van gijn 1989 - the wear and tear of flint. principles of functional analysis applied to dutch...

7/22/2019 Van Gijn 1989 - The Wear and Tear of Flint. Principles of Functional Analysis applied to Dutch Neolithic Assemblages

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MGMEALPMVXMABI\POXILM

EAI@AG\IM

=929



\iàstoga Vrass M gaw cagarmtio g oj Vuhei sbigc

You mra ramìgc m juee varsiog oj tbis hoon, jor jraa!

Pbis hoon is pmrt oj tba \iàstoga a-eihrmry wbara kost oj our

puheilmtiogs mra jueey mllassihea jor jraa. Jor mllass to kora

jraa hoons visit4 www.siàstoga.lok/eihrmry

@owgeom` Juee V@J

Zisit tba \iàstoga a-eihrmry to òwgeom` kost oj our a-hoons jor

ogey ₥ 0,16. Jor tbis kigikme jaa you wiee ralaiva m jueey jugltiogme

V@J mg` hy òigc so, you baep to naap our eihrmry ruggigc.

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MGMEALPM VXMABI\POXILM EAI@AG\IM 88



MGMEALPMVXMABI\POXILM

EAI@AG\IM

VQHEILMPIOG\ OJ PBA IG\PIPQPA OJ VXABI\POXY

M.E.vmg Cidg

PBA SAMX MG@ PAMN OJ JEIGP

VXIGLIVEA\ OJ JQGLPIOGME MGMEY\I\

MVVEIA@ PO@QPLB GAOEIPBIL M\\AKHEMCA\

QGIZAX\IPY OJ EAI@AG =929



aìtorime lokkittaa4 E.V. Eouwa Nooidkmgs / L.L. Hmnaes

aìtiog oj tbis voeuka4 M.E. vmg Cidg / K. Smgàrs

`rmwigcs, emy-out mg` lovar4 BM. à Eork

lopyricbt =996 hy tba Igsti tuta oj Vrabistory Eaiàg

I\\G 6=:9-3003

I\HG 96-3<<:2-68-8

Meso mppamra` ms òltormta tbasis. Eaiàg. Kmy 8. =996.

\uhslriptiogs to tba sarias Mgmealtm Vrmabistorilm Eaiàgsim mg` sigcea voeukas lmg ha oràraàxleusivaey mt4

Igstituta oj Vrabistory

V.O.Hox91=1

8<66 XM Eaiàg

Pba Gatbaremg`s.



logtagts

= Igtroùltiog /

8 Katboòeocy mg` talbgiquas <

8.= Bistorilm[ ovarviaw oj tba katbo` <

8.8 Mspalts oj `mkmca <

8.8.= A`ca-rakovmes 0

8.8.8 Voeisb 0

8.8.8.= Voeisb jorkmtiog 18.8.8.8 Voeisb qumgtijilmtiog :

8.8.< \trimtiogs 3

8.8.0 A`ca-rougìgc 2

8.8.1 Xasiùa 2

8.8.: Xaeavmgt vmrimheas ig wamr-trmla jorkmtiog

8.< \mkpeigc 9

8.<.= Og tba eavae oj tba mssakhemca 9

8.<.8 Og tba eavae oj tba mrtajmlt =6

8.0 Leamgigc prolaùras / /

8.1 Kilroslopy mg` pbotocrmpby =8

8.: Xacistrmtiog =8

8.:.= Zmrimheas ralorà` par mrtajmlt4'si ta-jiea' =<

8.:.8 Korpboeocilme àslriptiog oj tba VQ Ms4'kmlro-ji ea' =:

8.:.< @aslriptiog oj tba wamr-trmlas og tba MQ Ms4 'kilro-jiea' =2

8.3 Jugltiogme igjaraglas4 possihieitias mg` eikitmtiogs 86

8.3.= Heig` tasts 86

8.3.8 Mrrivigc mt mg igtarpratmtiog oj tooi jugltiog 8=

< Pba axparikagts 8<

<.= Igtroùltiog 8<

<.=.= Atbgocrmpbil Igjorkmtiog mg` koàe-huieìgc 8<

<.=.8 Axparikagts mg` tbair roea ig mrlbmaoeocilme ramsogigc 80

<.=.< Axparikagtme prolaùras 81

<.=.0 ]umgtijilmtiog oj wamr-mttr ihutas 8:

<.8 Bià-wornigc 8:

<.8.= Atbgocrmpbil mllougts 8:



<.8.8 Samr-trmlas jrok bià-wornigc 82

<.< Soo`-wornigc <6

<.<.= Atbgocrmpbil mllougts <6

<.<.8 Samr-trmlas jrok woo`-wornigc <6

<.0 Hoga- mg` mgtear-wornigc <8

<.0.= Atbgocrmpbil mllougts <8

<.0.8 Samr-trmlas jrok hoga- mg` mgtear-wornigc <8

<.0.8.= Hoga <8

<.0.8.8 Mgtear <<

<.1 Vemgt-wornigc <:

<.1.= Atbgocrmpbil mllougts <:

<.1.=.= Sie pemgt cmtbarigc <:

<.1.=.8 Larame-bmrvastigc <:

<.1.8 Samr-trmlas 06

<.1.8.= Samr-trmlas jrok luttigc wie pemgts 06

<.1.8.8 Samr-trmlas jrok rampigc òkastilmta` larames 06

<.: Hutlbarigc mg` kamt-luttigc 0=

<.:.= Atbgocrmpbil mllougts 0=

<.:.8 Samr-trmlas jrok hutlbarigc mg` kamt-lutt igc 0<

<.3 Jisb 00

<.3.= Atbgocrmpbil mllougts 00

<.3.8 Samr-trmlas jrok jisb 00

<.2 Vrodaltieas 00

<.2.= Atbgocrmpbil mllougts 00

<.2.8 Samr-trmlas jrok tba usa oj prodaltieas 01

<.9 Vottary 0:

<.9.= Atbgocrmpbil mllougts 0:

<.9.8 Samr-trmlas jrok pottary 03

<.=6 \toga, sbaie mg` taatb 03

<.=6.= Atbgocrmpbil mllougts 03

<.=6.8 Samr-trmlas jrok stoga, sbaee mg` taatb 03

<.== \oie 02

<.==.= Atbgocrmpbil mllougts 02

<.==.8 Samr-trmlas jrok soie 02

<.=8 Lougtigc axparikagtme wamr-mtt rihutas 02

0 Vost-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs 1=

0.= Igtroùltiog 1=

0.8 Vost-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs4 m wià rmgca oj pbagokagm 1=

0.8 M Igtroùltiog 1=

0.8.8 Lbakilme metarmt iogs 1=



0.8.8.= Sbita or heuisb pmtigm 13

0.8.8.8 Loeour pmtigm 18

0.8.8.< Cioss pmtigm mg` atbar sbaags 1<

0.8.8.0 Jriltiog ceoss 1<

0.8.< Kalbmgilme metarmtiogs 1<

0.8.<.= Prmkpeigc 1<

0.8.<.8 Vost-axlmvmtiog `mkmca 10

0.8.0 @islussiog 10

0.< Igvagtory oj ollurraglas oj p`sk ig mrlbmaoeocilme mssakhemcas 11

0.0 Logleusiog 11

\ Pba Eigamrhmg`narmkin sita oj Haan-Koeagstaac 19

1.= Igtroùltiog 19

1.=.= \ita eolmtiog mg` axlmvmtiog bistory 19

1.=.8 Ohdaltivas :<

1.=.< Katbo`s mg` smkpeigc prolaùra :<

1.8 Pba jeigt talbgoeocy :<

1.8.= Igtroùltiog :<

1.8.8 Pba mlquisitiog oj rmw kmtarime :0

1.8.< Lora prapmrmtiog mg` prikmry trikkigc :1

1.8.0 Jurtbar raùltiog mg` sbmpigc ::

1.8.1 Kmigtagmgla mg` koìjilmtiog :9

1.< Pooe typoeocy :9

1.<.= Igtroùltiog :9

1.<.8 Pooe typas prasagt 36

1.0 Pba jugltiogme mgmeysis 3<

1.0.= \mkpeigc mg` katbo`s 3<

1.0.8 Mltivitias igjarra 31

1.0.8.= Bià-wornigc 31

1.0.8.8 Soo`-wornigc 39

1.0.8.< Soo`-/ hoga-/ mgtear-wornigc 39

1.0.8.0 Vrolassigc oj sojt pemgts axleuìgc larames 2=

1.0.8.1 Xampigc oj larames 2=

1.0.8.: Luttigc kamt 21

1.0.8.3 Voeisb '8<' 4 mg ugrasoeva` trmgsvarsa kotiog 21

1.0.8.2 Pba usa oj prodaltiea-poigts 2:

1.0.8.9 Sornigc bmr` mg` sojt kmtarime 2:

1.0.8.=6 Sornigc ugngowg kmtarime 2:

1.0.8.== Bmjtigc 2:

1.0.< \pmtime ìstr ihutiog 2:

1.1 Mspalts oj tooi jork mg` jugltiog 29

1.1.= A`ca mgcea 29

1.1.8 \bmpa oj tba a`ca 29

1.1.< \bmpa oj tba mspalt surjmlas 96

1.1.0 Jork oj tba lross-saltiog 98

1.1.1 Pooe typa 98



1.1.: Xmw kmtarime 98

1.1.3 @islussiog 98

1.: Logleusiog 9<

: Pba Emta Gaoeitbil Zemmr igcag sitas 93

:.= Pba Zemmrìgcag-croup 93

:.=.= Cagarme igtroùltiog 93

:.=.8 \uhsistagla alogoky 93

:.=.< Ohdaltivas 99

:.8 Banaiigcag III 99

:.8.= Igtroùltiog mg` rasamrlb comes 99

:.8.8 Pba jiigt talbgoeocy =6<

:.8.< Pba jugltiogme mgmeysis =60

:.8.<.= Katbo`s usa` mg` lokpositiog oj tba smkpea =60

:.8.<.8 Mltivitias igjarra` =6:

Hoga-wornigc =62

\ojt pemgt-wornigc =69

Bià-wornigc ==8

Soo`-wornigc ==1

Soo`-/ hoga-/ mgtear-wornigc ==1

Mgtear-wornigc ==1

\toga- mg` sbaee-wornigc ==1

Pba usa oj prodaltiea-poigts ==1

Sarnigc bmr` mg` sojt kmtarime ==1

Sornigc ugngowg kmtarime ==1

Bmjtigc ==1

Gotawortby 'mhsagtaas' ==9

:.8.0 Igtrm - mg` igtar-ugit vmrimhieity =86

:.8.1 Mspalts oj jork mg` jugltiog =8<

:.8.1.= A`ca mgcea =80

:.8.1.8 \bmpa oj tba a`ca =80

:.8.1.< \bmpa oj tba mspalt surjmlas =8:

:.8.1.0 Pooe typa =8:

:.8.1.1 @islussiog =83

:.8.: @urmt iog oj ollupmgly mt Banaeigcag III =82

:.8.:.= Aviàgla jrok tba usa-wamr mgmeysis =89

:.8.:.8 Metargmtiva aviàgla =<6

:.8.3 Logleusiog =<=

:.< Eai`slbag`mk traglb 0 =<<

:.<.= Igtroùltiog =<<

:.<.8 Pba jeigt mssakhemca =<0:.<.< Pba jugltiogme mgmeysis =<1

:.<.<.= \mkpeigc mg` katbo`s =<1

:.<.<.8 Mltivitias igjarra` =<3

:.<.0 Mspalts oj jork mg` jugltiog =<3

:.<.1 Igtarpratmtiog oj tba Eai`slbag`mk traglb 0 mssakhemca =<2

:.0 \ita ìijaragtimtiog witbig tba Zemmrìgcag-croup D<9



3 Pba igtarpratmtiva possihieitias oj kilrowamr mgmeysis =0<

3.= Igtroùltiog =0<

3.8 Jork varsus jugltiog =0<

IDi Xalogstrultiog oj mltivitias mg` tmsns =00

PM Pba samrlb jor mltivity eoai =01

3.1 Prmligc jugltiogme ìjjaragtimtiog hatwaag sitas =0:

3.: Pba jutura oj kilrowamr mgmeysis =03

rajaraglas =09

mppagìx I Loìgc eist =:<

mppagìx II Pmheas oj axparikagts parjorka` =:2

smkagvmttigc (@utlb sukkmry) =31

eist oj mhhravimtiogs =39

eist oj sykhoes =39

mlngowea`cakagts b\I



Igtroùltiog

Pba prasagt rasamrlb stmrta` wbag tba mutbor wrota m kms-

tar's tbasis mhout tba wamr mgmeysis oj tba Hrogza Mca jiigt

mssakhemca jrok Oeàhoorg, Jriasemg` (Zmg Cidg =92<).

\uhsaquagtey. m prodalt oj tba Gatbaremg`s Orcmgizmtiog jor

\liagtijil Xasamrlb (GSO) wms igitimta` ig =920 ugàr

suparvisiog oj Vroj @r. E.V. Eouwa Nooidkmgs. Pba prikmry

ohdaltiva oj tbis prodalt wms to mssass tba possihieitias oj

kilrowamr mgmeysis jor @utlb jeigt mssakhemcas. Mrlbmaoeoc-

ilme igvasticmtiogs igleuà` tbosa partmigigc to jork mg`

jugltiog (i.a. woue` it ha possihea to praìlt jugltiog og tba

hmsis oj lartmig korpboeocilme lbmrmltaristils?) mg` m stu`y

oj tba alogokia mltivitias lmrria` out mt tba vmrious sitas.

Palbgilme ohdaltivas aglokpmssa` rasamrlb igto tba qumgti-

jilmtiog oj wamr-trmlas mg` igto tba prolass oj pmtigmtiog.

Emstey, m rajaragla loeealtiog oj axparikagtmeey-usa` jeigt

tooes wms to ha stmrta`, witb spalime lkpbmsis og tbosa

àmeigc witb tba prolassigc oj jisb. Pbis emttar kmtarime bm`

haag ugàrakpbmsiza` ig pravious rasamrlb-prodalts mg` wms

logsiàra` aspalimeey ikportmgt ig @utlb (lomstme) logtaxts.

Sbag tba mhova rasamrlb prodalt wms proposa`, kilro

wamr mgmeysis ig tba Gatbaremg`s wms got yat waee-astmheisba`,

mg` tbara wms kulb slaptilisk mhout tba rasuets wbilb

loue` ha ohtmiga`, aspalimeey racmrìgc Vmemaoeitbil mssakhemcas. Jor tbis ramsog m ìmlbrogil parspaltiva wms opta`

jor, mg` sitas wara lbosag jrok vmrious pario`s. Pba Ki`èa

Vmemaoeitbil sitas oj Haevé`âra, tba Qppar Vmemaoeitbil sitas

oj Akkarbout, @iavar mg` Xoeà, tba Eigamrhmg`narmkin

(EAN) sita oj Haan-Koeagstaac, mg` tba Emta Gaoeitbil sitas

oj Banaeigcag III mg` Koeagmmrscrmmj wara igitimeey saealta`.

Ig m`ìtiog, tba possihieity wms eajt opag to igleuà otbar

raeavmgt kmtarime ms waee.

Pbasa mssakhemcas bmva ig lokkog tbmt tbay mra (or wara

haeiava` to ha, lj lbmptar 1) raemtivaey skmee, rajialtigc sbort-

tark ollupmtiogs, mg` mra mee waee-axlmvmta` (i.a. tba

provagmgla oj tba mrtajmlts is ngowg). Koraovar, ig savarmelmsas, sulb ms mt Banaeigcag III, aloeocilme Igjorkmtiog wms

mvmiemhea to igìlmta tba sort oj axparikagts gaaà` ms m

rajaragla. Emstey, tba mhova-kagtioga` sitas ì` got ogey

vmry ig mca, hut meso witb raspalt to tba kmtrix ig wbilb tba

mrtajmlts wara akha`à`> it wms tboucbt tbmt tbis mspalt too

kicbt ha igjeuagligc tba prasarvmtiog oj tba usa-wamr trmlas.

Ig tba loursa oj tba rasamrlb, bowavar, tba 'tast-lmsa'

lbmrmltar oj tba igitime proposmi turga` out to ha rmtbar

ìssmtisjyigc, aspalimeey ùa to tba logsaquagt emln oj igtar-

astigc mrlbmaoeocilme (lueturme) proheaks to logjrogt. Pba

vmrious sitas stuìa` wara so igìviùme ig lbmrmltar tbmt

tbara wms eittea possihieity oj lokpmrigc tbak. Pba jmlt tbmt

tba mutbor halmka m kakhar oj tba mlmàkia stmjj mt tba

Igstituta oj Vrabistory ig Eaiàg (IVE) kmà it possihea to

lbmgca tba logtagt oj tba rasamrlb to soka axtagt. It wms

àlià` to jolus og Gaoeitbil mssakhemcas halmusa oj tba

mutbor's prikmry igtarast ig tbis pario`. Kost kilrowamr

rasamrlb bm` so jmr haag logllgtrmta` og Ki`èa mg` Qppar

Vmemaoeitbil mssakhemcas mg` it wms logsiàra` igtarastigc to

kaat tba lbmeeagca oj igvasticmtigc tba 'Gaoeitbil govaetias'

(Naaeay =92<). Oj pmrtiluemr igtarast wms tba mppmragt logtig-

umtiog, jmr igto tba Gaoeitbil, oj bugtar-cmtbarigc-jisbigc

suhsistagla strmtacias logtakpormgaous witb jmrkigc. Ms

sulb it wms possihea to axpeora tba potagtime oj kilrowamr

mgmeysis ms m kamgs oj mgswarigc quastiogs racmrìgc jugl-

tiogme ìjjaragtimtiog oj satteakagts. Ogey hy m``rassigc sulb

lurragt mrlbmaoeocilme issuas, is it possihea to àkogstrmea

tba raeavmgla oj coigc tbroucb tba trouhea, hotb ig tlrks oj

tika mg` losts, oj òigc m usa-wamr mgmeysis.

Pbis lbmgca oj rasamrlb ohdaltivas bm` tba joeeowigc

logsaquaglas jor tba lokpositiog oj tba smkpeas stuìa`.

Ms Blnaeigcag III bm` haag tba jirst mssakhemca axmkiga`

(=920-=921), mg` bm` yiaeà` igtarastigc rasuets, it wms ratmiga`.

Ig m`ìtiog, to lxmkiga sita vmrimtiog wiebig oga lueturme

croup (tba Zemmrìgcag luetura, or Zemmrìgcag-croup ms

succasta` hy Eouwa Nooidkmgs (=92<m)), Eai`slbag`mk wms

saealta` ms m lokpmrisog. Koeagmmrscrmmj wms radalta jor

mgmeysis halmusa oj axtagsiva mhrmsiog oj tba mrtajmlts (pos-

sihey ùa to tba smg`y kmtrix). Otbar Emta Gaoeitbil mssak

hemcas wara meso lbalna`, sulb ms Awidn mg` Zoorslbotag

(hotb Zemmrìgclg-croup), mg` Noeborg (Vrotruìgc Joot

Hamnar Luetura), hut tbasa ìspemya` tba smka proheak ms

tba oga oj Koeagmmrscrmmj Oj tba igitime smkpea, Haan-Koeagstaac meso rakmiga`, halmusa it wms haeiava` to ha m

skmee sita> ms mee otbar ngowg Eigamrhmg`narmkin (EHN)

satteakagts oj tba Crmatbaià Vemtamu mra emrca, it wms

tboucbt tbmt Hlln-Koeagstaac kicbt possihey ha mg axmkpea

oj m sita witb m ìjjaragt jugltiog. Qgjortugmtaey, it soog

halmka mppmragt tbmt tba sita ogey jorka` m skmee saltiog oj

m kulb emrcar ('gorkme") EHN sattelkagt.

Vmrts oj tba igitime GSO rasamrlb proposmi mra got pra-



IGPXO@QLPIOG

sagta` ig tbis stu`y, hut wara gavartbaeass rameiza` mg`

puhiisbl` lisawbara. M `ltmiia` mgmeysis wms òga, igvoivigc

stu`y hy slmggigc aealtrog kilroslopa (\AK) mg` agarcy

ìsparsiog mgmeysis (A@MR) , oj axparikagtme jisb-prolassigc

ikpeakagts (Zmg Cidg =92:m). Po igvasticmta tba eikitmtiogs

oj kilrowamr mgmeysis ms m katbo`, mg igtargmtiogme heig`

tast wms orcmgiza`, ig wbilb tba mutbor pmrtilipmta` (Qgrmtb

at me. =92:). \mkpeas oj savarmi sitas witbig tba Haevé`âracrmvae qumrry, sulb ms L, J, mg` C, wara stuìa` (Xoa-

hroans at me. =92:> Zmg Cidg =929), wbiea otbars mra stiee

haigc axmkiga` (sita D mg` N). Emstey, m stu`y wms kmà oj

m typilme jork-jugltiog proheak witbig @utlb mrlbmaoeocy,

tbmt oj tba Emta Hrogza Mca silneas (Zmg Cidg =922, ig prass

b). Pba ogey mspalt oj tba oricigme GSO proposmi wbilb bms

got haag rameiza`, jorks tba mgmeysis oj tba Qppar Vmemaoeitbil

mssakhemcas oj Akkarbout, @iavar mg` Xoeà.

It kust ha strassa` tbmt tba prasagt stu`y wms òga ovar

savarmi yamrs (=920-=929), ùrigc wbilb kilrowamr mgmeysis

ms m katbo` wms coigc tbroucb m gukhar oj pbmsas (saa

lbmptar 3). Pba rasamrlb prasagta` bara wms jorkuemta` mgìgitimta` ùrigc tba ag` oj tba jirst, vary optikistil pario`,

ig wbilb kilrowamr mgmeysis wms igtroùla`. Pba emrca huen

oj tba mgmeysas wms òga ig tba salog`, 'igtrospaltiva, saej-

aritilme' (Dule Dlgsag =922m4 19) pbmsa, ùrigc wbilb m guk

har oj lritilme mrtileas mppamra`, mg` slaptilisk mg` ìsmp-

poigtkagt pravmiea`. Mt prasagt, tba katbo` is crmùmeey

kovigc igto pbmsa tbraa, lbmrmltariza` hy m kora waee-

hmemgll` usa witb mg mwmrlgass oj tba possihieitias mg`

eikitmtiogs> tba stu`y wms jigisba` ùrigc tbis pario`.

Vor tbis ramsog tba worn is meso m rajealtiog oj tba lbmg-

cigc mttituàs oj tba mutbor towmr`s usa-wamr mgmeysis ig

cagarme, mg` kilrowamr mgmeysis ig pmrtiluemr. Ms sulb it is,

ig m sagsa, sokawbmt ughmemgla` mt tikas. Kmdor ramsog jor

tbis ughmemgla is tbmt, mt tba outsat oj tbis stu`y, it wms

stiee cagarmeey mssuka` tbmt wa loue` iàgtijy poeisbas mg`

otbar wamr-trmlas, tbarahy mrrivigc mt m raemtivaey salura

àtarkigmtiog oj tooi jugltiog. Bowavar, it wms soog avi

àgt tbmt so kmgy proheaks pravmiea` (lj. lbmptar 8), tbmt it

wms kora mpproprimta to spamn oj mg igtarpratmtiog oj wamr-

trmlas. Pbroucb tika it meso halmka leamr tbmt got mee oj tba

ohdaltivas igitimeey jorkuemta` wara jamsihel, wbiea otbars

wara out`mta`, or logsiàra` eass igtarastigc. Jor axmkpea,

rasamrlb igto possihea wmys oj qumgtijyigc tba taxtura or

rajealtivity oj poeisbas is àaka` to ha jruiteass, ugtie tba

gmtura oj poeisbas is hattar ugàrstoo`. Pbis emttar suhdalt isleamrey hayog` tba lokpatagla oj mrlbmaoeocists mg` it is to

ha bopa` tbmt soka raeavmgt rasamrlb hy surjmla lbakists

mg` pbysilists wiee jietar tbroucb to mrlbmaoeocy. Igstam`, it

wms àlià` to mttakpt to lougt (og axparikagtmeey usa`

tooes witb m ngowg jugltiog) tba ollurragla oj tbosa mttri-

hutas amsiey ohsarvmhea ig `miey kilrowamr prmltila. Ig tbis

kmggar tba igjaragtime eikitmtiogs oj tba katbo` lmg ha

axpeora`4 bow bicb m parlagtmca oj amlb logtmlt suhstmgla

lmg wa potagtimeey trmlé ig tba mrlbmaoeocilme ralor`? Yatmgotbar, talbgilme, ohdaltiva oj tba igitime GSO proposmi

wms koìjia`. Igstam` oj rmgòkey parjorkigc axparikagts

towmr`s ieeukigmtigc tba lbmrmltar oj post-àpositiogme surjmla

koìjilmtiogs, m survay oj praviousey stuìa` mrlbmaoeocilme

mssakhemcas wms òga, ig oràr to eoon jor leuas ms to wbmt

jmltors kicbt possihey ha raeavmgt. Ms to tba mrlbmaoeocilme

ohdaltivas, tba akpbmsis wms sbijta` jrok jork-jugltiog

quastiogs towmr`s tbosa partmigigc to satteakagt jugltiog

mg` ìjjaragtimtiog (saa mhova). Gavartbaeass, mspalts oj kor-

pboeocy mg` tbair raemtiogsbip to tooi jugltiog wara m``ras-

sa`, halmusa tba rasuets kmy provià m leua ms to bow to

smkpea mssakhemcas kora ajjiliagtey.

Pbasa logsiàrmtiogs ea` to tba joeeowigc jrmkaworn. Pba

voeuka hacigs witb mg ovarviaw oj katbo`s mg` talbgi-

quas, ig wbilb tba mppromlb usa` wiee ha prasagta` ig tba

eicbt oj soka lurragt àhmtas mhout tba vmeiìty oj kilro

wamr mgmeysis (lbmptar 8). Gaxt, tba axparikagtme procrmk is

ìslussa`, ms waee ms tba qumgtijilmtiog oj raeavmgt wamr-

mttrihutas visihea og tba axparikagtme tooes> sulb m qumgti

jilmtiog kmnas it possihea to avmeumta tba raprasagtmtivity oj

tba rasuets ohtmiga` jor mg mrlbmaoeocilme mssakhemca (lbmp-

tar <). Ig lbmptar 0 mg ovarviaw is civag oj post-àpositiogme

surjmla koìjilmtiogs (p`sk) prasagt og jeigt mrtajmlts mg`

tba wmy wamr-trmlas mra mjjalta` hy tbak. Hy axmkigigc tba

rasuets ohtmiga` jrok mssakhemcas stuìa` ig tba pmst (igtarks oj jraquagly oj p`sk, kmtrix jrok wbilb tba ikpea

kagts àriva, mg` mca mg` typa oj satteakagt), mg mttakpt is

kmà to isoemta raeavmgt jmltors raspogsihea jor tba àstrul-

tiog oj wamr-trmlas. Lbmptar 1 àmes witb tba jeigt mssak

hemca jrok tba EHN sita oj Haan-Koeagstaac> hotb m às-

lriptiog oj tba talbgoeocilme jamturas, mg` mg mgmeysis oj tba

wamr-trmlas joug` is provià`. Pba two Zemmrìgcag sitas.

Banaeigcag III mg` Eai`slbag`mk, mra prasagta` ig lbmptar

:. Pba kmig ohdaltiva wms to try to ugrmvae tbair raspaltiva

jugltiogs ig tba satteakagt systak. Ig lbmptar 3 tba suit-

mhieity oj kilrowamr mgmeysis jor tba soeutiog oj cagarme

mrlbmaoeocilme proheaks is ìslussa`.



Katboòeocy mg` talbgiquas

8.= Bistorilme ovarviaw oj tba katbo

Igtarast ig tba jugltiog oj mrlbmaoeocilme stoga tooes hacmg

to àvaeop ùrigc tba =9tb lagtury, wbag igjorkmtiog mhout

vmrious 'prikitiva' paopias mroug` tba wore` ramlba` Sast

arg Auropa. Pbis wms meso tba tika wbag tba tbaory oj

avoeutiog halmka cagarmeey mllapta`. It wms rameiza` tbmt tba

stoga tooes joug` ig vmrious pmrts oj Hritmig mg` Jrmgla, jor

axmkpea, warl tba ikpeakagts oj kmg's praàlassors, mg`

got, ms wms praviousey tboucbt, tba proùlts oj gmturme

pbagokagm. Sitb atbgocrmpbil `mtm proviìgc m sourla oj

igspirmtiog. vmrious igvasticmtors turga` tbair mttagtiog to

tba igtarpratmtiog oj stoga tooes jrok m jugltiogme parspal-

tiva. M coo` axmkpea is Dobg Avmgs' hoon 'Pba Mgliagt

\toga Ikpeakagts, Sampogs mg` Orgmkagts oj Cramt-Hritmig',

writtag ig =238. Ba avag ohsarva` a`ca-rougìgc mg` strim-

tiogs og slrmpars. mg` mssolimta` tbasa pbagokagm witb tba

wornigc oj critty mgikme snigs. @urigc tba emta I9tb lagtury

poiisbas wara jirst ohsarva`4 \purraee wms igtricua` hy tba

eustrous sbiga oj Gamr Amstarg hemàs mg` axparikagta` witb

ìjjaragt kmtarimes ig mg mttakpt to raproùla tbis poeisb

(\purraee =298). It wms, bowavar, got ugtie tba =9<6's tbmt itwms logleusivaey àkogstrmta` tbmt tbis sbiga wms ùa to tba

bmrvastigc oj strmw or larames (Lurwag =9<6).

Ig tba Sast, tba rame hramntbroucb jor jugltiogme mgmeysis

lmka witb tba mppamrmgla ig =9:0 oj tba Agciisb varsiog oj

\akagov's hoon 'Vrabistoria Palbgoeocy", oricigmeey writtag

ig =913. \akagov wms tba jirst to ò axparikagts systak-

mtilmeey mg` to racuemrey akpioy m kilroslopa. Igspira`

hy bis worn, two otbars sat out to àvaeop bis katbo`

jurtbar4 Prigcbmk mg` Naaeay. Prigcbmk loglagtrmta`

kostey og a`cl-`mkmca ig tba jork oj kilro-rltoulb, to ha

stuìa` witb kmcgijilmtiogs up to eOOx (Prigcbmk at mi.

=930). Bar worn bms haag logtigua` hy Oàee (m.o. =933),mg` is lokkogiy rajarra` to ms tba 'eow-powar mppromlb'.

Naaeay akpbmsizl` mgotbar mspalt oj usa-`mkmca, i.a. poeisb,

mg` usa` bicbar kmcgijilmtiogs (=66-066x) (Naaeay =926).

\oog m àhmta àvaeopa` hatwaag Oàee mg` Naaeay ms to

tba raemtiva karits oj tbair raspaltiva mppromlbas (Naaeay

=930> O aee =931). Pba igìlmtiva vmeua oj a`ca-rakovmes

wms pmrtiluemrey logtrovarsime ms kmgy jmltors otbar tbmg

usa loue` proùla sikiemr jrmlturigc pmttargs. Naaeay bms

igspira` m gukhar oj paopea, aspalimeey ig Sastarg Auropa

(a.c. Mgàrsog-Carjmu` =92=> Zmucbmg =92=> Koss =92<m>

Veissog =921m> Duae Dagsag =92:> Zmg Cidg =922)> kost oj

tbak bmva meso iglorpormta` a`ca-rakovmes ig tbair igtarpra

tmtiog oj tooi jugltiog. Pba strilt ìstigltiog hatwaag eow-

mg` bicb-powar mppromlb bms, tbroucb tba yamrs, haloka

eass àjiga`, emrcaey halmusa kost oj tbosa loglagtrmtigc og

poeisbas iglorpormta a`ca-rakovmes ms waee.

Xalagt àvaeopkagts igleuà tba ìslovary hy Mgàrsog

(Mgàrsog-Carjmu` =92=) tbmt pemgt pbytoeitbs mra visihea

witbig tba poeisb, agmheigc tba Iàgtijilmtiog oj pemgts og

suh-jmkiey eavae. Otbar igitimtivas aglokpmss rasiùa stuìas

(Jueemcmr =922), mg` vmrious mttakpts to qumgtijy poeisbas

(@ukogt =928> Crmla at me. =921, =923> Hayrias at me. =922>

Crmla =929). Ikportmgt worn bms haag òga to igvasticmta

tba ajPalt oj post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs upog

jeigt mg` upog tba usa-wamr-trmlas prasagt (Veissog =92<,

=92:> Eavi \mem =92:> VBssog/ Kmucar =922). Ig m`ìtiog to

tbasa kora talbgilme mppromlbas, kmgy lmsa-stuìas bmva

haag puheisba` mg` savarme tbousmg`s oj mrtajmlts bmva haag

axmkiga` (m.o. Mgàrsog-Carjmu` =92=> Kmgsur-Jrmg-lbokka =92<> Duae Dagsag/ Hriglb Vatarsag =921> Veissog

=921m> Zmucbmg =921m, =921h> Hiagagjae` =92:> Hayrias

=923). \igla =921 m gaw àhmta bms haag coigc og, tbis tika

quastiogigc tba igìlmtiva vmeua oj poeisbas (Gawlokar at me.

=92:). Pbis àhmta wiee ha m``rassa` ig pmrmcrmpb 3. Po

hacig witb, bowavar, it is galassmry to spalijy tba vmrious

typas oj `mkmca wbilb ollur ùrigc usa.

8.8 Mspalts oj `mkmca

Ms m rasuet oj usa, savarme typas oj `mkmca mra igjeilta` og

tba tooi. Pbay igleuà4 I) a`ca-rakovmes (or usa-ratoulb ms

it is lokkogiy rajarra` to), 8) a`ca-rougìgc, <) poeisb, 0)strimtiogs. Ig m`ìtiog, pialas oj rasiùa lmg ha àposita` og

tba surjmla oj tba tooi. Pba sort oj `mkmca prasagt àpag`s

og kmgy jmltors. Jor axmkpea, it bms haag gota` tbmt strim

tiogs mra ojtag mhsagt, hotb og our axparikagtme tooes mg`

og mrlbmaoeocilme spalikags (Veissog =921m). Ig tba joe-

eowigc pmcas tba vmrious typas oj `mkmca wiee ha ìslussa`

ig m cagarme wmy, eamvigc m àtmiea` àslriptiog oj tba wamr-

trmlas mllorìgc to logtmlt-kmtarime mg` kotiog to lbmptar <.



