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General Biology – 2nd Semester Final Exam Review Packet

Unit 6 –Genetics, Inheritance Patterns, and Genetic Engineering

1. Who is Gregor Mendel and what did he discover/determine?

2. What is DNA? What does it code for?

3. What is a gene?

4. What is an allele?

5. What is a dominant trait?

6. How do we write out (represent with letters) a dominant trait?

7. What is a recessive trait?

8. How do we write out (represent with letters) a recessive trait?

9. What is an organism’s genotype?

10. What is an organism’s phenotype?

11. What does it mean to be homozygous for a trait?

12. What does it mean to be heterozygous for a trait?

13. Write out the genotype for a homozygous dominant individual (you chose the letters):

14. Write out the genotype for a homozygous recessive individual (you chose the letters):

15. Write out the genotype for a heterozygous individual (you chose the letters):

16. What does incomplete dominance mean?

17. Write out an example of possible genotypes for incomplete dominance:

18. What does codominance mean?

19. Write out an example of possible genotypes for codominance:

20. What is a sex-linked trait?

21. Why do sex-linked traits show up in males more than females?

22. Write out an example of possible genotypes for a sex-linked trait:

23. What is a polygenic trait?

24. What does it mean for a gene to have multiple alleles?

25. What is a pedigree?

26. What do pedigree circles stand for?

27. What do pedigree squares stand for?

28. What do pedigree shaded shapes stand for?

29. What do pedigree non-shaded shapes stand for?

30. What is genetic engineering (define)?

31. What is a transgenic organism? INCLUDE AN EXAMPLE:

32. What is gene therapy?

33. What is cloning?

34. Describe an example of the cloning process:

35. What is selective breeding?

36. In pea plants, being GREEN (G) is dominant over being YELLOW (g). Suppose a homozygous green (GG) plant is crossed with a homozygous yellow plant (gg):

What is the phenotype of a heterozygous plant for this trait?

Complete the KEY and PUNNETT SQUARE:

What percent (%) of the offspring will be green?

37. In humans, having a “widows peak” is dominant (W) over not having one (w). Suppose a heterozygous dominant female reproduces with a homozygous recessive male:

What is the phenotype of the homozygous recessive male?

Complete the KEY and PUNNETT SQUARE:

What is the probably of this couple having a child without a widows peak?

38. Golden Mountain Cats can have red (R), tan (r), or light brown fur. The gene that controls this trait illustrates incomplete dominance, where light brown fur is caused by the heterozygous condition.

Which statement accurately describes the outcome of incomplete dominance? Circle one.

o (a) Blending of the phenotypes of the two alleles (red and tan).o (b) Simultaneous display of the phenotypes of the two alleles (red and tan).

What is the genotype of a heterozygous light brown cat?

Suppose a red female cat and a light brown male cat mate. Complete the KEY and PUNNETT SQUARE:

What is the probability of these parents producing a tan colored kitten?

39. Eastern Grassland Goats can have black (B), white (W), or speckled white and black fur. The gene that controls this trait illustrates codominance dominance, where speckled fur is caused by the heterozygous condition.

Which statement accurately describes the outcome of incomplete dominance? Circle one.

o (a) Blending of the phenotypes of the two alleles (black and white).o (b) Simultaneous display of the phenotypes of the two alleles (black and white).

What is the genotype of a heterozygous speckled goat?

Suppose a speckled female goat and a speckled male goat mate. Complete the KEY and PUNNETT SQUARE:

What percent of the offspring produced by this cross will have speckled fur?

40. Albinism (lack of body pigmentation) is caused by a sex-linked recessive trait found on the X chromosome. Suppose a female carrier and a male with albinism reproduce:

What does it mean to be a “carrier” for a sex-linked trait?

Can males be carriers? WHY or WHY NOT?

What is the genotype of the female carrier?

What is the genotype of the male with albinism?

Complete the KEY and PUNNETT SQUARE:

What is the probability of the couple producing a normal female child?

What is the probability of the couple producing a carrier female child?

What is the probability of the couple producing a female child with albinism?

What is the probability of the couple producing a normal male child?

What is the probability of the couple producing a carrier male child?

What is the probability of the couple producing a male child with albinism?

Unit 7 – Evolution

1. TWO PART QUESTION: How would you describe a scientific theory? Can theories be proven?

2. What is the definition of evolution?

3. List two potential causes of evolution:

4. What is natural selection?

5. Describe/explain an example of natural selection:

6. What is an adaptation?

7. Who is Charles Darwin?

8. What two major contributions (observations) did Darwin make with regard to evolution?

9. What is the ultimate result of natural selection?

10. What is the definition of a species?

11. List and DESCRIBE the three main causes of speciation. (HINT: THESE ARE ALL TYPES OF ISOLATION)

12. What are homologous structures?

13. What is an example of homologous structures?

14. What is divergent evolution? INCLUDE AN EXAMPLE.

15. What is adaptive radiation? INCLUDE AN EXAMPLE.

16. What is convergent evolution? INCLUDE AN EXAMPLE.

17. What is coevolution? INCLUDE AN EXAMPLE.

18. What is a “gene pool”?

19. What does “descent with modification” mean?

20. Define four primary forces of evolution:

Genetic mutation:

Genetic migration:

Genetic Drift:

Natural selection:

21. What evidence do we have for evolution in the natural world? (HINT: There are 4 main areas of evidence)

22. What is taxonomy?

23. What do we call the 2-part scientific naming system? Who created this system?

24. The scientific name of the northern leopard frog is “RANA PIPIENS”

a. How do you write this as a proper scientific name?

b. Which hierarchical level does the first word represent?

c. Which hierarchical level does the second word represent?

