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WASTEMANTECH

Waste Management Technologies

Education ModuleWASTE VEGETABLE OIL MANAGEMENT

EKOVAR Waste Management

September 2015

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.This publication reflects the author, and the Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the

information contained therein.

Waste Vegetable Oils Management Rev.0

Contents1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................3

2. VEGETABLE OILS.....................................................................................................................5

2.1 Definition of vegetable oil................................................................................................5

2.2 Vegetable oils produced and consumed in Turkey.................................................5

3. WASTE VEGETABLE OILS.....................................................................................................6

3.1 Definition of waste vegetable oil...................................................................................6

3.2 Waste Vegetable Oil Sources..........................................................................................7

3.2.2 Tank Bottom Sludge....................................................................................................7

3.2.3 Fat Soil.............................................................................................................................8

3.2.4 Oils Obtained From Oil Retainers..........................................................................8

3.2.5 Used Cooking Oil (UCO)............................................................................................8

3.3 Environmental Impact of Waste Vegetable Oils......................................................9

3.4 Collection of Used Cooking Oils...................................................................................11

4. USED VEGETABLE OILS RECYCLING and AREAS OF UTILIZATION...............12

4.1 Biodiesel................................................................................................................................12

4.1.1 Biodiesel standards in Turkey...............................................................................13

4.1.2 Resources for Biodiesel Production....................................................................14

4.1.3 Environmental Advantages of Biodiesel...........................................................14

4.1.4 Technical specifications for facilities producing biodiesel from waste vegetable oils..........................................................................................................................15

4.2 Biogas.....................................................................................................................................15

4.3 Acid Oil..................................................................................................................................16

4.4 Soap........................................................................................................................................16

5. LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN EU...............................................................................................18

6. MANAGEMENT OF WASTE VEGETABLE OIL IN TURKEY.....................................21

6.1 Regulation on Control of Waste Vegetable Oil.......................................................21

6.2 Roles and Liabilities of parties.....................................................................................21

6.3 Waste Code according to European Waste Catalogue........................................22

7. SUCCESS STORIES................................................................................................................23

8. RAISING AWARENESS FOR THE PEOPLE...................................................................24

SOURCES.........................................................................................................................................26

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1. INTRODUCTION

Vegetable oils, which are oils extracted from plants have been used since

ancient times and in many cultures. Apart from its widely use of cooking

purposes, they are indispensable for our industry.

The demand for vegetable oils has increased rapidly in the past decades,

reaching up to 150 million metric tons. The main driver for expansion has been

the demand for edible oils for the food market, although the biodiesel sector

represents an increasing part in the growth.

Of the 350,000 tons of waste vegetable oil that Turkey produces each year, just

10 percent is collected for recycling. When it comes to biodiesel production

capacity, Turkey has a higher potential. Currently, most of its uses are in

agricultural feedstock, but biodiesel production from waste oil is more

environmentally friendly. When using waste oil, moreover, 65 to 80 percent of

the liquid can be turned into biodiesel, which results in 50 percent less CO2

emissions than regular petroleum.

Collecting waste oil from the food sector in Turkey, began in 2005 when the

regulations were issued. According to a regulation put into effect by the

Ministry of Environment and City Planning in 2005, illegal dumping of waste is

prohibited and licensed collecting companies have been put in charge of

collecting these waste oils by the ministry.

Home waste oils must be collected in individual containers and delivered to

waste oil collection companies licensed by local municipalities. However, there

is no control over the waste oils produced in homes. On the other hand,

institutions have to contract licensed waste oil collection companies and deliver

their wastes to these companies.

Keeping waste oil from being dumped down the drain has a range of benefits.

Oils congeal on the insides of sewer pipes, causing blockages and reducing pipe

flow capacity, which leads to extra municipal infrastructure expenses.

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When it reaches open water, oil spreads thinly over the surface and prevents

oxygenation, suffocating many types of marine life. The situation allows some

creatures, like jellyfish, to flourish and undergo population booms that make it

even more difficult for marine ecosystems to stay diverse. Just one liter of waste

oil is enough to pollute 1 million liters of water. Domestic waste is responsible

for 25 percent of water pollution in Turkey.