KAPBO@OEOCY MG@ PALBGI]QA\

8.8.= A@CA-XAKOZME\

Metboucb Oàee (=931, =933) is tba parsog wbo bms akpbm-

sizl` a`ca-rlkovmes mg` bms àvaeopa` m àslriptiva systak

jor tblk. tbly bmva meso haag igleuà` ig tba 'Naaeay-

katbo`' jrok tba stmrt (saa Naaeay =9264 80-81). Pba kmig

proheak witb igjarrigc tooi jugltiog jrok a`ca-rakovmes is

tbme tbara mra vmrious wmys ig wbilb jrmlturigc lmg ollur,

otbar tbmg sikpiy hy ikpmlt oj m worna` kmtarime. Jirst oj

mee, it bms haag strassa` rlpamtaèy (Hrign =932m> Veaw/

Soo`s =921) Ibmt kilro-lbippigc rasuets ms m hy-proùlt oj

igtlgtiogme ratoulbigc, jor igstmgla, m slrmpar a`ca. \ulb

kilro-lbippigc is virtumeey igìstigcuisbmhea jrok a`ca-

`mkmca ùa to igtagtiogme usa. \alogèy, a`ca-`mkmca lmg

rasuet jrok gog-igtagtiogme jmltors ùrigc or mjtar tba tika

oj igbmhitmtiog, sulb ms trmkpeigc, trmgsport mg` soie

lokpmltiog (Jeagginag/ Bmccarty =939> Zmucbmg =921m). Ig

m`ìtiog, kilro-lbippigc ollurs wbag tba jeigt is axlmvmta`,

siava`, trmgsporta` ig huen, or slmttara` ogto tmheas mg`

rahmcca`. Prigcbmk mg` Oàee lemik tbmt

'. .. tbara is go ìjjiluety ig ìstigcuisbigc tba `mkmca rasuetigc jrok

àeiharmta usmca jrok tbmt wbilb rasuets jrok mlliàgeme or "gmtu

rm!"' mcaglias ..." (Prigcbmk at me. =9304 =98),

halmusa tbasa mcaglias ò got usumeey proùla racuemr slmr

oriagtmtiog. Bowavar, otbar axparikagtars mssart tbmt gog-

usa jmltors lmg proùla hotb pmttarga` mg` rmgòk jimna-

slmr ìstrihutiogs (lj Zmucbmg =921m).

M tbir` proheak witb tba igtarpratmtiog oj jorkar tooi

jugltiog og tba hmsis oj kilro-slmrrigc is tba jmlt tbmt tbara

is jmr kora vmrimhieity ig jemna-slmr korpboeocy, eolmtiog

mg` ìstrihutiog tbmg wms igitimeey lemika` hy tba amrey

propogagts oj tba eow-powar mppromlb. Zmucbmg (=921m)bms òga mg axtagsiva axparikagtme procrmkka (G ; 809),

mg` bms rug LbiW tasts to àtalt gog-rmgòk vmrimhieity ig

jemna-slmr pmttargs witb raspalt to kotiog mg` worna` kmta

rime. Prigcbmk at me. (=930) stmta` tbmt m eogcituìgme mltiog

proùaas hijmlime, ìslogtiguous slmrrigc, wbiea trmgsvarsa

mltiogs lorraemta witb ugijmlime, logtiguous slmrrigc. Zmuc

bmg mrriva` mt m ìjjaragt logleusiog4 wbiea hijmlime slmrrigc

prlòkigmta` og tooes usl` ig m eogcituìgme kotiog (:1%),

it wms hy go kamgs mhsagt og a`cas usa` jor m trmgsvarsa

mltiog (Zmucbmg =921m). Avag kora surprisigc wms Zmuc-

bmg's logleusiog tbmt 18% oj tba tooes usa` ig trmgsvarsa

kotiog axbihita` go logtiguous slmrrigc. Sitb raspalt to

worna` kmtarime it bms haag mssarta` tbmt tba korpboeocilme

lbmrmltar oj tba slmrs igìlmtas tba raemtiva bmr`gass oj tba

logtmlt-kmtarime (Prigcbmk at me. =930> Oàee/ Oàee-Zaraalnag

=926). Pba O`lees bmva jorkuemta` jour bmr`gass lmtlcorias4

= sojt kmtarimes (kamt, snig, eamvas)4 tba siza oj tba slmrs is

skmee, witb jamtbar tarkigmtiogs

8. sojt kaìuk (sojt woo`s)4 emrca slmrrigc, usumeey witb

jamtbar tarkigmtiogs

<. bmr` kaìuk (bmr` woo`s, somna` mgtear, jrasb hogas)4

bigca` slmrrigc oj kaìuk-to-emrca siza

0. bmr` (hoga, mgtear)4 typijia` hy stappa` tarkigmtiogs, oj

kaìuk-to-emrca siza (Oàee/ Oàee-Zaraalnag =9264 =6=).

Bowavar, Zmucbmg's axparikagts igìlmta tbmt tbara is m

wià rmgca oj slmr sizas rasuetigc jrok amlb bmr`gass lmta-

cory, wbarams tarkigmtiog meso òas got mewmys lorraspog`

witb tba Oàees' slmea (Zmucbmg =921m).

Sa gow mrriva mt tba emst proheak witb kilro-ratoulb,

gmkaey tbmt kilro-lbippigc is ojtag mhsagt àspita igtagsiva

usmca. Ig Zmucbmg's axparikagts tbis pbagokagog wms

gota` jor =:% oj tba tooes usa` ig trmgsvarsa kotiogs, mg`

=2% oj tbosa akpeoya` ig eogcituìgme mltiogs> ms to wor

na` kmtarime, <9% oj tba a`cas igvoevigc sojt logtmlt-kmta-

rimes mg` :% oj tbosa raemeigc to bmr` kmtarimes sustmiga`

go kilro-slmrrigc wbmtsoavar. Ohviousey, tooes wara saealta`

jor tba tmsn mt bmg` wbilb bm` tba kost suitmhea wornigc

a`cas. Jor axmkpea, wbag bmvigc to pemgl m bmr` kmtarime,

it is kora eocilme to saealt m tooi witb mg ohtusa a`ca, ms

sulb mg ikpeakagt is strogcar mg` eass einaey to sustmig

axtagsiva a`ca-`mkmca or avag to lrukhea. Koss (=92<h)

bms àkogstrmta` tbmt a`cas wbilb bmva m strmicbt lross-

saltiog, mra kulb kora ajjiliîgt jor vmrious tmsns mg` ò got

cat `mkmca` so quilney ms irracuemr a`cas. Pbis raemtas to

Veaw mg` Soo`'s (=9214 88<) ohsarvmtiog, tbmt tooes wbilb

worna` ajjiliagtey sustmiga` jmr eass a`ca-`mkmca tbmg tbosa

wbilb wara ohviousey igmpproprimta jor mg mltivity.

Po logleuà tbis saltiog og kilro-slmrrigc. it is leamr tbmt

tbara mra vmrious proheaks wbilb eikit tba igtarpratmtiog oj

tooi usa og tba hmsis oj a`ca-`mkmca. Ms usa-ratoulb is

virtumeey igìstigcuisbmhea jrok kmgujmlturigc ratoulb. it

wms àlià` to rajrmig jrok iglorpormtigc kilro-slmrrigc ig

tba igtarpratmtiog ig tba lmsa oj a`cas og wbilb igtagtiogme

ratoulb wms prasagt. Otbarwisl, usa` mrams wara eolmta` og

tba hmsis oj tba prasagla oj poeisb, mg` kilro-slmrrigc wms

ogey usa` ms mg m`ìtiogme sourla oj Igjorkmtiog mcmigst

wbilb tba jugltiogme igjaragla hmsa` og poeisb, strimtiogs

mg` a`ca-rougìgc, loue` ha lbalna`. Mg lxlaptiog jork

tbosa a`cas wbilb ìspemy go otbar (igtarpratmhea) trmlas oj

wamr hut kilro-slmrrigc. Ig tbasa lmsas mg mttakpt wms

kmà to igjar wbilb kotiog bm` haag igvoeva`, mg` wbltbar

tba logtmlt suhstmgla bm` haag bmr` or sojt.

8.8.8 VOEI\B

Qsa-poeisbas bmva haag oga oj tba kora igtricuigc mspalts ojjugltiogme mgmeysis mg` tba sourla oj kulb spaluemtiog mg`

àhmta (lj. Gawlokar at me. =92:, =922> Koss =923m> Hmk-

jortb =922> Burlokha =922). \akagov (=9:0) ohsarva` tba

prasagla oj poeisb og bis axparikagtme mg` mrlbmaoeocilme

tooes, hut ms ba kmà axtagsiva usa oj katmeeizmtiog, ìjjar-

aglas ig tba lbmrmltar oj poeisbas wara ijjiluet to ohsarva. It

wms got ugtie tba piogaarigc worn oj Naaeay (Naaeay/ Gaw

lokar =933> Naaeay =926). tbmt tba iàm oj poeisb typas.



M\VALP\ OJ @MKMCA

mssolimta` witb vmrious logtmlt-kmtarimes, wms sponag oj

@ajigigc wbmt logstitutas m 'poeisb" bms prova` to ha vary

ìjjiluet, kmigey halmusa tba pbagokagog is stie! vary pooriy

ugàrstoo`. Naaeay òas got provià m àjigitiog> tba jirst to

bmva òga so is Zmucbmg, wbo àslrihas m kilro-poBsb ms4

'mg mbara` jeigt surjmla wbilb rajealts eicbt mg` wbilb lmggot ha

rakova` witb mli`s, hmsas mg` soevagts" (Zmucbmg =92=4 =<8).

Bowavar, tbis àjigitiog is proheakmtil jor two ramsogs. Ms

Veissog bms àkogstrmta`, it is gow liamr tbmt vmrious lbakilm!

mcagts lmg mjjalt poeisbas quita `rmstilmeey (Veissog =92<,

=921m, =92:> Veissog/ Kmucar =922). Ig m`ìtiog, ralagt

rasamrlb igìlmtas tbmt tba kilro-poeisbas wa ohsarva mra got

ogey m surjmla pbagokagog, hut mppamr to bmva àptb ms

waee (saa haeow) (Mgàrsog =926> Mgàrsog-Carjmu` =92=).

Metboucb avaryoga saaks to mcraa tbmt, wbmtavar tba sourla

mg` lbmrmltar oj tba poeisb, it òas rajealt eicbt, tba kost

proheakmtil issua is sapmrmtigc rasiùa jrok poeisb. Xasiùa

rajealts eicbt dust ms waee ms poeisb. Zmucbmg's (=92=) ìstigl-

tiog hlewllg tba two àpag`s og wbatbar or got tba spot

lmg ha lbakilmeey rakova`. Ij Mgàrsog is ricbt ig bar

mssartiog tbmt joraicg kmtarimes mra iglorpormta` igto tba

sieilm-surjmla (hut saa Qgcar-Bmkietog =920), tba ìstigltiog

hatwaag rasiùa mg` poeisb halokas ìjjiluet to `rmw,

halmusa, jor axmkpea, pbytoeitbs lmggot ha rakova`. Ky

owg succastiog, tbmt poeisb igleuàs avarytbigc wbilb lmg

got hl wmsba` ojj witb somp mg` wmtar (Zmg Cidg =92:m), is

got màqumta litbar4 kmgy pemgt duilas, heoo` rakmigs mg`

tba cramsy hoga mg` kamt rasiùas lmggot ha lokpeatliy

ìssoevl` witb wmtar mg` somp, metboucb m wamn soevagt oj

l. pB 1 is usumeey sujjiliîgt (hut saa gota = oj tbis lbmptar).

Pbis kamgs tbmt sulb trmlas wiee got ha prasagt og kost

mrlbmaoeocilme tooes (witb tba axlaptiog oj spalime prasarvm-tiog lirlukstmglas sulb ms `ry lmvas). Ko ijyigc Zmucbmg's

(=92=) àjigitiog hy m`ìgc tba tark 'wamn' hajora 'mli`s,

hmsas mg` soevagts' (saa meso Koss =92:m) kicbt ha m smtis-

jmltory soeutiog to tba ìeakkm.

Sbmtavar àjigitiog is civag jor tba tark 'poeisb', tba jmlt

rakmigs tbmt tba tark, ms it is usa` mt prasagt, is vmcua.

Bowavar, ig `miey kilrowamr prmltila, poeisbas lmg ha às-

lriha` ig tarks oj vmrious mttrihutas, sulb ms hricbtgass,

ìstrihutiog, taxtura mg` vmrious topocrmpbilm! jamturas, ms

waee ms eolmtiog og tba piala mg` tba lxtagt to wbilb tba

tooi is lovara`. Pbasa wiee ha ìslussa` ig lbmptar <.

8.8.8.= Voeisb jorkõeiog

Zmrious tbaorias bmva haag postuemta` ms to tba oricig oj

poeisb jorkmtiog. M jirst croup oj igvasticmtors m`baras to

tba tbaory tbmt poeisbas mra m rasuet oj jriltiog mg` tbmt tba

surjmla oj tba stoga is mhrmà` ('poeisba`'). Jor axmkpea,

Kalns at me. (=928) mttakpta` to àkogstrmta tbmt poeisb

òas got logstituta mg m`ìtiva emyar, wbiea @imkog` (=939)

mssarta` tbmt. ugàr bicb spaa` logìtiogs mg` witb m eow

eom`, pmrtileas wara rakova` jrok tba bicbast spots og tba

surjmla.

Og tba otbar bmg`, tbara mra tbosa wbo haeiava ig Lbaki

lme, rmtbar tbmg kalbmgilme, oricigs oj poeisb jorkmtiog.

Sittbojt (=9:3) wms oga oj tba jirst to mòpt tba tbaory oj

tba kaetigc oj sieilm, jirst proposa` ig tba =986's hy surjmla

lbakists. Ba ohsarva` m ìjjaragla ig bmr`gass, i.a. 3 og

Kobs' slmea jor ugkoìjia` surjmlas, mg` : jor poeisba`spots. Koraovar, bl gota` mg iglramsa ig voeuka mg` m

àlramsa ig spalijil crmvity oj tba stoga. Hotb tba sojtgass

mg` tba iglramsa ig voeuka mra lbmrmltaristil oj jusa` sieilm.

Sittbojt m`à` tbmt, wbag rampigc crmig, opme koealueas

jrok tba pemgt mra jusa` to tba jeigt, m`ìgc kmss> ba

logsiàrs kost oj tba ceoss tbarajora ms m`ìtiva.

Metboucb Nmkkigcm (=939) supporta` Sittbojt's tbaory,

it wms got ugtie tba worn oj Mgàrsog (Mgàrsog =926>

Mgàrsog-Carjmu` =92=, =928, =92<) tbmt tbasa iàms wara

jurtbar aemhormta`. Mgàrsog mssarts tbmt, ùa to tba igtarml-

tiog oj jriltiog-bamt, tba mliìty oj tba pemgts, mg` tba mhrm-

siva mltiog oj ùst-pmrtileas, tba sieilm oj tba stoga ìssoevas

igto mg mkorpbous cae, igto wbilb pemgt pmrtileas (opme) lmg

ha iglorpormta`. Metboucb Mgàrsog's axparikagts kmigey

partmig to pemgt kmtarime (aspalimeey sieilious spalias sulb ms

Crmkigama), sba bms axtagà` bar tbaory to hoga- mg`

mgtear-wornigc4 loeemcag woue` meso ha iglorpormta` igto tba

sieilm-cae (Mgàrsog =926).

Ig mg mttakpt to rapeilmta tba emttar rasuets, two axpar-

ikagtme hoga-wornigc tooes wara axmkiga` witb m slmggigc

aealtrog kilroslopa (\AK), to wbilb mg lgarcy ìsparsiog

mgmeysis systak (A@MR) wms mttmlba`. Sitb tba \AK it is

possihea to bmva m tbraa-ìkagsiogme viaw oj tba jeigt sur

jmla, wbiea agmheigc axtrakaey bicb kmcgijilmtiogs, wbarams

tba A@MR lmg àtarkiga tba leakagts prasagt og mgy saeal-ta` spot. Mg axparikagtme hoga-wornigc tooi axbihitigc m

waee-àvaeopa` poeisb wms smwg ig bmej4 oga pmrt wms suh-

dalta` to lbakilme leamgigc (m =6% BLI soeut iog mg` m rigsa

witb NOB, saa meso saltiog 8.0), wbiea tba otbar bmej wms

ogey tboroucbey wmsba` witb wmtar mg` àtarcagt. Pba emttar

jrmckagt axbihita` bicb pamns oj pbospbor, lmrhog mg`

lmeliuk wbag axmkiga` witb tba A@MR (jics. =, 8)> spots

ìspemyigc tbis aeakagtme lokpositiog mra logsiàra` to ha

rasiùa. Pba bmej oj tba tooi wbilb bm` haag lbakilmeey

leamga`, bowavar, sbowa` go sulb plmns4 tba poeisb-spots

eoona` ìjjaragt (jic. <) mg` mppmragtey logsista` oj sieilm

ogey, ms ì` tba surrougìgc ugpoeisba` jeigt surjmla (Zmg

Cidg =92:m). Pbis axparikagt wms rapeilmta` m salog` tika

witb tba smka rasuets, hut ohviousey tbis gukhar is stiee too

skmee to `rmw m àjigita logleusiog. Koraovar, avag tboucb

go joraicg leakagts wara ohsarva`, tbis òas got kamg tbmt

tba sieilm ig tba stoga jmiea` to turg igto m cae-stmta ùrigc

worn. Iog hamk mgmeysis oj poeisba` surjmlas bms sbowg tbmt

poeisba` mrams logtmig kora by`rocag wbilb supports tba

cae-jorkmtiog bypotbasis (Mgàrsag/ Sbiteow =92<).



KAPBO@OEOCY MG@ PALBGI]QA\

Pba vmrious opigiogs sarva to ieeustrmta tba logjusiog

wbilb surroug`s tba quastiog oj tba oricig oj poeisbas. Oga

proheak saaks to ha tbmt soka paopea axmkiga jeigt prior to

Lbakilme leamgigc, wbiea otbars lmrry out tba axmkigmtiog

mjtarwmr`s (saa meso Koss =92:m). Pbis bms ralagtey haag

àkogstrmta` hy Hattisog's (=921) mssartiog tbmt pemgt poe

isbas logsist oj m emyar og top oj tba tooi. Pbis iàm is

ìmkatrilmeey opposa` to Mgàrsog's (=928) logleusiogs.Bowavar, Hattisog mppmragtey ì` got lbakilmeey leamg bar

tooes, so tbmt sba wms mltumeey axmkigigc rasiùa (pemgt

duilas) mg` got poeisb.

I woue` mrcua tbmt tba quastiog oj tba oricigs mg` axmlt

gmtura oj poeisbas is got m suhdalt mrlbmaoeocists sboue`

m``rass halmusa tbay emln tba àtmiea` ngowea`ca oj lba-

kists mg` pbysilists, galassmry to tmlnea tbis lokpeilmta`

proheak. \tiee, ig tba kamgtika worn lmg logtigua halmusa,

ms Duae Dagsag (=922m) bms meram`y strassa`, poeisb is jora-

kost m visume pbagokagog, wbilb lmg ha igtarpraea` hy

lokpmrisog witb axparikagtmeey igùla` wamr-trmlas (saa

lbmptar <).

8.8.8.8 Voeisb qumgtijilmtiog

It wms soog rameiza` tbmt wamr-trmla mgmeysis is m vary suh-

daltiva agtarprisa (Mbear =939). Naaeay meram`y mttakpta` to

qumgtijy lartmig poeisb mttrihutas (Naaeay =9264 :8-:<).

M àtarkigmtiog oj tba 'hricbtgass' oj tba poeisb loue` ha

ohtmiga` hy kamsurigc tba mkougt oj eicbt rajealta` jrok m

\tmg`mr` mram oj poeisba` surjmla, usigc hricbt-jiae` ieeuki-

gmtiog mg` tba eicbt katar oj m lmkarm. Pba proheak wms to

jig` spots wbara tba poeisb axtagà` mlross tba agtira \tmg

`mr` mram, sokatbigc wbilb saeòk ollurs. Ij tba poeisb

spots lovar ogey m skmee parlagtmca oj tba \tmg`mr` mram, tba

ramìgc is igjeuagla` hy tba surrougìgc ugpoeisba` surjmlawbilb rajealts eass eicbt. Naaeay meso mttakpta` to qumgtijy

tba 'taxtura" oj poeisb spots, usigc `mrn-jiae` ieeukigmtiog, ig

wbilb skootb poeisbas rajealt eittea eicbt, wbiea roucb poe

isbas m eot. Bowavar, meso ig tbis lmsa, tba siza oj tba

\tmg`mr` mram wms sulb tbmt tba taxtura oj tba ugpoeisba`

stoga igtarjara` too kulb. Naaeay kagtioga` soka m`ì-

tiogme `rmwhmlns oj tbasa two prolaùras ms waee4 tba tika-

igvastkagt mg` tba eow raeimhieity ùa to tba mram proheak

(Naaeay =9264 :<).

Mgotbar mttakpt mt qumgtijilmtiog oj poeisbas igvoevas tba

usa oj igtarjarokatry (@ukogt =928, =9224 81-<8). Pbis is

mg optilme talbgiqua lmpmhea oj kamsurigc tba ìjjaraglas ig

ìstmgla hatwaag m rajaragla kirror mg` tba surjmla oj tba

ohdalt wbilb oga is stu`yigc. Pwo hamks oj eicbt mra akit-

ta`. mg ohdalt hamk mg` m rajaragla hamk, jorkigc metar-

gmtigc eicbt mg` `mrn hmg`s. @avimtiogs jrok eigamrity oj

tbasa hmg`s, or vmrimtiogs ig tbair wi`tbs igìlmta lbmgcas ig

surjmla aeavmtiog oj tba ohdalt stuìa`. Pbasa vmrimtiogs lmg

ha pbotocrmpbilmeey ralorà` (@ukogt =9284 pemtas ==,

=8h), mg` trmgsemta` ig m gukarilme jmsbiog (@ukogt =928>

68 60

M

UUU e4M D W ' U WG UWWW-W 'WW ... ‐W Z

\ V

I

Jic. = A@MR mgmeysis oj mg axparikagtme hoga-wornigc tooi

hajora leamgigc witb BLI. Gota tba bicb lmeliuk pamns.

862, =9224 83). Ig tbis wmy àptb oj strimtiogs lmg meso ha

kamsura`, ms waee ms tba àcraa oj pagatrmtiog oj tba poeisb,

witbig tba rmgca oj aeavmtiogs oj tba oricigme kilrotopo-

crmpby oj tba stoga. Pbis emttar jamtura igìlmtas tba surjmla

àjorkmhieity oj tba logtmlt-kmtarime (@ukogt =9284 869-

8=8). Pba kmdor `rmwhmln oj tbis mttakpt mt qumgtijilmtiog

is, mcmig, tba raquirakagt oj waee-àvaeopa`, sizmhea spots oj

poeisb, sigla tba ugpoeisba` surjmla is so irracuemr tbmt it

lmusas m vary lokpeax igtarjarokatry pmttarg (@ukogt

=9284 862).

Pba kost ralagt mppromlb loglargs taxtura mgmeysis

(Crmla at me. =921, =923> Crmla =929). Crmla usas m ìcitizarto trmgsemta tba visume ikmca, ìvià` igto m emrca gukhar oj

laees oj 6.81 R 6.81 urg, igto cray togas. Bis cray toga slmea

rmgcas jrok 6-811, so tbmt vary skmee ìjjaraglas lmg ha

àtalta`. Pba vmeua oj amlb laee is suhsaquagtey peotta` ig m

slmttar ìmcrmk. Hy tbis katbo` Crmla lemiks to qumgtijy

tba taxtura mg` igtagsity oj tba poeisbas. Bowavar, tba kmig

proheak witb Crmla's mgmeysas is tbmt ba is wornigc witb

tooes wbilb wara ogey hriajey usa` mg` logsaquagtey axbihit

vary eittea poeisb (saa Crmla at me. =9214 pemtas Ih, Il). Ms m

rasuet, too kulb ugpoeisba` surjmla is haigc igleuà` ig

amlb jrmka mg` suhdalta` to tba taxtura mgmeysis. It is tbara-

jora got surprisigc tbmt tba poeisbas ò got leustar mllorìgc

to logtmlt-kmtarime igvoeva`, hut tbmt, igstam`, hriajey-usa`

tooes croup witb ugusa` surjmlas.

Jrok tbasa, parbmps rmtbar àtmiea`, outeigas oj talbgi-

quas to kamsura lartmig poeisb lbmrmltaristils, sulb ms

hricbtgass, taxtura mg` topocrmpby, it sboue` ha leamr tbmt

goga oj tbak bms provag to ha lokpeataey sullassjue. Pba

kmig proheak is mewmys tbmt poeisb spots mra ojtag so skmee

tbmt tbay ò got axtag` mlross tba agtira '\tmg`mr` mram'



M\VALP\ OJ @MKMCA

Jic. 8 \AK pbotocrmpb oj oga oj tba spots yiaeìgc tjia crmpji

oj jic. => tba wbita òts igìlmta tba loglagtrmtiogs oj lmeliuk.

haigc axmkiga`. Pba prasagla oj ugpoeisba` surjmla ig tba

mrlm kamsura` snaws tba rasuets. It meso salks m eittea prakm

tura to mttakpt to ohdaltijy m pbagokagog, tba oricig oj

wbilb is ms yat poorey ugàrstoo` (saa mhova). Bowavlr,

avag tboucb mhsoeuta qumgtijilmtiog is so jmr ikpossihea, tba

gokigme vmrimheas, jor axmkpea tba prasagla or mhsagla oj

topocrmpbilme jamturas sulb ms lokat-tmies, lmg ha qumgtijia`

to soka lxtagt. It is meso wortbwbiea to gota wbatbar m

poeisb is hricbt or ùee, mg` roucb or skootb. Ig lbmptar <

mg mttakpt is kmà to mlbiava sulb mg msslsskagt, mehait mt

tikas suhdaltiva, oj tba ollurragla oj vmrious mttrihutas.

8.8.< \PXIMPIOG\

\trimtiogs wara bamviey raeia` upog hy \akagov ig bis jugl-

tiogme mgmeysas. Got ogey ì` ba igjar tba nigakmtils hut

meso tba worna` kmtarime jrok tbair eolmtiog, ìstrihutiog

mg` oriagtmtiog (\akagov =9:0). Naaeay (=926) saas mg igì

ralt raemtiogsbip hatwaag wi`tb mg` àptb oj strimtiogs mg`

tba kmtarime worna`. Ba mssukas tbmt tba siza oj tba usa-

`mkmcl spmees, wbilb speigtar ojj tba tooi, is to soka axtagt

àtarkiga` hy tba bmr`gass oj tba worna` kmtarime mg` tbmt

meso tbasa kilrolbips lmusa tba strimtiogs. Ig mltume prmltila,

bowavar, Naaeay mg` otbars raey og strimtiogs kostey jor tba

igjaragla oj tba kotiog igvoeva`. Pba mrcukagt habig` tbis

lmutiog is tbmt tba lbmrmltar oj tba strimtiogs is, to m emrca

àcral. meso àtarkiga` hy crit lokigc hatwaag tba tooi mg`

tba worna` kmtarime. Koraovar, tba vmrimhieity ig siza oj tba

kilrolbips rasuetigc jrok logtmlt witb m lartmig kmtarime is

cramt. Bowavar, wbmtavar tba lmusmtiva jmltor habig` tba

mpplmrmgla oj strimtiogs, tbair oriagtmtiog mg` tbair ìstrihu

tiog og tba tooi ò igìlmta tba nigakmtils igvoeva` (Zmuc-

bmg =921m).

Ms to tba wmy ig wbilb strimtiogs àvaeop, tba vmrimheas

Jic. < \AtZI pbotocrmpb oj hoga poeisb, logsistigc oj \i ogey

(mjtar tramtkagt witb BLI).

igvoeva` mra stiee vary poorey ugàrstoo`, àspita soka stuìas

(@ae Haga =939> Ja da =939> Nmkkigcm =939). Cagarmeey, it

is mssuka` tbmt strimtiogs mra tba rasuet oj tba prasagla oj

mhrmsiva pmrtileas hatwaag tooi mg` logtmlt-kmtarime. Pbis

tbaory ugàreias tba mssartiog tbmt strimtiogs lmg ogey ha

akpeoya` to igjar kotiog. Igspira` hy Mg`lrsog's rasamrlb

og tba oricig oj poeisbas, Kmgsur (Kmgsur =928, =92<>

Kmgsur-Jrmglbokka =92<) bms mrriva` mt m ìjjaragt

tbaory. \ba mssukas tbmt tba sieilm oj tba wornigc l`ca is

got ig m soei`-stmtl, hut ig m cae-stmta. \lrmtlbigc mcagts mlt

og tbis cae, got og tba soei` lryptolrystmeeiga surjmla. Jur-

tbarkora, tba mppamrmgla oj tba strimtiogs àpag`s og tba

àcraa oj mkorpbizmtiog oj tba jiigt surjmla. Ms tbis cae-jorkmtiog is ìjjaragt jor amlb logtmlt-kmtarime, ìjjaragt

typas oj strimtiogs ollur. Sbatbar Kmgsur-Jrmglbokka's

iàms mra lorralt àpag`s og m varijilmtiog oj Mgàrsog's

bypotbasis og poeisb-jorkmtiog. It is àjigitaey t rua, bow

avar, tbmt slrmtlbas mra ogey visihea witbig poeisba` mrams.

Og tba hmsis oj bar rasamrlb og strimt iog-jorkmtiog,

Kmgsur-Jrmglbokka (Kmgsur =928, =92<> Kmgsur-Jrmg

lbokka =92<) bms àvaeopa` m lemssijilmtiog jor strimtiogs,

wbilb mttakpts to lorraemta korpboeocilme strima-typas witb

worna` kmtarimes. Metboucb Kmgsur's worn og tba kalbmg-

ils oj strima jorkmtiog bms provià` logsiàrmhea igsicbt,

I jig bar lemssijilmtiog jmr too lukhlrsokl to worn witb ig`miey kilrowamr prmltila.

Xalagt rasamrlb bms kmà leamr tbmt strimtiogs ò got

ollur vary jraquagtey (Koss =92<m> Veissog =921m> Zmucbmg

=921m). Pba axparikagts prasagta` ig tbis stu`y saak to

lorrohormta tbis rasuet (sal lbmptar <). It is einaey tbmt tba

lirlukstmglas ugàr wbilb tba worn is lmrria` out, jor

igstmgla ùsty or leamg agvirogkagts, mra oj kora logsa-

quagla tbmg tba typa oj kmtarime worna`.



2 KAPBO@OEOCY MG@ PALBGI]QA\

8.8.0 A@CA-XOQG@IGC

M jourtb mspalt oj usa-`mkmca is a`ca-rougìgc4 mgy

logtmlt-kmtarime roug`s tba a`ca oj m tooi to soka axtagt.

Kost rasamrlbars bmva haag rmtbar vmcua og tba suhdalt.

Bowlvar, tba àcraa oj a`ca-rougìgc lmg, ig soka lmsas,

provià mg igìlmtiog oj tba ilig` oj logtmlt-kmtarime ig-

voeva`. Axparikagts bmva, jor igstmgla, sbowg tbmt bià-

wornigc lmusas axtagsiva a`ca-rougìgc, aspalimeey ij crit ism`à` to mhsorh koistura (saa <.8.8)> tbis ollurs irraspaltiva

oj wbatbar m trmgsvarsa or m eogcituìgme kotiog is

akpioya`. Sornigc hoga, logvarsaiy, saeòk civas kulb

a`ca-rougìgc. @ijjaragtime a`ca-rougìgc og hotb mspalts

oj m tooi lmg meso igìlmta wbilb mspalt jorka` tba logtmlt

surjmla.

Ms witb tba otbar lmtacorias oj `mkmca, oga sboue` ha

lmutious mhout mttrihutigc rougìgc oj mg a`ca soeaey to usa.

Sbag m tooi is akhl`à` ig m smg`y kmtrix, jor axmkpea, it

lmg hlloka totmeey rougà`. Pbis wiee ha àmet witb kora

axtagsivaey ig lbmptlr 0.

8.8.1 XA\I@QA

Pba emst lmtacory oj koìjilmtiogs wbilb àvaeop ùrigc tba

usa oj m jeigt tooi is tba àpositiog oj rasiùa. Ig tba saltiog

og poeisbas it bms meram`y haag strassa` bow ìjjiluet it is to

ìjïlrlgtimtl hatwaag poeisb mg` rasiùa. Jor igstmgla, mra

tba pemgt-pbytoeitbs, sokatikas prasagt ig 'silnea-sbaag", to

ha igleuà` ig tba lmtacory rasiùa or poeisb? Ij wa logsiàr

tbak ms rasiùa, tbag eogc-emstigc pbagokagm, sulb ms pby-

toeitbs, mra suhsuka` ig tba smka lmtacory ms sbort-eiva`

pbagokagm sulb ms rakgmgts oj bmir, heoo`W mg` pemgt-

tissua. Ig tba pmst, it wms proposa` tbmt wa igleuà ig tba

lmtacory "rasiùa" mee tbosa àposits wbilb lmg ha rakova`

witb sompy wmtar (Zmg Cidg =92:m). Gow, I woue` axtag`'rasiùa' to tbosa àposits wbilb ìsmppamr mjtar ikkarsiog

ig m eicbtey mliìl soeutiog (pB ; 1). Pbis woue` tbus meso

igleuà jisb-poeisb typa M (Zmg Cidg =92:m).

Got ogey lmg rasiùas ha mgmeyza` witb mg A@MR to

àtalt tbair lelkageme lokpositiog, hut vmrious stmigs meso

provià mg igìlmtiog oj tbair lbmrmltar (Jueemcmr =922). It

bms avag haag succlsta` tbmt tba mgmeysis oj heoo` rakmigs

og tooes lmg provià mg igìlmtiog oj tba mgikme spalias

wbilb bm` haag hutlbara` or nieea` witb tba tooi (Eoy

=92<), hut tbis mssartiog is got witbout its lritils (Curjignea/

Jrmgneig =922).

Kost rasiùa, ms àjiga` mhova, bms got haag prasarva`

ug`lr tba soie logìtiogs pravmieigc ig tba Gatbaremg`s. Var-

loemtigc croug`wmtar crmùmeey 'wmsbas ojj rasiùa. Kora-

ovar. ig emrca pmrts oj tba lougtry soies mra mliìl (pB ; 0),

rasuetigc ig m hogìgc oj lartmig leakagts lokprisigc tba

pmtlb oj rasiùa. Pbirèy, kilro-orcmgisks jamst og heoo`

stmigs mg` otbar rasiùas. Emstey. tbara is tba prolass oj

m`sorptiog wbilb pemys m roea ig lemy soies. Lemy kigarmes

eoosaey hig` Lm-, V- mg` L-aeakagts (Zmg Cidg =92:m> Zmg

àr Taa =92:), 'puieigc', ms it wara, tbasa leakagts ojj tba

stoga surjmla4 ugàr axparikagtme logìtiogs, tbis prolass

ollurs crmùmeey mg` is lokpeata` mjtar l. =8 bours {jic. 0).