25. From most broad to most specific, list the EIGHT levels of the hierarchical classification system. I’ll give you the first one to help you get started…

Domain _______________ _______________ _______________

_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________

26. What is phylogenetics?

27. What is a cladogram?

28. What is a derived character?

29. How is an adaptation different from a trait that results from a genetic mutation?

30. Constructing and analyzing cladograms.

a. First, assemble data on the following organisms by placing an “X” in the corresponding box for each derived character (trait) that the organism displays.

Eyes Limbs Hair ThumbsEarthwormSnakeIguanaMouseHuman

b. Construct and label a cladogram to illustrate the relationships between the organisms above based on these 4 derived characters (legs, eyes, hair, thumbs).

c. According to your cladogram, which species are most closely related? WHY?YOU MUST EXPLAIN IN COMPLETE SETENCES.

d. According to your cladogram, which species are most distantly related? WHY?YOU MUST EXPLAIN IN COMPLETE SETENCES.

Unit 8 – Climate Change

1. What is the definition of weather?

2. What is the definition of climate?

3. How does global warming contribute to climate change? (HINT: There are 3 main ways)

4. What is the Greenhouse Effect? EXPLAIN.

5. How do Greenhouse gasses enter the atmosphere?

6. List the 10 potential signs of climate change that we explored in this unit:

Unit 9 – Ecology

Key Term Definition/Description/ExplanationEcology

Biosphere

Species

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biome

Biotic Factor

Abiotic Factor

1. List two characteristics of a tundra biome:

2. List two characteristics of a tropical rainforest biome:

3. List two characteristics of a desert biome:

4. List two characteristics of a boreal forest biome:

5. Describe the TWO ways in which nitrogen is converted from N2 in the atmosphere to usable nitrogen compounds in the soil. Be sure to use the key term for this conversion process.

6. Which organisms are primarily responsible for converting N2 gas into usable nitrogen compounds and the converting those compounds back into N2 gas?

7. What is the term (name) for the process by which the organisms in #6 convert usable nitrogen compounds back into N2 gas?

8. What is evaporation?

9. What is transpiration?

10. How does cellular respiration contribute to the movement of water?

11. What is precipitation?

12. What is condensation?

13. What happens to water after it falls to the ground?

14. How does carbon enter the atmosphere as CO2 ? (List ALL the ways)

15. How is carbon removed from the atmosphere?

16. What percent (%) of the energy from one trophic level is available for the next level?

17. Fill in the chart below:

Key Term Definition/Description/ExplanationProducer Include an example

Photoautotroph

Consumer

Herbivore Include an example

Omnivore Include an example

Carnivore Include an example

Decomposer Include an example

Food wed

18. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: What components/molecules are needed for (go into) the Light-Dependent Reaction?

19. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: What components/molecules are produced in the Light-Dependent Reaction?

20. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: What components/molecules are needed for (go into) the Calvin Cycle?

21. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: What components/molecules are produced in the Calvin Cycle?

21. Which colors/wavelengths of light are REFLECTED by plants?

22. Which colors/wavelengths of light are ABSORBED by plants?

23. What is STEP 1 of cellular respiration?

24. How much energy (ATP) is made in STEP 1?

25. Carbon enters STEP 1 of cellular respiration as _______________________ and is split

into two molecules of _______________________________.

26. If NO OXYGEN is available, what are the two possible versions of Step 2 of cellular respiration?

27. If OXYGEN is available, what is Step 2 of cellular respiration?

28. How much energy (ATP) is made in STEP 2 (when oxygen is present)?

28. What is the main purpose of Step 2 of cellular respiration when oxygen is present?

29. What is Step 3 of cellular respiration?

30. How much energy (ATP) is made in STEP 3?

31. What is the main purpose of Step 2 of cellular respiration?

32. How many total molecules of ATP are made in ALL of the steps of cellular respiration?

33. What is ecological succession?

34. What is primary succession?

35. What types of situations/scenarios lead to primary succession?

36. What is secondary succession?

37. What types of situations/scenarios lead to secondary succession?

38. What is the first group of organisms to colonize an area called? GIVE AN EXAMPLE.

39. What is exponential growth?

40.Which shape is the growth curve produced by exponential growth?

41. What is logistic growth?

42.Which shape is the growth curve produced by logistic growth?

43. What is birth rate?

44. What is death rate?

45. What is immigration?

46. What is emigration?

47. What is carrying capacity?

48. How is carrying capacity related to logistic growth?

49. What is a density-dependent factor?

50. Give 3 examples of density-dependent factors:

51. What is a density-independent factor?

52. Give 3 examples of density-independent factors: