verbal logic – 1 p-1 (bs) syllogism answers and...

VL / Exercise - 1 CEX-5354/P1BS/17 /

Depicting the first statement Incorporating the second statement

1. a Room s Stones Stones

Rad ios 1

Rooms

Rad ios 2

Only conclusion I is valid. Conclusion II is incorrect because of the possibility where the set of ‘rooms’ can be a subsetof the set of ‘radios’ (second illustration).

2. b G = Gowns, S = Shirts, T = Trousers

G S

GS

T 1

T 3

T 2

Only conclusion II is valid. Conclusion I cannot be definitely concluded because there might be no interaction betweenthe set of ‘gowns’ and ‘trousers’ (T1).

3. c

Books Cups

Books 1

CupsBoxes 2

Boxes 1

Boxes 3

None of the conclusions follow.

Verbal Logic – 1Syllogism

Answers and Explanations

1 a 2 b 3 c 4 c 5 c 6 d 7 a 8 c 9 c 10 c11 b 12 b 13 b 14 a 15 c 16 c 17 c 18 a 19 a 20 c21 b 22 d 23 c 24 c 25 a 26 b 27 c 28 d 29 c 30 c31 a 32 b 33 c 34 d 35 b 36 b 37 d 38 a 39 a 40 b41 b 42 d 43 c 44 c 45 d 46 d 47 a 48 a 49 d 50 b

P-1 (BS)

VL / Exercise - 1CEX-5354/P1BS/17 /


4. c CF F CB1B2

B3

F = F rogs

C = C roaks

B = B ig

Conclusion I is false because as per statement I, all frogs are big and not only the set which are ‘not croaks’. Accordingto set B3, all frogs are big and some of them are croaks. So, conclusion II is also false.

5. c T

FF

T S 1

S 2

S 3

T = TrucksS = Scoote rsF = F lies

According to set S1, no truck is a scooter. Hence, conclusion I is not true. Conclusion II is invalid because the set of ‘flies’can be a subset of the set of ‘scooters’ (S3). Hence, neither of the conclusion follows.

6. d BM = Businessmen, S = Superstitious, HM = Hardworking Men

HM

BMS

HM

BM

‘Businessmen’ and ‘Superstitious’ are disjoint sets. If ‘no superstitious are businessmen’, then ‘superstitions are notbusinessmen’ is also true. Both I and II follow. Hence, option (d) is correct.

7. a EP = Educated People

N ew spapers

EP EPAvi

Conclusion I follows but conclusion II does not follow. Hence, option (a) is correct.

8. c P

A

P

A

S 1P = Poe tsA = Authors

S = S ingersS 2

None of the conclusions follow. Conclusion I is incorrect because the set of ‘poets’ and ‘singers’ could bedisjoint sets (S1). Conclusion II does not follow because there is a possibility that the set of ‘authors’ andthe set of ‘singers’ overlap.



9. cSpoon Small Spoon Small

B ig 1B ig 2


10. c

E

D

E

D

P 1

P 2

E = Emera ldsD = D iamondsP = Pearls


11. b R L RP1L P2

R = R iversL = LakesP = Ponds

Only conclusion II follows. Hence, option (b) is correct.

12. b F A I3F

A

I2I1

F = FliesA = AntsI = Insects

Only conclusion II is true. Hence, option (b) is correct.

13. b

Planets

MoonM oon

Plane ts

Sun




14. a

M onkeys

Dogs

M onkeys

Dogs

Cats

Only conclusion I is true. Hence, option (a) is correct.

15. c T

H

T

H

C 2

C 1

H = HandlesT = TubesC = CupsC 3

Conclusion I does not follow as sets in C1 and C2 are not subsets of the set, ‘tubes’. Conclusion II isincorrect because the set of ‘cups’ and the set of ‘handles’ may overlap. Hence, option (c) is correct.