Og tba hmsis oj tbasa jigìgcs it is bicbey ugiinaey tbmt

rasiùa bms haag prasarva` og tba jeigt mssakhemcas mgmeyza`

ig tbis stu`y. Pbis lmtacory oj usa bms tblrljora got haag

igleuà` ig tba igjaraglas og tooi jugltiog.

8.8.: XAEAZMGP ZMXIMHEA\ IG SAMX-PXMLA JOXKMPIOG

Ig tba pralaìgc pmcas tba ìjjaragt lmtacorias oj wamr wara

ìslussa`. Bowavar, go kagtiog wms yat kmà ms to wbilb

jmltors àtarkiga tbair àvaeopkagt> ig tbis pmrmcrmpb tbasa

wiee ha àmet witb. Pba jirst, vary ikportmgt oga, is tba

lbmrmltar oj tba rmw kmtarime jrok wbilb tba jeigt tooi is

proùla`. It is got so kulb its loeour, hut its raemtiva

lomrsagass tbmt is oj loglarg. Pba lomrsar tba jeigt, tba

seowar is tba jorkmtiog oj poeisb mg` strimtiogs, wbiea tba

a`ca is kora einaey to lrukhea igstam` oj to àvaeop axtag

siva rougìgc. M jirst ramsog wby poeisb àvaeops seowar og

lomrsa-crmiga` jeigt tbmg og jiga-crmiga` kmtarime is tbmt tba

emttar hig`s kora wmtar> it bms ojtag haag succasta` tbmt

wmtar mjjalts tba spaa` oj poeisb-jorkmtiog (Mgàrsag/ Sbit

eow =92<). M salog` ramsog tbmt poeisb àvaeops ogey seowey

og lomrsa-crmiga` jeigt is m kalbmgilme oga4 igitimeey ogey tba

bicbar poigts (jrok m kilroslopil poigt oj viaw) oj tba

surjmla wiee cat poeisba`, to doig igto spots oj poeisb ogey

mjtar proeogca` worn. Ig otbar wor`s, og lomrsa-crmiga`

jeigt tba igitime stmca oj poeisb jorkmtiog (cagaril wamn

poeisb ms Zmucbmg (=92=. =921m) lmees it), ùrigc wbilb go

lbmrmltaristil mttrihutas bmva yat àvaeopa`, pravmies kulb

eogcar tbmg og jiga-crmiga` tooes. Pbis ikpeias tbmt m emrcar

parlagtmca oj lomrsa-crmiga` tooes wiee ha igtarprata` ms

haigc 'ugusa`' tbmg woue` ha tba lmsa jor jiga-crmiga` spalikags.

M salog` igjeuagtime jmltor is tba logtmlt-kmtarime itsaej.

Axparikagts bmva igìlmta` tbmt lartmig logtmlt-kmtarimes,

sulb ms sieilious pemgts mg` hoga, hrigc mhout m poeisb kulb

kora quilney tbmg otbars. Gotmhey seow to àvaeop mra

poeisbas rasuetigc jrok wornigc jrasb, craag pemgts, kamt

mg` jrasb bià. Pbasa sojt logtmlt-kmtarimes meso igjeilt jaw

a`ca-rakovmes mg` strimtiogs, mg` eittea a`ca-rougìgc.

'Igtarkaìmta' poeisbas mra tbosa rasuetigc jrok logtmlt witb

woo`, mgtear mg` `ry bià. Pbis kamgs tbmt kamt- or jrasb-

bià ngivas mg` craag pemgt-luttigc tooes mra einaey to ha

savaraey ugàr-raprasagta` ig our mgmeysis (saa <.=8). Kora-

ovar, avag vary seicbt mhrmsiog hy tba surrougìgc kmtrix

lmg lmusa tba trmlas àrivigc jrok tbasa sojt kmtarimes to

haloka lokpeataey igvisihea. \o, wbiea trmlas rasuetigc jrok

logtmlt witb hoga or Crmkigama got ogey àvaeop kulb

jmstar, tbay mra meso kulb eass suslaptihea to post-àpositiogme

surjmla koìjilmtiogs.

Kotiog proviàs m tbir` igjeuagla og wlmr-trmla àvaeop

kagt. Hoga-smwigc, jor axmkpea, lmusas kulb bamviar a`ca-



\MKVEIGC

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8 < M 1 : 3 2

EG(PIKA)

Jic. 0 \orptiog oj ortbopbospbmta ig (kkoe p/nc soie) ms mjugltiog oj tba gmturme eocmritbk oj tika (tika ig kigutas), jorjour loglagtrmtiogs oj V4 6.61 kkoe V/= (•)> 6.= kkoe V/= (6)>6.8 kk\I V/= ( + )> = kkoe V/= (@). Kamsurakagt talbgiquams àslriha` hy Zmg Xiaksìdn/ Zmg àr Eigàg =920 (mjtar

Zmg àr Taa =92:4 81).

`mkmca tiimg hoga-slrmpigc, mg` wiee rakova meram`y jorka`

poeisii-spots.

Pba ùrmtiog oj woril bms meram`y haag àmet witb ig

pmssigc wbag ìslussigc tba pravious tbraa jmltors. It sboue`

hl leamr tbme go ìralt raemtiogsbip axists hatwaag tba ùrm

tiog oj worel mg` tba axtagt oj tba `mkmca> tbis partmigs to

mee worna` kmtarimes. It crlmtey àpag`s og tba lbmrmltar oj

tba jeigt jrok wbilb tba tooes mra proùla`, tba typa oj

logtmlt-kmtarimes, tba kotiog igvoiva`, mg` tba prassura

axarta`. Koraovar. ie is hy go kamgs leamr wbatbar m bamvieyàvaeopa` poeisb raprasagts m eogc pario` oj worn, or m

hriaj, hut vary igtagsiva oga. It kmy meso igìlmta bmgèigc

hy m parsog wbo is vary igaxpariagla` mt tba tmsn mt bmg`

(saa <.ID). Pbarajora, I prajar got to igtarprat tba ùrmt iog

oj worn, ms òga hy savarme rasamrlbars (Zmucbmg =921m),

hut rmtbar tba àcraa oj wamr.

Oga jmltor wbilb igjeuaglas wamr-ermlas, ogla tbay bmva

àvaeopa`, mra post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs. Pbay

wiee ha ìslussa` axtagsivaey emtar og ig tbis stu`y (lbmptar

0). hut hriaj kagtiog is wmrrmgta` bara. Prmlas rasuetigc

jrok logtmlt witb sojt kmtarimes wiee, igàpagàgtey oj tba

kotiog igvoiva` mg` tba ùrmtiog oj worn, ojtag ha igvisihiaùa to seicbt surjmla koìjilmtiogs. Pba smka partmigs to

kost hriajey-usa` tooes, mg` tbosa ikpeakagts wbilb mra

usa` jor m eogcar pario` hut mra kmgujmltura` jrok lomrsa-

crmiga` jeigt. It is tbus lrulime to mssass, jor amlb mssakhemca,

tba axelgt oj post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs, ig

oràr to ha mwmrl oj tba possihieity tbmt lartmig logtmlt-

kmtarimes wiee ha ugàr-rmta`. Avag witbig oga sita vmrimtiogs

kmy ollur ig tba axtagsiog oj sulb koìjilmtiogs.

8.< \mkpeigc

8. <. = O G PBA EAZAE OJ PBA M\\AKHEMCA

\igla tba gukhar oj pialas wbilb lmg ha axmkiga` par `my

is ig tba rmgca oj :-=6 (ugusa` pialas igleuà`> ij oga bms m

emrca hijmla, oga lmg splg` mg agtira `my), it joeeows tbmt it

is mekost ikpossihea to axmkiga mg agtira mssakhemca. Ig-

avitmhey m smkpea bms to ha tmnag, ugeass oga rastrilts oga

saej to skmee mssakhemcas oj 866-166 pialas, sulb ms bms haagòga hy, jor axmkpea, Zmucbmg (=92=) jor tba Kmc`meagimg

'O' eavae =6 oj tba Lmssacros lmva.

Pbara mra vmrious wmys ig wbilb m smkpea lmg hl `rmwg,

àpagìgc og tba sort oj quastiog(s) oga woue` eina to msn.

M jirst optiog is m rmgòk smkpea oj ratoulba` tooes, tooes

sbowigc trmlas oj usa, mg` àhitmca meina, irraspaltiva oj

tbair siza. Pbis woue` provià m cagarme viaw oj tba mltivitias

lmrria` out mt tba sita mg` mg igsicbt igto tba igbmhitmgts'

mttituà varsus stoga tooes. Pbis prolaùra bms mekost gavar

haag joeiowa` mg` is logsiàra` ugproùltiva jor oga kmdor

ramsog4 it axleuàs m emrca mkougt oj ratoulba` (mg` usa`)

tooes jrok mgmeysis, wbiea tbasa, hy tba vary jmlt tbmt tbay

bmva haag igtagtiogmeey koìjia`, wara axpeilitey igtagà` to

ha usa`. Ms sulb tbay ojjar tba bicbast potagtime oj aeilitigc

igjorkmtiog. Axmkigigc tigy pialas oj àhitmca saaks m

wmsta oj vmeumhea tika ms tbara is ogey m skmee lbmgla tbmt

tbay bmva haag usa`W. Pba ogey dustijilmtiog jor axmkigigc

tbak is to tast axmltey tbis vary mssukptiog.

Pba salog` optiog is to tmna m waicbta` smkpea4 m emrcar

parlagtmca jrok tba ratoulba` tooes, m skmeear jrok tba

àhitmca. Pbis bms tba m`vmgtmca tbmt tba ratoulba` tooes,

wbilb potagtimeey logtmig kulb kora igjorkmtiog mhout

prabistoria habmviour pmttargs, bmva m bicbar lbmgla oj

haigc axmkiga`. Pbis smkpeigc katbo` is axbihita` hy tba

kilrowamr stu`y oj \wijtarhmgt (Hiaglgjae` =921, =92:). Ijtba gukhar oj ratoulba` tooes is kmgmcamhea, mee oj tbak

lmg ha igleuà`, m katbo` axakpeijia` hy tba stuìas prasag-

ta` ig tbis voeuka, mg` praviousey mppeia` hy, jor axmkpea

Duae Dagsag ig bar mgmeysis oj Zmagcat Gor` (Duae Dagsag/

Hriglb Vatarsag =921).

Yat mgotbar kmggar oj raùligc tba gukhar oj mrtajmlts

to ha axmkiga` is loglagtrmtigc og jamturas, sulb ms bamrtbs,

mg` to igleuà avary mrtajmlt witbig spalijia` logjigas oj

sulb m jamtura. Oj loursa tbis raùlas tba gukhar oj quas-

tiogs wbilb wa lmg msn racmrìgc kora cagarme mspalts oj

tba sita. \tiee, ig lmsas wbara tba tika mvmiemhea jor stu`y is

eikita`, it is m vmeumhea katbo`. Axmkpeas igleuà Naaeay'sstu`y oj Kaar (Lmbag at me. =939> Lmblg/ Naaeay =926), mg`

Koss' axmkigmtiog oj lartmig bamrtb mrams ig Viglavagt

(Earoi-Courbmg/ Hrézieeog =938).

M emst lmtacory oj smkpeigc partmigs to pemligc akpbmsis

og oga or m jaw spalijil tooi lmtacorias. Ig tbis lmsa, quas-

tiogs wbilb lmg ha mgswara` mra eikita` to tba ogas raemtigc

to mspalts oj jork mg` jugltiog. M coo` axmkpea oj sulb m

stu`y is Koss' lokpmrisog oj hurigs mg` poigts jrok Mhu



=6 KAPBO@OEOCY MG@ PALBGI]QA\

Burayrm, \yrim (Koss =92<l). Ig tbis stu`y sba logleuàs

tbmt. metboucb tba tmgca` poigts wara prikmriey usa` ms

prodaltieas, tbair salog`mry usa, i.a. woo`- mg` raa`-wornigc,

lorraspog`s witb tbmt oj tba hurigs. \ulb m stu`y oj tba

raemtiogsbip hatwaag jork mg` jugltiog lmg ohviousey ha

axtag`l` mlross sitas, ms axakpeijil` hy tba stuìas log-

largigc \wiss Gaoeitbil bmjta` ngivas (Mgàrsog-Carjmu`/

Veissog =92:), kilro-àgtiluemtas witb ceoss (Duae Dagsag=922h, ig pras.s). mg` Hrogza Mcl silneas (Zmg Cidg =922, ig

prass h).

Halmusa agtira mssakhemcas mra haigc axmkiga` ig tbis

stu`y, mg` halmusa tba quastiogs msna` igleuà soka

racmrìgc suhsistagla habmviour, m waicbta` smkpea, ig

wbilb tba ratoulba` pialas wara lovara` og m =66% hmsis,

wms usa`. Ig m`ìtiog, mee tbosa mrtajmlts witb m strmicbt a`ca

wbag axmkiga` ig lross-saltiog wara saealta` (saa meso

8.:.8). Pbis bms jirst haag proposa` hy Koss (=92<m), mg`

jurtbar aemhormta` ig m lokpmrmtiva stu`y oj kmtarime jrok

Viglavagt, Neitbi mg` Vogt `'Mkhog (Koss =92:h). Koss'

axparikagts igìlmta tbmt sulb a`cas sustmig eittea a`ca

`mkmca mg` mra tbarajora ajjaltiva ms wornigc ugits. \ba

jig`s tbis logjirka` ig bar mgmeysis oj tba àhitmca jrok

Vogt `'Mkhog, wbara tba lurva` saltiogs tag` to ha ug-

usa`. Sitb raspalt to tbis emttar smkpea sba mssarts tbmt

'strmicbt a`cas mg` poigts ò saak to ha raeimhea igìlmtors oj usa`

pialas4 out oj m smkpea oj Pi]\, ogey tbraa usa` pialas oj àhitmca

woue bmva haag kissa ij Iba smkpea bm haag lbosag hy sulb

lritarim' (Koss =92<m4 =9<).

Koss spalijias tbmt tba a`cas bmva to ha strmicbt jor m eagctb

oj 8.6 lk or kora. Ms tba Banaeigcag III mg` Eai`slbag`mk

traglb 0 jeigt mrtajmlts mra skmee mg` irracuemrey sbmpa`, I

meso saealta` pialas witb m strmicbt a`ca hatwaag =.6-8.6 lk.Jor tba Haan-Koeagstaac mssakhemca, wbilb is lbmrmltariza`

hy m hemà igùstry, I ì` usa tba 8.6 lk lut-ojj poigt> skmee

àhitmca wms cagarmeey mhsagt mgywmy, ms go siavigc bm`

haag òga.

Ig m`ìtiog to axmkigigc mee tba ratoulba` tooes (i.a.

rltoulb 7 = kk mg` 5 = kk), mg` mee tba pialas oj

àhitmca witb strmicbt saltiogs eogcar tbmg =.6 lk (Banaeigcag

III mg` Eai`slbag`mk) or 8.6 lk (Haan-Koeagstaac), I meso

saealta` tba mrtajmlts axbihitigc m 'ìba`rme poigt' (Koss

=92<h). Pypilme 'ìba`rme poigts' wara cagarmeey mhsagt ig tba

Gaoeitbil mssakhemcas stuìa`, hut poigta` tips, jorkigc oga

ag` oj m strmicbt a`ca, ollurra` jraquagtey mg` ojtag sbow-

a` trmlas oj usa, aspalimeey ig tba lmsa oj Banaeigcag III.

Bowavar, tbay wara usumeey àslriha` ms 'bmvigc m strmicbt

a`ca', rmtbar tbmg ms 'poigta`' mrtajmlt. Ohviousey, Koss'

mssukptiogs mhout tba `lsirmhieity oj strmicbt saltiogs mg`

poigta` a`cas gaa` to ha tasta` og agtira mssakhemcas.

Metboucb sba barsaej bms mttakpta` to ò so ig m mrtilea og

Neitbi, Vogt `'Mkhog mg` Viglavagt (=92:h), it leamrey

gaa`s to ha jurtbar igvasticmta`, ms bar tastigc stiee ì` got

loglarg tba lokpeata mssakhemcas. \o jmr, bar mrcukagts mr

logvigligc mg` bar ralokkag`mtiogs bmva haag koìjia` h

ka ogey to tba axtagt tbmt I bmva meso igleuà` eicbtey

lurva` a`cas ms eogc ms tbay wara racuemr4 ky ramsogigc wm

tbmt sulb a`cas loue` ha usajue jor sbmvigc or slrmpigc

purposas. Kora àtmies og tba lokpositiog oj tba smkpeas

tmnag jrok tba mssakhemcas wiee ha civag ig tba saltiogs

partmigigc to amlb sita (1.0.=, :.8.<.=).

8.<.8 OG PBA EAZAE OJ PBA MXPAJMLP

Ig kilro-wamr stuìas, smkpeigc og tba eavae oj agtira mssak

hemcas bms haloka cagarmeey mllapta`. Sbag tba gukhar oj

mrtajmlts lokprisigc mg mssakhemca is too emrca to àme witb

ig its agtiraty, jaw paopea wiee gowm`mys saealt tba 'cooìas'

ogey. Kost mrlbmaoeocists mra mwmra tbmt, ig oràr to

mlquira m raprasagtmtiva smkpea (galassmry jor vmei` stmtisti-

lme mgmeysis mg` mppeilmhieity oj tba rasuets to tba agtira sita)

saealtiog bms to ha òga ig m ricorous, pra-àtarkiga` jmsb-

iog.

Eass mllapta` is tba jmlt tbmt kilrowamr mgmeysts meso

'smkpea' tba igìviùme mrtajmlts tbay axmkiga. Sbag jugl-

tiogme mgmeysis wms jirst proposa`, it wms mssarta` tbmt it

woue` agmhea mg ohdaltiva mssasskagt oj tooi jugltiogs mg`

woue` rasuet ig tba àjigitiog oj jugltiogme typoeocias witb

akil raeavmgla, igstam` oj tba igtuitiva, spaluemtiva jugl

tiogme typoeocias praviousey ig vocua. Pba agtira tooi loue`

ha axmkiga` mg` tba usa-wamr prasagt woue` leamrey sbow

tba jorkar jugltiog, It wms got jueey rameiza` tbmt eicbtigc

logìtiogs mra gavar logstmgt ùrigc tba axmkigmtiog oj mg

agtira tooi. Mg igliàgt-eicbt kilroslopa akits eicbt mt m 96¶

mgcea to tba surjmla stuìa`. Ij tbis surjmla is seicbtey tieta`

witb raspalt to tba eicbt hamk, eicbtigc logìtiogs mra got

optikme mg` aspalimeey poeisb lmg amsiey ha kissa`. Pbis ispmrtiluemrey so, ij wa rameiza tbmt stoga tooes lmg bmva m vary

ugavag surjmla, apitokiza` ig tba logvax ratoulba` slrmpar

a`ca. Axmkigigc sulb mg a`ca is vary tika-logsukigc, ms

tba tooi bms to ha ra-oriagta` avary so ojtag witb raspalt to

tba eicbt, wbiea wa slmg meogc tba a`ca.

Oj loursa, mee kilrowamr mgmeysts mra mwmra oj tbis to

soka axtagt mg` wiee try to axmkiga tba agtira tooi ms hast ms

tbay lmg. I mk positiva, bowavar, tbmt kost oj us, kysaej

igleuà`, wiee lmrajueey slrutigiza, ugàr optikme logìtiogs,

tbosa pmrts oj tba tooi wbilb wa logsiàr kost einaey to ha

usa`, wbiea tba rast is àmet witb ig m kora lursory wmy. Pba

saltiogs wbilb mra ratoulba`, sbow a`ca-`mkmca, or poeisb

visihel to tba gmna` aya, mra oj loursa lmrajueey axmkiga`.

Pba proxikme ag` oj m jemna, or vary irracuemr a`cas, jor

axmkpea, mra karaey cemgla` mt. Habig` tbis ìjjaragtime

mttagtiog Ba our praloglaiva` gotiogs oj tooi usa. Pbis wms

vary leamrey àkogstrmta` ig tba Põhigcag heig` tast. Past

tooi go.y, m hurig spmee, bm` haag usa` to iglisa hoga. Pba

iglisigc wms òga witb tba ìstme ag`, wbiea tba tip wms

hronag ùrigc usa. Metboucb tba rasuetigc wamr-trmlas wara



== LEAMGIGC VXOLA@QXA\

vary leamr (Qgrmtb at me. =92:4 pemta 0=h), goga oj tba

mgmeysts bm` ralocgizl` tbak. kmigey hllmusl tbay bm` got

axmkiga` tbmt a`ca lmrajueey lgoucb> hurig-spmees, ig our

Sast-Auropamg 'Qppar Vmemaoeitbil loglaptiog', mra sikpey

got usl` tbmt wmy. Pba axparikagtars, bowavar, worna` ig

mg Mrltil sattigc, wbarl hurig spmees wara usa` 'tba otbar

wmy mroug`'. Pbis axmkpea leamrey ieeustrmtas tba poigt I mk

tryigc to kmna4 it is axtrakaey tika-logsukigc mg`. ig avary-

`my kilrowamr worn, virtumeey ikpossihea to mlbiava optikme

eicbtigc logìtiogs jor tba agtira tooi. Sa 'smkpea' tba tooi

mllorìgc to our pra-loglaiva` iàms oj tooi usa, tbarahy

plrpatumtigc tba rueigc typoeocilme gotiogs. Koss meram`y

ikpeilitey mlngowea`ca` tbmt sba is òigc tba smka tbigc hy

ralokkagìgc tbmt4

'dust hljorl lxmkigigc mgy mrlbmaoeocilme pilla ugàr tba kilros

lopa it is ikportmgi to axmkigl it kmlroslopilmeey mg` to boe` it ig

tba bmg` ms ij ig usa. Ig otbar wor`s, sokl tagtmtiva bypotbasas

mhout usa mra jorka prior to kilroslopy" (Koss =92<m4 =61).

Metboucb sba ramssuras us tbmt otbar pmrts mra axmkiga` ms

waee, it is leamr tbmt tba 'tagtmtiva bypotbasas mhout usa' wiee

ralaiva tba kost mttagtiog ugàr tba kilroslopa.

I wiee `waie upog tba roea oj kilrowamr mgmeysis jor tba

rasoeutiog oj typoeocilme issuas emtar ig tbis stu`y (m.o. 3.8).

Barl, I wmgt to strass tbmt parbmps kilrowamr mgmeysts

sboue` ha axpeilit mhout tblir prl-loglaiva` iàms oj tooi usa

mg` stop prltagìgc tbmt tbay boe` mg ohdaltiva leua to tba

mssasskagt oj jugltiogme lemssijilmtiogs. Hy kmnigc our 'smk

peigc' oj tba igìviùme mrtajmlts kora axpeilit, wa lmg eamvl

it to otbars to axmkiga tba smka tooes witb tbair pra-loglaiva`

iàms.

8.0 Leamgigc prolaùras

Jrok tba stmrt, leamgigc bms haag logsiàra` assagtime to

kilrowamr mgmeysis. Naaeay (=926) propmcmta` tba joeeowigc

prolaùra4

=. axmkigigc tba piala witb tba gmna` aya mg`, ij galassmry,

ugàr tba kilroslopa jor tba prasagla oj orcmgil rlsiùa

8. wipigc tba ikpeakagt witb meloboe to rakova jigcar

cramsa mg` somnigc it ig wmrk wmtar mg` àtarcagt

<. ikkarsigc tba piall ig m wmrk =6% BLe soeutiog mg` m

86-<6% GmOB soeutiog> tba BLe rakovas kigarme àposits,

tba GmOB orcmgil rasiùas

0. usigc mg uetrmsogil leamgigc tmgn wbag pialas mra varyìjeïluet to leamg.

Emtar, Naaeay ko ijia` tba prolaùras4 ba suhstituta` NOB

jor GmOB, ms tba emttlr prova` to àby`rmta tba jeigt too

quilney.

@ua to tba proheaks witb ìjjaragtimtigc rasiùa mg`

poeisb, got avaryoga mcraa` witb tba axtagsiva leamgigc pro

laùra proposa` hy Naaeay. Sitb raspalt to mrlbmaoeocilme

tooes, tbara is m `mgcar oj rakovigc lrulime aviàgla.

Koraovar, tba sarias oj staps is axtrakaey tika-logsukigc.

Kmgy rasamrlbars sikpeijia` tba prolaùra hy, jor igstmgla,

ogey usigc BLe (Mgàrsog-Carjmu` =928> Hiagagjae` =92:),

or rajrmigigc jrok tba lbakilme leamgigc oj mrlbmaoeocilme

spalikags metocatbar. Pba emttar positiog wms tmnag halmusa

soka rasuets igìlmta` tba vuegarmhieity oj poeisbas to lbaki

lme mttmln (Veissog =92<, =92:> Veissog/ Kmucar =922).

@ouhts bmva risag ms to bow jmr oga sboue` co witb lbakilme leamgigc, got ogey jor mrlbmaoeocilme tooes, hut meso jor

axparikagtme ogas. Metboucb ig kmgy oj tba sbortar raports

loglrata àslriptiogs oj tba leamgigc prolaùras mra emlnigc,

it lmg ha àùla` jrok tba rasuets mg` igjaraglas, tbmt kmgy

igvasticmtors ì` got usa lbakilmes og tbair axparikagtme

tooes (lj. Hattisog =921). Pbis bms mccrmvmta` tba logjusiog

mhout poeisb mttrihutas halmusa paopea warl ohsarvigc ìj

jaragt tbigcs (Koss =92:m4 90). Ig ky opigiog Naaeay is

ricbt tbmt it is mhsoeutaey galassmry to suhdalt axparikagtme

pialas to BLe mg` NOB, ig oràr to rakova àposits wbilb

ohslura kora ùrmhea mspalts oj poeisb. Pba emttar mra ig

cagarme tba ogey igìlmtiogs oj pravious usa wbilb mra pra-

sarva` og mrlbmaoeocilme tooes. Po mlbiava lokpmrmhieity

hatwaag tba mrlbmaoeocilme mssakhemca mg` tba axparikagtme

sat, it is lrulime to sikuemta to soka axtlgt tba logìtiogs to

wbilb tba mrlbmaoeocilme kmtarime wms suhdalta`.

I ò haeiava, bowavar, tbmt tba loglagtrmtiogs oj BLe mg`

NOB, wbilb wara proposa` hy Naaeay, mra uggalassmriey

strogc mg` ag`mgcar tba lbmrmltar oj tba kora ùrmhea

poeisbas. Jor tba axparikagtme pialas kulb wlmnar soevlgts

wara usa` og m systakmtil hmsis4 m <.:% BLe soeutiog mg` m

vary skmee mkougt oj NOB ig oga eitra oj wmtar. Pbis

rakova` mee pemgt duills, kost heoo` stmigs (tbosa wbilb mra

ralagt (lj gota =)) mg` hoga loeemcag, wbiel haigc wamn

lgoucb got to mttmln tba poeisbas. Pba BLe wms mppeia` ig

mg uetrmsogil tmgn ig wbilb tba pialas wara eajt <-1 kigutas>

eamvigc tbak eogcar woue` bamt tba tooes too kulb. Ig

hatwaag mee oparmtiogs tba tooes wara tboroucbey rigsa` ig

jiowigc wmtar.

Loglargigc tba mrlbmaoeocilme mssakhemcas, ky opigiog

bms lbmgca` sokawbmt ovar tba yamrs. Og pmrt oj tba jirst

mssakhemca axmkiga`, tba oga oj Banaeigcag III, BLe wms

usa` ogey {:.8<.=). Pbis, bowavar, bm` tba ajjalt oj ìsloe-

ourigc tba stogas to m heuisb-craag sbllg. Koraovar tba

stoga-surjmla mppamra` to bmva ìssoeva` seicbtey wbag axm

kiga` savarme kogtbs emtar> mppmragtey tba lbakilme bm`

logtigua` to 'worn'. Pba jeigt oj Banaeigcag III wms seicbteylbmeny mg` it wms leamr tbmt BLe ag`mgcara` sulb surjmlas.

I emtar rameiza` tbmt lougtarmltigc tba ajjalt oj BLe witb m

hmsa sulb ms NOB kicbt bmva soeva` tba proheak, hut mt

tba tika I àlià` to rajrmig jrok lbakilme leamgigc meto

catbar. Pba surjmlas oj tba stogas ì` got saak to axbihit

mgy trmlas oj orcmgil jieks mgybow. Ylt mgotbar soeutiog to

tba m`varsl ajjalts oj BLe is somnigc tba tooes ig wmtar prior

to tramtkagt. Ig sulb m wmy tba poras oj tba stoga haloka




tieel`, igbihitigc pagatrmtiog oj BLe (B.Duae Dagsag, pars.

lokk.).

Ms to tba kmtarime jrok Haan-Koeagstaac, mee ikpeakagts

wara leamga` lbakilmeey ig tba smka jmsbiog ms tba axpari-

klgtme ogas (saa 1.0.=). Ig jmlt, I mk quita sura tbmt tbis

wms lokpeataey uggalassmry, ms tba stoga surjmlas eoona`

iàgtilme hajora mg` mjtar leamgigc. Jrok m striltey sliagtijil

poigt oj viaw tba leamgigc prolaùras jor mrlbmaoeocilme mgàxparikagtme tooes sboue` ha tba smka. Bowavar, I haeiava

mrlbmaoeocilme tooes bmva, ig kost igstmglas, haag suhdalta`

to sujjiliîgt lbakilme leamgigc ig tbair kmtrix, to kmna hotb

sats lokpmrmhea. It is òuhtjue tbmt tba tika igvasta` ig

leamgigc mee mrlbmaoeocilme tooes ig m systakmtil jmsbiog wms

dustijia`.

Mpmrt jrok tba igitime leamgigc witb wmtar mg` somp, mg`

sokatikas lbakilme leamgigc, I usa` meloboe to rakova

jïgcar-cramsa mg` cramsa jrok tba lemy supportigc tba pialas.

Ms meloboe eamvas m jiek wbag eajt to `ry, = lmrajueey pmtta`

(got ruhha`) amlb piala witb m pmpar towaV. Xacuemr leamg

igc ùrigc axmkigmtiog is mhsoeutaey assagtime. Meloboe wmslboslg igstlm` oj mlatoga, halmusa tba jukas oj tba emttar

lmg hl bmrkjue to tba lomtigc oj tba kilroslopa eagsas.

8.1 Kilroslopy mg` pbotocrmpby

It bms haag strassa` og guklrous ollmsiogs tbmt lokpmrmhi-

eity hatwaag vmrious usl-wamr stuìas lmg ogey ha mlbiava`

wbag sikiemr aquipkagt is akpeoya` (Koss =92<m, =92:m>

Veissog =921m). Naaeay (=926) usa` m Sie` K86 kilroslopa,

mg` emtar og mg Oeykpus HBK, wbiea ig Jrmgla kmgy

mgmeysts raeia` og Ginog aquipkagt. It is leamr tbmt tba

ikmca proùla` vmrias sokawbmt hatwaag tba ìjjaragt typas

oj kilroslopas, aspalimeey ig tba lemrity, sbmrpgass mg` `lptb

oj jiae` provià`.Ig tbis rasamrlb, usa wms kmà oj m Ginog-Optipbot witb

1x, eOx, 86x mg` 06x ohdaltivas, mg` eOx mg` =1x oluemrs.

Kost oj tba tika I usa` =1x oluemrs ms I prajarra` tba =16x

mg` <66x kmcgijilmtiogs rmtbar tbmg tba eOOx mg` 866x.

Jietars akpeoya` igleuà` tba GLHIO, m poemrizigc jietar,

mg` tba EL966. Po iglramsa logtrmst, jraquagt usa wms kmà

oj m craag jietar (CIJ). Pba Ginog ohdaltivas bmva tba

m`vmgtmca oj mg axtrakaey eogc wornigc ìstmgll (up to 9

kk), so tbmt axmkigigc loglmvitias ì` got prasagt mgy

proheaks. Metboucb tba kilroslopa loue` switlb to `mrn-

jile` ieeukigmtiog, tbis optiog wms rmraey usa`. Naaeay (=926)

ralokkag`l` tba 1x ohdaltiva jor tba axmkigmtiog oj kilro-

slmrrigc, hut I prajarra` aitbar m bmg`-eags (eOx kmcgijilm

tiog), or, jor tba skmeear slmrs, tba eOx ohdaltiva. \lmggigc

tba piala jor tba prasagla oj poeisbas wms òga mt =16x

kmcgijilmtiog. Mt tbis kmcgijilmtiog it is stiee possihea to

axmkiga tba raemtiogsbip hatwaag tba poeisb mg` tba a`ca.

M kmcgijilmtiog oj eOOx wms joug` to ha igsujjiliîgt to àtalt

skmee poeisb spots. Pba poeisbas wara cagarmeey igtarprata` mt

<66x> m kmcgijilmtiog oj 866x ojtag ì` got provià

sujjiliîgt àtmie to wmrrmgt m stmtakagt. I jig` it ikpossihea

to haeiava tbmt poeisbas lmg ha igtarprata` witb m kmcgijilm

tiog oj eOOx ms soka mutbors bmva lemika` (a.c. Hiagagjae`

=921, =92:), mg` I mk ig juee mcraakagt witb Koss wbag sba

mssarts tbmt 826x (i.a. l. <66x) is tba kost mpproprim ta

kmcgijilmtiog to iàgtijy poeisbas (Koss =92:m4 90). Sbag

sujjiliîgt àtmie is stiee emlnigc I bmva racuemrey switlba` to

066x or 1:6x. Pba emttar kmcgijilmtiog, bowavar, is mekosttoo àtmiea` mg` oga eosas 'ovarviaw'.

Ig tba joeeowigc lbmptars poeisbas mra àslriha` ig sulb

tarks ms 'roucb', 'cramsy', mg` 'òka`', mg` it sboue` ha

rakakhara` tbmt tbasa àslriptiogs partmig to tba pbago-

kagm ms ohsarva` mt 866x or <66x. Mt bicbar kmcgijilmtiogs

spots witb roucb poeisb kmy su`àgey saak to logsist oj m

dukhea oj skootb poeisb spots4 mt ìjjaragt kmcgijilmtiogs

wa ohsarva ìjjaragt visume pbagoklgm (Koss =92:m).

