Various stages of development

Infancy बालपण From birth to 2 YearsEarly childhood 2-5 YearsLater childhood 6-12 YearsAdolescence 13-19 YearsAdulthood 20-70 Years

Infancy And Early childhood 0-5 Years

Physical DevelopmentHeight And Weight-A newborn child has a body-length 16-18 inches and he weight 6-8 pounds.Growth is rapid after birth.Respiration and circulation : During infancy, the lunge develop rapidly and breathing capacity is increased.

Muscular Development : Very slow development during infancy shows a slight acceleration at the age of three.Motor Development : This is determined by maturation of necessary muscles.

Mental DevelopmentPerception समजImagination कल्पनाशक्तीConcept formation संकल्पना निनर्मिम�तीLanguage Development भाषा नि�कास

Mental Development

Perception : a newborn child has no mental life. By the age of three to four months the child recognises his mother and smiles at her. Now, he respond to sound by turning to its direction. He can feel the mother’s touch and respond to it.

न�जात बालकाच्या बाबतीत मानसिसक जी�न नसतेच.नितसऱ्या चौथ्या मनि"न्यात जाणी� निनमा$ण "ोते.आई "सली निक बालक "सते.आ�ाजाच्या दि*शेने तोंड नि.र�ते.स्पश$ केला तर त्याची जाणी� "ोते.

Self-concept is, however hardly development.Jean Piaget :- form-board By the age of five, a child is able to differentiate between letter and number forms.

स्�-जाणी� अत्यल्प नि�कसिसत जिजन निपयाजे – कूटप्रश्नअमूत$ नि�चार पात्रता या �यात दि*सत ना"ी.

Concept Of Time & Quantity काल संकल्पना आणिण संख्या संकल्पना At this stage, children, however, have very naïve concepts of quantity and time. They can understand such terms as more than, less than, bigger and smaller. But anything more than one is pointed immediate perception. He does not understand that the total quantity does not change just because the part are re-arranged. या स्टेजला, मुले, मात्र, संख्या आणिण �ेळ .ार साधा संकल्पना आ"े. ते जास्त पेक्षा कमी, मोठे आणिण ल"ान अशा अटी समजू शकतो. पण एक पेक्षा अधिधक का"ी"ी तत्काळ समज मम$भे*क आ"े. तो एकूण प्रमाण भाग पुन्"ा आयोजिजत केले जातात .क्त कारण ब*लत ना"ी समजत.

The concept of time still means little to the child. Events that occurred last week are regarded as being in the historical past. The future has no meaning. Thus, four-year-old Rohit who is impatient about the ice-cream treat tomorrow asks when tomorrow will come, and then at regular short intervals enquires if tomorrow will come.

�ेळ संकल्पना अजून"ी मुलाला थोडे याचा अथ$. गेल्या आठ�ड्यात झालेले काय$क्रम ऐनित"ासिसक गेल्या असल्याने समजली जातात. भनि�ष्य का"ी अथ$ ना"ी. चार �षKय रोनि"त आइस्क्रीम प*ाथ$, निनयधिमत ल"ान अंतराने चौकशी अशा प्रकारे, उद्या येईल की ना"ी उता�ीळ चार �षKय रोनि"त नि�चारतो.

Emotional Development भा�निनक नि�कास Until the age of one year, all emotions connected with biological needs. An infant is happy as long as he warm and well-fed.Laughter has been found to occur as early as twelve week, The mode of expression changes with physical and mental maturity. In contrast to the infant, the four-year-old child expresses his happiness by clapping his hands and jumping up and down.

पनि"ल्या �षा$तील भा�नानि�ष्कार "ा प्रामुख्याने शारीरिरक गरजांशी निनगळीत असतो.*ोन ते पाच �षा$तील मुल आपल्या भ�नाचा आनि�ष्कार तीव्रतेने करते. �स्तूची तोडमोड करणे,�स्तू .ेकणे, चा�णे,मारणे,अश्या प्रकारे "ा अनि�ष्कार दि*सतो.आनं* झाला निक टाळ्या निपटण,ेनाचणे, उड्या मारणे इत्या*ी प्रकारे आनि�ष्कार केला जातो.