16. c B

C

B

C

L2

L 1

L3 B = BooksC = CakesL = Lam ps

Set L1 shows that conclusion I can be false and sets L2 and L3 show that conclusion II may be false. Hence,neither conclusion I nor II is correct.

17. c F

S

F

R

S F = F low ers

S = Stems

R = Roots

Neither conclusion I nor II follows.

18. a R = Rats Rb = Rabbits M = Mosquito

R RbM

R

Rb

Only conclusion I follows. Hence, option (a) is correct.



19. aC

F

C

F

PF = F ans

C = Cups

P = P illow s


20. c

B

KT

W 1

KTKT = Kom al Thakur

B = B rilliantW = W om an

W 2

B

Neither conclusion I nor II follows. Hence, option (c) is correct.

21. b S B

S B T 1

S = Stones

B = Br icks

T = Trees

T2


22. d B = Books, M = magazines, T = Thesauruses

B

(i)

M T

( ii)

B M

T

None of the conclusions can be definitely concluded. Hence, option (d) is correct.

23. c S = Stars, B = Bright, M = Moons

S

B

M

(i)

S

B

M

(ii)Both the conclusions follow. Hence, option (c) is correct.


24. c P = Pant, S = Shirt, K = Kurta

P S K

(ii)

P S

K

(i)

Both the conclusions follow. Hence, option (c) is correct.

25. a

(i)

Pencil FanPen

(ii)

Pen Pencil

Fan


26. bW hite B lack

W hiteB lack

G reen 1

G reen 2

G reen 3


27. c T = Table, C = Chairs, B = Bus

T C B

(i)

T CB

(ii)Both the conclusions follow. Hence, option (c) is correct.

28. d

M HP

(i) (ii)

PM

H

(iii)

P

P = Players, M = Maps, H = HealthyNeither of the conclusions follow. Hence, option (d) is correct.


29. c W = Watches, B = Books, P = Pencil.

WW

B

WWB

P


30. c C = Computers, M = Machines, B = Bags, T = Toys

C

M

C

M

B

T

31. a Bag

Box

PurseBag

Box

What is true for ‘all’ is also true for ‘some’. If no purse is a box, then ‘some purses are not boxes’ is also true. ConclusionII is not valid as both ‘bag and box’ can be identical sets.

32. b F = Fools, B = Brilliant, HW = Hard Workers

BH W

F

(i)

BHW

F

(ii)

HW

FB

(iii)


33. c H = Healthy, C = Champion, O = Obese

H

O

C

C ase (i)

C ase (ii)

C H

O



34. d

Q uestion

Problem

So lu tions

So lu tions

1

2

Neither conclusion I nor II follows – Hence, option (d)is correct.

35. b S = Seniors, B = Bad, J = Junior

S J B

Case (i)

B S J

Case (ii)

Seniors who are juniors are definitely not bad. Hence,option (b) is correct.

36. b

Dogs

Trees

Rats

Only conclusion I follows. Hence, option (b) is correct.

37. d Boys

C louds

Ra ins

Cars 2 Cars 1

Only conclusions I and IV follow. Hence, option (d) iscorrect.

38. a

Bricks

F low e rs

Pe ns 1

H ouses 1

Pe ns 2

H ouses 2

Only conclusion III follows. Hence, option (a) is correct.

39. a

Lions

D ucksH orses

F ruits 1F ruits 2

Conclusions I, II and III are valid. Hence, option (a) iscorrect.

40. b

M ounta ins R ive rs

Roads 2

W indow s 2

Roads 1W indow s

3 W indow s 1

Only conclusions I and II follow. Hence, option (b) iscorrect.

41. b

Boring

Ancien ts Charm ing

From the above diagram, it can be understood thatonly conclusion II follows.

42. d

Flowers

L ilies Roses 1

Roses2

As illustrated in the above venn-diagram, none of thegiven conclusions follow. Hence, option (d) is thecorrect answer.

43. c

Shrugs Warm

O vercoa t

It can be understand from the given diagram that bothconclusions I and II follow.