Biodiesel produced from used cooking oils (UCO) is also avoiding possible

impacts of biofuels production on agricultural food products (helping to fulfill

the sustainability criteria for biofuels set in the Renewable Energy Directive)

and preventing UCO deposition in landfills. Moreover, it has the lowest

greenhouse gas emissions amongst biofuels, enabling larger emission savings in

comparison with petroleum derivate fuels. Thus, the recycling of UCO can

contribute to achieve the target set forward by the EU to reduce its

CO2 emissions by 20% by 2020.

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2. VEGETABLE OILS

2.1 Definition of vegetable oil

Vegetable oils are oils extracted from vegetables. These vegetable oils maybe

edible (for cooking) or inedible (for industrial use). Examples of vegetable oils

used in cooking are canola oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, olive oil, etc.

Edible vegetable oils are

used in food, both

in cooking and

as supplements. Vegetable

oils used in cooking have

a higher boiling point

than water which boils at 100 °C. Cooking food at a higher

temperature is quicker and produces different flavours.

Many oils, edible and otherwise, are burned as fuel, such as in oil lamps and as a

substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Some of the many other uses include wood

finishing, oil painting, and skin care.

2.2 Vegetable oils produced and consumed in Turkey

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In its liquid and solid form, vegetable oils are used in food industry and also in

bait, soap, dyeing and oleo chemical industries. Besides, they are used in the

biodiesel, biogas and energy production.

Turkey is not a self sufficient country to meet its needs in regard of oil seeds. Oil

is the secont import item following the petroleum. Total 500 thousand tonnes of

domestic oil are produced as 280 thousand tonnes from sunflower seed, 199

thousand tonnes from cottonseed oil, and remainder from corn oil and canola

oil. Approximatly 1.2 million tones of shortfall are supplied by importing oil.

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Turkey’s total vegetable oil consumption is 1.7 million tonnes to supply the

needs of about 950 thousand tonnes liquid, 550 thousand tonnes margarine, and

200 thousand tonnes for bait, dyeing and soap industry. Therefore, vegetable oil

consumption per capita is 21 kg.

3. WASTE VEGETABLE OILS

3.1 Definition of waste vegetable oil

According to Control of Waste Vegetable Oils Regulation, soap-stock, tank

bottom sludge and fat soils emanating from refinement of raw vegetable oil,

used cooking oils, oils kept on oil retainers at various facilities and expired

vegetable oils are defined as waste vegetable oil.

In Turkey, approximately 1.7 million tons of vegetable oil for the purpose of food

consumed each year. As a result of oil refinement process and consumption of

edible oils, approximately 350 thousand tonnes of waste vegetable oil generation

is estimated.

3.2 Waste Vegetable Oil Sources

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3.2.1 Soap-stock

Soapstock emerges from the edible oil refining process when oil is treated with

a dilute alkali solution separating the FFAs as soaps. This wet lipid mixture is

separated from the crude oil by centrifugation. It is generated at a rate of about

6% of the input of oil entering the refining operation and its cost represents 1/10

of the refined oil cost

Soapstock is quite alkaline, with pH values between 10-11. This residual is also

referred to as residual oleins and has poor commercial value, but can be used as

an ingredient in animal feed. It is a mixture of triglycerides of fatty acids and of

the same free fatty acids.

3.2.2 Tank Bottom Sludge

Subsiding and oil containing residues in the raw vegetable oil reservoirs of oil

refinement plants are called as tank bottom sludge. These sludges are treated

as waste vegetable oil and collected by licenced waste vegetable oil collectors

and treated in licenced recycling facilities. In theses facilities, vegetable oil is

seperated fruom sludges and used as raw material for soap production industry.

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3.2.3 Fat Soil

Soils emerging from refinement of the edible oils are called as fat soil. In the

facilities producing edible vegetable oil, raw oil is heated up to 80-90 °C, then

mixed with phosporic acid at the rate 0.1% and 0.25% bleaching soil is added to

mixture and pressed on filters. As a result of this process, soil containing some

fat arises. Therefore this soil has to be treated in the category of waste

vegetable oil.

3.2.4 Oils Obtained From Oil Retainers

Oil retainers are units designed to seperate oil from water with physical means.