Social Development सामाजिजक नि�कास

At birth a child is completely self-centred.(selfish ?)संपणू$ स्�यं कें दिTत (स्�ाथK ?)At the age of nine to ten months he will have learnt to bid farewell by waving his hand.आठ ते नऊ मनि"न्यात "ातांची सुव्य�स्थिXत "ालचाल At age two he laughs a great deal and he is more friendly. But he prefers to play alone.*ोन �षा$त धिमत्र करायला आ�डते पण तरी"ी एकटा रा"ायला आ�डते

Even at age three he dose not take cognizance of other children. दुसऱ्याचे अस्तिस्तत्� अमान्य Four and five year olds play together more frequently, but behavior may alternate between aggressiveness and co-operation. चार आणिण पाच �ष$ �योगटातील मुले अधिधक एकत्र खेळणे, पण �त$न आक्रमकता आणिण स"काय$ Thus, early nursery training has been found to be very helpful in the socialization of the child.त्यामुळे, बालक मंदि*र प्रसिशक्षण मुलाला सामाजिजकीकरणाची .ार उपयुक्त असल्याचे दि*सून आले आ"े.

Educational Importance शैक्षणिणक म"त्त्�.

@First experiences of school life@He memorizes short nursery rhymes.@He is also taught to work and play with other children of his age.@Hence, the song-dance and play atmosphere of the nursery school.@He has to adjust with other children by sharing toys or by participation in various games. The child has to learn that he cannot have his own way in everything.

@बालक मंदि*रातून अनौपचारिरक सिशक्षण

@शारीरिरक � मानसिसक नि�कासा�र भर

@चंचल :- छोट्या तासिसका

@कृतीतून सिशक्षण काग* कापणे, सिचत्र रंग�णे, गाणी म्"णणे, खेळ खेळणे या�र भर

@मुलांना परीकथा सांगाव्यात

@स्�च्छते�र भर,स"काय$ सिशक�ा�े

@बडबड गीते, सांधिcक गीते म्"णण्या�र भर.

2) Growth and Development Later Childhood6 To 12 Year

Physical Development. शारीरिरक नि�कास Height : - Increase in height is only an inch per year Weight : - Increases two to three pounds per yearMotor development. कारक नि�कास Sitting, standing. walking and simple finger manipulation.उभे, बसने . चालणे आणिण बोटांची सोपे इस्थिच्छत "ालचालTrying to climb a stairway by taking two steps at one time.एका �ेळी *ोन पा�ले cेऊन एक जिजना चढणे प्रयत्न करत आ"े

They also try climbing and jumping down from high places. चढणे आणिण उंच Xाना�रून खाली उडी मारण्याचा प्रयत्न

At this stage improved coordination of hand and finger muscles helps the child to produce good handwriting."ात आणिण बोट स्नायू या टप्प्या�र सुधारिरत समन्�य, चांगले "स्ताक्षर निनर्मिम�ती मुलाला म*त करते.

Mental Development मानसिसक नि�कास By the age of six, a child is ready for school.शालेय जी�नाची सुर�ात Span of attention: Very Short span of attention. Therefore, reading material must be carefully chosen. The word must not have more than two or three letters.अ�धान कक्षा ल"ान : शब्* ल"ान Interests : छं*Children are very curious मुले .ार उत्सुकThey wish to know what a thing is for, what it is made of and how it works.

Thus , these children are avid readers of science, nature, travel and adventure. They also enjoy finding out things for themselves and take great delight in using dictionaries and encyclopedias especially written for them

त्या मुलांना नि�ज्ञान, निनसग$, प्र�ास आणिण सा"सी . त्यांनी त्यांच्या स्�त: गोष्टी बा"ेर शोधत आनं* आणिण नि�शेषत: त्यांना शब्*कोश आणिण नि�श्वकोश �ापर आ�ड.