44. c

Books

Ye llowed

M anuscrip ts 2

M anuscrip ts1

From the given diagram, it can be understood thatsome books may be manuscripts. Therefore, option(c) is the correct answer.

45. dBrillan t

Astro -physicistsScientis ts

As illustrated in the given venn-diagram, none of theconclusions follow. Hence, option (d) is the correctanswer.

46. d

Insects Ug ly B irds

From the given venn diagram, it can be understoodthat none of the conclusions follow and hence, option(d) is the correct answer.

47. a

Piglet O w le t

Cute

As per the above venn-diagram, only conclusion I isvalid. The set of ‘pigs’ has not been mentioned in thegiven statements and so, conclusion III is incorrect.

48. a

Q uestions

So lu tions

Answ er keys

It can be understood from the given venn-diagram thatonly conclusion I follows.

49. dPens

Faulty

An im als

Faulty

Pens

An im als

I II

There are two ways in which the venn-diagrams canbe drawn. From the given illustrations, it is clear thatall the given conclusions follow.

50. b

Phones Telev is ions

W ire less

I II

Phones

W ire less

Telev is ions

The venn diagrams for the given statements can bedrawn in two different ways. From the given diagrams,it can be understood that only conclusion II follows.

VL / Exercise - 2 CEX-5355/P1BS/17 / Page 1

Verbal Ligic – 2

Statement Assumption, Statement Conclusion and Inference

Answers and Explanations

1. c The statement says that all famous are evil. This meansthat the two are related. Therefore, the first assumptionis valid. Assumption II says that all evil are famous.However, the statement does not tell us anything aboutall evil. We only know that some evil are famous.Therefore, assumption II is invalid. Hence, the correctanswer is option (c).

2. a The statement says that all ‘honesty’ are ‘best policy’.The two assumptions introduce a third set, ‘good’,about which the statement does not say anything.Therefore, we cannot assume that honesty or somepolicies are good. Hence, option (a) is the correctanswer.

3. d Assumption I is invalid since George Washingtoninvented a new age candle, which means a type ofcandle that did not exist before. It is possible thatdifferent types of candles existed before his invention.Assumption II is valid. Someone who invents somethingis called an inventor. Since he invented a new agecandle, he can be called an inventor. Hence, option (d)is the correct answer.

4. a None of the assumptions follow. The statement saysthat whales eat plankton. There might be other thingsthat whales eat. Similarly, there might be otherorganisms that eat plankton. Hence, option (a) is thecorrect answer.

5. c The sentence says that if you are slow and steady, itis expected that you will win the race. This means thatwinning and being slow and steady are related.Therefore, assumption I is valid. However, it cannotbe assumed that those who are slow and steady willalways win races. Therefore, assumption II is invalid.Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

6. c The statement says that total devotion to work mightlead to fulfillment. This means that those who havefulfillment may have total devotion to work. Therefore,

assumption I is valid. The statement does not sayanything about success. Therefore, assumption II isinvalid. Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

7. a Nothing is said about prevention and cure in thestatement. Therefore, conclusion I is invalid. From thestatement we know that a stitch in time will save nine.We do not if it will save any other thing (ten as inconclusion II). Therefore, conclusion II is invalid. Hence,option (a) is the answer.

8. b Both the conclusions are valid. The statement saysthat two things are needed for success in politics,which are honesty and sincerity. Therefore, we canconclude that politics and honesty are related. Wecan also conclude that if a politician is successful, heis honest and sincere. Hence, option (b) is the correctanswer.

9. a The statement only tells us that virtue is the font ofvice. It might or might not be the only font of vice.Therefore, both the conclusions are invalid. Hence,option (a) is the correct answer.

10. c The statement says that all snakes are poisonousanimals. This means that some poisonous animals aresnakes. Therefore, conclusion I is valid. Reptiles areout of the purview of the statement. Therefore,conclusion II is invalid. Hence, option (c) is the correctanswer.