These retainers are used to protect sewer system from oils poured down the

kitchen sinks. For its physical property, densiety of oil is lower than water and in

these units oil is cumulated on surface. Oils collected from this process shall be

treated in licenced recycling facilities.

3.2.5 Used Cooking Oil (UCO)

Commonly called 'UCO' or 'WCO' (waste cooking oil), these are wastes as they

are no longer fit for purpose. Most of the oil used for cooking is of the vegetable

variety (e.g. canola oil, soy oil and other vegetable oils). Generally used by

restaurants, catering facilities and kitchens to cook food for human

consumption.

Frying can be simply defines as cooking of food in hot oil or another fat. Edible

oils can reach much higher temperatures than water at normal atmospheric

pressure and the food is cooked much more quickly. Depending on the food, the

oil will penetrate it to varying degrees, contributing richness, lubricity, and its

own flavor, as well as calories.

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For domestic use, cooking oils shall be used no more than twice and changed

with a refresh one. Also if used once, cooking oil must not be used after a long

duration sice polymerization continues.

3.3 Environmental Impact of Waste Vegetable Oils

Oil is one of the most commonly reported types of water pollution, causing

nearly a quarter of all pollution incidents. Careless disposal of oil into drainage

systems, onto land or to watercourses is an offence. It can harm river birds, fish

and other wildlife. Although oil breaks down in water, the process uses up vast

amounts of oxygen that would have remained in the waterways for wildlife.

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The improper disposal of used cooking oil includes disposing them down the

sink and drain, onto the ground, and into the garbage. Liquefied fat, oil, or

grease that is poured down the kitchen sink drain can cause serious impacts. Oil

can cling to the insides of pipes and the sewer system. Over time, it can build up

and can eventually block pipes completely. If wastewater can’t move freely

through pipes and out into the sewer system, it can back up into your home and

can cause unsanitary conditions and damages that can be expensive to repair.

More money is spent in fixing property damage caused from sewage backups

resulting in expensive clean up and plumbing repairs. Clogged sewers canals

lead to overflows, which can runoff into the street and straight into the

storm drain system, and eventually into our creeks and streams without being

treated. Again, more money is needed to mitigate this problem.

When used cooking oils are dumped into rivers, streams or ponds, it is difficult

to remove them. It is because that 1 litre of oil will contaminate 1 million litres

of water.

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The production of bacteria will arise due to the accumulation of the solid oil

waste. All life forms need water to live. When used cooking oil is poured down

the house drains, some of the drain systems will lead to the rivers, streams or

ponds. This oil will be dumped into it and causes a disastrous effect on anykind

of life forms in the rivers, streams or ponds such as killing fishes and water

plants. Oil is poisonous to birds and kills them. It sticks to their feathers

which preventing them from flying and keeping their body warm.

3.4 Collection of Used Cooking Oils

Each year, 20 million tonnes of vegetable and animal oils are used for cooking

purposes all over the world. Although most of this amount consumed at

industrial foundations, it is still not easy to collect and recycle these oils. Since

their economic value either in crude or waste form, they can be sold in legal or

illegal manners.

To avoid pollution and protect the health of human and environment, all waste

vegatable oils must be incorporate in the collecting system. For this reason, all

producers of waste vegetable oil should deliver waste oils to the collectors and

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transporters permitted by city governorships and ensure these wastes are

recycled by facilities licenced by Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.

The content of total polar compounds and acid value are the most predominant

indicators for oil quality and are widely used in many international regulation.

For public health concerns, the content of total polar compounds and acid value

in frying oil are regulated at not more than 25% and 2.0 mg KOH/g,

respectively.

In Turkey, expiration criteria for frying oils has been determined on “The

control criteria for the solid and liquid oils used for frying” by Ministry of

Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Legislation No: 2007/41. State Gazette Number:

26627).

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4. USED VEGETABLE OILS RECYCLING and AREAS OF UTILIZATION

According to “Control of Waste Vegetable Oils Regulation”, recycling of waste

vegetable oil is defined as collection of oils by MoEU licenced facilities and

treating to produce intermediate products (soap bullion, stearine, raw material

for chemical industry) and final products (soap, biodiesel etc.).