Memory and Imagination : स्मृती आणिण कल्पनाशक्ती

@Learns poems and songs with amazing ease कनि�ता आणिण गाणी आश्चय$कारक पाठांतर @Imagination being prolific कल्पनाशक्ती नि�कसिसत @Child turns a realist �ास्त�ता�ा*ी �ळते @He demands realism in stories �ास्त��ा*ी कथा मागणी@Capable of forming concepts:-but they are of concrete objects .क्त मूत$ संकल्पना

Emotional and Social Development भा�निनक आणिण सामाजिजक नि�कास

@He becomes just one in a group. Child adjusts himself to the school routine.गटाचा एक भाग.शालेय जी�नात एकरूप.@Group activities: He is willing to cooperate with the group and follow the directions of the leader.गटाला स"योग , गटनायकाचे अनुकरण @In their games we find that the boy or girl who dominates, tries to modify the rules to suit his or her convenience.त्यांच्या गेम्स मध्ये मुलगा किक��ा मुलगी �ेग�ेगळ्या, त्याच्या किक��ा नितच्या सोयीसाठी निनयम सुधारिरत करण्याचा प्रयत्न असे.

@group formed are short-lived. समू" काला�धी कमी.

@The sexes are not segregated yet. लिल�गभे* जानी�ाचा अभा�

@Quarrels are common. Boys settle their disputes by exerting force, while girls tend to argue more. भांडणे सामान्य आ"ेत. मुली अधिधक भांडण्याकडे कल

As these children grow older, the situation changes

@Group affinity increases : गटाची ओढ �ाढते @Small group are formed. The sexes are now segregated.ल"ान गट तयार "ोतात . लिल�गभे* जाणी� @Form exclusive clubs, each having its own name, password and badge. Membership is not open to all and of all to girls. , नि�शेष क्लब तयार , प्रत्येकजण त्याच्या स्�तःच्या ना�, पास�ड$ आणिण सिचन्". स�ाtनाच सभास*त्� ना"ी.@Group use code language. Thus, ‘She p-i-p-s-p a-p-foo-p-l-p’ Means She is a foolThis is usually done when outsiders are yet present.

Educational Implication @ Handwriting cannot be expected to be very good. Between the age of nine and twelve, reading can be encouraged. The teacher can also help the child to improve his handwriting@Span of attention lengthens and longer words can be gradually introduced.@Abstract reasoning is not developed, teacher should give them enough opportunities to solve problems of a concrete nature.@Children in this age group, still consider the teacher as infallible: Teacher should avoid inconsistency in thir behaviour.

Growth & DevelopmentAdolescence 13-19 Years

Physical DevelopmentPeriod of rapid physical growth and dramatic bodily changes. jld Aai` AaXcyRkark bdlThe glands become active and there is increased production of hormones.

Girls being early maturers,between the age of twelve and fourteen, girls grow rapidly and there is marked increase in height and weight. But the growth of boys is still slow. mulI mula.pe9a lvkr vyat yetatHence, a thirteen or fourteen year-old girls may look taller and slightly bigger than a boy of the same age.

@Among boys, age fourteen to sixteen., grow rapidly and soon they out-run girls in height & weight. Now onward girls tend to be shorter & lighter than boys.

AppearanceHis forehead has become higher and broaderFace is more angularHis limbs look extremely longHand & feet seem so large.His voice also sound hoarse.

Age twelve onwards, they start showing signs of feminity.The face takes on a softer look, the lips become fuller, and the breast start filling out. Fat bearing tissues increase and girls experience a rounding of the figure. Hence, pelvis become broader, the thighs and calves start filling out. The voice also become a little deeper.

Young adolescents are conscious of their physical appearance.

HealthGenerally good - ]Ttm p/¡tIBoys take interest in sports and exercises(Strong/helthy/muscular)Girls are also conscious of their figures and they become very interested in dieting and exercisesBoth boys and girls are troubled by skin eruption like acne and pimples.