Po tba Ginog-Optipbot m lmkarm mg` mg mutokmtil eicbt-

axposura katar loue` ha mttmlba`. Pba jiek usa` wms No`mn

Veus R Vmg, m =81 M\M jiek wbilb, to iglramsa tba logtrmst,

wms upcrmà` to 066 M\M. Sbag tba gaw No`mn Vrojas

siogme PKMR halmka mvmiemhea, I switlba` to tbis typa oj

jiek. Qpcrmìgc tba jiek kmà axposura tikas raemtivaey

sbort (up to = salog`), mg m`vmgtmca ig tbis sort oj worn, ms

tba stoga tooes ojtag kova seicbtey out oj jolus ùa to tbair

owg waicbt.

Metboucb kilro-pbotocrmpby bms cramtey ikprova` ùrigc

tba emst àlmà, it is stiee ikpossihea to igtarprat mrlbmaoeocilme

spalikags soeaey og tba hmsis oj pbotocrmpbs oj otbar mgm

eysts' axparikagts. M kilrocrmpb sbows ogey oga borizogtme

pemga so vmrious topocrmpbilme jamturas oj m poeisb spot kmy

ha igvisihea halmusa tbay mra out oj jolus. Koraovar, tba

ìstrihutiog oj tba poeisb mg` its eolmtiogme raemtiogsbip to

tba a`ca mra got trmgsjarmhea to pbotos. Metboucb pboto-kilrocrmpbs mra vary usajue mg` lmg cagarmeey ha 'rllocgiza`"

hy otbar mgmeysts, wa stiee lmggot raey og pbotocrmpbil

'typa-Bsts'.

8.: Xacistrmtiog

Ig tba amrey yamrs oj kilrowamr mgmeysis, racistrmtiog bms

haag civag eittea mttagtiog. Oàee (=933) bm` àvaeopa` m

lokpeax racistrmtiog systak jor tba eow-powar mppromlb. Ig

tba 'bicb-powar' lmkp it wms Zmucbmg (=92=), wbo jirst

lramta` mg axpeilit systak. Ba emtar mttakpta`, ig loeemhorm-

tiog witb Veissog (Zmucbmg/ Veissog =92:), to àvaeop m

ugivarsmi systak.

Pba systak usa` ig tbis stu`y bms haag igspira` hy

vmrious sourlas (Oàee =933> Ngu`sog =939> Zmucbmg =92=>

@alnars =921). Ky mik wms to lramta m systak wbilb woue`

ha usmhea jor m vmriaty oj mssakhemcas mg` woue` iglorpo-

rmta m àtmiea` àslriptiog oj jork> tbis wmy it loue` meso ha

usa` jor mssakhemcas, or pmrts tbaraoj, got axmkiga` jor tba

prasagla oj usa-wamr. Ig m`ìtiog, I wmgta` to kmna tba wmy

I mrriva` mt m jugltiogme igjaragla ms spalijil ms possihea, hy



=< KILXO\LOVY M G@ V B O P O C X M V B Y / X A C I \ P X M P I O G

Emvme ="2ita-jieC-(Hoa 8.:.=.

Esvjte 8"kmlro-jiea"(••• 8.:.8.)

Emvae <"kilro-jiea"(saa 8.:.<. )

igjo loglargigctba agtiraMXPAJMLP

go. oj VQMs

korpboeocilm=lbmrmltaristilmVOPAGPIMEEYQ\A@ MXAM =

P"go wamr trmlasohsarva`

usa-wamr trmlassaag ogMLPQMEEYQ\A@ MXAM =

go. ojMQMs ; =

(iàk)

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Jic. 1 Pba biarmrlbilme `mtm-hmsa systak usa`, ìspemyigc tba

tbraa eavaes oj mgmeysis.

loìgc m lokpeata àslriptiog oj tba vmrious poeisb mttrihu-

tas, mspalts oj kilro-slmrrigc, mg` strimtiogs, igstam` oj tbajigme logleusiog ogey. Ohviousey, ig oràr to ò tbis, tba

`mtm gaaà` to ha strultura` ig sulb m wmy ms to agmhea tba

usa oj m lokputar.

Pba rasuet is m tripmrtita biarmrlbilme `mtm-hmsa systak,

lramta` ig `-Hmsa III (jic. 1). Pba jirst eavae igleuàs vmri

mheas loglargigc agtira mrtajmlts, partmigigc to provagmgla

witbig tba sita, typoeocy, korpboeocy mg` talbgoeocy. Pba

emst vmrimhea stmtas tba gukhar oj potagiimeey usa` mrams

(barlmjtlr rljlrra` to ms VQMs). VQMs mra àjiga` hy tba

prasagla oj ratoulb (hotb 7 I kk mg` 5 I kk), m strmicbt

saltiog, a`ca-rougìgc or poeisb visihea witb tba gmna` aya.

Pba procrmkkm mutokmtilmeey sbijts to tba gaxt jiea/ stap ij

tbis vmrimhea sloras 7 I. Ij tba gukhar oj VQMs is zaro, itsbijts to tba gaxt mrtajmlt. Pba salog` eavae oj Igjorkmtiog

logtmigs m korpboeocilme àslriptiog oj amlb VQM. Ogla

àjiga`, amlb VQM is kilroslopilmeey axmkigl` jor tba pra

sagla oj usa-wamr trmlas. Pba emst vmrimhea oj tbis jiea rajars

to wbatbar or got tba VQM bms mltumeey haag usa`4 ig otbar

wor`s, bow kmgy mltumeey usa` mrams (rajarra` to ms MQMs)

mra prasagt og m VQM. Bagla, ogey ij wamr-trmlas mra oh-

sarva` og m VQM (mg` tba emst agtry oj tba VQM jiea sloras

7 =), òas tba systak sbijt to tba tbir` eavae oj tba biar

mrlby, i.a. tba MQM-jiea ig wbilb tba wamr-trmlas mra às-

lriha` mg` igtarprata` jor logtmlt-kmtarime mg` kotiog. Jor

lokputar ramsogs tba àcrll oj wamr is meso igleuà` ig tba

salog` jiea4 ij tba VQM is ugusa`, it is got galassmry to

àslag` to tba tbir` jiea to agtar tbmt Igjorkmtiog.

M eistigc oj vmrimheas mg` mttrihuta stmtas (lmtacorias) lmg

ha joug` ig mppagìx I. Metboucb tba systak agmheas m

lokpeata lokputar mgmeysis oj korpboeocilme, talbgoeocilme

mg` jugltiogme mspalts. it is ohvious tbmt mkhicuitias mewmys

mrisl. Pbasa mra àslriha` varhmeey. Mt tba hottok oj tba

racistrmtiog sbaat m `rmwigc oj vagtrme mg` òrsmi mspalts is

prasagt, og wbilb tba eolmtiog oj tba usa-wamr-trmlas is

igìlmta`, ms waee ms tba spots wbara kilro-pbotocrmpbs

wara tmnag. Ig tba joeeowigc I wmgt to ieeustrmta mg` ìsluss

tba vmrimheas ralorà`, mllorìgc to tba tripmrtita ìvisiog ig

mrtajmlt-, VQM-, mg` MQM-eavae, i.a. 'sita-', 'kmlro-', mg`

'kilro-jiea', raspaltivaey.

8.:.= ZMXIMHEA\ XALOX@A@ VAX MXPAJMLP4 '\IPA-JIEA'

Kost oj tba vmrimheas àslriha` mt tbis jirst eavae oj tba

biarmrlby mra saej-aviàgt. Pba jirst vmrimhea igìlmtas tba sita

jrok wbilb tba mrtajmlt àrivas, tba salog` is its igìviùme

racistrmtiog gukhar. Pbis gukhar wms, ig kost lmsas, issua`

hy ka, sigla tba axlmvmtiogs racistara` jig`s ig huen par

axlmvmtiog ugit (squmra katra ig tba lmsa oj Banaeigcag III

mg` Eai`slbag`mk, jamtura ig tba lmsa oj Haan-Koeagstaac).

looX@iGMPA\ mg` EMYAX4 vmrimheas <, 0 mg` 1 àme witb tba

mrtajmlt ig tba sita cri` systak. Ig tba mssakhemcas ìslussa`

ig tbis stu`y, go axmlt tbraa-ìkagsiogme eolmtiogs wara

ralorà` jor amlb mrtajmlt. Ig tba lmsa oj tba two Zemmr-ìgcag-sitas, tba loorìgmtas rajar to tba soutbwast poigt oj

tba squmra katar jrok wbilb tba mrtajmlt àriva`. Sitb

raspalt to tba Haan-Koeagstaac kmtarime, tba jig` eolmtiog oj

amlb mrtajmlt wms got civag ig tarks oj loorìgmtas, hut ig

jig` gukhars wbilb lorraspog` witb lartmig jamturas or

poigts ig tba axlmvmta` mram. Pba loorìgmtas oj tbasa jam

turas mg` mrams wara suhsaquagtey àtarkiga` og tba axlm

vmtiog pemg mg` tba jig` gukhars rapemla` hy tbis two-

ìkagsiogme igjorkmtiog. Go axmlt vartilme Igjorkmtiog wms

mvmiemhea jor mgy oj tba jeigt mrtajmlts ìslussa` ig tbis stu`y,

ogey tba emyars jrok wbilb tba kmtarime oricigmta`.

EAGCPB, wi@PB, PBILNGA\\ mg SAICBP4 eagctb is kamsura`

jrok proxikme to ìstme ag`> ij igìlmtiogs ms to tba ìral-

tiog oj parlussiog mra mhsagt, it is tba eogcast mxis wbilb is

kamsura`. Pba wi`tb is tmnag parpagìluemr to tba eagctb mt

its kmxikme poigt, wbiea tba tbilngass is meso m kmxikuk

kamsurakagt. Eagctb, wi`tb mg` tbilngass wara kamsura`

to = kk axmlt. Mee pialas wara waicba to tba gamrast 6.= c.

Jor tba axmkigmtiog oj agtira mssakhemcas, tbis proviàs m

coo` igìlmtiog oj tba qumgtity oj kmtarime joug`, kora so

tbmg tba gukhar oj mrtajmlts. ms tbis loue` igleuà emrca

mkougts oj tigy jrmckagts. Jor igìviùme mrtajmlts, tba

waicbt loue` civa m succastiog oj tba mkougt oj ikpmlt tbay

woue` bmva, ms jor axmkpea, witb m lboppigc tooi.

VXiKMXY LEM\\IJILMPIOG 4 ms to tba ìstigltiog hatwaag hemà

mg` jemna, I joeeow tba cagarme àjigitiog tbmt m hemà kust

bmva m eagctb twila its wi`tb, mg` its emtarme a`cas kust ha

pmrmeeae or suhpmrmeeae (Qarpkmg =93:). M lora is mg mrtajmlt

og wbilb m gukhar oj gacmtivas lmg ha ìslarga`. Smsta

mg` speigtars logtmig mee mrtajmlt lmtacorias og wbilb go

poigt oj parlussiog or otbar sicgs oj parlussiog lmg ha saag.




mg` wbilb ò got jmee ig mgy oj tba otbar lmtacorias (atbar

mg` ugsurl axlapta`). Pba ìstigltiog hatwaag wmsta mg`

speigtars is oga oj siza4 speigtars mra tba tigy jrmckagts eass

tbmg = lk ig eagctb mg` wi`tb. Pba lmtacory 'otbar' is

eocilmeey raquira`, hue. ms kost pialas wbilb ò got sbow

mgy leamr talbgoeocilme jamturas mra igleuà` mkogc wmsta

mg` speigtars, tbis lmtacory is saeòk usa`. M prikmry lemssi-

jilmtiog 'ugsurl" is usumeey rastrilta` to tbosa mrtajmlts wbilbmra so axtagsivaey ratoulba`, tbmt it is ikpossihel to àtar-

kiga wbatbar tbay wara proùla` og m hemà or m jemna.

Lmtacorias =6-=.< partmig to vmrious typas oj raduvagmtiog

jemnas spalijil to tba Hmg`narmkin jeigt talbgoeocy, tba ìs-

tigltiva jamturas oj wbilb wiee ha ìslussa` ig lbmptar 1 {jic.

:). M lrasta` hemà ollurs wbag prapmrigc m lora jor hemà-

proùltiog. @alortilmtiog jemnas mra tba jemnas sbowigc lor

tax, hut go jurtbar koìjilmtiogs.

PYVOEOCY4 typoeocy is m lokpeax vmrimhea. Ms tbis stu`y is

got m typoeocilme oga, I bmva tria` to naap tba typoeocy ms

sikpea ms possihea. Kost lmtacorias mra hmsa` og m korpbo-

eocilme àslriptiog joeeowigc tba succastiogs oj @alnars

(=921). Jor m ìslussiog oj typoeocy, tba ramàr is rajarra`

to pmrmcrmpbs 1.1.1 mg` :.8.1.0.

LOXPAR4 tba mkougt oj lortax prasagt ig mg mssakhemca lmg

civa mg igìlmtiog oj tba qumgtity oj rmw kmtarime mvmiemhea

mg` tba raemtiva ìstmgla oj tba rmw kmtarime sourlas jrok

tba sita4 ij m bicb parlagtmca oj mrtajmlts ìspemys lortax, tba

rmw kmtarime sourlas mra mssuka` to ha 'gamrhy", sigla jaw

ngmppars woue` trmgsport agtira goùeas jor m eogc ìstmgla

witbout jirst prapmrigc m lora or roucb-out. Pba ìjjaragt

lmtacorias ìstigcuisba` àslrihl eolmtiog mg` raemtiva axtagt

oj tba mrams oj tba tooi lovara` hy lortax. It sboue` hagota` tbmt mee 'oe`' surjmlas mra igleuà` ig tbis vmrimhea.

VMPIGM4 tba vmrimhea 'pmtigm' wms igleuà` ms mg mttakpt to

astikmta witb tba gmna` aya wbatbar post-àpositiogme sur-

jmla koìjilmtiogs bm` mjillta` tba mrtajmlt. Lmtacorias

lokprisa goga, eicbt, bamvy, mg` ugsurl. Pbis astikmtiog

wms emtar mssassa` hy kilroslopil mgmeysis mg` àslriha` ig

tba vmrimhea 'salog`mry koìjilmtiogs' (kmlro-jiea, saa 8.:.8).

Pbis vmrimhea lmg tbus ha racmrà` ms m 'tagtmtiva bypotba

sis'. It sboue` ha strassa` tbmt tba axmlt gmtura oj tba post-

àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiog is oj go loglarg bara.

VOEI\BA@ JXMCKAGP4 ig tba logtaxt oj tba Zemmrìgcag sitas

poeisba` jeigt mxas mra m lokkog ollurrlgla. Hronag mxas

mra ojtag usa` ms loras. Pbis vmrimhea tmnas mllougt oj tba

praslgla oj mrtajmlts witb poeisba` jmlats, mg` tba axtagt oj

tbasa jmlats.

@ACXAA OJ HQXGIGC4 ms tbis systak oj racistrmtiog wms meso

àsicga` to àslriha agtira mssakhemcas, tba vmrimhea 'hurg

a`' wms m`à`. Ohviousey, hurga` pialas kust cagarmeey ha

axleuà` jrok jugltiogme mgmeysis, ms avag tba ceossigass

lbmrmltaristil jor m hriaj bamtigc lmg ohslura usa-wamr trmlas,

wbiea mrtajmlts wbilb mra lokpeataey jrmltura` ('lrmquaeé')

lmg gavar ha mgmeyza`. Lmtacorias ìstigcuisba` igleuà

ughurga`, ceossy, ra` spots, lrmquaeé, mg` ugsura.

XMS KMPAXIME4 rmw kmtarime is mg ikportmgt vmrimhea. etslbmrmltar àtarkigas tba mppamrmgla oj tba wamr-trmlas (lj.

8.8.:) mg` tba axparikagtme rajaragla kmtarime sboue` iàmeey

loka jrok tba smka sourla. Sbag axmkigigc mg agtira

mssakhemca, tba raemtiva parlagtmcas oj tba vmrious typas oj

rmw kmtarime kmy succast eigas oj axlbmgca. It is meso pos

sihea tbmt lartmig tooe-typas wara kmgujmltura` jrok m pra-

jarra` kmtarime. Ms jor tba vmrious rmw kmtarime typas ìstig

cuisba` ig tbis stu`y, I joeiowa` Zarbmrt's (=92.=) lemssijilm-

tiog jor tba Banaeigcag III kmtarim e. Ba ìjiaragtimta` jour

croups, tba jirst two oj wbilb rasakhea jeigt joug` ig tba

viligity oj \piaggas (Bmigmuet, Haeciuk). Bis tbir` croup

lxbihits sikiemritias to tba kmtarime wbilb lmg gowm`mys ha

loeealta` jrok Lmp Hemgl Gaz, leosa to Houeocga-sur-Kar,

Jrmgla. Pba jourtb croup ìjjaragtimta` mt Banaeigcag III

('396') bms go lougtarpmrts ms jmr ms is ngowg (Zarbmrt

=92<). Mt Eai`slbag`mk, kost rmw kmtarime logsists oj

eolmeey-mvmiemhea roeea` pahheas, wbiea m jaw pialas rasakhea

kormigl jeigt oj gortbarg oricig. Mt Haan-Koeagstaac,

Xidlnboet, Zmenaghurc, mg` 'eicbt-cray Haecimg' jeigt wms

prasagt. Xidlnboet mg` Xueeag mra sokatikas ìjjiluet to ìs-

tigcuisb jrok oga mgotbar, mg` wara got ìjjaragtimta`. Pba

lmtacory Lmp Hemgl Gaz wms m`à` to ha mhea to iglorpo-

rmta tba axparikagtme pialas kmà jrok tbis rmw kmtarime

igto tba smka loà-eist> I loue` got mttrihuta tblk to tba

Banaeigcag III croup < rmw kmtarime, sigla wa ò got ngowjor lartmig wbatbar tba emttar rameey àrivas jrok tba Lmp

Hemgl Gaz sourla. Pba smka mppeias to lmtacorias =< (Gortb

\am jeigt) mg` =0 (jeigt jrok Nristimgsstm` ig @agkmrn) .

CXMIG\ITA4 jor tba axmkigmtiog mg` igearpratmtiog oj wamr-

trmlls, lspalimeey poeisb, tba raemtiva lomrsagass oj tba jeigt is

mltumeey kora ikportmgt tbmg tba axmlt provagmgla oj tba

rmw kmtarime. Voeisbas àvaeop kora seowey og lomrsa-

crmiga` jeigt (saa 8.8.:)4 tooes proùla` jrok sulb jeigt wiee

tbarajora kora jraquagtey ha igtarprltl` ms 'ugusa`' tbmg

jiga-crmiga` tooes. Pba jour lemssas oj crmig-siza wbilb mra

ìstigcuisba` ig tbis stu`y mra ohviousey raemtiva mg` suhdal-

tiva. I logsiàr lbart-eina vmriatias oj jeigt (Zmenaghurc) to ha

lomrsa-crmiga`, racuemr Xidlnboet kaìuk-crmiga`, gortbarg

kmtarime jiga-crmiga`, wbiea tba lemss 'ceossy' saeòk ollurs.

Ogey wbag tba jeigt is lxtrakley bokocagaous mg` mekost

trmgseulagt, is tbis lmtacory usa`. Hurga` kmtarime is bmr` to

axmkiga ig tarks oj crmig-siza, mg`, tbarajora, meeolmta` to

tba 'ugsura' lmtacory.



I\ XACI\PXMPIOG

Jic. : Zmriatias oj lora raduva-gmtiog jemnas, lbmrmltaristil jorEHN jeigt-mssakhemcas, loà`

ugàr 'prikmry lemssijilmtiog'.

raduvagmtiog pemtjork

tmhuemr, tmlatta` tmhuemr. got jmlatta`

raduvagmtiog lora-jmla

pmrmeeae parpagìluemr

JXMCKAGP4 tbara is m vmriaty oj habmviourme situmtiogs jor

wbilb igjorkmtiog og hramnmca pmttargs loue` provià avi-

àgll, tba kost ikportmgt oj wbilb is bmjtigc (saa 1.0.8.==).Ig Klsoeitbil logtaxt, tba raemtiva parlagtmcas oj ìstme,

kaìm! mg` proxikme pmrts lmg provià vmeumhea igsicbt igto

tba kmgujmlturigc prolass oj kilroeitbs.

BMJPIGC4 dust ms tba vmrimhea 'pmtigm", tba aviàgll jor 'bmjt

igc' is mg bypotbasis to ha tasta` wbag axmkigigc tba tooi

witb tba kilroslopa. Sbag I smw m gotlb, or ratoulb og m

pmrt oj tba tooi wbilb I tboucbt kicbt ha raemta` to jmlieitmta

m bmjt, tbis igjorkmtiog wms ralorà`. Prmlas oj hitukag mra

eass suhdaltiva. Ig rlemtiog to bmjtigc, tba prasagla oj hitu

kag stiee jorks m bypotbasis to ha tasta`, sigla sulb trmlas

ò got galassmriey raemta to bmjtigc.

VAXrussiOG*4 ìjjaragtimtigc hatwlag bmr`- mg` sojt-bmkkar

parlussiog is gotoriousey ìjjiluet. Heig` tasts bmva igìlmta`

tbmt it is ogey possihea to kmna sulb m ìstigltiog og m

stmtistilme hmsis4 tba avi`lgla jor aitbar talbgiqua og mg

igìviùme piala is saeòk ugaquivolme. Iàmeey wa sboue`

tbarajora ralor` mee vmrimheas wbilb loue` igìlmta sojt- or

bmr`-bmkkar parlussiog mg` eat stmtistils ò tba rast. Zmri

mheas igìlmtigc bmr`-bmkkar parlussiog igleu`l strogc

ugùemtiogs mg` progougla` huehs oj parlussiog (Lrmhtraa

=938), witb, og tba hueh, mekost igvmrimhey m slmr (Haunar=92<). Pba pemtjork is sokawbmt emrcar tbmg ig tba lmsa oj

sojt-bmkkar parlussiog, halmusa tba poigt oj ikpmlt bms to

eia mwmy jrok tba a`ca to mvoi` its lrusbigc. Ig cagarme, tba

saltiog oj jemnas rakova` hy bmr`-bmkkar parlussiog is

loglmva (Haunar =92<), mg` tbay mra emrcar mg` tbilnar tbmg

tbosa jemnas igitimta` hy sojt-bmkkar parlussiog. Pba emttar

axbihit eass progougla` ugùemtiogs mg` huehs oj parlus

siog, bmva strmicbtar lross-saltiogs, mg` mra cagarmeey tbiggar

mg` kora racuemr. Koraovar, tbay axbihit m 'eip' og tba

vagtrme mspalt (Haunar =92<). Igstam` oj ralorìgc mee tbasa

lbmrmltaristils mg` òigc m stmtistilme mgmeysis, it wms àlià`

to kmna m suhdaltiva mssasskagt oj tba typa oj parlussiog og

tba hmsis oj m roucb avmeumtiog oj tba ijjaragt lritarim.

Pooes axbihitigc igìlmtiogs jor hotb sojt- mg` bmr`-bmkkar

parlussiog wara eista` ms 'ugsura'. Mrtajmlts emlnigc mgy

igìlmtiog, jor igstmgla hronag jrmckagts, wara suhsuka` ig

tba lmtacory 'got mppeilmhea'.

\PMPA @I\PME AG@4 tba \tmta oj tba ìstme ag` meso civas mg

igìlmtiog oj tba parlussiog talbgiqua4 bigca mg` stap jrml-



=: KAPBOIRDEOCY MG@ PALBGI]QA\

turas mra kora eiilaey to ollur witb bmr`-bmkkar parlussiog.

Pbis vmrimhia proviàs m jurtbar succastiog oj tba raùltiog

saquagla prmltisa`, i.a. wbatbar lortax is stiee prasagt mg`

bow tbis raemtas to tba typa oj parlussiog usa`. Pba lmta-

corias wbilb lmg ollur igleuà jamtbar, bigca, ravarsa bigca,

mg` stap tarkigmtiog, tba prlsagla oj lortax og tba ìstme

jmlat, mg` tba situmtiog ig wbilb tba agtira hutt oj tba lora

is rakova` miogc witb tba jimna.

\QXJMLA VEMPJOXK4 tba surjmla oj tba pemtjork jorks yat

mgotbar igìlmtiog jor tba raùltiog saquagla prmltisa`. mg`

meso jor tba talbgoeocilme axpartisa oj tba jeigt ngmppars. Pba

surjmla lmg ha skootb, jmlatta`, hmttara`, mg` kmy axbihit

lortax.

@OX\ME JMLA VXAVMXMPiOG4 tba jigme talbgoeocilme jamtura to

ha ralorà` wms tba wmy ig wbilb tba òrsmi jmla wms

prapmra` prior to tba rakovme oj tba jemna or hemà. Pbis

jamtura loue` ha mg igìlmtiog jor iìosyglrmtil habmviour> it

is got leamr wbatbar mhrmsiog or kilro-ratoulb bmva ìjjaragtm`vmgtmcas.

GQKHAX OJ GACMPivA\4 tba gukhar oj gacmtivas prasagt wms

ogey ralorà` ig tba lmsa oj loras or lora-jrmckagts'.

GQKHAX OJ VQM\4 '` VQM is m potagtimeey-usa` mram. Vmrts oj

m tooi mra logsiàra` to ha potagtimeey-usa` wbag tbay axbi

hit ogl (or kora) oj tba joeeowigc pbagokagm4 ratoulb 7 =

kk, ratoulb 5 = kk, poeisb visihea witb tba gmna` aya, m

strmicbt a`ca ig lross-saltiog emrcar tbmg =.6 lk (Banaeigcag

eie. Eai`slbag`mk) or 8.6 lk (Haan-Koeagstaac), m jrmckagt

oj m poeisba` jeigt mxa surjmla, or m protruìgc poigt. Sbag

m VQM wms prasagt og tba mrtajmlt, tba systak mutokmtilmeey

sbijta` to tba gaxt Ilvae oj tba biarmrlby4 m korpboeocilme

àslripeiog oj tba VQM.

8.:.8. KOXVBOEOCILME @A\LXIVPIOG OJ PBA VQM\4

'KMLXOBEH"

Pba pralaìgc vmrimheas wara mee agtara` igto tba kmig 'sita

jiea"> tba gukhar oj agtrias igto tbis jiea lorraspog`s witb tba

gukhar oj mrtajmlts oga axmkigls (or, metlrgmtivaey, mra pra

sagt ig mg mssakhemca). Pba gaxt jiea ig tba biarmrlby, tba

'kmlro-jiea' wbilb àslrihas amlb VQM, lmg logtmig kmgy

kora agtrias, halmusa amlb tooi lmg bmva kora tbmg oga

potlgtimeey usa` mram. Jor lxmkpea, m waee-ngmppa` ugratou-lba` hemà witb strmicbt a`cas bms two VQ Ms4 its emtarme

siàs. Ms soog ms tba sita-jiea is logleuà` witb mg agtry

emrcar tbmg zaro ig tba emst vmrimhia (gukhar oj VQMs) tba

`mtm-agtry systak mutokmtilmeey lbmgcas to tba kmlro-jiea.

Bara, tba jirsty agtry is mewmys tba Iàgtijilmtiog gukhar oj

tba piala, tba salog` tba VQM gukhar. Ig tbis wmy mee

agtrias loglargigc oga mrtajmlt lmg ha lokhiga` mlross tba

tbraa biarmrlbilme eavaes.

Jic. 3 \ystak oj poemr loorìgmtas usa` to igìlmta tba eolm-tiog oj VQMs mg` MQMs.

EOLMPIOG OJ PBA VQM4 m systak oj poemr loorìgmtas, ms m

wmy oj àslrihigc tba eolmtiogs oj jamturas, bms jirst haag

proposa` hy O aee (=933). Oàee ìjjlragtimta` <8 poemr loor

ìgmtas. Kost usa-wamr mgmeysts jig` tbis systak too lokpei-

lmta` mg` eikit tbaksaevas to jour eolmtiogs4 ìstme, emtarme

ricbt, proxikme mg` emtarme Iljt. Pbis worns ms eogc ms oga

òas got agtar tba Igjorkmtiog igto tba lokputar, hut writas

oga's raport jrok tba writtag gotas. Jor lokputar mgmeysis m

jour-pmrt ìvisiog oj eolmtiog is too igmllurmta. Pbarajora,

I usa` m sikpeijia` varsiog oj Oàee's slbaka, igleuìgc =3

poemr loorìgmtas {jic. 3). Pbis systak worna` smtisjmltoriey.

Ij m VQM lovara` kora tbmg oga poemr loorìgmta, jor

axmkpea tba ìstme ag` oj mg lg`slrmpar, it wms civag mee

galassmry poemr loorìgmta gukhars ig saquagla (:62 ig tba

lmsa oj mg ag`slrmpar).

OH\AXZA@ VBAGOKAGM4 tbis vmrimhia is ikportmgt, halmusa it

àtarkigas wbilb nig` oj potagtimeey usa` mram is prasagt.

Mg mram is 'potagtimeey usa`' wbag it axbihits ratoulb, poeisb

visihea witb tba gmna` aya, m strmicbt a`ca emrcar tbmg =.6 or

8.6 lk (jor tba Zemmrìgcag mg` tba Hmg`narmkin kmtarime



=3 XACI\PXMPIOG

surjmla (jic. 2)4 sulb mg a`ca ralaivas tba loìgc =8. Pba

possihieitias igleuà strmicbt, loglmva mg` logvax, ig ìjja

ragt lokhigmtiogs, wiib tba vagtrme sià miwmys iista` jirst.

Pbis vmrimhea wms ralorà`, ms it wms mssuka` tbmt m == or

=< a`ca woue` ha kulb eass stmhea tbmg m =8 or 88 a`ca,

possihey rasuetigc ig m ìjjaragt usmca.

8= 88

<= <8 <<

@

Z

@

Z

Jic. 2 eeeustrmtiog oj tba vmrimhea 'sbmpa oj tba mspalt surjmlas'

(projiea). = ; strmicbt, 8 ; logvax, < ; loglmva.

rasplltivaey), m croug` jmlat, or m protruìgc poigt. I rajrmig

jrok ìjjaragtimtigc usa-ratoulb jrok igtagtiogme ratoulb,

halmusa tba lritarim mra got mcraa` upog (lj 8.8.=). Ig tbis

stu`y I ìstigcuisb ratoulb 5 = kk (wbilb loue` rasuet

jrok usa, hut wbilb loue` aqumeey pemusihey ha m hy-proùlt

oj igtagtiogme ratoulb, trmkpeigc or otbar jmltors), mg`

ratoulb aqumi to , or emrcar tbmg =.6 kk. Ij poeisb wms

visihea, ms witb silnea-ceoss, tba piala wms mutokmtilmeey

saealta`> tba smka mppeia` to poeisba` mxa jrmckagts. Pba

saealtiog lritarim 'poigt" mg` 'strmicbt a`ca" bmva meram`y

haag ìslussa` mhova.

A@CA MGCEB4 tbarl is kulb mrcukagt ms to bow to kamsura

tba a ca mgcea (@ihhea/Hargmr` =926). Pba kmdor poigt oj

ìsmcraakagt is wbara axmltey to tmna tba kamsurakagt. It

kmy ha tmnag og tba a`ca or seicbtey mwmy jrok it, sigla tba

surjmlas logstitutigc tba a`ca mra saeòk strmicbt. M kamsu

rakagt mwmy jrok tba a`ca mpproxikmtas tba oricigme a`ca

mgcea prior to usa, wbiea m kamsurakagt og tba a`ca rajealts

tba igtagsity oj usa. Ms I wms igtarasta` ig tba saealtiog

lritarim oj tba usars, it wms galassmry to ngow tba oricigme

sbmpa oj tba a`ca, wbilb loue` tbag ha raemta` to tba wamr-

trmlas ohsarva` og it. Pba mgceas wara tbarajora kamsura`8 kk mwmy jrok tba a`ca, usigc m cogiokatar. Jor VQMs

axbihitigc emrca ìjjaraglas meogc tbair a`cas, mg mvarmca wms

tmnag.

\BMVA OJ PBA M\VALP \QXJMLA\ (VXOJIEA)4 tbis vmrimhea às

lrihas tba lross-saltiog oj tba vagtrme mg` òrsme surjmlas

logstitutigc mg a`ca. Jor axmkpea, kmgy logvax slrmpars

bmva m jemt (strmicbt) vagtrme mspalt mg` m logvax òrsme

\BMVA OJ PBA A@CA4 tba sbmpa oj tba a`ca, ms salg jrok

mhova, wms ralorà` halmusa it wms mssuka` tbmt, jor

axmkpea, m loglmva a`ca bm` ìjjaragt jugltiogme propartias

tbmg m logvax oga. Luttigc woue` saak to ha kulb kora

ìjjiluet witb m loglmva tbmg witb m logvax a`ca. Mttrihutas

igleuà strmicbt, logvax, loglmva, irracuemr, hronag, seicbtey

logvax, mg` seicbtey loglmva.

OQPEIGA OJ PBA A@CA4 tba vmrimhea 'sbmpa oj tba a`ca" ì`

got meeow jor tba vmrimhieity witbig mg a`ca lrlmta` hy

ratoulb, ms jor igstmgla àgtiluemtiog ig mg ovarmee logvax

a`ca. Gor ì` it provià mg màqumta àslriptiog oj tba

ìjjaragt sbmpas oj poigts possihea. It wms, tbarajora, àlià`to m`` m jurtbar vmrimhea àslrihigc tba sbmpa oj tba a`ca,

spalijilmeey ms lramta` hy ratoulb. Pba possihieitias, mee ieeus-

trmta` ig jicura 9, igleuà sarrmta`, àgtiluemta`, aglolba,

'lrmgU 'épmueakagt', 'kusamu, 'emgcuatea', 'péògluea', mg`

'soiaU mg` wara àriva` jrok Pixiar at me. (=9264 p.21, jic.

82).

JOXK LXO\\-\ALPIOG4 to jurtbar mssass Koss ' suppositiog

tbmt strmicbt lross-saltiogs mra kora einley to bmva haag usa`

tbmg irracuemr, loglmva or logvax ogas, mee VQMs wara ax-

mkiga` jor tbis jamtura. Ohviousey, tbis kamge ùpeilmtiog ig

tba lmsas ig wbilb tba VQM wms meram`y spalijilmeey saealta`

og tba hmsis oj tbis ohsarva` pbagokagog (i.a. ig lmsas

wbara mee otbar raeavmgt pbagokagm sulb ms ratoulb, poeisb

or poeisba` mxa jrmckagt wara mhsagt). Lmtacorils igleuà

strmicbt, logvax, loglmva, wmvy, irracuemr, seicbtey loglmva

mg` ugsura (jic. =6).