Facilities to recycle waste vegetable oil should have environment licence from

MoEU to start their operation. At the licencing stage, they have to acquire

necessary permissions from Ministry of Health for soap production, from

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs for feeder oil. However, for their

cancerogen and unhealtfull effects on organisms, use of used frying oil in

production of soap or feeder oil is banned since 2005 by related organizations

mutual decisions.

4.1 Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a biodegradable, combustible fuel made from vegetable oils and/or

animal fats. Biodiesel produced from by-products and waste materials can be an

economical way of reducing traditional oil consumption and environmental

problems. The by-products from the vegetable oil refining industry such as

soapstock, acid oil and fatty acid distillates are suitable for producing biodiesel.

Production of biodiesel is usually done by base‐ catalyzed trans‐esterification of

fats/oils (i.e.make a big multi‐chain molecule into 3 smaller molecules).

It can be used in any compression ignition engine that will accept regular diesel

fuel. Engine does NOT need to be modified to use biodiesel blended with

regular diesel.

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4.1.1 Biodiesel standards in Turkey

Biodiesel standards in our country conforms with EN 14214 EN 14214 which is

a European Standard that describes the requirements and test methods for

FAME (fatty acid methyl esters - the most common type of biodiesel).

Criteria Unit ValueDensity 15°C g/cm³ 0.86-0.90Viscosity 40°C mm²/s 3.5-5.0Flashpoint (Fp) °C >101Sulphur mg/kg <10Sulphated ash %mass <0.02 Water mg/kg <500Carbon residue (10%dist.residue)

%mass <0.3

Total contamination mg/kg <24Cetane number >51Methanol %mass <0.2Ester content %mass >96.5Monoglyceride %mass <0.8Diglyceride %mass <0.2Triglyceride %mass <0.4Free glycerol %mass <0.02Total glycerol %mass <0.25Phosphorus mg/kg <10Alkalimetals mg/kg <5

4.1.2 Resources for Biodiesel Production

Resources used for biodisel production can be listed as follows:

Vegetable resources like soy bean, rapeseed, sunflower oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil,

Animal fats,

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Used Cooking Oils, Oil refinement technology by-products (acid oil, soap-stock) Bleaching soil used in refinement process of vegetable oils.

4.1.3 Environmental Advantages of Biodiesel

Professor Rudolf Diesel who invented the diesel engine ran it on peanut oil.

Biodiesel can now be made from used or new vegetable oil. Using this organic

fuel has several environmental advantages over conventional diesel, and can be

used directly in any diesel engine without modification. It is an immediate way

to behave sustainably.

Carbon dioxide produced in burning the fuel is to a large extent offset by

that absorbed by the growing plant used to produce the oil. As the carbon

is already in the system, biodiesel can be said to be largely carbon

neutral. Unlike fossil fuels, it does not contribute to a net increase in

greenhouse gas CO2 often blamed for global warming

Non-toxic and readily bio-degradable; petroleum diesel by contrast is

highly toxic and does not readily degrade

Biodiesel produces significantly less polluting substances from the

tailpipe - the fumes smell of French fries in contrast to petroleum diesel

fumes

Dependent on renewable resources

Biodiesel can be made from recycled materials that are often dumped,

keeping resources in the system

Produceable locally - less reliant on distribution which is often polluting.

Biodiesel is a proven fuel with over 20 years' use in Europe. It is far less

dangerous to store and transport than mineral diesel because it is non-toxic,

readily biodegradable, and has a much higher flash point than mineral diesel.

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4.1.4 Technical specifications for facilities producing biodiesel from waste vegetable oils.

To comply with Turkish regulations, facilites intending to produce biodiesel from

waste vegetable oils shall operate in compliance with technical regulations of

“Energy Market Regulatory Board” (EPDK),

shall acquire “Operation Licence” from

EPDK and “Environment Licence” from

Ministry of Environment and Urbanization

(MoEU).

Moreover, these facilities shall acquire

permission from competent authorities for

use and sale of by-products as aresult of

biodiesel production process.

4.2 Biogas

Biogas is a gas that is formed by anaerobic microorganisms. These microbes

feed off carbohydrates and fats, producing methane and carbon dioxides as

metabolic waste products. This gas can be harnessed by man as a source of

sustainable energy.

