vapor intrusion assessment...
TRANSCRIPT
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Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world
Vapor Intrusion Vapor Intrusion Assessment ToolsAssessment Tools
Derek W. TomlinsonDerek W. Tomlinson, M.A.Sc., P.Eng., M.A.Sc., P.Eng.Environmental Resources ManagementEnvironmental Resources Management
Exton, Pennsylvania, USAExton, Pennsylvania, USA28 October 200828 October 2008
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SLIDE 2
Overview
• What is Vapor Intrusion?• Guidance Documents• Investigative Tools• Management Options• Questions
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SLIDE 3
Photo: Dave Webb, Ill. DPH
Vapor Intrusion is Real(sometimes visible)
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SLIDE 4
Vapor Intrusion Definition
Vapor Intrusion (VI), the migration of a compound of concern (COC) vapor from a subsurface soil or groundwater source into the indoor air environment of an existing or planned structure. (ASTM 2008)
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SLIDE 5
Vapor Intrusion
IndoorAir
Vadose Zone Soil
Gas
Soil and Groundwater
Contamination
Commercial/Industrial Worker
Working over Plume Without BasementResident Living over Plume
Basement or Crawl Space
(USEPA 2002, ITRC 2007)
Migration of volatile chemicals from the subsurface into overlying buildings
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SLIDE 6
Regulatory Vapor Intrusion Guidance
USEPA 2002Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway from Groundwater and Soilshttp://epa.gov/osw/hazard/correctiveaction/eis/vapor.htm
ITRC 2007 Vapor Intrusion Pathway: A Practical Guidehttp://www.itrcweb.org/teampublic_Vapor.asp
ASTM 2008Standard Practice for Assessment of Vapor Intrusion into Structures on Property Involved in Real Estate Transactions (ASTM E2600)http://www.astm.org/Standards/E2600.htm
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SLIDE 7
General Regulatory Process
• Federal and many State Guidance use multiple lines of evidence approach
• Typically three Tiers evaluating• Groundwater (Soil)
• Soil Gas
• Indoor Air
• Spatial relationship of indoor air contamination to subsurface contamination
• Modeling can also be used to assess
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SLIDE 8
Typical Screening Distances
Petroleum VOCs = 10 m (30 feet)
Other VOCs = 30 m (100 feet)
LNAPL = 30 m (100 feet) Petroleum VOCs = 10 m (30 feet)
Other VOCs = 30 m (100 feet)
-30m
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SLIDE 9
Multiple Lines of EvidenceApproach
1. Groundwater2. Soil gas3. Sub-slab soil gas4. Indoor air
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SLIDE 10
PetroChlorinated VOCs Freshwater Lens
Depth
Groundwater
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SLIDE 11
Groundwater Assessment Tools
• Direct-push tools• Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)
• Waterloo Profiler
• Passive diffusion bag samplers• Low-flow purging and sampling• Volume-averaged purge and sample
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SLIDE 12
Groundwater – Membrane Interface Probe (MIPs)
(Photo courtesy Geoprobe)
(image courtesy Geoprobe)
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SLIDE 13(Images courtesy R. Joseph Fiacco, Jr, ERM)
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SLIDE 14
Groundwater –Waterloo Profiler™
(Photo courtesy Geoprobe)
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SLIDE 15(Images courtesy R. Joseph Fiacco, Jr, ERM)
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SLIDE 16
(Image courtesy R. Joseph Fiacco, Jr, ERM)
Example Profiling Data
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SLIDE 17
Groundwater – Passive Diffusion Bag Samplers
• Use in monitoring wells
• Limited to VOCs• Diffusion of VOCs
through membrane• 2 week
implacement
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SLIDE 18
Groundwater – Traditional Methods
• Low-Flow Purging and Sampling• Samples collected at a low flow 100 to 250 mL/min
• Parameters (DO, ORP, Eh, pH) monitored until stable and sample collected
• Able to target shallow water
• Volume-averaged Purge and Sampling• Not recommended for new data related to vapor
intrusion as concentration averaged
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SLIDE 19
In Well Transport
• Wells that are screened over a large distance may sample deeper water
• Key for VI assessment is shallow water
Silty Sand
Sand
Clay
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SLIDE 20
LNAPL - Laser Induced Florescence (LIF)
(courtesy Dakota Technologies)
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SLIDE 21
Soil Gas Assessment Methods
• Active sampling• Direct push temporary and permanent points
• Permanent wells
