temperature Profile of SnowpackCharles Fierz

TerminusAmit Kumar

TerracesAmit Kumar

Thaw WeakeningDivya Dudeja

Thermal Infrared Sensors •Anju Chaudhary

Thermal Regime of Ice-Covered LakesLars Bengtsson

ThermokarstDebasmita Misra, Ronald P. Daanen andAnita M. Thompson

Thinning of Arctic Sea IceRon Lindsay

Thinning of GlaciersEtienne Berthier

Tibetan PlateauTandong Yao, Yongqin Liu, Huabiao Zhao andWusheng Yu

Tidewater GlaciersAndreas Vieli

Tien Shan GlaciersVladimir Aizen

TillJan A. Piotrowski

Topographic Normalization of Multispectral1133 Satellite Imagery

Michael P. Bishop and Jeffrey D. Colby

1143 Transformations of Snow at the Earth'sSurface and its Climatic and EnvironmentalConsequences

1144 Florent Domine

1145

1175

1179

1181

Transient SnowlineMarkus Konz

Tree-Ring Indicators of Glacier Fluctuations1145 Dan J. Smith and Lynn Koehler

Tributary Glaciers1151 Hester Jiskoot

Urban Snow1154 Lars Bengtsson and Annette Semadeni-Davies

U-Shape Valley1155 Amit Kumar

Vein Ice1155 Chelamallu Hariprasad

V-Shaped Valley1156 Amit Kumar

Water Balance in the Glacierized Region1157 Heidi Escher- Vetter

Westerlies and their Effects on Maritime1158 Ice Caps and Glaciers

. Robert D.McCulloch

WGMS (World Glacier Monitoring Service)1166 Wilfried Haeberli

Winter Accumulation Glacier1169 Amit Kumar

Year-Round Ablation Pattern1172 Rijan B. Kayastha

Younger DryasSven Lukas

List of Articles

Author Index

Subject Index

1187

1197

1204

1205

1209

1211

1217

1219

1219

1221

1224

1227

1227

1229

1229

1233

1239

1241