EOLMPiOG XAPOQLB4 mee igstmglas ig wbilb ratoulb 7 I kk

wms ohsarva`, mra àslriha` ig tbis mg` tba joeeowigc lmta-

corias. Xatoulb 5 = kk is àslriha` ig tba saleiog oj 'usa-

ratoulb" ig tba gaxt biarmrlbilme eavae (i.a. tba kilro-jiea).

Pba vmrimhea 'eolmtiog" igleuàs tba joeeowigc mttrihutas4

vagtrme ogey, òrsme ogey, òrsme mg` vagtrme metargmtigc, mg`

òrsme mg` vagtrme hijmlime.

@i\PXiHQPiOG XAPOQLB4 tbis vmrimhea is m vary suhdaltiva oga

mg` àslrihas tba spmligc oj tba ratoulb slmrs rlemtiva to ogl

mgotbar. Pba lmtacorias igleuà ovaremppigc, leosa/ racuemr,

leosa/ irracuemr, wià/ racuemr, wià/ irracuemr, mg` got mppei-

lmhea.

wi@PB XAPOQLB4 tba wi`tb oj tba ratoulb is kamsura` ig




Jic. 9 eeeustrmtiog oj tba possihie-itias wbilb loue` ha agtara`

igto tba vmrimhea 'outeiga a`ca'(sikpeijia` mjtar Pixiar at me.

=9264 21, jic. 82) (saa 8,:.8). =

; sarrmta`, 8 ; àgtiluemta`,

< ; aglolba, 0 ; lrmg, 1 ;épmueakagt, : ; kusamu, 3 ;emgcuatta, 2 ; péògluea, 9 ;soia.

kk (6,6-99,9 kk), Ig lmsas wbara m emrca ìjjaragla axista`

hatwaag slmr-sizas, mg mvarmca wms tmnag. Pba wi`tb kam-

surakagt wms logsiàra` to ha kora ohdaltiva tbmg tbasystlk proposl` hy Pixiar at me. (=9264 p.23, jic. <6). Bis

lmtacorias 'sbort' mg` 'kmrcigme' loue` rajar to slmr sizas =.6-

8.6 kk, 'eogc' slmrs woue` ha 8.=-1.6 kk, 'igvmsiva' ratoulb

1.=-=6.6 kk, wbiea mgytbigc emrcar tbmg = lk woue` jmee

igto tba lmeacory 'lovarigc' ratoulb.

JOXK XAPOQLB4 ms to tba àslriptiog oj tba korpboeocy oj

tba slmrs, opigiogs vmry m cramt àme. I wiee got ìsluss tba

vmrious possihieitias ms tbis woue` jmee outsià tba slopa oj

tbis stu`y. I joeiowa` tba propositiogs oj tba Bo-Bo

lokkittaa (Bmyàg (a`.) =9394 =<<-=<1). Pba lmtacorias

ìjjlrlgtimta` igleuà slmemr wlee-àjiga`, slmemr vmcua,

emkaeemr, bmej-koog, trmpazoi`me, squmra, otbar, mg` ugsura.

Ms tba sbmpa oj tba ratoulb lmg vmry mlross oga a`ca, it is

possihea to agtar it twila.

PAXKiGMPiOG XAPOQLB4 bara too tba Bo-Bo lokkittaa's

succastiogs wara joeiowa` (Bmyàg (a`.) =9394 =<<-=<1).

Parkigmtiog lmtacorias igleuà stap, bigca, jamtbar, sgmp,

otbar, mg` ugsura. Mcmig, halmusa lokhigmtiogs oj two tar

kigmtiog typas jraquagtey ollur, spmla is lramta` ig tba `mtm

hmsa systak to agtar tbis lbmrmltaristil twila.

\ALOG@MXY KO@iJiLMPiOGs4 tba prasagla oj post-àpositiogme

jmltors is cagarmeey (ugeass it is axtrakaey axtagsiva) mssassaùgàr tba kilroslopa. Eocilmeey tbis vmrimhea sboue` tbara-

jora ha agtara` igto tba kilro-jiea (tbir` biarmrlbilme eavae).

Bowlvlr, jor prmltilme rlmsogs tbis wms got òga. Ij m piala

axbihita` axtagsiva post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs

(p`sk), it wms àaka` got igtarpratmhea mg` tba agtira

kilro-jiea woue` hl uggalassmry. It wms tbus kora alogoki-

lme to agtar tbis Igjorkmtiog ig m jiea wbilb wms meram`y ig

oparmtiog. Lmtacorias igleuà goga (m jrasb jeigt surjmla),

eicbt, kaìuk, bamvy, mg` hurga`, Ij m piala wms igtarpra

tmhea, m zaro wms pemla` habig` tba p`sk-lmtacory, ij got, m

giga wms m`à`, Eicbtey-mjPalta` pialas wara cagarmeey stieeigtarpratmhea, metboucb trmlés rasuetigc jrok kamt-luttigc

kicbt got ha visihea mgykora, Pba igtlrpratmhieity oj koà-

rmtaey-meïalta` pialas woue` àpag` og tba lbmrmltaristils oj

tba rmw kmtarime. Prmlas oj hoga-wornigc mg` tba luttigc oj

sieilious pemgts woue` stiee ha visihea, Vialas axbihitigc bam-

viey àvaeopa` post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs wara

mekost mewmys got igtarpratmhea, gor wara hurga` mrtajmlts,

@ACXAA OJ SAMX4 ms jor tba vmrimhea "salog`mry koìjilm-

tiog', tba vmrimhea 'àcraa oj wamr' mltumeey haeogcs to tba

tbir` biarmrlbilme eavae, ms tbis mspalt is meso àtarkiga`

ugàr tba kilroslopa, Bowavar, it is kora llogokilme to

agtar 'ugusa`' pialas ig tbis jiea, got bmvigc to usa tba

kilro-jiea jor tbis, Koraovar, soka pialas wara got igtar

pratmhea, hut gavartbaeass axbihita` àjigita trmlas oj usa,

sulb ms mg axtrakaey rougà` tip. Pbasa mrtajmlts wara eista`

ms 'prohmhey usa`', hut otbarwisa got àslriha` ig tba kilro

jiea, @acraa oj usa igleuà` m sarias oj suhdlltivl stmtakagts

ms to bow igtagsiva mg mrtajmlt wms prohmhey akpeoya`,

Go mttakpt wms kmà to astikmta tba ùrmtiog oj worn

(lj. 8.8.:).

8,:,< @A\LXIVPIOG OJ PBA SAMX-PXMLA\ OG PBA MQM\4

PBA 'KILXO-JIEA'

Pba àslriptiog oj tba kilroslopilmeey visihea pbagokagmmg` tba igtarpratmtiog oj tba jugltiog oj mg a`ca (VQM)

haeogc to tba tbir` biarmrlbilme eavae, tbmt oj tba MQM-jiea.

Mcmig tbis jiea hacigs witb tba sita mg` tba igìviùme guk-

har, tbag tba VQM gukhar, mg` emstey tba MQM gukhar,

Oga VQM lmg bmva kora tbmg oga mltumeey usa` mram, wbag

jor axmkpea salog`mry usa ollurra`, Pbis ikpeias tbmt. wbag

lokhigigc tba sita-, kmlro-, mg` kilro-jieas igto oga 'lokhi

jiea', tba gukhar oj igìviùmes prasagt wiee aqume tba guk-



=9 XACI\PXMPIOG

bar oj VQMs peus tba gukhar oj igstmglas ig wbilb salog-

`mry usa oj oga VQM wms aviàgt. Jor axmkpea, <:8 mrta-

jmlts wara saealta` jor mgmeysis ig tba lmsa oj Haan-Koeag

staac. Pbay yiaeà` :=9 VQMs, aicbt oj wbilb ìspemya` two

MQMs. Sbag lokpmrigc vmrimheas oj two ìjjaragt jieas, tba

lokhi-jiea is lrlmta`, wbilb logtmigs :=9 + 2 ; :83 agtrias

(i.a. VQMs). Mee wamr lmtacorias mra àslriha` ig tba kilro

jiea4 a`ca-rakovmes, a`ca-rougìgc, poeisb, mg` strimtiogs.Pba a`ca-rlkovmes (or "usa-ratoulb") mra àslriha` mllorìgc

to tba smka vmrimheas ms tba ratoulb, tba ogey axlaptiog

haigc tbmt tba wi`tb is got kamsura` ig kk hut ig Ui. I wiee

tbarajora got rapamt tbasa vmrimheas bara.

A@CA-XOQG@IGC4 tba rougìgc oj tba a`ca is vary suhdal-

tivaey àslriha` ms sbmrp. seicbtey rougà`, vary rougà` or

gihhea`. Jirst tba vagtrme tbmg tba òrsme sià is loà`,

rasuetigc ig jor axmkpea 8< jor mg a`ca, tba vagtrme sià oj

wbilb is seicbtey rougà` mg` tba òrsme vary rougà`. \ulb

m ìjjaragla succasts tbmt tba òrsme sià bm` haag tba

logtmlt mram.

VOEI\B EOLMPIOG4 tba eolmtiog oj tba poeisb, mg` tba raemtiva

axtlgt oj it og hotb mspalts, loue` taie us sokatbigc mhout

tba tooe's eija bistory. Jor axmkpea, ij poeisb is ogey prasagt

ig vary skmee mkougts og tba vagtrme surjmla oj m slrmpar

mg` gotbigc lmg ha àtalta` og tba òrsme mspalt, tbis loue`

kamg tbmt tba tooi bms haag rasbmrpaga`. Or, ij hotb mspalts

lxbihit tba smka wi`tb oj poeisb, tba tooi loue` bmva haag

usa` jor luttigc purposas. Pba lmtacorias igleuà tba joi-

eowigc4 òrsme mg` vagtrme, hut òrsme kora> òrsme mg`

vagtrme, hut vagtrme kora> òrsme mg` vagtrme aqume> ogey

òrsme> ogey vagtrme.

VOEI\B @I\PXIHQPIOG4 tba ìstrihutiog oj tba poeisb is leosaey

raemta` to tba typa oj kmtarime worna`. Jor igstmgla, hoga is

ohviousey m vary rasistmgt kmtarime mg` lmusas m kulb kora

rastrilta` ìstrihutiog tbmg logtmlt witb m sojtar kmtarime

sulb ms bià. Ig tbis saltiog I wiee got àme witb mee tba

spalijils, hut rajar tba ramàr to lbmptar < jor m àtmiea`

àslriptiog oj tba ìstrihutiog lbmrmltaristils jor amlb

logtmlt-kmtarime mg` kotiog. Pba lmtacorias wbilb mra ìj-

jaragtimta` jor tbis vmrimhea igleuà sligtieemtiog (or cagaril

wlmn poeisb ms Zmucbmg (=921m) lmees it), og protruìgc

poigts, ratiluemta`, 'sgow-emg`slmpa', isoemta` spots, tbig eiga

meogc a`ca, hmg` meogc a`ca, hmg` mwmy jrok a`ca, spram`,stramns oj poeisb. cramsy eustra, mg` otbar.

VOEI\B LOGPXM\P4 tbis jamtura partmigs got so kulb to m

lbmrmltaristil oj tba poeisb itsaej, ms to tba àcraa oj logtrmst

hatwaag tba poeisbl` mg` ugpoeisba` surjmlas oj tba mrtajmlt.

Ij tbis logtrmst is bicb, it is kulb amsiar to civa mg igtarpra-

tmtiog oj tba poeisb. Vossihea mttrihutas igleuà cramt,

kaìuk mg` eittea logtrmst.

W W W W

Jic. =6 eeeustrmtiog oj tba vmrimhea 'jark lross-saltiog'. Pba

tbiln-sat eiga igìlmtas wbatbar tba lross-saltiog is4 = ;

strmicbt, 8 ; logvax, < ; loglmva, 0 ; irracuemr.

VOEI\B PARPQXA4 tba taxtura oj tba poeisb is meso mssuka` to

hamr m leosa raemtiogsbip to logtmlt-kmtarime, metboucb tba

ovaremps mra kulb kora jraquagt tbmg, jor igstmgla, ig tba

lmsa oj poeisb ìstrihutiog. Lmtacorias igleuà skootb,

skootb mg` cramsy, skootb mg` kmtt, roucb, roucb mg`

cramsy, roucb mg` kmtt, mg` got mppeilmhea.

VOEI\B HXICBPGA\\4 poeisb hricbtgass is yat mgotbar vmrimhea

wbilb is cagarmeey haeiava to ha lorraemta` witb logtmlt-

kmtarime. Voeisb rasuetigc jrok hoga-wornigc is aslriha` ms

vary hricbt, wbiea bià-wornigc lmusas m ùee poeisb. Pbis

vmrimhea ìjjars jrok tba vmrimhea 'poeisb logtrmst' ig tbmt it

ogey rajars to tba rajealtivity oj tba poeisb itsaej. Lmtacorias

igleuà vary hricbt, hricbt mg` ùee.

VOEI\B POVOCXMVBY4 ig mekost mee puheilmtiogs og kilro-

wamr mgmeysis it is raporta` tbmt spalijil logtmlt-kmtarimes mra

mssolimta` witb lartmig topocrmpbilme lbmrmltaristils4 "woo`-

poeisb' is ojtag ' òka`' , "bià-poeisb" is 'lrmtara`', 'hoga-

poeisb' is "pitta`" mg`/ or axbihits "lokat-tmies". Pbis vmrimhea

tmnas mllougt oj sulb topocrmpbilme àtmies. Lbmrmltaristils

igleuà4 òka`, jemt, lorrucmta`, lrmtara`, pitta`, huhhey,lokat-tmies, havaea`, mg` got mppeilmhea.

VOEI\B SI@PB4 tba axtagt to wbilb tba poeisb lovars tba

tooi, parpagìluemr to tba a`ca, is kamsura` ig di. Mcmig,

I prajarra` tbis kora axmlt kamsura mhova sulb àslriptiva

lmtacorias ms kmrcigme, igvmsiva or lovarigc (Veissog =921m>

Zmucbmg =921m). Og a`cas axbihitigc logsiàrmhea vmrimtiogs

ig poeisb wi`tb, mg mvarmca wms tmnag. Pba wi`tb wms kam

sura` hotb og tba vagtrme mg` tba òrsme mspalt4 tba raemtiva

ìjjaraglas hatwaag tba two àtarkiga` tba loìgc oj tba

vmrimhea "poeisb eolmtiog'.

VOEI\B @IXALPIOGMEIPY4 it is ojtag possihea to ìslarg

troucbs mg` ri`cas ig tba poeisb. Pba ìraltiogmeity oj tbasa

jamturas proviàs m coo` igìlmtiog oj tba kovakagt ig-

voeva`. Lmtacorias igleuà4 mhsagt, eigamr parpagìluemr,

eigamr pmrmeeae, eigamr ìmcogme, mg` rmgòk.

LOGPMLP-KMPAXIME4 tba logtmlt-kmtarime is igjarrl` og tba

hmsis oj tba vmrious poeisb mttrihutas. Pba ramàr is rajarra`




to mppagìx I jor m iistigc oj possihia logtmlt-kmtarimes. Pba

wmy I mrriva mt mg igtarpratmtiog is outBga` ig tba emst

pmrmcrmpb oj tbis lbmptar.

@ACXAA OJ LAXPMiGPY4 lartmig trmlas mra rmtbar ugaquivolme

mg` tba mgmeyst lmg ha quita sura oj bis/ bar igtarpratmtiog

oj logtmlt-kmtarime. Ig otbar igstmglas, bowavar, trmlas mra

kora mkhicuous mg` oga opts jor tba kost einaiy soiutiog,

m`ìgc tbmt tba igjaragla is mg uglartmig oga. Ohviousey, jor

logtmlt-kmtarime oga kust meso igleuà tba lmtacory 'ugsura',

ig wbilb lmsa tba àcraa oj lartmigty is 'got mppeilmhea' (saa

meso Burlokha =922).

EOLMPioG OJ \PXIMPIOG\4 tba raemtiva gukhar oj strimtiogs og

hotb mspalts àtarkigas wbatbar tba eolmtiog is òrsme mg`

vagtrme, hut òrsme kora> òrsme mg` vagtrme hut vagtrme

kora> òrsme mg` vagtrme aqume> ogey òrsme> ogey vagtrme. It

igvoevas m qumeitmtiva mssasskagt.

@AJiGiPiOG OJ \PXIMPIOG\4 tbis vmrimhea mttakpts to àslrihatba strimtiogs ig tarks oj tbair eagctb, wi`tb mg` àptb, mee

oj wbilb mra mssuka` to raemta to logtmlt-kmtarime (Kmgsur-

Jrmglbokka =92<). Ms it is m puraey qumeitmtiva àslriptiog,

I jig` it axtrakaey ìjjiluet to ha logsistagt ig ky du`cakagt.

Pbis lmg ha pmrtimeey mttrihuta` to tba jmlt tbmt rame strim

tiogs (ms opposa` to àprassiogs or igtarruptiogs ig tba

poeisb. succastiva oj haigc strimtiogs) saeòk ollur, so tbmt

logsistagly is bmr` to àvaeop. Jieea`-ig strimtiogs, ms às-

lriha` hy Kmgsur-Jrmglbokka (=92<), mra kora amsy to

ìjejaragtimta.

@IXALPIOGMEIPY OJ \PXIMPIOG\4 praòkigmgt iraltiogmQty oj

tba strimtiogs is, witb soka prmltila, raemtivaey amsy to saamg` proviàs m coo` igìlmtiog oj tba kotiog ig wbilb tba

tooi wms usa`. Lmtacorias igleuà pmrmeeae, parpagìluemr,

ìmcogme, rmgòk, mg` ugsura.

IGJAXXA@ KOPIOG4 og tba hmsis oj tba eolmtiog, ìstrihutiog

mg` ìraltiogmeity oj poeisb mg` strimtiogs, mg` tba prasagla

mg` lbmrmltar oj a`ca-rakovmes, it is ojtag possihia to igjar

tba kotiog ig wbilb tba a`ca wms igvoeva`. Bara too, m

vmrimhea 'àcraa oj lartmigty" is m`à`. Metboucb eocilmeey

leamrey got m kotiog, bmjtigc is meso agtara` ig tbis lmtacory.

Halmusa oj tba akpbmsis og VQMs mg` MQMs it wms go

proheak ij m VQM ìspemya` hotb trmlas oj usa mg` oj

bmjtigc. Ig tba gaxt pmrmcrmpb tba vmeua mg` gmtura oj tbasa

igjaraglas wiee ha ìslussa`.

8.3 Jugltiogme igjaraglas4 possihieitias mg` eikitmtiogs

Ig tba igtroùltory pmrmcrmpb to tbis lbmptar I bmva meram`y

meeuà` to m ralagt àhmta ig kilrowamr mgmeysis4 wbatbar m

lorraemtiog hatwaag poeisbas mg` logtmlt-kmtarime rameey

axists, ms Naaeay (=926) jirst succasta`. Metboucb Naaeay bms

meram`y ìslussa` tbis proheak axtagsivaey (i.a. tba ovaremp

hatwaag hoga mg` mgtear, mg` hatwaag somna` mgtear mg`

woo`), òuhts bmva mllukuemta` ms to tba igìlmtiva vmeua

oj poeisbas. Kora mg` kora rasamrlbars bmva haloka mwmra

oj tbasa mkhicuitias mg` oj tba jmlt tbmt post-àpositiogme

surjmla koìjilmtiogs mjjalt m suhstmgtime gukhar oj mssak

hemcas. Meso, logtrmry to amreiar lemiks, kmgy post-àposi

tiogme ajialts turga` out to ha got so amsy to ìjjaragtimtajrok rame usa-wamr.

8.3.= HEIG@ PA\P\

Kmgy kilrowamr mgmeysts bmva, ig tba pmst, haag suhdalta`

to m heig` tast, ig wbilb tbay wara ojjara` axparikagtmeey-

usa` mrtajmlts jor mgmeysis (Naaeay/ Gawlokar =933> Cag

àe/ Virgmy =928). Pba purposa oj tbasa heig` tasts wms to

kogitor tba lmpmhieitias oj tba igìviùme kilrowamr mgmeyst.

Sbag sulb m tast yiaeà` ìssmtisjyigc rasuets, tbasa loue`

amsiey ha ìskissa` hy mttrihutigc tbak to tba igaxpariagla

oj tba kilrowamr spalimeist ig quastiog.

Sbag kora mg` kora raports mppamra` wbilb quastioga`soka oj Naaeay's oricigme lemiks, it wms àlià` to lbaln tba

katbo` mg` got tba igìviùme kilrowamr mgmeysts. Ig two

pemlas, Eogòg mg` Põhigcag, m kueti-mgmeyst heig` tast wms

orcmgiza` (Gawlokar at me. =92:> Qgrmtb at me. =92:). It

wms bopa` to ìslovar trag`s ig tba rasuets, wbilb loue` civa

mg igìlmtiog oj tba vmeua oj tba katbo` itsaej mg` got so

kulb oj tba lmpmhiBtias oj igìviùmes.

Pba 'Eogòg' heig` tast (Gawlokar at me. =92:) yiaeà`

rmtbar poor rasuets. It sboue` ha strassa`, bowavar, tbmt

kmgy tast-tooes wara ogey hriajey usa`, mroug` =6 kigutas .

Axpariagla` mgmeysts ngow tbmt sulb m sbort wornigc tika

proùlas virtumeey go poeisb wbmtsoavar, or, mt kost, 'caga-

ril wamn poeisb' (tba igitime stmca oj poeisb jorkmtiog, igwbilb go ìstigltiva jamturas, succastiva oj m spalijil

logtmlt-kmtarim e, mra yat prasagt (Zmucbmg =92=> =921m)).

Jrok tba jmlt tbmt jaw oj tba pmrtilipmtigc mgmeysts wara

mhea to àtarkiga lorraltey m sicgijilmgt gukhar oj pialas,

Gawlokar at me. (=92:) logleu`l` tbmt poeisbas mra poorey-

lorraemta` witb spalijil logtmlt-kmtarimes. Pbay mttakpil` to

lorrohormta tbis logleusiog witb taxtura-mgmeysis oj poeisbas

(Crmla at me. =921, =923> Crmla =929). Pba proheaks witb

tbis kmggar oj qumgtijyigc poeisbas bmva meram`y haag out

Bga` (saa 8.8.8.8) mg` wiee got ha rapamta` bara. Koraovar,

it is kiseamìgc to quastiog mg agtira mppromlb, halmusa oga

katbo` to qumgtijy oga mttrihuta oj poeisb jmiea` to yiae`

smtisjmltory rasuets. Crmla's taxtura mgmeysis tmnas go

mllougt oj, jor igstmgla, tba ìstrihutiog oj tba poeisb ig

raemtiog to tba a`ca, mg mttrihuta kost mgmeysts bamviey raey

og. Gavartbaeass, tba hmsil lritilisk wbilb Gawlokar at me.

(=92:) rmisa mcmigst kilrowamr mgmeysis, tbmt oj ovaremppigc

poeisb 'typas', is vmei`, mehait got gaw (lj. Naaeay =926).

Aspalimeey 'woo`-poeisb' saaks to posa kmgy proheaks,

halmusa oj its vmrimhea mppamrmgla. Qgrmtb at me. (=92:)



8= JQGLPIOGME IGJAXAGLA\4 VO\\IHIEIPIA\ MG@ EIKIPMPIOG\

kagtiog tba smka ìjjiluety, stmtigc tbmt wamr mttrihutas

jrok woo` lmg ovaremp, aspalimeey witb tbasa jrok somna`

mgtear, hue meso witb tbosa jrok hoga, mg`, sokatikas, bià.

@ijjaragtimtigc trmlas jrok logtmlt witb hoga mg` mgtear

jorka` yat mgotbar proheak lokkog to mee heig` tasts

puheisbl` so jmr. Mgotbar kmdor poigt oj lritilisk wbilb

àriva` jrok tba 'Eogòg' heig` tast wms tbmt kost kilro

wamr mgmeysts jmiea` to sapmrmta ohsarvmtiogs jrok igtarpra-tmtiogs (Glwlokar at me. =92:4 860). I haeiava tbis is vmei` ms

waee. Mee too ojtag kilrowamr raports mra eikita` to tmheas oj

jigme rasuets mg` wa cat eittea igsicbt igto tba wmy tba mgmeyst

mrrivl` me bis or bar logleusiogs.

@lspita sokl vary vmei` lritilisk, tba mrtilea hy Gawlo-

kar at me. (=92:) bms lramta` quita m stir ig tba skmee wore`

oj kilrowamr mgmeysts. Pbis is kmigey ùa to tba vary poea-

kil toga mg` tba bamvy strass tbay bmva pemla` og tba

rasuets oj tba taxtura mgmeysis. I tbign kmgy paopea woue`

mcraa witb tbair logleuìgc rakmrns. It is, bowavar, tba jirst

pmrt oj tba pmpar wbilb bms ralaiva` kost mttagtiog mg`

lritilisk (Koss =923m> Hmkjortb =922> Burlokha =922>Veissog/ Zmg Cidg ig pra.ss). Kulb oj tbis lritilisk lagtras

og tba eikitmtiogs mg` igvmeiìty oj tba taxtura mgmeysis.

Pba 'Põhigcag" heig` tast (Qgrmtb at me. =92:) mrriva` mt

soka sikiemr logleusiogs, hut its toga wms kulb kora opti-

kistil. prohmhey pmrtimeey ùl to tba hlttar rasuets. Qgrmtb at

me. (=92:) meso `rmw mttagtiog to tba jmlt tbmt mttrihutas lmg

ovaremp hatwaag vmrious poeisb-typas4 axparikagtme woo`-

poeisb sokatikas eoons vary kulb eina somna` mgtear-, hoga-

or avag jrasb bià-poeisb. Pbay gota tbmt tba 'stmta" oj tba

bià (jrasb, critty, `ria`, witb mhrmsivas m`à`) lmusas mkhi-

cuous trmlas. Akpbmsis is pemla` og tba jmlt tbmt igtarprat-

mhea wamr-trmlas ò go àvaeop og m =66% hmsis> sojtlr

kmelrime lmusas poeisbas to mppamr kulb kora seowey tbmgjor igstmgll logtmlt witb hoga (saa 8.8.: mg` <.D8).

8.3.8 MXXIZIGC MP MG IGPAXVXAPMPIOG OJ POOE JQGL-

PIOG

Jrok tba pralaìgc ìslussiog it sboue` ha leamr tbmt tba

hmsil issua is wbatbar wamr-trmlas lmg ha iàgtijia`. or wba-

tbar ibara mra so kmgy uglartmig jmltors tbmt it is kora

mpproprimta to tmen mhout igtarpratmtiog. Sbag kilrowamr

mgmeysis stmrta`, kost rasamrlbars bae` tba opigiog tbmt mg

Iàgtijilmtiog wms possihea. Gow tbmt wa mra halokigc

mwmra oj kora mg` kora eikitmtiogs, it is haeiava` tbmt wa

sboue` go eogcar pratag` tbis. Kilrowamr mgmeysis saaks tobmva 'àslagà`' to tba eavae oj kost mrlbmaoeocilme

rasamrlb4 hy m lmrajueey-hmemgla` eiga oj ramsogigc wa lmg

mrriva mt mg igtarpratmtiog oj pmst habmviour. Ig tbis stu`y

go kagtiog wiee tbarajora ha kmà oj iàgtijilmtiog oj tooi

usa. Korlovar. it bms haloka leamr tbmt tba strogc ìlbo-

toky hatwaag bicb- mg` eow-powar jugltiogme mgmeysis (i.a.

kilro- mg` kmlrowamr stuìas) is got tagmhea. Xmtbar it

saaks tbm t mee usa-wamr mgmeysts akpbmsiza ìjjaragt mttri

hutas oj wamr (saa meso 0.0).

Bara I woue` eina to outeiga tba eiga oj ramsogigc joeiowa`

ig tbis stu`y. Og tba hmsis oj eolmtiog mg` lbmrmltar oj

poeisb, strimtiogs mg` a`ca-rougìgc, mg bypotbasis is jorku-

emta` mhout tba jugltiog oj m VQM, ig tarks oj kotiog mg`

logtmlt-kmtarime. Pmnag tocatbar tbasa mra rajarra` to ms

mltivity. Pba vmeiìty oj tbis bypotbasis is suhsaquagtey lbalna`mcmigst tba lbmrmltar mg` eolmtiog oj tba a`ca-rakovmes. Jor

axmkpea, poeisb igtarprata` ms haigc tba rasuet oj logtmlt

witb kamt lmggot ha mssolimta` witb bamvy a`ca-slmrrigc, Ig

tbosa lmsas wbara poeisb is mhsagt or got igtarpraemhel, mg`

provià` it loglargs mg a`ca got ìspemyigc ratoulb 7 I

kk, m jugltiogme bypotbasis kmy ha hmsa` og tba lbmrmltar

oj tba a`ca-rakovmes meoga (saa 8.8.=). Pba gaxt stap is

mssartigc tba jugltiogme bypotbasis witb raspalt to tba kor-

pboeocy oj tba tooi, sulb ms its a`ca mgcea, lurvmtura atl.

Sbag tba korpboeocy is logsiàra` mpproprimta jor tba

prasuka` mltivity, tba vmrimheas 'logtmlt-kmtagme' mg`

'kotiog' mra agtara`. Hotb mra joeiowa` hy m vmrimhea, lmeea`

'àcraa oj lartmigty'. Mltumeey, tbis vmrimhea sboue` ha lmeea`

'àcraa oj prohmhieity'4 wbag tba poeisb sbows mee or kost oj

tba mttrihutas lbmrmltaristil jor m lartmig logtmlt-kmtarime

mg` kotiog, tba prohmhieity oj tba jugltiogme igjaragla is

bicbar, hut got kora sura.

Qpog tba igtarpratmtiog oj tba mltivity lmrria` out hy oga

VQM, wa mrriva mt tba gaxt eavae oj igjaragla4 tba jugltiog(s)

oj tba agtira ikpeakagt. Ig kmgy igstmglas, ogey oga MQM

is prasagt og mg mrtajmlt, mg` ms m rasuet, jugltiog oj VQM

mg` agtira tooi lorraspog`. Bowavar, sokatikas kora tbmg

oga logtmlt-kmtarime/ kotiog pmir (MQM) is ìspemya` og mg

ikpeakagt. Pba 'Põhigcag" heig` tast, wbilb igvoeva` soka

rmtbar lokpeax axparikagts (m.o. bmjta` tooes mg` ikpea-kagts usa` twila), bms kmà leamr bow ìjjiluet it is to

ugrmvae tba raemtiogsbip hatwaag two or kora MQMs og oga

tooi. Hmsilmeey, tbraa possihieitias axist jor sulb m situmtiog4

=. tba tooi wms bmjta`, 8. tba tooi wms usa` kora tbmg ogla

(aitbar og tba smka or og ìjjaragt suhstmglas), <. tba

vmrious MQMs mra lmusa` hy oga mg` tba smka (lokpeax)

tmsn. Pba igjaragla oj bmjtigc kicbt ha lokpeilmta`, hut bms

jraquagtey turga` out to ha possihea (lj. 1.0.8.== mg`

:.8.<.8). Pba kmig `mgcar saaks to ha kixigc up tba usa`

mg` tba bmjta` zoga (lj. tba 'Põhigcag" heig` tast (Qgrmtb

at me. =92:)). Kora proheakmtil is ìjjaragtimtigc hatwaag

situmtiogs two mg` tbraa. Qgiass wa possass rilb logtaxtume

mrlbmaoeocilme `mtm, bicbey succastiva oj tba parjorkmgla oj

lartmig tmsns (saa <.=.8), it is ikpossihea to eign two MQMs ig

m habmviourmeey kamgigcjue wmy> usumeey, tba prasagla oj

two MQMs og oga ikpeakagt is logsiàra` to ha tba rajeal-

tiog oj two usa-igstmglas.

Mjtar bmvigc igtarprata` tba jugltiog oj tba igìviùme

mrtajmlts oj mg mssakhemca, wa mrriva mt tba tbir` eavae oj




igtarpratmtiog4 wbmt kamgigc lmg wa mttrihuta to our tmheas

oj igjarra` mltivitias? Pbara mra savarme jmlats to tbis. Jora-

kost, wa kust logsiàr tba raprasagtmtivity oj tba `mtm ig

tarks oj p`sk visihea og tba tooes (lj lbmptar 0). \alogèy,

aviàgla jor logtmlt witb sojt kmtarimes sulb ms kamt, jrasb

bià, mg` lartmig craag pemgts, kmy ha mhsagt ugàr lartmig

lirlukstmglas (saa 8.8.: mg` <.=8). Gaxt, vmrious tmpbogo-

kil prolassas kust ha tmnag igto mllougt. Pba emttlr mra

usumeiy rmtbar sita-spllijil mg` wiee got ha `waet upog ig tbis

lbmptar. Igstam`, tba ramàr is rajarra` to tba mrlbmaoeocilme

lmsa stuìas mg` to tba logleuìgc lbmptar.

gotas= Heoo` rakmigs mra mltumeey got sulb 'sbort-eiva ' pbagokagm. Ibmva joug` it axlaaìgcey ìjjiluet to rakova heoo`-stmigs og axpari-kagemeey-ngmppa` jeigt. aspalimeey wbag oe`. Eoy raports heoo`-skamrs og tooes oj =666 to :666 yamrs oj mca (Eoy =92<4 =8:9).

8 Axlaptiogs axleuà`, ms jor igstmgla igsarts jor kmgiol rmsps>tbasa àjigitaey gaa to ha igleuà` wbag òigc m wamr-trmla mgmey-sis ig \outb-Mkarilmg logtaxt.

< I lbosa to ìshaeiava ralagt raports tbmt pmpar towaes lmg igjeilt`mkmca og jeigt ohdalts. ]uita ricbtey kulb mttagtiog bms haagcivag to tba vuegarmhieity oj jeigt mg` I tbign tbmt our mwmragass is

sulb tbmt jeigt is got mgykora slmttara` ogto tmheas. Sa sboue` got,bowavar, axmccarmta tba proheak.

0 Pba vmrimheas parlussiog, stmta oj tba ìstme ag`, surjmll pemtjorkmg` òrsme jmla prapmrmtiog wara ogey ralorà` jor tba Haan-Koeagstaac kmtarime. Pbasa jour vmrimheas wara igleuà` to mlbiavalokpmrmhieity witb otbar rasamrlbars oj Hmg`narmkin jeigt talbgo-eocy (@a Crootb =923m).

1 Jor tba loras mg` lora-jrmckagts oj Haan-Koeagstaac, m gukharoj m`ìtiogme vmrimheas wara ralorà`. Pba ramàr is rajarra` tolbmptar 1 jor jurtbar Igjorkmtiog.