11. c Assumptions I and II are implicit otherwise Tanu wouldn’thave asked her servant to go the market to getvegetables in the first place.

12. a Assumption I is implicit otherwise there would be noreason for the activists to press for the bill. AssumptionII is not implicit as there seems to be no co-relationbetween women’s reservation bill and crimes againstwomen.

1 c 2 a 3 d 4 a 5 c 6 c 7 a 8 b 9 a 10 c

11 c 12 a 13 b 14 d 15 a 16 a 17 d 18 a 19 b 20 c

21 a 22 c 23 a 24 a 25 a 26 a 27 a 28 d 29 a 30 d

31 d 32 a 33 c 34 a 35 d 36 a 37 a 38 d 39 b 40 c41 b 42 c 43 b 44 c 45 c 46 b 47 c 48 c 49 a 50 b

P-1 (BS)

VL / Exercise - 2CEX-5355/P1BS/17 / Page 2

13. b Assumption I talks about the need of married couples,with respect to children, being more intense thanunmarried people. This is not implicit in the givenstatement. II talks about the assumption of thegovernment with respect to parenting abilities ofmarried people and is implicit in the statement as it isthe basis on which the government is planning tochange the adoption laws.

14. d Assumption I is not implicit because it is mentioned inthe statement that George is a very dull actor and hisprevious five films were flops. Assumption II is notimplicit as it talks about the looks of George and nothingcan be assumed in this regard.

15. a Assumption I is implicit otherwise the authoritieswouldn’t have singled out cars to tackle the trafficproblem. Assumption II talks about the preference ofpeople and no assumption about this is implicit in thestatement. It is highly likely that people commute by carbecause no public transport is available. We only knowthat people are commuting by cars but whether theywant to or have no choice is not reflected by thestatement.

16. a The assumption implicit in the statement is that earthand earth like planets have the potential to support life.But whether an earth like planet is the only planet thatcan support life is doubtful. So, the correct answer is(a).

17. d We have no clue about pickpocketing’s standing inlaw book. Further, though it is rampant in crowdedplaces it may take place anywhere.

18. a The statement assumes that the world is merely amatter of mass which becomes more lively with theconcept of ‘consciousness’. Hence the correct answeris option (a). The word ‘enliven’ means to makesomething more lively or interesting. Thus, world isnothing but dead matter in the absence ofconsciousness cannot be assumed.

19. b The statement talks about living beings only. Nothingcan be assumed about non-living on the basis of thegiven statement. So, it is not correct to assume I. OptionII is definitely true as without this being true thestatement will not hold good. Option (b) is correct.

20. c Both the assumptions are correct as without them theargument will not be supported. As child abuse isincreasing, statement I is definitely true. ‘A major formof human exploitation’ indicates that it is not the onlyform of human exploitation in India.

21. a Conclusion I is invalid since neither of the statementstell us that it is the union government who has designedthe constitution. Also, we do not know if theconstitution has been designed in a way which ishelpful in managing crisis. Conclusion II is also invalidbecause if courts and judicial proceedings were

harmful for the country, they would not have beencreated in the first place. It is possible that there arecertain crises during which courts and judicialproceedings are harmful for the country and thus,need to be dissolved. Hence, option (a) is the correctanswer.

22. c According to the statements, there is a ban on foreigncoaches in India and the use of drugs bysportspersons. Though conclusion I is not a definiteconclusion, it is a possibility. Therefore, conclusion I isvalid. Conclusion II is invalid because banning foreigncoaches does not mean that only local coaches willbe permitted to train them. There might be a ban on thelocal coaches as well. Hence, option (c) is the correctanswer.