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Biogas is considered to be a renewable fuel as it originates from organic

material that has been created from atmospheric carbon by plants grown within

recent growing seasons.

Benefits of anaerobic digestion and biogas:

Production of renewable power through combined heat and power cogeneration

Disposal of problematic wastes Diversion of waste from landfill Production of a low-carbon fertiliser Avoidance of landfill gas escape and reduction in carbon emissions

Biogas consists primarily of methane (the

source of energy within the fuel) and carbon

dioxide. It also may contain small amounts of

nitrogen or hydrogen. Contaminants in the

biogas can include sulphur or siloxanes, but

this will depend upon the digester feedstock.

4.3 Acid Oil

Biodiesel can be obtained from the acid oil which results from the treatment of

soapstock with sulfuric acid . Its use for biodiesel production can also improve

the economic feasibility of the biodiesel process.

4.4 Soap

Although it is banned to use waste vegetable oil for soap production, it is

possible to produce soap when origin of the waste oil is known and not mixed

with hazardous materials. Used cooking oil is mostly used for homemade soap

production.

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In chemistry, soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Soaps for cleansing are obtained by

treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution. Fats

and oils are composed of triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids attach to a

single molecule of glycerol. The alkaline solution, which is often called lye,

brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification.

In this reaction, the triglyceride fats first hydrolyze into free fatty acids, and

then these combine with the alkali to form crude soap: an amalgam of various

soap salts, excess fat or alkali, water, and liberated glycerol (glycerin). The

glycerin, a useful by-product, can remain in the soap product as a softening

agent, or be isolated for other uses.

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5. LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN EU

The UCO management is negatively influenced by the lack of stringent

regulations requiring its proper disposal through a collection infrastructure

which is still non-existent in most EU-27 Member States. There’s a real need to

frame consistent rules focused on UCO collection, treatment and recycling. A

UCO dedicated regulation should define responsibilities and obligations for

waste producers as well as for all the other figures involved. At the same time,

the legal framework should avoid any ambiguity and harmonize the EU context

in order to create the proper conditions for marketing the UCO as an

international commodity to be traded on global scale.

Until such market conditions aren’t effective, UCO collection from households

could not always be a profitable business, due to transport costs with small

amounts per collection. Incentives for local collection projects would be needed

to meet ever demanding recycling targets, keeping a long term view.

The categorization of UCO as feedstock for conventional biofuels as well as

dedicated targets for truly advanced biofuels could push and accelerate this

process. On the other side, fraudulent activity of feedstock categorization should

be carefully controlled and eliminated. For this reason, certification and

traceability are crucial topics. The certification field needs to converge towards

a widely shared approach, thus keeping the respect of sustainability as a

priority. International traceability systems, aimed to demonstrate the origin of

feedstock accountable for double counting purposes, should be in place.

Following this strategy, the double counting system could be implemented in a

larger number of countries throughout Europe.

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The uncertain EU policy line does not encourage national policy makers to

increase their incentives for biofuel development. In parallel, the lack of rules or

targets for vehicles that can be run on higher biofuel blends is a barrier for the

uptake of the biodiesel sector. In order to encourage vehicles producers and

citizens to move towards a green fuelled Europe, EU authorities should make

suitable incentives available, taking into account the biodiesel CO2 reduction

power. Among the analyzed cases, the Danish policy regarding CO2 tax

exemption for biofuels seems to be the most appropriate one.

Clearer guidelines should be designed to support the biodiesel market,

considering the whole European market balance. Starting from this

consideration, national protectionist measures are not recommended. The

pathway we foresee is funded on cooperation and awareness of global interests,

valorised by European authorities.

EU biofuels can have a bright future ahead. Their development rate will be

significantly influenced by political decisions-making.

Related Regulations

A few European provisions regulate the UCO collection and recovery systems.

These regulations impact some aspects of the UCO management but they do not

state a unique mandatory destiny.

Waste framework Directive 2008/98/EC identifies UCO as a bio-waste, in

the category “edible oil and fat” (EWC 20 01 25). According to this

directive MSs shall take measures to encourage the separate collection

and the treatment of bio-waste in a way that fulfils an high level of

environmental protection.