• Passive sampling• Passive diffusion samplers (e.g., Gore Sorbers)
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SLIDE 22
Soil Gas Sample Locations
Building Exterior> 3 m (10 ft) from slab
Sub-SlabSamples collected
beneath the slab
Near Slab< 3 m (10 ft) from slab
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SLIDE 23
Soil Gas Sample Locations
• Soil gas profile may be affected by building
• More significant for biodegradable compounds
(Johnson & Abreu, 2006)
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SLIDE 24
Soil Gas Sampling Wells
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SLIDE 25
Temporary Rod Used for Sampling
(Photo courtesy B. Hartman, H&P Mobile Geochemistry)
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SLIDE 26
Temporary Soil Vapor Implants
(Photo courtesy B. Hartman, H&P Mobile Geochemistry)
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SLIDE 27
Installing Sub-slab soil point
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SLIDE 28
Permanent Temporary
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SLIDE 29
Typical fittings – Permanent Point
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SLIDE 30
Soil Gas Point Tightness Testing• Add helium (He) to shroud• Sample directly with helium
detector from the soil gas point
• Collect Tedlar and screen air within Tedlar
• Laboratory screening
• <5% He in extracted air point passes test
• Fails re-seal and re-test
He
He
HeHe He
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SLIDE 31
Purging Permanent Subslab Soil Gas Point
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SLIDE 32
Subslab Sample Collection- Permanent Point
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SLIDE 33
Sub-Slab Sample CollectionSubslab Sample Collection – Temporary Point
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SLIDE 34
Near Slab Sample Collection– Permanent Point
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SLIDE 35
Soil Gas – Passive• GORE-TEX® Membrane
• Chemically inert, waterproof, vapor permeable
• Designed for vapor diffusion• Hydrophobic, engineered sorbents
• VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs
Sampler insertion
Hammer drill
Slam barHammer drill Module insertion
(photos & image courtesy J. HodnyW. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.)
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SLIDE 36
Passive SamplerExample Results- TCE
(Image courtesy Dr. J. Hodny, W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.)
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SLIDE 37
Indoor Air Assessment Methods
• Active sampling• Summa Canisters
• Sorbent Tubes
• Passive sampling• Passive diffusion samplers (e.g., Gore Sorbers)
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SLIDE 38
Indoor Air Sampling - Summa Canisters
• Summa Canister used for indoor air sampling
• 30 day hold times• 6 L stainless steel canister with flow
controller, moisture trap, and pressure gauge
• Regulated to collect either:• 8 hr sample – Commercial
• 24 hr sample – Residential
• Analyzed via either TO-14a or TO-15
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SLIDE 39
Sample Volumes
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SLIDE 41
Indoor AirSampling
• Typically, co-located with sub-slab location
• Sample breathing zone
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SLIDE 42
Indoor Air Sampling – Sorbent Tubes
• Based on VOC or SVOC, tubes are different and flow rates/sample rate/ times vary
• Must be shipped at 4°C• Limited hold times• Analyzed via TO-17
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SLIDE 44
Passive Air Sampling
• AirCrawlspace airIndoor air
(photos & image courtesy J. HodnyW. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.)
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SLIDE 45
Assessing Lines of EvidenceAssemble as many lines as necessary
Chemistry of Air Samples:Breakdown productsIn-building sourcesOutdoor air qualityFresh vs weathered petroBasement vs upper floors
ModelingJohnson & EttingerSite-specific inputs
Totality of Evidence For VI
Totality of Evidence Against VI
Conceptual Site Model
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SLIDE 46
Management Options
1. Remediation2. Institutional Controls3. Mitigation
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SLIDE 47
Mitigation Methods
• Passive Systems• Vapor Barriers• Passive Venting
• Active Systems• Sub-Slab Depressurization• Sub-Membrane Depressurization• Sub-Slab Pressurization• Building Pressurization• Indoor Air Treatment
(ITRC, 2007)
(Courtesy Liquid Boot)
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SLIDE 48
Questions?
Derek W. Tomlinson, M.A.Sc., [email protected]
Environmental Resources Managementwww.erm.com