23. a Both the conclusions are invalid. The statement saysthat studying till late in the night is a necessary conditionto crack entrance exams. However, it is not a sufficientcondition required for cracking an entrance exam.Therefore, it is not necessary that if Ramesh studiestill late in the night, he will crack entrance exams. Also,it is only a possibility that staying awake till late in thenight will lead to diseases. Therefore, conclusion I,which says that students who crack entrance exams(study till late in the night) suffer from diseases, isinvalid. Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

24. a There is no relation between the first and the secondstatement. It is not clear whether the World Bank hascalled all the countries, this time, for an issue thatrelates to the benefit of the society. Therefore,conclusion I is invalid. Conclusion II is invalid becausewe do not know if there are any selfish interests ofWorld Bank that coax it to affect changes benefittingsociety. Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

25. a None of the conclusions follow. It is not necessarythat Kajri will win the elections if she has stood forelections and deserves to be the CM. Also, Kajri willonly be the CM if she wins, which is not definite.Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

26. a As per the statements, undesirable things come to anend ‘eventually’, i.e., in the end. Though war isundesirable, and it is supposed to come to an endsome day, we do not know if that time has alreadycome or is yet to come. Therefore, conclusion I isinvalid. Conclusion II is invalid because we do notknow whether drugs are undesirable and will beabandoned by the society eventually. Hence, option(a) is the correct answer.

27. a The statement says that the tyranny of the ‘wicked’ iswithout reason or logic. We do not know if a tyrannicaldespot is without reason or not. Therefore, conclusionI is invalid. Also, it is not the only factor that makes aperson illogical. A person who is not tyrannical canalso be illogical. Therefore, conclusion II is invalid.Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

VL / Exercise - 2 CEX-5355/P1BS/17 / Page 3

28. d Since nuclear plants, which are like hydroelectricdams, are untrustworthy, we can conclude thathydroelectric dams are unreliable. Nothing has beensaid about the plant or the dam being non-polluting.Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

29. a The Censor Board has the right to prohibit the screeningof any movie. This means that the movie makers donot have the freedom to make any movie. They haveto work in accordance with the Censor Board’s rules.However, this does not mean that the Censor Boardcurbs freedom of expression. It is possible that theCensor Board prohibits screening of only those moviesthat conflict with the values or rights of a group ofpeople. Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

30. d Only conclusion II is valid. Since economics is debatableand unrestricted like science, it cannot be rigid anddogmatic. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

31. d The statements say that virtues and morality are taughtby religion and a person who has virtues can attainhigher existence. However, it is not the only way toachieve higher existence. Therefore, conclusion I isinvalid. Conclusion II is invalid because the statementsdo not say anything about society promoting religion.Conclusion III is valid since attaining a higher existencethrough the path of religion is only a possibility and nota sure shot way. Hence, option (d) is the correctanswer.

32. a Statement I talks about Canadian researchers beingthe best in the world. They might be working for anyother country and if that is the case, then any nationcan be more advanced than Canada. Therefore,conclusions I and III are invalid. Nothing is said abouttechnology being economically useful. Hence, option(a) is the correct answer.

33. c Conclusion I is invalid since the statements talk aboutthe effect of scrupulousness in war, while theconclusion means that being scrupulous in anysituation is disadvantageous. From the statements weknow that in war less scrupulous participants winand sports is similar to war. From this we can inferthat in sports less scrupulous participants win.Therefore, conclusion II is valid. Conclusion III is invalidbecause the conclusion means that all winners areless scrupulous, while the statements mean that thecondition is valid in case of wars and sports. We donot know about other cases. Hence, option (c) is thecorrect answer.

34. a All the conclusions are invalid. The statements saythat road rage is caused by poor traffic conditionsand by bad driving and it is more prevalent in developingcountries. Nothing is said about accidents, poor roadsand people being poor drivers in developing countries.Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

35. d The statements suggest that the labour unions havedecided to call off their proposed strike after a meetingwith the Prime Minister. It is possible that the labourunions have taken this step because of some promisemade by the Prime Minister to look into the matter. Wecannot infer that the step was taken because themeeting was successful. A successful meeting doesnot mean that the Prime Minister has agreed to meettheir demands. Therefore, conclusion II is invalid. Sincewe cannot say that their demands have been metwith, they might go on strike next month. Therefore,conclusion III is valid. Hence, option (d) is the correctanswer.