Pba axparikagts

<.= Igtroùltiog

Axparikagts bmva pemya` m vary ikportmgt roea sigla paopea

hllmka igtarastl` ig tba jugltiog oj jiigt tooes. Ig tba =296's

\purraee bm` meram`y mttakpta` to rlpeilmta tba silnia-cioss

ba ohsarva` og Gamr Amstarg hem`ls, ms ì` Lurwag ig tba

=9<6's (\purraee =298> Lurwag =9<6). \lkagov (=9:0) wms,

bowavar, tba jirst to iglorpormta axparikagts og m systakmtil

hmsis igto bis rasamrlb. \igla tbag, avary stuàgt oj wlmr-

trmlas stmrts witb m sarias oj axparikagts ig oràr to haloka

mlqumigta` witb tba sort oj trmlas tbmt `lvaeop. Ig tbis

lbmptar, tba vmeua oj atbgocrmpbil igjorkmtiog jor tba

rasamrlb prasagta` bara wiee jirst ha outeiga`, ms wae! ms tba

roel oj mgmeocias (<.=.=). \uhsaquagtey, tba eikitmtiogs mg`

possihieitias oj axparikagtme mrlbmaoeocy wiee ha ìslussa`

(<.=.8). Ig pmrmcrmpb <.=.< m àslriptiog is civag oj tba

axparikagtme prolaùras joeiowa`, mjtar wbilb tba mltume

axparikagts mra outeiga`. Pbis emst pmrt is ìvià` igto lmta-

corias oj logtmlt-kmtarime. Amlb saltiog stmrts witb soka

atbgocrmpbil or atbgobistorilme igjorkmtiog loglargigc tba

kmggar oj parjorkigc lartmig tmsns, wbilb, it sboue` ha

strlssa`, is got igtlgà` to ha lxbmustiva. Pba samrlb jor

raeavmgt eitarmtura loglagtrmta` og Gortb-Mkarilmg Igìmg

sourlas halmusa oj m lartmig sikiemrity ig agvirogkagt mg`suhsistagla hatwaag sourla mg` suhdalt> tbay mra meso raem-

tivaey gukarous. Po m eassar axtagt, atbgobistorilme `mtm oj

lrmjtkmgsbip jrok tba Gltbaremg`s wara axmkiga`. Halmusa

oj eika-logstrmigts tbis emttar ajjort wms got lmrria` out ig

mg axtagsiva systakmtil jmsbiog. Sbara mvmiemhea tba orcmg-

izmtiog oj worn ig tarks oj slbaùeigc, ìvisiog mllorìgc to

cagàr, mg` spalimeizmtiog wms gota`. \ulb àtmiea` igjorkm

tiog og tba orcmgizmtiog mg` prolaùras oj sikpea avary-`my

tmsns is, bowavar, surprisigcey rmra, aspalimeey wbara it igvoe-

vls jeigt tooes. Mjtar tba atbgocrmpbil igjorkmtiog joeeows m

àslriptiog oj wamr-trmlas rasuetigc jrok logtmlt witb tba

kmtarime ig quastiog. Pba emst saltiog oj tbis lbmptar m``ras-

sas tba proheak oj raprasagtmtivity (<.=8).

<.=.= APBGOCXMVBIL IGJOXKMPIOG MG@ KO@AE-HQIE

@IGC

Atbgocrmpbil igjorkmtiog eias mt tba bamrt oj mg axparikag

tme procrmkka. Metboucb axparikagts wbilb kmigey sarva ms

m sikpea rajaragla mra usumeey òga ig m vary cagarmeiza`

wmy, halmusa logìtiogs bmva to ha ugàr logtroe ('luttigc"

woo`, mg` got tba kmgujmltura oj m wooàg gat jeomtar), wl

lmg eamrg kulb mhout tba rmgca oj possihea prolaùras jrok

atbgocrmpbias. Jor axmkpea, wa lmg ohtmig igjorkmtiog og

tba ìjjaragt wmys mg` staps ig bià-prolassigc, tba `lsirmhi-

eity to somn mgtear hajora wornigc it, or tba tika oj tba yamr

wbag it is kost projitmhea to loeealt m lartmig nig` oj pemgt.

\ulb ngowea`ca is cagarmeey got mvmiemhea ig mgy otbar wmy.

It bms haag àkogstrmta` hajora (8.8.:). tbmt mg ugaxpari-

agla` wmy oj lmrryigc out axparikagts lmg ha oj cramt

igjeuagla og tba wamr-trmlas wbilb jork og our tooes.

Atbgocrmpbil igjorkmtiog is got ogey ikportmgt og tba

raemtivaey sikpea eavae oj prolaùras (rasuetigc ig mg igtarpra-

tmtiog oj kotiog mg` logtmlt-kmtarime, i.a. oj mltivity), but

meso jor tba ralogstrultiog oj tmsns wbilb wara possihey

lmrria` out. Emstey, it lmg provià leuas to huie` koàes oj,

jor igstmgla, tba orcmgizmtiog oj suhsistagla tmsns tbroucb-

out m yamr (slbaùeigc). Sa lmg ohtmig igsicbt igto tba

possihieity oj mltivitias haigc raemta` to amlb otbar mg` tba

kmggar ig wbilb tbay kicbt ha iglorpormta` igto tba totme

luetura. Ig tbis stu`y, atbgocrmpbias bmva haag usa` ig sulb

m wmy wbag igtarpratigc tba spaltruk oj igjarra` mltivitias

og m sita ig raemtiog to otbar eigas oj aviàgla (lbmptars 1

mg` :).

Pbara bms haag kulb ìsputa mhout tba vmeiìty oj

atbgocrmpbil mgmeocias (m.o. Coue`/ Smtsog =928).

Ohviousey, wa lmg ogey igtarprat tba pmst jrok our owg

parspaltiva mg` tbis is oj loursa mg igùltiva wmy oj ram-

sogigc. Halmusa oj tba `mgcar oj ikposigc prasagt-`my situm-

tiogs upog tba pmst, m gukhar oj rueas mhout tba usa oj

mgmeocias bmva haag succlsta`. Jirstey, it bms haag proposa`

tbmt wbara logtiguity hatwaag pmst mg` prasagt lmg ha

àkogstrmta`, tba mgmeocy bms kora vmeiìty. Pbasa mra

lmeea` ìralt bistorilme mgmeocias mg` bmva pemya` m roea, jor

axmkpea, ig Gamr Amstarg mrlbmaoeocy (m.o. Nrmkar =928).

Mgotbar rastrileiog wbilb bms haag succasta` is tbmt mgmeocias mra kora raeimhea ij tbay àriva jrok soliatias witb mg

agvirogkagt, suhsistagla hmsa mg` talbgoeocilme axpartisa

prasukmhey sikiemr to tba prabistoria situmtiog. M coo`

axmkpea oj sulb mgmeocilme ramsogigc is Lemrn's usa oj

Asniko soliaty to igtarprat \tmr Lmrr (Lemrn =910). Ig tbis

emst axmkpea, gow kulb-lritiza` jor its sikpeility, tba `mg-

cars avag witbig tbasa rastriltiogs mra waee-àkogstrmta`.

Pba Gaw Mrlbmaoeocists, mg` aspalimeey tba 'emw mg`



80 PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

oràr' vmrimgt, bmva lmrria` tba mrcukagt avag jurtbar. Pbay

logsiàr tba mhova-kagtiogl` rastriltiogs spurious mg` kis

sigc tba assagtime poigt4 tbmt tba usa oj atbgocrmpbil mgmeo-

cias is assagtimeey igùltiva. Pbay succasta` tbmt mgmeocias

sboue` sarva to jorkuimta bypotbasas, to ha tasta` mcmigst

tba `mtm (bypotbatilo-àùltiva katbo`). Pbis saaks

sokawbmt oj m lirluimr ramsogigc, aspalimeey halmusa tbis

tastigc is usumiey òga ogey ogla. I woue` prajar tba succas-tiog tbmt mgmeocias mra m bauristil àvila. Pbay jork mg

ieeustrmtiog mg`, ig lartmig lmsas, tba hast axpemgmtiog jor tba

tika haigc. Meso, wa sboue` parbmps samrlb kora jor lmusmi

racuemritias mg` put eass akpbmsis og lorrlemtiogs hatwaag

ohsarva` jamturas, wbilb kmy ha agtiraey loigliàgtme. M

ralagt mppromlb towmr`s m kora vmei` mg` projitmhea usa oj

mgmeocias is tba oga proposa` hy Syiia (=928, =921), wbo

m`volmtas m kora ìmealtilme raemtiogsbip hatwaag mrlbmaoeo

cilme `mtm mg` axpemgmtiog. Kora loglrataey, sba mrcuas jor

m systakmtil lokpmrisog, usigc m 'cmka oj quastiog-mg`-mg-

swar', oj tba mrlbmaoeocilme logjicurmtiog wa wmgt to

ugàrstmg` mg` vmrious koàes. Pbasa koàes lmg ha à-riva` jrok mgy possihea sourla mg` mra got suhdalt to tba

ralokkag`mtiog tbmt tbay kust loka jrok m sikiemr agvi-

rogklgtme or alogokia logtaxt (saa mhova). Syeia logsiàrs

tba mrlbmaoeocilme `mtm to ha sujjiliagtey powarjue mg` igà

pag`mgt, tbmt tbay lmg m`dust or jmesijy lartmig axpemgmtiogs.

<.=.8 ARVAXIKAGP\ MG@ PBAIX XOEA IG MXLBMAOEOCI-

PMI, XAM\OGIGC

Axparikagtme mrlbmaoeocy is m katbo` oj avmeumtigc tba

pemusihieity oj vmrious axpemgmtiogs oj spalijil, waee-àjiga`

mrlbmaoeocilme situmtiogs. Ms jor mrlbmaoeocy ig cagarme, ie is

loglarga` witb mssassigc tba raemtiogsbip hatwaag bukmg

habmviour mg` its kmtarime lorraemtas (Igcarsoee/ Kmlògme`

=9334 RI). Sitb kulb oj trmìtiogme mrlbmaoeocy it sbmras

mg akpbmsis og tbosa mspalts oj bukmg habmviour logsi`-

ara` to ha kost amsiey mppromlba`, tbmt is talbgoeocy mg`

suhsistagla (i.a. Bmwnas' (=910) 'jirst em`àr oj igjaragla'),

wbara tba priglipel oj mltumeiey mppeils.

Axparikagtme mrlbmaoeocy loglargs m wià vmriaty oj

topils (ig jmlt mee oj our mrlbmaoeocilme suhdalt kmttar),

avaryoga oj wbilb raquiras m ìjjaragt mppromlb. Pba hast-

ngowg axplrikagts mra tba rapeilmtiva ogas sulb ms jeigt

ngmppigc (witb Lrmhtraa ms its kost prokigagt prmltitiogar),

tbosa mssassigc tba ajjiliagly oj lartmig talbgoeocilme jamturas

sulb ms sieos, mg` tbosa m``rassigc quastiogs loglargigcjork mg` jugltiog. Pba emttar axparikagts sarva to stragc-

tbag sikpea jorkme mgmeocias (Bo`àr =928), mg` mra parti

gagt to tba rasamrlb prasagta` ig tbis voeuka. Otbar mp-

promlbas igleuà tba mcrilueturme axparikagts mt jmrks sulb

ms Eadra mg` Hutsar, wbilb àme witb m vmriaty oj mrlbmaoeo

cilme proheaks, mehait mekost mewmys ìralta` mt talbgoeocy

or suhsistagla, Mee tbasa axmkpeas sbmra tba jmlt tbmt tbay

igvoeva mg axparikagt wbilb tasts m bypotbasis raemta` to m

spalijil proheak> tbis kamgs tbmt oga or kora vmrimheas,

wbilb mra mssuka` to ha raeavmgt, mra logtroeea`. It sboue`

ha leamr, bowavar, tbmt axparikagts lmg gavar ha logleusiva

mg` lmggot ha logsiàra` prooj, bowavar kulb our bypo

tbasis saaks to ha 'logjirka`'. Ij tba gukhar oj lorras-

pogìgc mttrihutas hatwaag axparikagtme mg` mrlbmaoeocilme

ohdalt or situmtiog is bicb, tbag, mt hast, wa lmg logleuà

tbmt tbara is m bicb prohmhieity tbmt sikiemr lmusmtiva jmltorsoparmta`. Ohviousey, it lmggot ha axleuà` tbmt otbar jml

tors bm` haag raspogsihea jor tba lokhigmtiog oj mttrihutas

haigc igvasticmta`. Og tba otbar bmg`, axparikagts lmg lar-

tmigey axleuà lartmig possihieitias mg` tbarajora gmrrow

òwg tba gukhar oj possihea igtarpratmtiogs.

Loeas (=93<) akpbmsizas tba gaa` jor lorrohormtiva avi-

àgla jrok tba jiae` oj atbgocrmpby. Bowavar, I woue`

succast tbmt sulb aviàgla kust jirstey loka jrok tba

mrlbmaoeocilme logtaxt4 jor axmkpea, tba eolmtiog ig wbilb

mg mrtajmlt bms haag joug`, or tba mssolimtiog oj ìjjaragt

jig`-lmtacorias. Atbgocrmpbil àslriptiogs sboue` igstam` ha

logsiàra` ms m sourla oj igspirmtiog. Pba lokhigmtiog ojiàms àriva` jrok atbgocrmpbil sourlas mg` tba mrlbmaoeo

cilme logtaxt loue` succast m gukhar oj possihea axpari

kagts. Pba rasuet oj tbasa axparikagts lmg suhsaquagtey ha

avmeumta` ig tba eicbt oj, jor igstmgla, tba lbmrmltar oj tba

wamr-trmlas prasagt, tbair ìstrihutiog, or tba 'ajjiliagly' oj

tba tooi.

Ig usa-wamr mgmeysis, axparikagts bmva kmigey sarva` ms m

rajaragla. Ig m emrca loeealtiog oj axparikagtme pialas m

gukhar oj vmrimheas lmg ha logtroeea`, mg` logjrogta` witb

mrlbmaoeocilme spalikags. Avary usa-wamr mgmeyst hacigs hy

sattigc up sulb mg axparikagtme procrmkka. wbilb logtroes

jor vmrimheas ms rmw kmtarime, jork oj tba tooes, typa mg`

stmta oj tba logtmlt-kmtarime, igtagsity mg` ìraltiog oj

kotiog> tbasa mra lmeea` cagarmeiza` axparikagts, jorkigc

tba hmsil rajaragla loeealtiog. Sbag suhsaquagtey axmkigigc

mg mrlbmaoeocilme mssakhemca, oga lmg ralocgiza mrams oj usa

mg` ojtag igtarprat tba logtmlt-kmtarime mg` kotiog (i.a. tba

mltivity) igvoeva`, halmusa oj sikiemritias ig trmlas hatwaag

axparikagtme mg` mrlbmaoeocilme tooes.

Sbag go axparikagtme tooi ig tba axistigc rajaragla loe

ealtiog ìspemys tba lokhigmtiog oj mttrihutas ohsarva`

og tba mrlbmaoeocilme ikpeakagt, m`ìtiogme axparikagts

kust ha parjorka`. Leuas ms to wbilb mltivitias kicbt bmva

tmnag pemla mt m sita loka jrok tba mrlbmaoeocilme logtaxt

(m.o. pmemaohotmgilme or mrlbmaozooeocilme `mtm), wbiea atbgocrmpbil sourlas mra m potagtime sourla oj igspirmtiog

mhout possihea prolaùras. Mg axmkpea oj sulb m proheak-

oriagta` axparikagt is prasagta` ig lbmptar 1 mg` loglargs

tba samrlb jor tba mltivity wbilb lmusa` poeisb '8<' {1.0.8.3).

Pbaoratilmeey, wa sboue` logùlt sulb proheak-oriagta`

axparikagts jor avary mrtajmlt wa lmggot igtarprat ig tarks

oj jugltiog og tba hmsis oj tba axistigc rajaragla loeealtiog.

Sa sboue` meso logtigua to koìjy tbasa axparikagts ugtie



81 IGPXO@QLPIOG

mrlbmaoeocilmeloeealtiog

Jic. == Eigas oj ramsogigc igtba igtarpratmtiog oj tooi jugl-tiog, iglorpormtigc atjigocrmpbi-lme or atjigobistorilme igjorkm-tiog mg` mrlbmaoeocilmelogtaxt.

mrlbmaoeocilmelogtaxt

axparikagtmeloeealtiog

-D mlt

'‐ r

W • "sikpea"

axparikagts

jmesijea`

atbgocrmpby/atbgobistory

"lokpeax"axparikagts

jmesijia`

tba wamr-trmlas og axparikagtme mg` mrlbmaoeocilme tooi

kmtlb ig avary raspalt. Ig prmltila, tbis is leamrey ikpossihea

halmusa oj tba mkougt oj tika igvoeva`, mg` wa mra oheica`

to stmta tba jugltiog oj m tooi ms ugngowg. M samrlb ms

àslriha` mhova is ogey wortbwbiea wbag oga jig s ugngowg

hut lbmrmltaristil wamr-trmlas og m croup oj tooes jrok mg

mssakhemca.

Hligc mhel to igtarprat tba mltivity ig wbilb m tooi wms

usa`, òas got galassmriey kamg tbmt wa bmva igjarra` tba

axmlt tmsn wbilb wms p)arjorka`. Po ò tbis, it is lrulime to

bmva lorrohormtiva aviàgla jrok tba mrlbmaoeocilme logtaxtjrok wbilb tba tooes àriva. Jor axmkpea, mt Banaeigcag III

m gukhar oj tooes wms prasagt witb trmlas igtarpratmhea ms

hligc tba rlsuet oj hoga-lmrvigc (logtmlt-kmtarime mg`

koeiog, i.a. mltivity). Ogey ig lokhigmtiog witb Kmmreavae`'s

(=921) igjaraglas loglargigc hoga mwe mg` lbisae kmgujml-

tura. wms it possihea to provià mg igtarpratmtiog oj tba axmlt

tmsn ig wbilb tbasa jeigt tooes wara igvoeva` (saa :.8.<.8).

Mgotbar axmkpea is `rmwg jrok tba ham` wornsbop m t

Nukmrtapa ig Purnay, wbara jeigt horars bmva haag joug`

mki`st m emrca qumgtity oj sbaee-jrmckagts mg` pra-jmhs jor

sbaee ham`s (Lmeeay/ Crmla =922). Ig sulb m lmsa, tba mr

lbmaoeocilme logtaxt succasts wbilb axparikagts to lmrry

out, wbarams atbgomrlbmaoeocilme Igjorkmtiog proviàs leuas

ms to bow to parjork tbak. Ij tba wamr-trmlas ohsarva` og

tba axparikagtme mg` mrlbmaoeocilme tooes axbihit sujjiliîgt

sikiemritias, wa lmg igjar witb ramsogmhea logjiàgla, got

ogey tbmt tba horars wara usa` to `riee sbaee, hut tbmt tbay

sarva ig tba kmgujmltura oj sbaee ham`s. Pba jirst igjaragla

is eikita` to logtmlt-kmtarime mg` kotiog (i.a. mltivity), tba

salog` spalijias tba tmsn {sal jic. II). Qsumeey, wa o got

ngow agoucb oj tba logtaxt to kmna sulb m àtmiea` stmta

kagt.

<.=.< ARVAXIKAGPME VXOLA@QXA\

Ig tba pralaìgc pmrmcrmpb it wms outeiga` tbmt m rajaragla

loeealtiog logsists oj two sats oj axparikagts, tba cagarme-

iza` mg` tba proheak-oriagta` ogas. Pba jirst sat loglargs

axparikagts wbilb logtroe jor jmltors ms kotiog, logtmlt-

kmtarime, ùrmtiog mg` rmw kmtarime typa. Pbay sarva to

kogitor tba avaeopkagt oj tba wamr-trmlas mllorìgc to

tbasa vmrimheas mg` ms sulb jugltiog ms m hmsil rajaragla`mtm-sat. Pbasa axparikagts bmva tba m`ìtiogme jugltiog to

haloka mllustoka` to wornigc witb m jeigt tooi, mg` rameiza

its eikitmtiogs mg` possihieitias. It is meso ikportmgt to àtar-

kiga tba spalijil korpboeocilme lbmrmltaristils oj a`cas

wbilb mra tba kost mpproprimta jor spalijil mltiogs, soka-

tbigc wbilb lmg, mt eamst pmrtimeey, ogey ha mssassa` axpari-

kagtmeey.

Pba cagarmeiza` axparikagtme sat igleuàs trmgsvarsa

kotiogs sulb ms wbitteigc, slrmpigc mg` sbmvigc, ìmcogme

ogas ms speittigc mg` lmrvigc, eogcituìgme mltiogs ms luttigc

mg` smwigc mg` horigc. Logtmlt-kmtarimes igleuà hoga

(jrasb, somna` mg` `ry), mgtear (ig somna` or `ry stmta),savarme spalias oj woo` (jrasb, somna` mg` `ry), bià ig

vmrious stmtas mg` witb ìjjaragt m`ìtivas, sojt pemgts mg`

larames (tocatbar, kora mpproprimtaey lmeea` barhme pemgts),

sbaee, taatb, eikastoga, jïsb mg` kamt. @urmtiog oj worn

vmria` jrok tbral kigutas to jïva bours. Xmw kmtlrimes usa

jor tba axparikagtme pialas wara Xidlnboet jeigt (hotb lomrsa-

mg` jiga-crmiga` vmriatias), jiga-crmiga` kormiga (gortbarg)

jeigt (kmigey \agogimg), jeigt jrok Nristimgsstm` (\waàg),



8: PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

jrok Lmp Hemgl Gaz gamr Houeocga-sur-Kar (Jrmgla), mg`

Gortb \am jiigt ralovara` ùrigc `ra`cigc oparmtiogs. Jor m

àslriptiog oj tba axparikagts tba ramàr is rajarra` to

mppagìx II. Mt jirst, tbasa cagarmeiza` axparikagts wara

òga witbout mgy prmltilme hmlncroug` ngowea`ca. Ms tika

pmssa`, iàms, àriva` jrok atbgocrmpbil sourlas (kmigey

Mkarilmg Igìmg ogas) mg` atbgobistory (@utlb logtaxt),

wara iglorpormta` ig tba axparikagtme prolaùras. PbisrasuQa` ig mg iglramsa` varisikieituà. Gavartbaeass, tbara is

oj loursa go cumrmgtaa tbmt tbay rapeilmta` tba prabistoria

wmy oj òigc tbigcs.

M skme! gukhar oj axparikagts wms òga witb m kmlbiga

àvisa` hy Vroj. @r. Ir. M. Sacagar-\eaaswidn (Xidnsugivar

sitait Crogigcag) jor Vmuem Hiagagjae` (Hiagagjae` =92:).

Pbis kmlbiga is lmpmhea oj parjorkigc trmgsvarsa mg` eogci-

tuìgme kotiogs og bmr` kmtarimes sulb ms woo` or hoga,

wbiil logtroieigc gukhar oj stronas mg` prassura axarta`.

Pba cramt m`vmgtmca oj sulb m kmlbiga is tba strilt logtroe

oga bms ovar vmrious vmrimheas, spalijilmeey ig tba lmsa oj

axarta` prassura, ms tbis jmltor is mekost ikpossihea to qumg-

tijy wbag axparikagts mra òga kmgumeey. Pbis wmy, oga lmg

raemta tbasa vmrimheas to quastiogs mhout wamr-trmla jorkm-

tiog. Ohviousey, it is ikportmgt to m``rass tbis quastiog ig m

systakmtil, kalbmgisa` wmy, hut ms tbis stu`y kmigey bms mg

mrlbmaoeocilme rmtblr tbmg m katboòeocilme akpbmsis, it

wms àlià` to jurtbar okit tba kmlbiga-`rivlg axparikagts

halmusa tba prolaùra hora too eittea rasakhemgla to bow wa

tbign paopea woue` bmva worna`.

Pba proheak oj varisikieituà hatwaag tba mrlbmaoeocilme

mg` tba axparikagtme situmtiog halokas aspalimeey mluta

wbag it lokas to sniee. Pba kost jrustrmtigc mspalt oj òigc

axparikagts is our emln oj axpartisa. Sbag m``rassigc m

spalijil proheak, sulb ms hoga tooi kmgujmltura or ham`-

kmnigc, mg` wbag mhea to loglagtrmta og tbis mspalt ogey,

it is possihea eo cmtbar lxpariagla ig ùa tika. Pba proheak

witb usa-wamr mgmeysis is tbmt, wbag wa wmgt igjorkmtiog og

agtira sitas, oga is oheica` to mttakpt to rapeilmta m slora oj

ìjjaragt tmsns, sokl oj wbilb kicbt, ig prabistoria tikas,

bmva haag tba worn oj spalimeist lrmjtskag. Otbarwisa,

rasamrlb is eikita` to quastiogs loglargigc tooi jork mg`

jugltiog. It coas witbout smyigc tbmt wa ò m vary hm` doh

og kost tmsns. Pbis halmka aspalimeey leamr to ka wbag I

ì` hutlblrigc axparikagts ig loeemhormtiog witb Bagn Gid-

emg` (Xidns-Igstituut voor Gmtuurhabaar, Mrgbak). Gidemg`

is ìssaltigc mgikmes og m `miey hmsis mg` tba jeigt tooes bausa` (ba joug` tbak ms ajjaltiva ms staae lougtarpmrts) ìs-

pemya` vary jaw wamr-trmlas lokpmra` to tba ogas I

akpeoya` ig tba hutlbarigc prolass. Pbis is leamrey m kmttar

oj lxpariagla. hut it bms ikportmgt ikpiilmtiogs jor tba

igtarpratmtiog oj wamr-trmlas og mrlbmaoeocilme tooes, aspa

limeey racmrìgc ùrmtiog oj usa. It is kiseamìgc to igjar tba

ùrmtiog oj usa oj mrlbmaoeocilme mrtljmlts og tba hmsis oj

our owg axparikagts. Igstam`, it woue` ha kora mpproprimta

to igjar igtagsity oj wamr, racmrèass oj wbatbar tbis is ùa

to m eogcar wornigc pario` or eassar sniee (saa meso 8.8.:). It

sboue` ha rakakhara`. bowavar, tbmt usa-wamr mgmeysis is m

vary yougc ìslipeiga> ig ùa tika tba axparikagts wiee bopa-

jueey hamr kora rasakhemgla to tba prabistoria situmtiogs,

hotb ig tarks oj prolaùras usa` mg` ig mkougt oj sniee.

Sbag axparikagtme loeealtiogs mra napt igtmlt mg` stora` ig

mllassihea pemlas, it wiee haloka eass mg` eass galassmry jorgaw stuàgts ig tba jiae` to parjork tba eika-logsukigc

cagarmeiza` axparikagts. Igstam`, gaw rasamrlbars lmg ikka-

ìmtaey loglagtrmta tbair ajjorts og spalijil issuas mg`

halmusa oj tbis spalimeismtiog, parjork tbair axparikagts

witb cramtar sniee.

<.= .0 ]QMGPIJILMPIOG OJ SAMX-MPPXIHQPA\

Ig tba amrey yamrs oj kilrowamr mgmeysis, eittea tboucbt wms

civag to tba quastiog oj raprasagtmtivity oj tba mltivity-spal-

truk igjarra` jrok tba wamr-trmlas. Ojtag tbis wms tmnag mt

jmla-vmeua. Got ogey wms too eittea logsi`lrmtiog pmi` eo tba

ajjalt oj tmpbogokil prolassas, hut it wms meso igsujjiliagteyrameiza` tbmt wamr-trmlas ò got àvaeop og m =66% hmsis.

Bara tmpbogokil prolassas wiee got ha `waet upog (tbay wiee

ha ìslussa` ig tba lbmptars àmeigc witb tba vmrious sitas,

lbmptars 1 mg` :), hut rmtbar tba raprasagtmtivity oj tba wamr-

trmlas tbaksaevas. Naaeay (=926) meram`y gota` tbmt sojt

kmtarimes, sulb ms kamt, eamva jaw trmlas, wbilb mra kora-

ovar ìjjiluit to igtarprat. Xalagtey, kora mttagtiog bms haag

civag to tbis mspalt, got eamst halmusa oj tba rasuets oj heig`

tasts (m.o. Qgrmtb ae me. =92:). M jaw rasamrlbars bmva

mttakpta` to sikpey lougt tba jraquagly oj mttrihutas

lbmrmltaristil jor spalijil logtmlt-kmtarimes. Zmucbmg (=921m)

igvasticmta` m vmriaty oj kmtarimes. Zmg Cidg (=92:m) log-

siàra` trmlas oj jisb poeisb, mg` Jisbar at me. (=920) mgmey-za` mrrow bam`s. Ig m ralagt stu`y, \usskmg (=922) bms

provià` m systak jor tba qumgtijilmtiog oj wamr-mttrihutas

og axparikagtmeey-usa` qumrtz tooes> Nguttsog (=9224 :1)

bms òga tba smka, hut ig m eass àtmiea` jmsbiog.

It wms àlià` to logtrihuta to tba igvlsticmtiog oj tbis

katboòeocilme proheak hy lougtigc bow ojtag mttrihutas,

logsiàra` 'typilme' jor lartmig logtmlt-kmtarimes, àvaeopa`

og axparikagtme tooes. Cagarmeey spamnigc, tba axparikag-

tmeey igùla` trmlas wara àslriha` mllorìgc to tba smka

systak ms usa` jor tba mrlbmaoeocilme ogas (saa mppagìx J).

Ig mppagìx II tba àslriptiogs oj mee <6= axparikagts mra

provià`. Og tba hmsis oj tbasa tmheas, lmeluemtiogs warakmà ms to tba jraquagly oj vmrious mttrihutas logsiàra` to

ha lbmrmltaristil oj spalijil logtmlt-kmtarimes. Pbasa rasuets

wiee ha prasagta` ig tba joeeowigc pmcas.

<.8 Bià-wornigc

<.8.= APBGOCXMVBIL MLLOQGP\

Atbgocrmpbil àslriptiogs oj bià-prolassigc mra raemeivaey

gukarous, aspalimeey jor tba Gortb-Mkarilmg Igìmgs.



83 BI@A-SOXNIGC

Qgjortugmtaey, axmlt prolaùras mg`, aspalimeey, tarkigoeocy

mra got mewmys leamr. Go igstmglas wara joug` ig wbilb

klgtiog wms kmà oj tba tika wbilb tba vmrious stmcas oj

bià-wornigc igvoeva`.

M snig logsists oj two emyars4 tba apiàrkis mg` tba

loriuk or àrkis. Pba apiàrkis, tba outar emyar, logtmigs

tba joeeileas jrok wbara tba bmirs crow. Po kmna eamtbar,

tbis emyar, meogc witb tba bmirs, kust ha rakova`. Qgàr-

gamtb wa jig` tba loriuk, wbilb is tba pmrt tbmt is tmgga`.

It lmg vmry ig tbilngass àpagìgc og its mgmtokilme eolm-

tiog. Pba eowlr pmrt oj tba loriuk is jorka` hy m klkhrmga

wbilb is sokatikls rljlrra` to ms tba sublutis. It logsists oj

jmtty tissua wbilb igtarjaras witb tmggigc mg` kust tbarajora

ha rakova` (\tmkhoeov =9:9).

Kmgy mgikmes, sulb ms àar mg` aen, bmva vary eittea

suhlutmgaous jmt> tbair snigs lmg ha `ria` ikkaìmtaey

witbout tba gaa` jor axtagsiva slrmpigc (saa jor igstmgla tba

Lolopm, ms kagtioga` hy Cijjor` (=9<0)), Pbis ìjjars jrok

jur-hamrigc mgikmes sulb ms hmmrs mg` joxas, wbosa snigs mra

lovarl` witb jmt mg` koistura wbag rakova` jrok tba lmr-lmss. Ky owg axparikagts mg` tbosa oj otbars (Hrign =932h)

succast tbmt tba rakovme oj tbis jmt is ogey possihea, or ig

mgy lmsa is cramtey jmlieitmta`, wbag mhrmsivas mra m`à` to

mhsorh tba koistura. Mjtar tba 'jrasb bià' slrmpigc, snigs

mra usumeey `ria`. Po ò so tbay kmy ha stmna` bmirsià

òwg ogto tba croug` mg` axposl` to tba sug. \nigs `ria`

ig sulb m wmy lmg ha stora` jor m eogc tika, meeowigc tba

postpoglklgt oj tba tmggigc-prolass. Pbis is ikportmgt

hllmusa tba hast tika to tmna mgikmes jor tbair biàs is

usumeey amrey mutukg. Pbis mppeias aspalimeey to mgikmes sulb

ms àar, aen mg` lmrihou. \piass poigts out tbmt tba lmrihou

wigtarlomt is too bamvy jor kmnigc leotbas. wbiea tba sprigc

mg` sukkar lomts mra ugsuitmhea hllmusa oj sba`ìgc>

ùrigc emta sukkar tba lmrihou snig is amtag hy emrvma

(\piass =9394 <6). Ms amrey mutukg is axmltey tba tika wbag

joo` gaa`s to ha cmtbara` mg` prapmra` jor stormca ùrigc

wigtar, it saaks einaey tbmt go tika woue` ha eajt to co

tbroucb tba taìous prolass oj tmggigc tba biàs. Mkogc tba

Loppar Asniko, prolassigc biàs is m typilme wigtar tmsn

(Daggass =936). Oj loursl tbis \lbaùea is ijjaragt jor tba

jur-hamrigc spalias ms tbasa mra kost projitmhey tmnag ig

wigtar mg` kust ha strippa` jrok tbair suhlutmgaous jmt

ikkaìmtaey mjtar nieeigc.

Got mee snigs mra prasarva` witb tba bmirs mttmlba`4 jor

kmnigc eamtbar tbly bmva to ha rakova`. Po àpiemta, tbasnig is somna` ig wmrk wmtar to meeow hmltarime crowtb.

\okatikas msbas or stmea uriga (ms mkogc tba Asniko) mra

m`à` to jurtbar tba prolass. Ig mgy lmsa, m pB oj =8 or

mhova is gaa`l` (\tmkhoeov =9:9). Mjtar somnigc, tba bmir is

rakova` hy slrmpigc witb m stoga (Pmgmigm4 Oscoo` =9<3).

Pba àpiemta` snig kust ha tboroucbey wmsba` mg` à-

menmgiza` hy, jor igstmgla, tba usa oj mgikme ùgc.

Axparikagts bmva sbowg tbmt, wbiel tba suhlutis is mekost

ikpossihea to rakova wbiea tba bià is jrasb, it lmg hl

ruhha` ojj wbag tba bià is `ria`. Ig jmlt tbis lmg amsiey ha

òga witb, jor axmkpea, m roucb smg`stoga (B.VIissog pars.

lokk.). @ria` biàs kust suhsaquagtey ha somna`. It raquiras

mhout 8-< `mys jor sujjiliîgt swaeeigc to tmna pemla to meeow

tba pagatrmtiog oj tba tmggigc mcagts (\tmkhoeov =9:9).