Directive 99/31/EC diverts liquid wastes (UCO included) from landfills,

while Directive 2000/76/EC allows UCO to be incinerated in case it’s not a

vegetable waste (when used for cooking meat or fish), setting stringent

criteria for plants which intend to burn UCO.

The polluter-payer concept, enforced by Directive 2004/35/CE, could be

the common ground to distribute responsibilities among the various

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actors playing a role into the UCO production/collection/recovery system.

Producer responsibility schemes can be found for the recovery of some

kind of wastes such as: tyres, paper/card, medicines and oils (including

mineral, motor, lubricating and edible oils).

According to the Animal By-Products Legislation 1774/2002, UCO can not

be used as an ingredient in animal feed, as it used to be used. This

measure is intended to protect both animal and human health, since some

toxic compounds could affect final consumers as a result of bio

accumulation. UCO can only be used to produce biodiesel and

oleochemical products. The EU Implementing Regulation 142/2011

defines the conditions under which UCO is a suitable starting material for

biodiesel production and the process to be followed, case by case. The

Regulation enables animal fats, animal oils or vegetable oils that have

been in contact with

animal proteins or have been extracted from foods containing ABPs and

are no longer intended for human consumption, to be converted into

biodiesel in an approved plant. Biodiesel plants are subjected to some

requirements for transport, documentation and record-keeping. The

approved biodiesel plant must additionally be approved and/or registered

with the EU Feed Hygiene Regulation No 183/2005.

EU Regulation 1069/2009 requiring residual products such as filter

contents, sludge, and ash to be disposed of as animal by-products in

accordance with the and the EU Implementing Regulation, was lastly

amended in April 2013. The use of animal fats of all categories for

oleochemical products is possible in the future. Furthermore, several

countries have established a maximum level of polar compounds of

around 25% in order to limit the degradation of used frying fats and oils

for human consumption.

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6. MANAGEMENT OF WASTE VEGETABLE OIL IN TURKEY

6.1 Regulation on Control of Waste Vegetable Oil

Vegetable waste oil management in Turkey shall be done according to

"Regulation on Control of Waste Vegetable Oil" prepared by the Ministry of

Environment and Forestry dated April 19, 2005 which was published in the

Official Gazette No. 25 791. Purpose of this regulation is to define technical and

administrative standards for management of waste vegetable oils from its

production to final disposal.

Regulation determines rules for vegetable waste oil collection, temporary

storage, transportation, recycling, disposal, trade, import and export and transit

of the ban, limitation and obligations of the measures to be taken, to-do audits,

civil and criminal responsibilities subjected to.

6.2 Roles and Liabilities of parties

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Real or legal persons who would like to collect waste vegetable oil, should

acquire collector licence from related governorship. It is mandatory to use

National Waste Transfer form which must be present in the vehicles.

To ensure efficient collection of used frying oils, recycling facilities can setup

temporary storage areas outside their facilities. Collector facilities should

acquire Temporary Storage permission from related governorship.

Recycling facilities using waste vegetable oil to produce final intermediate

product, should acquire Environmet Licence from MoEU after ensuring

technical specifications designated on the regulation.

Within the context of regulation, municipalities are responsible for setting up a

system to collect used frying oils from households starting from year 2008.

The most common usage area of waste vegetable oils is biodiesel production.

Facilities producing biodiesel by recycling used frying oil should acquire

Environmet Licence from MoEU.

Establishments generating used frying oils like restaurants, catering companies,

hotels, dining halls, holiday villages, are obliged to make a yearly contract with

licenced recycling facilities and collectors. These waste oils must be delivered to

recycling facilities or collectors free of charge.

6.3 Waste Code according to European Waste Catalogue

According to Waste Management Framework dated July 05, 2008 which was

published in the Official Gazette No. 26927, below listed codes shold be selected

for waste wegetable oils.

Waste Codes Waste Definition20 01 25 Edible oil and fat20 01 26* Oil and fat other than those mentioned in 20 01 2502 03 01 Sludges from washing, cleaning, peeling, centrifuging

and separation

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02 03 04 Materials unsuitable for consumption or processing

7. SUCCESS STORIES

Although Turkey falls behind European countries in terms of recycling oil

wastes, with the efforts of individual volunteer researchers and conservation

groups, it seems to be a promising scheme awaiting us in the future, and only

requires taking concrete steps towards the implementation of nature-friendly

practices.