Sexual DevelopmentAs we have already seen, adolescence is the period of many bodily changes. The young person is now getting ready for his reproductive process.

As Jersild says, ‘Before the bodily changes occurred the adolescent was a child, but after they have occurred, the young person can have a child.’

The period at which sexual maturity begins is known as puberty.

Signs of puberty yOvn ta=~y@The first menstruation at the age of 12 or 14 (10-16)@Girls should prepared for the event ?@Serious mental disturbance

@Boys reach puberty at about the age of 14@Great self-consciousness and sexual awareness.

@Masturbation is more common among boys than girls.

Mental Development Brain development 90 % Concept Formation@Mentally more mature@He has a greater ability to form concept.@He is able to generalize better. samaNyIkr`@He has also to thing in terms of abstract. AmUtR@Increasing ability to manipulate symbols. s.ket A4R@Solve simple arithmetical and algebraic problems. gi`t v wUimtI smSya soDiv~yacI 9mta@Abstract term like Love, Honesty, Duty.@The concept of time gradually gain in clarity.

Reasoning@The stage of enabling the child not only to present his thought logically but also to exchange ideas. tkR v ivcar@Discussions are, therefore, more fruitful. cceRtUn in*pTtI@Does not accept any statements uncritically. He insists on arguing and testing their validity. Therefore, arguments with parents and teachers become common. icikTsk @He is able to check the validity of his own reasoning. Another important achievement is that the adolescent is able to keep an abstract idea in mind as a hypothesis and trace its consequences if it is contrary to known facts.------A word without Newspapers------if------- Agr barIx na ho ?

@They are now able to advance reasons for a particular opinion that they hold. Of course, their reasons are not always valid. But the attempt points to the growing maturity and independence.

Interests@New hobbies develop during this period@Reading for pleasure become an important pastime.@Comics and detective novels are very popular with boys & girls.@Parents & Teacher alert : obscene literature has special attraction for this age-group. But great tact is required in tackling the situation.@Music & Movies (War & Action – Family Drama & Musicals)@Reading Newspaper and Magazines@Ambition becomes more realistic and connected to the potentialities & capacities of the individual. ------Girls-movie stars

Interests@Girls prefer stories of home or school-life or love@Boys show an interest in stories of adventure, school-escapades and semi-scientific stories.@Comics and detective novels are very popular with boys and girls.@Boys prefer war other action-packed films. Girls on the other hand, show a liking for family drama and musicals.@reading newspapers & magazines.

Imagination @Day-dreams(escaping from harsh reality?) day-dreaming becomes dangerous-repeatedlyemotional Development@A Stormy period एक कडाक्याचा काला�धी @Fear & Anxiety णिभती आणिण काळजी @Expression of Emotions भा�ना अणिभव्यक्ती Social development सामाजिजक नि�कास @Peer Groups सम�यस्क गट@Hero-worship आ*शा$ची उपासना @Need for status प्रनितष्ठा @A period of Storm & Stress �ा*ळ आणिण ताण काला�धीसाठी @The Generation Gap

Educational Importance@worry about physiological changes-explain the nature शारीरिरक ब*ल - निनसग$ स्पष्ट@The School library –rich शालेय ग्रंथालयातील समृद्ध@Girls school / coeducation school ? मुलींची शाळा / नि�द्याथK-नि�द्यार्थिथ�नीचे एकत्र सिशक्षण शाळा @welcome discussion स्�ागत चचा$ @demand independence मागणी स्�ातंत्र्य @provide possible opportunities for self-study and self-expression . स्�त: ची अभ्यास आणिण स्�त: ची अणिभव्यक्ती शक्य संधी प्र*ान @Give responsibly जबाब*ारीने द्या @Teacher must be patient and tactful in all their dealings सिशक्षक त्यांच्या स�$ व्य�"ारांमध्ये संयम आणिण व्य�"ारचतुर असणे आ�श्यक आ"े