vegetable crops – plsc 451/551 lesson 3, domestication, classification. instructor: stephen l....
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Vegetable Crops – PLSC 451/551 Lesson 3, Domestication, Classification.
Instructor:Stephen L. LoveAberdeen R & E Center1693 S 2700 WAberdeen, ID 83210Phone: 397-4181 Fax: 397-4311Email: [email protected]
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Origin, Evolution
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov
Most of the varietal wealth in our crop plants was concentrated in eight great centers of diversity:
China, Hindustan, Central Asia, Asia Minor, the Mediterranean region, Abyssinia, Central America, west-
central S. America
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Fig. 2.1 Centers of Origin
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Origin, Evolution
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov
Centers of origin of species coincide with the areas where the greatest diversity exists in the species.
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Origin, Evolution
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov
Secondary centers of origin (centers of diversity) may be found far removed from the primary center of origin.
These may be associated with domestication and human movement
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Centers of Origin
Determination of centers:
Botanical evidenceArcheological evidenceHistorical evidenceLinguistic evidence
(Last 3 more likely to determine center of domestication)
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Centers of Origin
Features:
Geographical location of species origin
Site of maximum adaptation
Site of maximum diversity
Presence of related species
Usually associated with site of domestication
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Vavilov’s Centers of Diversity (origin)
lettuce, turnip
cucumber
cantaloupe
cabbage
watermelon
manioc
potato
pumpkin, tomato
corn, bean
carrotcelerylettuce
onion
pepper
beet
sweet potato
okraeggplant
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Centers of Origin – Major Crops
Lettuce – Europe and Asia
Cabbage – Europe
Beet – Europe
Carrot – Europe and Asia
Onion – Asia
Potato – South America
Sweet Potato – South America
Bean – South America
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Centers of Origin – Major Crops
Pea – Europe and Asia
Tomato – Central America
Pepper – Central and South America
Cucumber – Asia and Africa
Cantaloupe – Asia
Watermelon – Africa
Squash – Central and North America
Sweet Corn – Mexico?
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Edible species 20,000
Species used for food 3,000
Species cultivated 200
Major crop species - 25
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Crop Species DomesticationBegan 8-10,000 years ago
Process
Foraging and unintentional selection
Early cultivation
Domestication
Intensified and large scale production
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Foraging
Impact of foraging and plant management
Selection of best food types – seed distribution
Selection of best adapted types in habitat region
Unintentional altering of habitat to promote growth of certain plants (i.e. burning)
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Early Cultivation
Began as man approached food production systematically
Started as unintentional habitat alteration to favor desired species
Led to more intense cultivation; form depended on geographical constraints
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Early Cultivation
Vegetatively propagated plants
re-growth from remnants
no dormancy
discarded propagules in refuse piles
Favored in tropical regions:
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Early Cultivation
Seed propagated plants
collected seeds may fall, germinate (after rain) around settlements
eventually seed were actively stored and systematically planted
Favored in mountainous or temperate regions:
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Early Cultivation
Impact of early cultivation on crop species
Deliberate care of preferred plants
Preferential survival of edible crop plants
Distribution to new areas of habitat
Increased population of humans and thus populations of crop species
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Plant/human co-development (Fuller, WorldPress.com)
Domestication
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Years BC
Domestication
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Domestication
Characteristics of wild species:
Edible parts small, fibrous, bitter
Numerous seeds, rapidly dispersed
Poor or non-uniform seed emergence
Often contain toxic compounds
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Changes in maize
Domestication
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North American marsh elder
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Domestication
Gigantism
often a result of changes in PLOIDY
Where PLOIDY reflects the number of chromosomes in a SOMATIC cell
(somatic versus gametic)
Changes in plants as a result of selection:
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Domestication
monoploid – has only a single complement of a basic chromosome set of the species
Terms of Ploidy:
also referred to as the haploid state(gamete cells)
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Domestication
diploid – has two complete sets of the basic chromosome number of the species
Terms of Ploidy:
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Domestication
diploid – has two complete sets of the basic chromosome number of the species
triploid tetrapoid pentaploid hexaploid
Terms of Ploidy:
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Domestication
diploid – corn, onion, lettuce, tomato
triploid – taro, watermelon (seedless)
tetraploid – cassava, potato,
hexaploid – yams, sweet potato
Examples of Ploidy:
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Domestication
Size
Uniformity of germination
# of seeds per plant
Shattering
Dormancy
Hardness of seed coat
Changes in seed as a result of selection:
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Domestication
Other morphological and physiological changes resulting from selection
Loss of survival traits
Loss of photoperiod response (potato)
Emergence of mutant types (brassica)
Absence of toxic substances (tomato)
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Domestication – Bean Example
Trait Wild DomesticatedSeed dispersal present absentPod wall fibers present absentSeed dormancy 70% germ. 100% germGrowth habit indeterminate determinateNumber of pods 43.2 7.5Pod length 5.7 cm 9.3 cmSeed weight (100) 3.5g 19.5gDays to flower 69 46Harvest index 0.42 0.62Flower delay (16 hr) >60 days 0 days
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Example of selected diversity in squash
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Example of wild species in potatoes
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Example of selected diversity in potato
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Domestication
Impact of Domestication on crop species
Selection of useful traits within crop species
Elimination of survival traits resulting in dependence on human culture
Wider distribution and adaptation
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Intense Cultivation
Defined as controlled crop production:
Includes:
tillage
planting and transplanting
weed and pest control
harvest and sometimes storage
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Bolivian crop terraces
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From Correll, 1962
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Intense Cultivation
Result of intensified cultivation
Selection for traits resulting in economic benefit to the producer – directed breeding
Ease of managementStorabilityShipabilityMarket specific quality traits
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Intense Cultivation
Age-old question
“I can’t buy a good tomato any more!”
Is the complaint valid that produce has lost quality as we concentrate on economic production factors?
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Classification
Process of lumping numerous crop species into useful categories
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Classification
Classified by:
Adaptation and hardiness
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Classification
Classified by environmental adaptation:
Warm-season (very tender)
Cucumber Eggplant
Lima bean Muskmelon
Okra Pepper
Pumpkin Squash
Sweet potato Watermelon
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Classification
Classified by environmental adaptation:
Warm-season (tender)
Cowpea Snap bean
Soybean Sweet corn
Tomato
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Classification
Classified by environmental adaptation:
Cool-season (semi-hardy)
Beet Carrot
Cauliflower Celery
Swiss chard Lettuce
Parsnip Potato
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Classification
Classified by environmental adaptation:
Cool-season (hardy)
Cabbage Broccoli
Brussel sprouts Califlower
Onions Leeks
Pea Radish
Garlic Asparagus
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Classification
Classified by:
Adaptation and hardiness
Life Cycle
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Classification
Classified by life cycle
PerennialAsparagus, rhubarb, sweet potato
BiennialBeet, broccoli, carrot, onion, parsley
AnnualCucumber, tomato, spinach, sweet corn
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Classification
Classified by:
Adaptation and hardiness
Life cycle
Parts used for food
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Classification
Classified by edible portion:
Root – beet, carrot, turnip
Bulb – leek, onion, garlic
Stem – asparagus, kohlrabi
Flower – cauliflower, broccoli
Tuber - potato
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Classification
Classified by edible portion:
Immature fruit – cucumber, sweet corn
Mature fruit – watermelon, tomato, squash
Leaf – cabbage, lettuce, spinach
Petiole – celery
Seed – beans, pumpkin seed
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Classification
Classified by:
Adaptation and hardiness
Method of culture
Parts used for food
Taxonomic grouping (next lecture)