36. a None of the conclusions are valid. Raining and pouringare the conditions in which an aircraft does not fly.Therefore, conclusion II is invalid. However, they arenot the only conditions for an aircraft to not fly. If anaircraft could not fly, it could be because of any otherreason. Therefore, conclusions I and III are invalid.Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

37. a Studying hard is a necessary but not a sufficientcondition for one to succeed. Also, being intelligent isnot a sufficient condition to succeed. Therefore,conclusions I and III are invalid. Conclusion II is invalidsince the statements do not suggest that if one isintelligent he need not study hard. Hence, option (a) isthe correct answer.

38. d Conclusion I is invalid because Japan cannot prospereconomically since it is a decadent country. ConclusionII is invalid since statement II says that wasteful peopledo not prosper economically. Conclusion III is validbecause the statements only talk about decadentcountries not being economically prosperous. Theymight otherwise be prosperous. Hence, option (d) isthe correct answer.

39. b The statements do not suggest that the bill will behelpful to the people. It might or might not help thepeople. Therefore, conclusion I is valid whileconclusion III is invalid. The statements do not sayanything about the popularity of the government. Thus,we cannot conclude with a surety that the governmentis popular. Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

40. c Prior knowledge of a crime is one of the conditionsthat make a person liable for a crime. If Ramakant isliable for the murder, it might be because of someother reason. Therefore, conclusion I is invalid.Conclusion II means that all those who have priorknowledge of crime are liable. The same is stated instatement I. Therefore, conclusion II is valid. Thestatements do not say anything about who can orcannot be convicted. Therefore, conclusion III doesnot follow. Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

VL / Exercise - 2CEX-5355/P1BS/17 / Page 4

41. b Pre tty

W om en Ramu

42. c Exce llen t

G ood

G irls

43. b Inference I is a repetition of Statement I. So, it is not avalid inference. Inference II is a valid inference sincethe statements clearly say that the shop that sellsparrots that can speak has some Indian parrots aswell. This means that the Indian parrots that are sold inthe shop can speak. Inference III is invalid since wehave just proved that some of the Indian parrots canspeak. Inference IV is again valid. This has alreadybeen proved above.

44. c

Brochures

F ixed

N um bered

45. c Pop

Heated

Popcorns

46. b The statement says that many Brits speak Hindi andRohan is a Brit. Rohan might or might not speak Hindi.Nothing is clear about this. So, option (b), either I or IIfollows, is the answer.

47. c The statement says that eavesdropping should bedone occasionally. This does not mean that no onecan do it regularly. So, Inference I is incorrect. InferenceII is also incorrect since the statement only talks aboutthe authenticity of information received througheavesdropping, it does not talk about the authenticityof information received through news channels.

48. c If devotion is necessarily required to become physicallyfit and Rahul is becoming fit, then he must be devoted.So, II is appropriate. Also, if devotion is necessarilyrequired to become physically fit, then all physical fitmust be devoted. So, I is also appropriate. III is notappropriate because the sentence only talks ofdevotion being an essential requirement for beingphysically fit, it does not act as a guarantee. Option IVis again inappropriate. If Rahul is becoming physicallyfit, then he must already be devoted.

49. a

English C reative

G raduates In te lligent

50. b The statements clearly say that the all platinumJewellery selling shop has some of Tanishq Jewellery.This means that, apart from Tanishq, there are othermanufactures of platinum Jewellery. So, inference I isinvalid. Inference II is valid because some of TanishqJewellery is sold in the all platinum Jewellery sellingshop. Inference III is invalid because of the samereason. Inference IV is valid because if the all platinumJewellery selling shop sells Tanishq Jewellery, thenthe Jewellery has to be platinum Jewellery. So, option(b) is the answer.

verbal logic – 1 p-1 (bs) syllogism answers and...

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