The latest development in this area is the project for the public use of BAYTOM

(Wastevegetable Oil Collection Machine) by municipalities aiming to collect

waste cooking oil and prevent residents from pouring the oil down the sink.

BAYTOM was developed by Erol Tonga, a Turkish chemistry teacher from

Çorum Anatolian Teacher High School and produced in a small industrial estate

in Çorum province.

Waste oil is poured into baytom by the people. It distinguishes undisolved oil or

solid liquid in the oil with a special method . It gives you either a ticket or some

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amount of coin up to the amount o f the oil you poured into. It stores the oil and

other wastes seperately . you specify the amount of the gift up to the litre of the

poured oil. It locks up itself if any harmful liquıd poured into it. And It sends a

message or makes a call to the mobile number which you have registered

before. It does the same job when its tank is filled up or its gift is over.

The Baytoms have the gathering capacity from 50 litres to 400 litres up to your

choice. In Turkey Baytom is in the big shopping malls , in front of the self

governing bureaus , inside of the big apartment sites and in front of the City

halls. BAYTOM is also preparing to take its place in municipalities in France and

England with the Turkish brand.

8. RAISING AWARENESS FOR THE PEOPLE

DID YOU KNOW?

All too often used vegetable oils are improperly disposed of by washing

these messy, greasy residues down the kitchen plumbing system or by

dumping it down the storm drain system. Improperly disposing of leftover

vegetable oils may cause property damage, health hazards, and

environmental problems.

Pipes may be blocked by oils poured directly into the sink, even if diluted

with hot water. As sewer pipes back up, sewage and food particles that

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accumulate can attract insects and other vermin and may create a

potential health hazard by exposing people to raw sewage.

Property damage can also result from

sewage backups resulting in expensive

clean up and plumbing repairs. Clogged

sewers can also lead to overflows, which

can runoff into the street and straight

into the storm drain system, and

eventually lead to pollution of our creeks, streams and area lakes.

Oils pollute streams and creeks by forming a film on the water surface,

which prevents oxygenation for aquatic life. One liter of waste vegetable

oil poured in the sink pollutes a million liters of water

Commercial food preparation establishments and residents should never

dispose of cooking oil by dumping it into the storm drain system.

Disposing of restaurant grease into storm drains or down manhole covers

is illegal.

Did you know that used vegetable oil can be recycled into a non-toxic,

renewable, biodegradable fuel called biodiesel? Or that used fats and oils

can also be recycled into animal feed and other products.

WHAT YOU CAN DO

First, minimize the use of excess cooking oils and grease when cooking or

frying.

Whenever food is cooked, byproducts (especially cooking oils and grease)

should NOT be poured down the drain or into garbage disposals. Pans and

pots with heavy grease build up should be wiped with a paper towel

before being placed in the dish washer.

The best way to

handle used

cooking grease

is to pour it from

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the pan while it is still somewhat warm into a container that you can

freeze.

Dispose of large quantities of cooking oil and grease by contacting your

local municipality or your nearest household hazardous waste collection

station to find out if used cooking oil and grease is accepted.

After it has cooled, filter and freeze used cooking oil and reuse it for

another meal.

Small amounts of cooking oil, such as meat drippings, can be soaked up

with a paper towel and thrown into the trash.

After it has cooled, pour the used cooking oil into a sturdy closed-lid

container, like a coffee can, and dispose of it in the trash. Another option

is to slowly mix in kitty litter until all the oil is absorbed and can be placed

in a garbage bag.

SOURCES

1. "Regulation on Control of Waste Vegetable Oil" prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization dated April 19, 2005 which was published in the Official Gazette No. 25 791. 2. “The control criteria for the solid and liquid oils used for frying” by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Legislation No: 2007/41. State Gazette Number: 26627).

3. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, General Directorate of Environment Management, April 2010, Booklet for the Management of Waste Vegetable Oils.

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4. REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. Report on renewable energies {SWD(2013) 102 final}. Brussels : s.n., 2013.

5. Total Polar Compounds and Acid Values of Repeatedly Used Frying Oils Measured by Standard and Rapid Methods, Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Vol. 21, 2013, Pages 58-65

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