Why do We Care About Productivity?

Without productivity improvement, businesses do not survive in a global economy.Higher productivity means higher standard of livingImprovements in working conditionsShorter hours of work

Factors Affecting ProductivityPolicies and strategiesInfrastructure

Productivity improvement techniquesProductivity improvement is not just doing things better; It is doing the right things better.Productivity is often measured as the output of goods/services in a given number of man hours / machine hours.(Time)Total time of a job is made up of

Concept of work contentBasic work contentExcess work contentReasons for excess work contentWork content added due to defects in design or specification of a product Bad design of the product. Lack of standardisation of components. Incorrect specifications and quality standards. Faulty design of components.

Work content added due to inefficient methods of manufacture Improper selection of a manufacturing process/machine. Wrong selection of tools. Lack of process standardisation. Improper layout of the shop/factory. Inefficient methods of material handling.

Ineffective time added due to shortcomings of the management Bad working conditions. Frequent production interruptions due to breakdowns. Poor production planning and control. Lack of safety measures. Lack of quality mindedness. Improper communication (lack of instructions). Frequent changes in set-ups (smaller lot size). Lack of performance standards. Shortage of materials/tools.

In effective time added due to reasons attributed to work man Unauthorized absence from work. Substandard performance. Carelessness in working. Unnecessary wastage of time (Idleness).

How manufacturing time is made up of

Techniques to reduce work contentManagement techniques to reduce work content due to productProduct DevelopmentStandardizationValue analysisMarket research/consumer research

Management techniques to reduce work content due to process or methodsProcess planningMethods studyManagement techniques to reduce ineffective time due to managementProduct standardisation and simplificationProduct specializationPPCMaterials controlPlant maintenance

Management techniques to reduce ineffective time within control of the workersSound personnel policiesoperators trainingsafety trainingfinancial incentives

Productivity improvement techniquesTechnical approach

Work studyValue analysisJIT / KAIZEN / KANBANCellular ManufacturingPareto analysisProduct developmentCost benefit analysisOM toolsProcess PlanningHuman approach

Bain stormingOrganization developmentForce field analysis

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