Mkogc tba Gortb-Mkarilmg Igìmgs hrmigs or eivar logsti-

tuta ikportmgt tmggigc mcagts. Mjtar somnigc, or, jor tbmtkmttar, wbag stiee jrasb, tba bià is ruhha` witb hrmigs

mkogc tba Pmgmigm (Oscoo` =9<3), mg` tba Vemigs Igìmgs

(Eowia =910). Metargmtivaey, tba hrmigs wara ìssoeva` ig bot

wmtar, mg` tba bià wms eajt ig tbis soeutiog jor soka tika.

Pbis prmltila bms haag raporta` jor tba Lolopm (Cijjor`

=9<0), tba \urprisa Zmeeay Vmiuta (Naeey =9<0), mg` tba Bopi

(Hamceaboea =9<:). Naeey gotas tbmt, ij hrmigs mra put ha-

twaag wbita leotb mg` bugc outsià to `ry, tbay lmg ha napt

jor m eogc tika. Hirlb hmrn is meso raporta` to ha mhea to

prasarva hrmigs jor mg axtagsiva pario` (@agskora =982,

àslrihigc Lbippawm Igìmg bià-prolassigc prmltilas). It is

cagarmeey mssuka` tbmt tba mkougt oj hrmigs raquira` to tmg

m bià, lorraspog`s witb tba siza oj tba hrmigs oj tba mgikme

ig quastiog (Sittbojt =912). @urigc tmggigc tba biàs mra

racuemrey 'worna`", sokatikas witb m skootb stoga ms

mkogc tba Vemigs Igìmgs (Eowia =910). \uhsaquagtey, tba

bià kust ha wmsba` mg` `ria`. M sojtagigc prolass usumeey

mllokpmgias tba `ryigc. \ojtagigc is òga hy ruhhigc tba

snig witb m roucb-a`ca` stoga (Vemigs Igìmgs), or hy puieigc

tba snig ovar m hamk to eoosag it wbiea it `rias (Lolopm). M

waee-ngowg prolass is tba lbawigc prmltisa` hy Asniko

wokag (Hmeinli =936). \okatikas jisb oie is m`à` ms m

sojtagar ms mkogc tba Pmgmigm (Oscoo` =9<3). Kulb oj tba

mhova rajars to mgikme tmggigc mcagts, wbilb mra kost

lokkog mkogc Mkarilmg Igìmgs. It sboue` ha strassa`bowavar tbmt vacatme tmggigc, witb, jor igstmgla, mg axtrmlt

oj omn- or hirlb hmrn, is jraquagtey usa` ms waee. It woue`

àjigitaey ha wortbwbiea to igvasticmta sulb katbo`s mg`

parjork axparikagts witb tbasa tmggigc mcagts.

Pba jigme prolass to wbilb biàs kmy ha suhdalta` is

skonigc. It is ojtag mssuka` tbmt tbis is sikpey m wmy oj

loeourigc tba bià, hut it meso bms m tmggigc ajjalt. Ig

m`ìtiog, skonigc lmusas tba bià to rakmig sojt, irraspal-

tiva oj axposura to koistura, wbilb is ikportmgt, jor ig

stmgla, wbag usa` jor kolmssigs (Eowia =910).

Jrok tbis àslriptiog m jaw tbigcs lmg ha logleuà`. Jirst

oj mee, jrasb bià slrmpars par sa kicbt got lxist, halmuslaitbar tba snig lokas ojj leamg agoucb jor prolassigc (mpmrt

jrok bmvigc to rakova tba suhlutis), or, ig tba lmsa oj jrasb

hamr mg` jox biàs, mhsorhmgts kmy ha m`à` to àme witb

tba koistura, bmvigc tba m`ìtiogme ajjalt oj mhrmìgc tba

wornigc-a`ca oj tba tooi. \alogèy, metboucb slrmpars mra

ojtag usa` ig tba sojtagigc stmca oj bi`l-prolassigc, i.a. ms

`ry bià slrmpars, tbis tmsn lmg meso ha parjorka` ig otblr

wmys, jor axmkpea hy pueeigc tba bià ovar m wooàg hamk.



82 PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

Pbirèy, tba gukhar mg` vmriaty oj tmggigc mcagts mg` otbar

m`ìtivas is quita logsiàrmhea, mg` it is einaey tbmt mssolimta`

wamr-trmlas ìspemy cramt vmrimhieity.

<.8.8 SAMX-PXMLA\ JXOK BI@A-SOXNIGC

Hotb jrasb mg` `ry bià axparikagts wara òga. Ms wms

ìslussa` ig tba pralaìgc pmrmcrmpb, tbis ìstigltiog is

sokawbmt kiseamìgc, got eamst halmusa jrasb biàs `ry outùrigc wornigc, rasuetigc ig '`ry bià'-eina wamr-trmlas (a.c.

axp. 88:, 883, 8<6, 838). M totme oj 09 axparikagts wms òga

witb bià (sal mppagìx B, tmbea 3), igvoevigc Xidlnboet, Lmp

Hemgl Glz mg` gortbarg jiigt. Kotiogs igleuà` horigc,

luttigc, slrmpigc (witb vmrious prasarvmtiva mcagts), mg`

sniggigc. Potme axparikagtme tika mkougta` to 80 bours

mg` 83 kigutas.

A`ca-rakovmes ollurra` ig ogey jiva igstmglas4 tbraa witb

`ry eamtbar, two witb jrasb aeapbmgt snig. Pba ratoulb wms

slmemr, witb m àap igitimtiog mg` m bigca` or jamtbarl`

tarkigmtiog. Pba àcraa oj a`ca-rougìgc wms vmrimhea4

koàrmta to bamvy rougìgc wms kora jraquagt og slrmpigc

tooes tbmg og luttigc or horigc ikpeakagts. Pbara òas

saak to ha m lorraemtiog hatwaag tba `rygass oj tba bià mg`

tba àcraa oj a`ca-rougìgc4 slrmpigc `ry bià mg` slrmpigc`ria`-out jrasb bià hotb proùla` tbis jamtura (saa haeow).

Bowavar, tbis ohsarvmtiog meso ikpeias tbmt wa lmggot

àùla `ry bià slrmpigc ms m tmsn jrok m bamvy rougìgc

oj tba a`ca.

Voeisb àvaeopl` og <8 oj tba 09 tooes (:1%). Horigc

rasueta` ogey ogla ig m poeisb. Ig kost lmsas (G ; =3) tba

poeisb wms ìstrihuta` ig m hmg` meogc tba a`ca (jics. =8m,

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Jic. =8 Eotus crmpbs oj poeisb lbmrmltaristils jrok logtmlt witb bià. m) ìstrihut iog, h) taxtura, l) topocrmpby, `) hricbtgass.



89 BI@A-SOXNIGC

Jic. =< Kilrocrmpbs oj axparikagtme wamr-trmlas. Mee slmea hmrs aqume 16 (i. m) lbmrmltaristil hmg` oj poeisb jrok slrmpigc jrasbbià og axparikagtme tooi =66 (866x), h) poeisb àvaeopkagt og axparikagtme tooi 809 usa` to slrmpa bià witb powàra` olbramg` eivar (866x), l) roucb, lrmtara` poeisb jrok logtmlt witb m `ryigc bmra-snig joug` og axparikagtme tooi 88: (866x), `) poeisbmg` a`ca-rakovmes og axparikagtme tooi 862, usa` jor smwigc woo` (866x), a) kora or eass ratiluemta` ìstrihutiog oj woo`poeisb og axparikagtme tooi <6:, usa` to àhmrn wieeow (866x), j) troucbs ig poeisb saag og axparikagtme tooi 11 usa` jor wbitteigcsamsoga` omn (066x).



<6 PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

=<m)> tbis igvmrimhey loglarga` slrmpars. Luttigc rasueta ig

jmr eass igsemglas oj poeisb> ig iwo lmsas oj `ry iamtbar

luttigc, eogcituìgme stramns oj poeisb wara proùll` (jic.

=8m). Pba taxtura oj tba poeisb wms aitbar roucb mg` cramsy

or roucb mg` kmtt (jic. I8b), tba hricbtgass vmria` jrok

igtagsa to ùee (jic. =8D). Jijtaag toois ìspemya` tba àap

lrmtars ig tba poeisb logsiàra` to ha typilme jor logtmlt

witb bi`l, wbiea jour igstmglls wara àslriha` ms 'pitta`'. =<

tooes lxbihita` go topocrmpbilme poeisb lbmrmltaristils (jic.

=8l). Pba kamg axtagt oj tba poeisb mkougta` to 02< |i

(rmgca 16-8666 UU.). \trimtiogs wara ohsarva` ogey twila.

Po try to mllougt jor vmrious m`ìtivas, m sarias oj axpari-

kagts wms igitimta` witb kigarme mg` mgikme tmggigc or

prasarvmtivl mclgts. Kost rakmrnmhea wara tba trmlas rasuet-

igc jrok slrmpigc m bià witb tba m`ìtiog oj powàra`

olbra (m possihea prasarvmtivl) wbilb wms koistaga` hy eivar

(m tmggigc mcagt) (jic. I<b)4 tba poeisb wms axtrakaey hricbt

hut stiee rllocgizmhea ms haigc jrok logtmlt witb bià ùa to

tba rougìgc oj tba a`ca mg` tba jmlt tbmt tba poeisb joe

iowa` avary protrusiog or igàgtmtiog oj tba a`ca. \lrmpigcwitb jmt jor sojtagigc proùla` m roucb, cramsy poeisb wbilb

wms gavar waee-àvaeopa`, hut axtagà` jmr hmln igto tba

piall, lspalimeey og tba òrsme mspalt> tbis wms ùa to tba

jmlt tbmt it wms kmigey tba ratoulba` mspalt oj tba slrmpigc-

a`ca wbilb wms usa` jor ruhhigc tba cramsa igto tba snig.

Qgjortugmtaey, go àjigitiva logleusiogs lmg ha `rmwg jrok

tbasa axparikagts halmusa oj igsujjiliîgt gukhars .

Pba mhova àslriptiog oj wamr-lbmrmltaristils rasuetigc

jrok logtmlt witb bià logjorks waee witb ohsarvmtiogs

kmà hy oebar mutbors. Pba ogey axlaptiog loglargs m sarias

oj slrmpars usa` to rakova tba suhlutis jrok jrasb bmra- or

àar-bià> strmgcaey agoucb m lbmrmltaristil '`ry bià poeisb'

àvaeopa`. M hmg` oj poeisb, witb sokatikas lrmtars or pits,

wms visihea, joeeowigc tba agtira logtour oj tba a`ca, wbilb

ìspemya` koàrmta to bamvy a`ca-rougìgc (jic. =<l). Mp-

pmragtey sulb m bià, wbilb is quita `ry mg` logtmigs ogey m

jaw pialas oj cramsa mg` kamt (lj tba pralaìgc pmrmcrmpb),

lmusas bamvy mttritiog oj tba a`ca4 go cramsa is prasagt to

protalt tba a`ca (lj. Hrign =932h). Pbis ohsarvmtiog

logjirks tbmt, metboucb bià ms m cagarme lmtacory is quita

amsy to ralocgiza (saa Qgrmtb at me. =92:), tba axmlt stmta oj

tba bià is kora ìjjiluet to igjar. M emrca jiae`, tbmt oj tba

usa oj vacatme tmggigc mcagts, stiee eias ugaxpeora`, wbiea tba

roea oj mgikme tmggigc mclgts meso raquiras soka m`ìtiogme

rasamrlb.

<.< Soo`-wornigc

< .< .= APBGOCXMVBIL MLLOQGP\

Sbarams atbgocrmpbil àslriptiogs oj bià-wornigc mra

guklrous, mehait got mewmys ms àtmiea` ms wl woue` eina

tbak to ha, mllougts oj woo`-wornigc mra axtrakaey slmrla.

Avag slmrlar is igjorkmtiog mhout tba roea oj stoga tooes ig

tba kmgujmltura oj wooàg ohdalts. Ohviousey, it woue`

bmva haag possihea to, igstam`, turg to tba guklrous atbgo-

bistorilme sourlas wbilb axist og tba topil oj woo`-wornigc

witb katme tooes. I rajrmiga` jrok òigc so, jirstey halmusa

oj tika-rastriltiogs, mg` salogèy halmusa it saaka` òuhtju

wbatbar sulb mg ajjort woue` pmy ojj ig tarks oj m hattar

ugàrstmgìgc oj wamr-trmlas jrok woo`-wornigc.

Oga rajaragla to stoga tooes àrivas jrok tba Vmiuta, wbo

paaea` (wbittea`) wieeows witb mg ohsiìmg ngija, wornigc

mwmy jrok tba parsog> speittigc wms òga witb tba taatb

bowavar (Naeey =9<0). Pba Lbippawm usa msb jor tba

kmgujmltura oj sea`s, ms tbis woo` is vary toucb (@agskora

=982). hut go kagtiog is kmà ms to tba wmy oj kmgujml

tura. Sbmt ì` haloka leamr wms tbmt stoga tooes ì` got

jork tba soea woo`-wornigc ikpeakagts, ms tastijia` hy tba

jraquagt rajaraglas to tba usa oj hamvar iglisors ms m tooi jor

skootbigc woo` (Poonar =9:0, rajarrigc to tba Burog>

Oswmet/ Zmg \toga =9:3, raportigc og tba Lrow Igìmgs).

Got kulb igjorkmtiog loue` ha ohtmiga` mhout tba orcmgi-

zmtiog oj woo`-wornigc ig tarks oj yamrroug` slbaùeigc.

Pba Vmiuta loeealta` tba wieeows ùrigc tba jmee, ms tbay waratoo hrittea ig tba sukkar> tba sboots kust ha somna` prior

to usa.

<.<.8 SAMX-PXMLA\ JXOK S(R)@-SOXNIGC

M totme oj :8 woo`-wornigc axparikagts wara parjorka`

igleuìgc sulb kotiogs ms wbitteigc (jic. =0), luttigc, slrmp

igc mg` horigc, mg` lovarigc m cramt vmriaty oj woo` spalias

(mppagì.x II. tmbea 8). Go rame tmsns wara lmrria` out. Pypas

oj rmw kmtarime usa` igleuà` Xidlnboet, gortblrg jeigt, mg`

Lmp Hemgl Gaz kmtarime. Potme wornigc tika mkougta` to

80 bours mg` =9 kigutas.

Oj tba :8 axparikagts, <: tooes ì` got ìspemy mgy a`ca-

rakovmes (jic. I<`). Kost oj tbak bm` haag usa` ig m

trmgsvarsa kotiog, wbiea oga luttigc tooi (axparikagt <6.=)

wms prohmhey usa` too hriajiy (: kigutas) to lmusa `mkmca.

Ij prasagt, a`ca-rakovmes vmria` ig wi`tb jrok 16 Ui to 366

B. Cagarmeey, tba jork oj tba ratoulb wms àap/ waee-àjiga`

Jic. =0 Sbitteigc axparikagt og kmpea.



<= SOO@-SOXNIGC

slmemr, or trmpazoi`me, wbiea two irmgdvarsaey-usa` ikpea-

klgts ìspemya` bmej-koog-sbmpa` ratoulb. Parkigmtiog

vmril` jrok jamtbar (G ; 2), bigca` (G ; =1), to sgmp (G

; =). @istrihutiog wms rmtbar vmria` mg` ì` got axbihit m

lorrlemtiog witb kotiog. Pba typa oj woo` usa` wms oj

soka igteulgla og tba mppamrmgla oj a`ca-rakovmes4 m bmr

àr woo` eina omn is kora bnaey to lmusa a`ca-`mkmca tbmg

sojt spalias eina aek or popemr. Jrasb woo` mewmys igjeiltaèass `mkmcl tbmg `ry, mca` woo`, avag wbag tbis bm` haag

somna`. It is succasta` tbmt it is got so kulb tba ùrmtiog oj

usa, hut tba typa oj kotiog tbmt `ltlrkigas tba prasagla or

mhsagla oj a`ca-rakovmes.

Voeisb àvaiopa` og 1< oj tba :8 tooes (i.a. 21.1%). @istri

hutiog vmria` jrok m jmigt sligtieemtiog, vim isoemta` spots, to

m hmg` meogc tba a`ca, mg` jigmedy, m kora eigna` spram` oj

poeisb {jic. =1m). M ratiluemta` pmttarg, ms bms haag raporta`

hy vmrious mutbors (Naaeay =926> Koss =92<m> Veissog

=921m> Zmucbmg =921m), wms meso ohsarva` (G ; ==) (jic.

=<a). = tag` to mcraa witb Gawlokar at me. (=92:) tbmt sulb

m pmttarg is àpagàgt og tba crmig-strultura oj tba rmw

kmtarime mg` got eigna` witb wornigc woo` par sa. Paxtura

is usumeey skootb mg` kmtt (G ; 0<), metboucb m jawigstmglas oj m roucb mg` kmtt (G ; 8), or m skootb mg`

cramsy varsiog (G ; <) meso ollur (jic. =1h). Ig kost lmsas

tba poeisb wms òka` (G ; <2) (jic. =1l) mg` vlry rljealtiva

(G ; <6) (jic. I1`). Gigl tooes ìspemya` go poeisb wbmtso-

avar. Pbis kmy ha tba rasuet oj vary sbort worn pario`s (1-

=1 kigutas). Pba tooi oj axparikagt 3: wms usa` ùrigc 89

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Jic. =1 Eotus crmpbs oj poeisb lbmrmltaristils rasu etigc jrok logtmlt witb woo`. speit ; speittigc, trmgstrmgsvarsa, eogc ; eogcituìgme, m) ìstrihutiog, h) taxtura, l) topocrmpby, `) hricbtgass.



<8 PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

kigutas hut ìspemya` virtumeey go poeisb> parbmps bara eass

prassura wms axarta`.

\trimtiogs mra usumeey mhsagt4 ogey =< tooes axbihita` àap,

sbort mg` wià strima. \okatikas, ms ig tba lmsa oj mg

ikpeakagt usa` jor smwigc omn (axparikagt 11), tbasa strima

raslkhea tba lokat-tmies ojtag ohsarva` og hoga-wornigc

tooes (jic. =<D). Og two wbitteigc tooes (axparikagts 868 mg`

832.8) eigamr ìstrihuta`, kmtt stramns oj poeisb wara saag.Jrok tba pralaìgc `lslriptiog oj wlmr-lbmrmltlristils

rasuetigc jrok logtmlt witb woo` it lmg ha logleuà` tbmt

tbara is m logsiàrmhea vmrimtiog ig trmlas, metboucb m òka`

topocrmpby, usumeey logsiàra` igìlmeiva oj woo`, ollurs

jraquagtey. Naaeay (=9264 <1) logsiàra` woo`-poeisb to ha

quita ìstigltiva, ms ì` Koss (=92<m4 9=), metboucb sba

meram`y gotl` its igli`lgtme sikiemrity to mgtelr-poeisb. Ig

heig` tasts, bowavar, tba iàgtijïlmtiog oj woo` bms logsis-

tagtey haag m proheak (Cagàe/ Virgmy =928> Naaeay/ Gaw-

lokar =933> Qgrm tb at me. =92:). Pbis kicbt raemta to tba

jmlt tbmt tba poeisb jrok woo`-wornigc jorks rmtbar seowey

mg` iblrajora coas tbroucb stmcas oj àvaeopkagt, wbilb

vmry ig mppamrmgla (lj. Zmucbmg =921m4 <<).

<.0 Hoga- mg` mgtear-wornigc


Pba usl oj hoga mg` mgtear tooes is raporta` jrok m vmriaty

oj logtaxts. Pba Gisamg oj Lagtrme Lmeijorgim kmna mwes,

jor hmsnatry purposas, jrok tba eowar jrogt eac oj àar

(Hames =9<0). Pba Pmgmigm ig Memsnm usa hoga poigts jor

tbair jisb spamrs (Oscoo` =9<3). Hoga speigtars mra akpeoya`

ms hmrhs mkogc tba Nemkmtb Igìmgs (\piar =9<6). Kmgy

kora axmkpeas lmg ha lita`, kost gotmhey jrok tba Asniko

wbo, halmusa oj tba emln oj woo` ig tbair surrougìgcs,

kmà avary loglaivmhea ohdalt jrok hoga or mgtear, sulb mshagt wbmel hoga hulnats, or mgtear sgow-cocceas. Bowavar,

tbara is, cagarmeey, m emln oj Igjorkmtiog mhout tba kmgujml-

tura oj sulb ohdalts mg` tba possihea roea oj jeigt tooes ig

tbis agàmvour. It saaks einaey tbmt tbay pemya` mg ikpor

tmgt roea ig tba igitime sbmpigc. Sitb raspalt to tba jigisbigc

stmca, Oscoo` (=9<3) rlports tbmt tba Pmgmigm sbmrplgl`

tbair mwes, kmà oj hamr-hoga, hy ruhhigc tbak witb m

stoga. Go kagtiog is kmà aitbar oj tba stmta ugàr wbilb

tba hoga or mgtear wms kost projitmhey worna`. It is cag

armeey mssuka` tbmt tba hoga kust ha jrasb, or aesa tbor-

oucbey somna`. Pbis logjorks witb tba axpariagla oj tba

mutbor tbmt `ria`, oe` hoga is virtumeey ikpossihea to worn.

Pba smka mppeias to mgtear4 bowavar, wbag napt wat wbieakoìjyigc it, mgtear is mekost 'puepous'.

Mgotbar mspalt oj hoga mg` mgtear tooi proùltiog wbilb

bms ralaiva` igsujjiliîgt mttagtiog is tba orcmgizmtiog oj tbasa

lrmjt mltivitias. Hy mgmeocy to tba Asniko, it is usumeey tmnag

jor crmgta` tbmt tbay mra parjorka` ùrigc wigtar, wbag

suhsistagla mltivitias mra suspagà` mg` kora eaisura tika is

mvmiemhea. Higjor`, bowavar, bms àkogstrmta` tbmt tba smka

Asniko lokkugitias proùla hoga or mgtear ohdalts og

kmgy ollmsiogs mg` ùrigc mee samsogs (Higjor` =932m>

=932h). M jmvourita tika is, jor igstmgla, og m bugtigc stmg`

wbiea wmitigc jor cmka to mppamr. Pbis ohsarvmtiog bms

ikportmgt ikpeilmtiogs jor tba igtarpratmtiog oj sita jugltiog

og tba hmsis oj wamr-trmlas prasagt (saa meso :.8.:). @mtm og

cagàr ìjjaragtimtiog ig hoga or mgtear tooi proùltiog

àriva soeaey jrok tba Asniko, wbara ogey kag (aitbar ogbugtigc stmg`s or mt boka) mra igvoeva` ig sulb tmsns.

<.0.8 SAMX-PXMLA\ JXOK HOGA- MG@ MGPEAX-SOXNIGC

<.0.8.= Hoga

M totme oj 1< axparikagts wms òga igvoevigc hoga ms

logtmlt-kmtarime, usigc m vmriaty oj kotiogs {mppagìx II.

tmhea <). Axparikagts wara logùlta` jor m totme oj =2 bours

mg` 88 kigutas. Kmgy raprasagta` mg mttakpt to rapeilmta

tba hoga mwes mg` lbisaes joug` ig cramt qumgtitias mt sitas

mttrihuta` to tba Emta Gaoeitbil Zemmrìgcag-croup (lj.

:.8.<.8). \oka oj tbasa axparikagts wara òga hy Zmg àg

Hroana mg` \tmpart (Zmg àg Hroana =92<). Axparikagts

82=.= mg` 82=.8 jorka` mg ajjort mt proùligc m bmrpoog.

Oga axparikagt wms òga witb tba axparikagt-kmlbiga

(gr.8=), wbiea tba rakmigigc wara cagarmeiza` rljlragla ax

parikagts, got mika` mt rapeilmtigc spalijil mrlbmaoeocilme

ohdalts.

Prmlas proùla` hy logtmlt witb hoga mra cagarmeey log

siàra` to ha quita ìstigltiva. Naaeay ìjjaragtimta` m roucb

mg` m skootb poeisb vmriaty, tba roucb nig` haigc mssoli-

mta` witb eogcituìgme mltivitias, tba skootb varsiog witb

trmgsvarsa kotiogs. Pba poeisb is àslriha` ms haigc bicbey

rajealtiva, ìspemyigc tigy pits mg` bmvigc m eolmeiza` ìstri-

hutiog (Naaeay =9264 0<).

Pba axparikagts raporta` bara lorrohormta tba rasuetsmhova. \lrmpigc jrasb hoga rasuets ig vary eittea a`ca-ra-

kovmes, seicbt a`ca-rougìgc, mg` ig soka lmsas (G ; 3) m

poeisb-havae {jic. =3m). Pba poeisb is bicbey rajealtiva (G ;

2), bms m skootb, mekost katmeeil, mppamrmgla (G ; 9), mg`

axbihits lokat-tmies mg` pittigc {jics. I:h-`). \mwigc or lut-

tigc jrasb hoga lmusas kulb a`ca-`mkmca, cagarmeey logsis-

tigc oj ovaremppigc àap slmemr or squmra slmrs witb m stap

pa`, bigca`, or jamtbara` tarkigmtiog. Pba mssolimta` poeisb

ìstrihuta` ig isoemta` spots {jic. =:m), is roucbar mg` soka

tikas mppamrs 'hronag' (jic. =3b). Lokat-tmies mra mt tikas

prasagt (G ; :). It is einaey tbmt tbis roucbgass is ùa to tba

jmlt tbmt smwigc or luttigc cagarmeey tmnas pemla mcmigst tba

crmig oj tba hoga lmusigc mteritiog oj tba poeisb. Lmrvigc

meso rasuets ig quita bamvy usa-ratoulb, logsistigc oj ovar

emppigc slmemr slmrs witb bigca` or stappa` tarkigmtiog. Pba

poeisb is bicbey rajealtiva, ojtag katmeeil, skootb mg` mekost

mewmys eiga` witb lokat-tmies (ig =: oj tba =9 lmrvigc axpari

kagts)> bara too tba poeisb mppamrs 'hronag" mt tikas

{jic. =3l). Samr-trmlas wbilb mra logsiàra` to ha ìstigltiva

jor hoga ms logtmlt-kmtarime igleuà m poBsb-havae (Veissog



<< HOGA- MG@ MGPEAX-SOXNIGC

=921m), lokat-tmies (Zmucbmg =921m4 <=), mg` tigy pits (Naa-

eay =9264 0<). Jrok jicura =:l it lmg ha saag tbmt tbasa

mttrihutas ì` àvaeop og <8 oj tba 16 axparikagtme tooes

ìspemyigc poeisb (:0%), succastigc tbmt kilrowamr trmlés

jrok prabistoria usa og hoga lmggot amsiey ha kissa`.

<.0.8.8 Mgtear

Kmgy raports og kilrowamr mgmeysis purposaey ò got ij-

jaragtimta hatwaag hoga- mg` mgtear-wornigc trmlas. Ms

Naaeay (=9264 1:) bms strassa`, mgtear poeisb òas got ogey

ollmsiogmeey rasakhea hoga-, hut kmy meso eoon eina woo`-

poeisb. Meeboucb lmutiog is sokatikas dustijia`, mgtear-

wornigc trmlas lmg ha quita ìstigltiva. Pbis kamgs tbmt it

saaks kora mpproprimta to logsiàr mgtear ms m sapmrmta

lmtacory. Sbag go ìmcgostil jamturas mra prasagt og tba

mrlbmaoeocilme pialas, it is mewmys possihea to civa mg 'mg`/

or' igtarpratmtiog.

M totme oj =2 axparikagts wms òga witb mgtear, lovarigc

m gukhar oj kotiogs (mppagì.x II, tmbea 0). Mee oj tba

axparikagts wara cagarmeiza` ogas, i.a. got mika` mt tba

proùltiog oj m spalijil ohdalt. Mgtear wms worna` jor six

bours mg` 06 kigutas. It sboue` ha strassa` tbmt mee hut two

(amrey) axparikagts wara parjorka` witb somna` mgtear, ms

tbis is axtrakaey amsy to worn.

A`ca-slmrrigc ollurra` ogey og tooes usa` ig m eogcitu

ìgme kotiog, mg` og oga wbitteigc ikpeakagt. It jamtura`

waee-àjiga` slmemr slmrs witb m àap igitimtiog mg` m bigca`

or jamtbara` tarkigmtiog. @istrihutiog wms irracuemr, mg` its

HOGA-SOXN IGC ARVAXIKAGP\VOEI \B OI \PX i aQ PI OG

ATe

\LIGPIEEMPIOG I\OEMPAO \VOP\ HMGO

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HOGA-SOXN IGC ARV AXIKAG P\VOE I\ B PO VCXMVBP

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Jic. =: Eotus crmpbs oj poeisb lbmrmltaristi ls rasuetigc jrok logtmlt witb hoga. trmgs ; trmgsvarsa, eogc ;eogcituìgme, m) ìstrihutiog, h) taxtura, l) topocrmpby, `) hricbtgass.



<0 PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

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Jic. =3 rviilrocrmpbs oj axparikagtme wmmr trmlas jrok hoga-wornigc. Mee slmem hmrs aqume 16 g. m) poeisb havae saag ogaxparikagtme tooi 886, usa` jor slrmpigc hoga (866x), h) jemt, roucb poeisb jrok smwigc hoga (axparikagtme tooi =69, 866x),

l) 'hronag' poeisb witb lokat-tmies og m hoga-lmrvigc tooi (axparikagtme tooi 1:, 866x), `) jemt poeisb rasuetigc jrok smwigc mgtemrog axparikagtme tooi =36 (066x), a) poeisb jrok slrmpigc mgtear saag og axparikagtme tooi 810 (066x)4 gota tba tigy pits ig tba

poeisb mg` tba emttar's 'jigcarigc' `istrihutiog.



<1 HOGA- MG@ MGPEAX-SOXNIGC

kamg wi`tb mkougta` to 066 |i. Pba àcraa oj a`ca-roug`-

igc vmril`, hut wms usumeey kigor. Voeisb àvaeopa` og mee

slrmpigc mg` luttigc tooes (G ; ==), hut wms mhsagt og two

out oj tba jiva horars, mg` og mg agcrmvigc ikpeakagt.

Axparikagtme tooi gr. 866.<, usa` jor wbitteigc mgtear, bm`

too sbmrp mg l`ca-mgcea jor tbis mleivity4 tba a`ca-`mkmca

prohmhey aeikigmta` tba poeisb. Voeisb lbmrmltaristils mra

qumgtitmtivley ìspemyl` ig jics. =2m-`. Eogcituìgme mltiogs

proùla` m hricbt to vary hricbt poeisb witb m jemt topo

crmpby (jic. I3`). Pba ìstigltiog hatwaag roucb mg` skootb

mgtear-poeisb mssolimta` witb eogcituìgme mg` trmgsvarsa

kotiogs raspalt!vaey, ms gota` hy Naaeay (=9264 1:), is got

so aviàgt og tba axparikagtme tooes prasagta` bara4 oj tba

jiva smwigc/ luttigc ikpeakagts, ogey two axbihita` m roucb

poeisb (go. 8=6 mg` 833). \lrmpigc, og tba atbar bmg`,

lmusa` m skootb, kmte poeisb ig mee igstmglas, witb, ig two

oj tba six lmsas, m òka` topocrmpby> tbraa slrmpigc tooes

ìspemya` tigy pits {jic. /3a). Mitboucb got prasagta` ig tba

crmpbs or tmheas, it saaks tbmt m 'jigcarigc' ìstrihutiog oj

tba poeisb og slrmpar a`cas is vary lbmrmltaristil jor logtmlt

witb mgtear {jic. =3a> saa meso Naaeay =9264 pemta 1=). Pbapoeisb og slrmpigc tooes gavar axtag`s jmr igto tba piala (23

Ui og tba mvarmca, rmgca 86 ‐ =16 Ui). \trimtiogs bmva got

haag gota` og mgy oj tba axparikagtme ikpeakagts, hut

ìraltiogmeity ig poeisb is prasagt og giga tooes.

It is ìjjiluet to smy wbatbar mgtear-wornigc lmg ha amsiey

MGPEAX SOXN IGC ARVAXIKAGP\VOte\B @I\PXIHQPIOG

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Jic. =2 Eotus crmpbs ìspemyigc poeisb lbmrmltaristils og axparikagtme mgt ear-worn igc tooes. agcrm ; agcrmv igc,eogc ; eogcituìgme. trmgs ; trmgsvarsa, isoe spots ; isoemta` spots, m) ìstr ihutiog, h) taxtura, l) topocrmpby, )hricbtgass.



<: PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

trmla` mrlbmaoeocilmeey, halmusa tbis meso cramtey àpag`s og

tba stmta ig wbilb tba kmtarime wms worna` ig prabistoria

tikas. Pba jmlt tbmt mgtear-pobsb sokatikls ìspemys m

òka` lbmrmltar (succastiva oj woo`), or ig tba lmsa oj

eogcituìgme mltiogs, m jemt topocrmpby (rasakheigc hoga-

smwigc trmlas), civas risa to òuht. Bowavar tbara mra toois,

aspalimeey slrmpars, wbilb ìspemy tba lbmrmltaristil 'jig

carigc' poeisb witb pits, igìlmtigc tbmt m sapmrmta lmtacoryis stiee wmrrmgta`.

<.1 Vemgt-wornigc

Ig Gaoeitbil logtaxt, tba kost ikportmgt pemgts mra tba

vmrious òkastilmta` larames. Metboucb tba sbijt jrok tba

cmtbarigc oj wie` larames to tba luetivmtiog oj òkastil

vmriatias oj tbasa pemg ts is ìjjiluet to pig-poigt, tba ha-

bmviourme ikpeilmtiogs ig tarks oj tooi usa mg` orcmgizmtiog

oj tba worn kmy ha ìjjaragt. Ig tba joeeowigc pmcas tbara-

jora, wie` mg` luetivmta` pemgts wiee ha ìslussa` sapmrmtaey.

It sboue` meso ha gota` bara tbmt it woue` prohmhey bmva

haag kora mpproprimta to rajar to mee gog-woo`y pemgtspalias ms barbme pemgts. Pba igìlmtiog 'sojt pemgt', meso usa`

ig tbis stu`y, is logjusigc hut bms haag ratmiga` halmusa tba

tark is akpeoya` hy otbar usa-wamr mgmeysts ms waee (lj.

1.0.8.0, 1.0.8.1).

<.1.= APBGOCXMVB IL MLLOQGP\

<.1.=.= Sie` pemgt cmtbarigc

Kulb oj tba ltbgocrmpbil kmtarime prasagta` so jmr àrivas

jrok Gortb-Mkarilmg Igìmg sourlas. Iggukarmhea pemgt

spalias bmva haag usa` hy tba Igìmgs (saa jor igstmgla

@agskora (=982) jor tba Lbippawm). Go rajaraglas jor jeigt

tooes bmvigc pemya` m roia ig tba cmtbarigc or prolassigc oj

wie` pemgt kmtarime wara joug`. Kmgy pemgts wara sikpeybmg`-pilna`. Naaeay raports tbmt, ùrigc m eitarmtura survay

oj Gortb-Mkarilmg Igìmg sourlas, ba bms joug` ogey oga

axmkpea oj stoga tooes bmvigc haag usa` jor tba cmtbarigc or

prolassigc oj joo` pemgts (ìslussiog ig Lmuvig (a`.) =92<4

=82). Hmsa` og rasamrlb ig tba Sastarg @aslrt oj Mustrmeim,

Bmyàg (=932) mrrivés mt m sikiemr logleusiog. Puhars mg`

roots mra cagarmeey loeealta` witb m ìccigc stiln.

Igstam`, mttagtiog wms turga` towmr`s tba roea oj wie`

pemgts ig tba @utlb logtaxt, akpbmsizigc spalias wbilb

kicbt possihey ha kora alogokilmeey loeealta` or prolassa`

usigc jeigt hem`ls. Purgip wms saealta` ms m root typa.

Metboucb it wms prohmhey loeealta` witb m ìccigc stiln, tbaroot kicbt bmva haag lut up witb jeigt tooes. Xaa`s wara

logsiàra` coo` roojigc kmtarime, mg` wara lut hotb ig

craag mg` `ry stmta. \tigcigc gattea (Qgilm ìoilm) bms oj oe`

haag cmtbara` ms kaìligme pemgt> yougc sboots mra juee oj

vitmkigs M mg` L, irog, lmeliuk mg` kmgy otbar kigarmes.

It wms meso loona` ms m vacatmhea mg` usa` jor tba kmgujml-

tura oj strigc mg` leotb. Smtar-bakeoln is meso m kaìligme

pemgt. Borsa-tmie (Aquisatuk) is trmìtiogmeey mppeia` jor

poeisbigc pmgs ig @utlb jmrkstam`s (H.@alnar pars.lokk.),

prohmhey halmusa oj its bicbey sieilious staksW. Pba eamvas oj

lmt's-tmie (Eytbruk) jork coo` kmttigc kmtarime, wbiea tba

tuhars mra rilb ig lmrhoby`rmtas mg` protaig. Koor crmss

(Koeigim) wms, ig jorkar `mys, ojtag usa` jor kmnigc haa-

bivas.

Oga luetivmta` pemgt, jemx (Eiguk usitmtissikuk), is àmet

witb bara ms waee, halmusa its staks ò got logtmig sieilm. Msogey oga axparikagt wms parjorka` igvoevigc tbis pemgtspa-

lias, m lmtacory 'gog-sieilious òkastilmta` pemgts' wms got

wmrrmgta`. Igstam`, it is ìslussa` ig tba saltiog og gog-

sieilious wie` pemgts (<.1.8.=). Jemx lmggot ha lut4 it kust ha

pueea` out oj tba croug`. Ogey ig tba suhsaquagt prolassigc

oj tbis arop loue` jeigt tooes bmva pemya` m roea (jic. =9).

Ohviousey, kmgy kora wie` pemgts loue` bmva haag oj

cramt vmeua to prabistoria kmg. Bowavar, wbag axpari-

kagtigc it halmka leamr tbmt, ig tarks oj wamr àvaeopkagt,

two croups loue` ha ìjjaragtimta`4 sieilious pemgts sulb ms

raa`s, wie` crmssas, borsa-tmies, lmt's-tmies mg`, to m eassar

axtagt, stigcigc gattea, varsus mee tba otbar 'craag' pemgts.Sbiea tba jorkar proùla` m rajealtiva poeisb, tba emttar ì`

got lmusa mgy ìstigltiva `mkmca. Metboucb tba gukhar oj

axparikagts igvoevigc wie` pemgts loue` ha axtagà`, tbis

woue` prohmhey got bmva m`à` kulb gaw Igjorkmtiog.

\lbaùeigc loeealtigc mltivitias ohviousey vmrias par spalias4

sprigctika is tba pario` to bmrvast barhs mg` savarme otbar

craag 'eamj-pemgts, wbiea ùrigc mutukg vmrious jruits, harrias

mg` guts sboue` ha cmtbara`. Dmgumry is tba kost mpprop

rimta tika to lut raa`s jor roojigc> avag gow tbis is stiee tba

tika wbag tbis mltivity is lmrria` out, mià` mt tikas hy tba

prasagla oj ila.

<.1.=.8 Larame-bmrvaseigc

Jor tba kost pmrt, ltbgocrmpbil Igjorkmtiog loglargigc tba

bmrvastigc oj òkastilmta` larames àrivas jrok tba Gamr

Amst. Bara, jeigt silneas pemya` m vary ikportmgt roea. Bow-

Jic. =9 Pba eoosagigc oj tba iggar jemx jihras jrok tba rottagoutar snig> mg ohtusa-mgcea` tooi is usa` to hramn mg`rakova tba outar emyar.



<3 VEMGP-SOXNIGC

avar, goga bmva haag ohsarva` ig oparmtiog, sigla katme

lougtarpmrts mra usa` gowm`mys. @iralt or igìralt aviàgla

jor bmjtigc is usumeey prasagt og tba mrlbmaoeocilme silnea

hemàs so tbmt tba ovarmee sbmpa oj prabistoria silneas lmg ha

ralogstrulta` (lj. \toràur =923). Pbasa ralogstrultiogs suc-

clst tbmt tba mrlbmaoeocilme silneas kicbt bmva haag usa` ig

m sikiemr jmsbiog ms tbair katme lougtarpmrts.

Pba kmig issua is mltumeey bow jmr òwg tba stak tbacrmig wms lut. Pbraa optiogs bmva haag succasta`. M jirst

possihieity is tbmt tba staks wara lut or hronag dust haiow

tba amrs (Xaygoe`s =92=> Mgàrsog-Carjmu` =922) (jic. 86).

Pbis lmg gowm`mys stiee ha ohsarva` ig gortbarg \yrim,

wbara yougc ciris agtar tba jili`s to pian tba craag amrs (lj.

jiek prasagta` hy @okigiqua Zmucbmg ùrigc tba sykpo

siuk 'Pba axpeoitmtiog oj pemgts ig prabistory", bae` ig Dmeâs,

Jrmgll ig Duga =922). M salog` optiog ikpeias tbmt tba

staks wara lut m eittel haeow tba amr {jic. 8=), sokawbara

Jic. 88 Hmreay jiae` mt tba axparikagtme jmrk mt Eadra, @ag

kmrn. Gota tba vmrimhea baicbt oj tba amrs mg` tba emrca

mkougts oj waa`s prasagt.

Jic. 86 Hramnigc ojj, witb tba mi` oj m jeigt tooi, tba larameamrs jrok tbair staks.

Jic. 8< Xampigc hmreay leosa to tba croug` ig m 'koàrg'

jiae`, witb tba mi` oj m lraslagt-sbmpa` silnea.

Jic. 8= Bmrvastigc hmreay witb m lokposita silnea sokawbarabmej-wmy tba staks.



<2 PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

bmejwmy. Ky owg axparikagts woue` succast tbmt tbis is gat

m vary prmltilme prolaùra ig jiae`s wbara tba stargs ò got

mttmig roucbiy tba smka baicbt (jic. 88). Oga bms to lut

jurtbar òwg to ha sura to loQalt mee tba amrs, igleuìgc

tbosl oj iassar baicbt. Pbis katbo` yiae`s strmw oj vmrimhea

Ilgceb, wbilb is Ilss usljue jor purposas sulb ms roojigc. Pba

tbir` optiog is luttigc dust mhova tba croug` surjmla {jic.

8<). Pbis bms tba m`vmgtmca oj eamvigc m stuhhea-jiae` ogwbilb mgikmes lmg crmza wbiea kmgurigc tba jiae` mt tba

smka tika. Eamvigc tba strmw mttmlba` to tba amr meso jmliei-

tmeas tba rakovme oj tba nargaes ùrigc tbrasbigc, tbarahy

protaltigc tba crmigs jrok haigc squmsba`. Bowavar, tbis

bmrvastigc katbo` meso ikpeias tba eoss oj possihea roojigc

kmtarime. It bms haag succasta` tbmt rampigc leosa to tba

croug` woue` ha too pbysilmeey `lkmgìgc jor tba bmr-

vastars, hut tbis saaks to ha m wastarg ikpositiog mg`

sboue` got mutokmtilmeey ha mssuka` lorralt. Metargmtivaey,

it is possihea to uproot tba agtira stmen, hut tbis is ogey òga

jor hmreay (Bieekmg =92=). Zmg àr Nooid (=93:) kagtiogs

tbmt tbis katbo` is usa` wbag stargs stmg` wià mpmrt. It is

meso haeiava` tbmt tba prasagla oj soie pmrtileas kicbt ha m

big`rmgla jor tbrasbigc.

Ms to tba orcmgizmtiog oj tba worn ig GortbwastargAuropa, tba bmrvast woue` bmva ollurra` ig emta sukklr,

tba axmlt pario` àpagìgc og emtituà. Vrohmhey avaryoga

mvmiemhea wms gaaà`, meeowigc eittea tika jor otbar mltivitias

ùrigc tbmt pario`. Ohviousey, tba jiae`s bm` to ha tagà`

ùrigc tba sprigc mg` amrey sukkar, hut tbis loglargs eass-

loglagtrmta` ajjorts tbmg tba mltume bmrvastigc.

\OJP VEMGP ARVAXIKAGP\

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Jic. 80 Eotus crmpbs ìspemyigc poeisb lbmrmltaristils og axparikagtme tooes usa` og sojt pemgts otbar tbmg larames. si

sieilious, m) ìstrihutiog, h) taxtura, l) topocrmpby, `) hricbtgass.



<9 VEMGP-SOXNIGC

Jic. 81 Kilrocrmpbis oj wamr-trmlas og axparikagtme sojt pemgt-prolassigc mg` larame jimrvastigc tooes. Mee slmea hmrs aqume 16 î.m) poeisji mg` a`ca-rougìgc jrok wornigc putrajia` jemx ig parpagìluemr jmsbiog (axparikagtme tooi <8:, 866x), h) poeisji jrokluttigc raa`s (axparikagtme tooi =2<, eOOx), l) gmrrow hmg` oj poeisb rasuetigc jrok luttigc crmss witb axparikagtme tooi =2:(866x), `) òka` poeisb og axparikagtme tooi 8<0 mjtar 96 kigutas oj rampigc hmreay (866x), a) waee-àvaeopa` poeisb ogaxparikagtme tooi 8<2 mjtar 0.1 bours oj rampigc hmreay (eOOx), j) poeisb jrok rampigc akkar (axparikagtme tooi =86, 866x).



06 PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

<.1.8 SAMX-PXMLA\

<.1.8.= Samr-trmlas jrok luteigc wie` pemgts

M totme oj <1 axparikagts wms parjorka` witb luttigc

vmrious sojt pemgts (mppagìx II, tmhea 1). Pba totme tika

worna` mkougta` to =: bours mg` 13 kigutas. Pbraa lmta-

corias oj wie` pemgts wara ìjjaragtimta`4 sieilious wie` pemgts

(m.o. raa`s, wie` crmssas, lmt's tmie), gog-sieilious 'craag'

pemgts (m.o. laeary, lmhhmca), mg` roots (turgip). Jraquagliasoj vmrious poeisb lbmrmltaristils mra àpiltl` ig jic. 80m-`.

Jour axparikagts wara òga usigc turgip ms mg axmkpea

jor tba cmtbarigc oj root lrops. Pba rasuetigc poeisb, lov

arigc m emrca mram oj tba tooi, wms skootb mg` kmtt ig

taxtura. A`ca-`mkmca wms slmemr witb jamtbara` or bigca`

tarkigmtiogs. Pba cramt axtagt oj tba poeisb is prohmhey ùa

to tba prasagla oj soie og tba turgip. Gog-sieilious 'craag'

pemgts mg` vacatmheas sulb ms laeary, lmhhmca or craag ('pms-

tura') crmssas ì` got lmusa mgy poeisb, a`ca-rakovmes or

avag a`ca-rougìgc. Smtar-bakeoln (axparikagt <=6) pro-

ùla` soka, mehait rmtbar kigikme, wamr wbilb woue` leamrey

got ha igtarpratmhea og mrlbmaoeocilme tooes. \tigcigc gatteas

logtmig soka sieilm ig tbair 'stigcigc bmirs', mg` proùla m

vary gmrrow hmg` oj ùee poeisb. Pba axparikagt witb jemx

(gr. <8:) igvoeva` tba hramnigc oj putrajia` stargs to eoosag

tba iggar jihras (jic. =9). \oka eicbt a`ca-rougìgc ollurra`,

ms waee ms soka slmemr a`ca-`mkmca (jic. 81m). Pba poeisb

wms ìstrihuta` ig 'stramns', rmtbar hricbt, skootb mg` kmtt

ig taxtura, mg` axbihitigc m leamr ìraltiogmeity.

Luttigc sieilious wie` pemgts proùla` ogey seicbt a`ca-

rougìgc. Kilro-slmrrigc ollurra` og tba ikpeakagts usa`

og lmt's-tmie (axparikagts <=0 mg` <=1) halmusa oj tba vary

toucb stak oj tbis pemgt4 tba ratoulb is bmej-koog ig sbmpa

witb sgmppa` tarkigmtiog. Pba axtagsiva usa-ratoulb og

tbasa tooes kicbt axpemig tba emln oj m waee-àvaeopa` hmgòj bicbey rajealtiva poeisb. Xakmrnmhey agoucb, lokat-tmies

mra prasagt ig tba poeisb og oga oj tbasa two tooes (axpari

kagt <=1). ikpeyigc tbmt tba àvaeopkagt oj tbis jamtura is

mssolimta` witb rasistmgt, bmr` logtmlt-kmtarimes ms m cagarme

lmtacory, rmtbar tbmg dust witb hoga (lj. <.0.8.=). Pba otbar

ollurragla oj a`ca-slmrrigc wms og `ry raa` luttigc tooes

(axparikagts 0=, 826 mg` 822)> bara it loglarga` slmemr slmrs

witb m jamtblr tarkigmtiog, irracuemrey spmla`. Pba axpari

kagts witb borsa-tmie mg` jrasb raa`s ogey proùla` seicbt

a`ca-rougìgc mg` m waee-àjiga` hmg` oj bicbey rajealtiva,

mikost 'jeui`' poeisb, kmtt mg` skootb ig taxtura, witb m

òka` topocrmpby (jic. 81h). Go strimtiogs wara ohsarva`

og mgy oj tba pemgt-wornigc tooes, metboucb tba poeisb jra-

quagtey ìspemya` ìraltiogmeity. Crmssas meso lmusa` m vary

waee-àjiga` hmg` oj poeisb (jic. 81l). Ig cagarme. tbis hmg` is

kulb gmrrowar tbmg tba ogas proùla` hy tbilnar stakka`

spalias. Oga axlaptiog jorks axparikagt 826, m `ry raa`

luttigc ikpilkagt, wbilb ìspemys m katmeeil, gmrrow hmg`

oj poeisb, ogey <66 |i wià. \ulb m katmeeil mppamrmgla oj

tba poeisb saaks to ha logjiga` to tooes usa` og `ry raa`.

It lmg ha logleuà` tbmt jigìgc (mg` igtarpratigc) wamr-

trmlas jrok gog-sieilious jrasb pemgts is virtumeey ikpossihea

ig mrlbmaoeocilme logtaxt. Pbis woue` ikpey tbmt, mssukigc

sulb pemgts wara loeealta` witb tba mi` oj jeigt tooes (wbilb

is hy go kamgs m galassity), tbasa mltivitias wiee rakmig

mrlbmaoeocilmeey igvisihea (ugeass hotmgilme aviàgla is prasagt)

Ms jmr ms tba sieilious wie` pemgts mra loglarga`, trmlas

proùla` hy tbak mra vary aviàgt, mg` post-àpositiogmesurjmla koìjilmtiogs wiee bmva to ha axtrakaey savara to

lmusa sulb trmlas to ha ugigtarpratmhea. Prmlas jrok luttigc

crmss kicbt ìsmppamr m eittea jmstar, halmusa oj tbair soka-

wbmt gmrrowar wi`tb.

<.1.8.8 Samr-trmlas jrok rampigc òkastilmta` larames

M totme oj 8= axparikagts witb rampigc larames wms par

jorka` (mppagìx II, tmhea :). \palias igleuà` hmreay,

akkar, hram` wbamt mg` omts. Pba totme bmrvastigc tika

mkougta` to 01 bours mg` <2 kigutas. Pba tika worna`

vmria` jrok <6-<66 kigutas. Pwo axparikagts, oga witb m

lokposi ta silnea, wara òga og m waa`-igjasta` hmreay jiae`

mt tba axparikagtme stmtiog mt Eadra, @agkmrn (jics. 8=, 88).

Ig tbraa otbar lmsas m ratoulba` lrasagt-sbmpa` silnea wms

akpeoya` (sal meso Zmg Cidg =922) (jic. 8<). Ig six axpari

kagts tba jeigt ikpeakagts wara bmjta` witb m kixtura oj

rasig mg` haa-wmxW.

Qsa-ratoulb àvaeopa` og ogey six tooes> ig mee igstmglas it

loglarga` jamtbar-sbmpa` slmrs witb m bigca` tarkigmtiog,

irracuemrey mg` wiàey spmla`, axtagìgc igwmr`s to m kmxi

kuk oj 866 î. Pba a`ca-rougìgc vmria` mg` saaka` to ha

raemta` to tba ùrmtiog oj worn, ms waee ms to tba raemtiva

lomrsagass oj tba jeigt. Pba poeisb is ìstrihuta` ig m hmg` oj

mt eamst 6.1 lk wi`tb (jic. 8:m). Pba poeisb itsaej is bicbey

rajealtiva (jic. 8:`), kmtt mg` skootb (jic. 8:h). mg` ìs-pemyigc m leamr ìraltiogmeity pmrmeeae to tba a`ca. Pbosa

tooes hriajey usa` (i.a. witb m eass bamviey àvaeopa` poeisb)

ìspemy m rmtbar òka` topocrmpby (jic. 81`), wbiea og tba

tooes ìspemyigc mg outspram` ìstrihutiog, tba topocrmpby

saaks jemt (jics. 81a, 8:l). \trimtiogs àvaeopa` ogey ig jiva

axmkpeas> jor tba kost pmrt it loglarga` sbmeeow strimtiogs.

Pba trmlas àslriha` bara cagarmeey logjork witb tbosa

raporta` hy otbar mu tbors. Go aviàgla wms joug` jor ìj-

jaraglas ig tba lbmrml tar oj tba poeisbas jrok hmreay mg`

akkar (jic. 81j). It is succasta`, bowavar, tbmt it is possihea,

mt eamst axparikagtmeey, to ìjjaragtimta hatwaag poeisbas

jrok luttigc raa`s mg` tbosa jrok rampigc òkastilmta`

larames, ig tba sagsa tbmt tba jorkar bmva m 'wat', jeui`-eina

mppamrmgla (avag ig tba lmsa oj m waee-àvaeopa` poeisb (jic.

81h)). wbiea tba emttar bmva m sokawbmt roucbar mg` jemttar

poeisb.

Xalagtey, lemiks bmva haag kmà tbmt it is possihea to

ìjejaragtimta hatwaag bmrvastigc wie` mg` luetivmta` larames

(Norohnovm =92=> Qgclr-Bmkietog =921, =922). Ig mrlbmao

eocilme logtaxt it bms jraquagtey haag ohsarva` tbmt silnea-



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Jic. 8: Eotus crmpbs oj poeisb lbmrmltaristils og axparikagtme larame bmrvastigc tooes. m) ìstrihutiog, h) taxtura, l) topocrmpby,

`) hricbtgass.

sbaag bms m vary roucb mg` strimta` mppamrmgla. Qgcar-

Bmkietog bms òga lxparikagts witb hotb wie` mg` òkasti-

lmtl` crmig4 tba jorklr lmusa` m skooeb, tba emttar m roucb

pobsb vmriaty. \ba axpemigs tbis hy tba jmlt tbmt luetivmta`

jiae`s mra pioucba` mg` wlaà`, lmusigc ìsturhmgla oj tbasoie, pmrtilils oj wbilb kmy ha àpositl` og tba staks. Jeigt

silnea hem`ls woue` ha slrmtlba` hy tbasa soie pmrtilils. Pba

emrca kmdority oj tba larami-bmrvastigc lxparikagts raporta`

barl wara òga og wlaà`, pioucba` jïae`s, hut tba poeisb

glvar ìspemya` tbis strmgca roucb mg` strimta` mppamrmgla.

Duae Dagsag bms postuemta` m kora iinaey axpemgmtiog jor tba

strimta` mppamrmgla oj mrlbmaoeocilme silnea hemàs. \ba

bypotbasiza` tbmt tba roucbgass is ùa to emrca mkougts oj

waa`s ig tba jiae`s. Pbis wms lorrohormta` axparikagtmeey og

m waa`-igjasta` jiae` mt Eadra, @agkmrn (B.Duae Dagsag pars.

lokk.). Ky owg lxparikagts mt Eadra ì` goe proùla m

strimta` poeisb, prohmhey halmusa oj tbair raemtivaey sbort

ùrmtiog (jic. 83`).

<.: Hutlbarigc mg kamt-luttigc

<.:.= A P B G O C XM VB I L MLLOQGP\

Atbgocrmpbil `mtm og tba usa oj jeigt ikpeakagts ig hutlb

arigc mra virtumeey gog-axistagt. Pba Loppar Asniko mra

raporta` to slrmpa ojj tba kamt mg` tagògs jrok m lmrihou

snig, usigc m stoga ngija (Daggass =936). \igaw is m soucbt-

mjtar mrtilea, ms it proviàs axlaeeagt tbram` jor sawigc,



08 PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

Jic. 83 Kilrocrmpbs oj axparikagtme wamr trmlas. Mee slmea hmrs aqume 16 ^x. m) poeisb og axparikagtme tooi <=2m usa` (orbmrvastigc waa`-igjasta` hmreay (066x) (saa meso jic. 8=), h) a`ca-`mkmca mg` jmigt poeisb og axparikagtme tooi 880 usa` jorhutlbarigc m roa-`aar (eOOx), l) slmemr slmrs jrok luttigc sturcaog-snig (axparikagtme tooi =20, eOOx), `) 'hoga' poeisb jrokluttigc jisb (axparikagtme tooi =90, 866x), a) eigamr stramns jrok slmeigc jisb (axparikagtme tooi =9<, 866x).



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Jic. 82 Eotus crmpbs oj poeisb lbmrmltaristils og kamt-luttigc mg` hutlbarigc tooes. m) ìstrihutiog, h) taxtura.

sgmras mg` emsbigcs (Oscoo` =9.'?3, rajarrigc to tba Pmgmigm).

Kost Mkarilmg Igìmg plopel lustokmriey `ry strips oj kamt

jor emtar stormca> soka pougà` tba `ria` kamt to kix witb

harrias (@agskorl =982). Hutlbarigc lokkogey saaks to

ollur ig tba viligity oj tba niee-sita (Hamceaboea =9<:), ugiass

it loglargs skmee cmka.

Kost oj tba igjorkmtiog loglargigc tba talbgiquas mg`

orcmgizmtiog oj hutlbarigc `lrivas jrok lebgomrlbmaoeocilme

sourlas (Higjor` =932m, =92<> Jrisog =932, =939), or jrok

ralagt axparikagts (Vmttlrsog =931. =93:> Smenar =932>

Dogls =926> Oàee =926m). Pba emttar wara cagarmeey log-

larga` witb a`ca-lbmrmltaristils kost suitmhea jor tba tmsn

mg` witb tba axmkigmtiog oj tba rasuetigc kmlroslopil wamr-

trmlas (sal <.:.8).

<.:.8 SAMX-PXMLA\ JXOK HQPLBAXIGC MG@ KAMP-LQP

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M totme oj aicbt hutlbarigc mg` jour kamt-luttigc axpari

kagts wms parjorkl` ^Mppagìx II, tmhea 3), igvoevigc jiva

bours mg` =< kigutas oj worn. Jiva hutlbarigc axparikagts

igvoevl` roa-àar. two loglarga` jox, mg` oga igvoeva`

hm`clr. Ig jour axparikagts a`ca-slmrrigc ollurra`, mewmys

slmemr, mg` ig tbraa lmsas witb m jamtbara` tarkigmtiog (jic.

83h). Pblra òas saak to ha m lorraemtiog hatwaag ùrmtiogoj worn mg` tba ollurragla oj slmrrigc, meeboucb tba tooi oj

axp. 12, usa` eogcar tbmg mgy otbar axparikagtme piala,

ìspemyl` goga. Bowlvar, tbis piala bm` got loka igto mgy

logtmlt witb hoga, logermry to axp. 1<, axbihitigc tba kost

lxtlgsiva usa-ratoulb. A`ca-rougìgc wms koàrmta mt kost.

Voeisb àvaeopa` ig six axparikagts, caglrmeey logjiga` to m

jmigt sligtieemtiog (jic. 82u). It loglarga` m roucb mg` cramsy

eustra ig mpplmrmgla (jic. 82h), saeòk ìspemyigc ìraltiogmeity.

mg` emlnigc topocrmpbilme lbmrmltaristils. Ig soka lmsas

kiguta spots oj 'hoga-poeisb' wara prasagt. \trimtiogs wara

mhsagt.

Pba kamt-luttigc axparikagts sbowa` trmlas oj usl ig

ogey two lmsas. Ig axparikagt =:0, usa` to lut kamt otP

hoga, it loglarga` hoga-poeisb (hricbt, skootb mg` kmtt,

witb leamr ìraltiogmeity), wbiea tba igvmsiva ratoulb prasagt

is prohmhey ùa to hoga logtmlt ms waee. Pba otblr tooi

ìspemya` m hmg` oj roucb, cramsy, raemtivaey hricbt poeisb>

soka skmee slmemr, jamtbara` slmrs wara prasagt. Pbis tooi

wms usa` jor 01 kigutas og kamt witb m eot oj eoucb jmt.

Pba rakmigigc two kamt-luttigc tooes axbihita` go trmlas oj

usa wbmtsoavar.

Prmlas jrok hutlbarigc, mg` aspalimeey kamt-luttigc, bmva

haag m sourla oj kulb àhmta mkogc wamr-mgmeysts. Naaeay

kmigtmiga` tbmt kamt-poeisb wms quitl ìstigltivl, hllmusl oj

its progougla` cramsy eustra (Nalely =9264 1<). Ba ohslrva`

m cagarme skootbigc oj tba stoga's kilrotopocrmpby, witb

jaw strimtiogs. Naaeay ìjjaragtimta` hatwaag jrasb bià- mg`

kamt-poeisb, ms i` Koss (=92<m). Mgàrsog-Clrjmu` (=92=)

mg` Zmucbmg (=921m) ò got ìstigcuisb tbasa two croups,

tba emttar mssartigc tbmt hotb ogey lmusa` m clgaril wamn

poeisb (Zmucbmg =921m4 <2). Igstam`, Zmucbmg logsiàra`

hutlbarigc-trmlas ms m sapmrmta lmtacory, hllmusl oj tbahoga-logtmlt igvoeva`. Ms jmr ms jrasb bià-luttigc (snig-

gigc) is loglarga`, I ò mcraa tbmt tbasa trmlas mra lokpm-

rmhea witb tbosa lmusa` hy kamt. Bowavar, tbis is àjigitley

got tba lmsa witb slrmpigc jrasb biàs. Ig tbis stu`y tbarl-

jora, kamt-luttigc, sniggigc mg` hutlbarigc wara napt ig tba

smka lmtacory.

Sbiea sniggigc mg` kamt-luttigc proùla` trmlés oj wlmr

wbilb woue` saeòk ha visihea mrlbmaoeocilmeey, hutlbarigc



00 PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

trmlas lmg ha quita ìstigltiva. Metboucb it is vary possihea

to hutlbar mg mgikme witbout toulbigc haga (Vmttarsog

=92=> B.Gidemg` pars.lokk.), ig kost igstmglas m lbmrml-

taristil pmttarg oj skmee slmemr slmrs ollurs, sokatikas msso-

limta` witb isoimta` spots oj hoga-poeisb or soka wamney

àvaeopa` eustra. \tiee, mg axpart hutlbar òas got bmva to

`mkmca tba tooi vary kulb. Pbis ikpeias tbmt, logtrmry to

sokl lemiks (O`lee =926m), ogey oga luttigc ikpeakagt iscaglrmeey gllassmry to ìssalt, jor igstmgla, m roa àar

(B.Gidemg` pars.lokk.). Vmttarsog (=93:) mrrivés mt tba smka

logleusiog. Po logleuà, kamt-luttigc tooes mg`, to m eassar

axtagt, hutlbarigc ikpeakagts wiee ha savaraey ugàrrmta` ig

mrlbmaoeocilme wamr-trmla raports.

<.3 Jisb

<.3.= A PBGOCXMVB IL MLLOQGP\

M eot oj Igjorkmtiog is mvmiemhea mhout jisbigc prolaùras

mkogc tba Mkarilmg Igìmgs (saa, jor igstmgla, Xosteug`

=918> \tawmrt =933). Oj igtarast to tba prasagt stu`y, bow-

avar, is ogey ij mg` bow tba jisb wms prolassa`. Sbag jisb

wms lmucbt jor wigtar stormca, soka jork oj leamgigc wms

mewmys prmltisa` hajora tba proùlt wms skona` or `ria`.

Kost Gortbwast Lomst Igìmg trihas seit opag tba smekog,

rakovl` Ibl agtrmies, mg` lut ojj tba bam`. Ig tba lmsa oj

hic, jmt jisb, tbay meso lut tba jieeats jor cramtar tbiggass

(\piar =9<6> \tawmrt =933), Po parjork tbasa oparmt iogs,

tbay sokatikas kmà usa oj hoga ngivas ('barrigc-ngivas'),

semta ngivas (\tawmrt =9334 =11) or, ollmsiogmeey, kussae

sbaees. It is einaey tbmt meso jeigt tooes wara akpeoya` ig jisb

leamgigc. Metboucb leamgigc is galassmry wbag it loglargs

emrca qumgtitias oj jisb to ha prolassa` jor stormca, tbara mra

bowlvar kmgy igstmglas ig wbilb go leamgigc wms prmltisa`.

Oscoo` (=9<3) raports tbmt tba Pmgmigm huria` sievar smekogig tba plrkmjrost. usigc metargmtigc emyars oj jisb, jisb-accs

(tblir smetigass mltigc ms m prasarvmtiva), mg` crmss. Pba

Burog huria` jisb ig ku` or bugc it up, witbout rakovigc

tba vislarm> tba rasuetigc proùlt wms logsiàra` to ha m

coo` samsogigc jor tba soup (Xosteug` =918).

Ms to tba orcmgizmtiog oj tba worn, it is mppmragt tbmt ig

mekost mee igstmglas ig wbilb samsogme rugs oj mgm`rokous

jisb wara axpeoita`, tbis wms òga ig mg orcmgiza` jmsbiog.

Mgm`rokous jisb. sulb ms smekog or sturcaog, mra tba ogey

spalias tbmt eag` tbaksaevas to emrca-slmel prasarvmtiog jor

wigtar stormca, halmusa tbay lmg ha lmucbt ig agorkous

qumgtitias. Ig oràr to lmtlb tba sbomes, jmlieitias sulb ms

trmps or wairs wara logstrulta`. Pbasa lmg ha logsiàra`

tag`l` jmlieitias (sagsu Oswmet =93:), halmusa it is galassmry

to racuemrey lbaln wbatbar or got tba rugs bmva mrriva`.

Pbis is tba ramsog wby spalijil axpaìtiogs wara orcmgiza` mt

tba tika oj tba rugs. Lmkp wms sat up leosa to tba wairs or

trmps (Oscoo` =9<3> Hmeilni =936). Pba Burog, hmsilmeey mg

mcrilueturme paopea, huiet jisb-lmhigs oj hmrn (bmvigc two

jirapemlas) og tba isemg`s to wbilb tbay wagt to jisb (Poonar

=9:0). Pba jisb wms cutta` og tba spot mg` bugc to `ry og

rmlns (Priccar =9:9). Otbar paopea mra meso raporta` to

prolass tba jisb leosa to tba lmtlb-sita (lj. Gaesog =93<,

raportigc og tba Nutlbig, or Oscoo` =9<3 og tba Pmgmigm).

It is mppmragt tbmt avag mcrilueturmeey-hmsa` paopea sulb

ms tba Burog orcmgiza` jisbigc axpaìtiogs. Mjtar tba bmr-

vast, ig mutukg, it wms wortbwbiea to co tbroucb tba trouhea

oj jraaigc emhour, trmvaeeigc, mg` huieìgc spalijil jisbigclmhigs (Poonar =9:0> Priccar =9:9). Pbis ohsarvmtiog is

pmrtiluemrey raeavmgt wbag wa axmkiga tba sita oj Banaeigcag

III (:.8).

<.3.8 SAMX-PXMLA\ JXOK JI\B

Ig m pravious pmpar (Zmg Cidg =92:m) tba lbmrmltar oj tba

wamr-trmlas rasuetigc jrok logtmlt witb jisb bmva haag axtag-

sivaey ìslussa`. Bara m sukkmry wiee sujjila (jic. 89m-`). M

totm e oj 83 axparikagts wms parjorka` witb vmrious spalias

oj jisb (mppagìx II. embea 2). Potme wornigc tika mkougea`

to giga bours mg` 1< kigutls. A`ca-rougìgc gavar axlaa`-

a` tba stmca oj koàrmta. Qsa-ratoulb àvaeopa` ig 86 lmsas,

mg` wms kostey leosaey ìstrihuta` (jic. 83l). Pba jork oj

tba ratoulb wms sokawbmt vmrimhea, witb trmpazoi`me or

squmra sbmpas kmigey mssolimta` witb eogcituìgme kova-

kagts og hogy jisb witb rasistmgt slmeas, sulb ms hramk (axp.

1 mg` 3). Emstigc poeisb (ms lokpmra` to 'rasiùa'. saa Zmg

Cidg =92:m) wms visihea og =2 tooes. Ig giga igstmglas it

loglarga` m vary hricbt, skootb mg` kmtt poBsb, igìstig-

cuisbmhea jrok hoga-poeisb mg` ìspemyigc lokat-tmies (jic.

83`)U tbis ollurra` og axparikagtme tooes wbilb bm` haag

usa` ig m eogcituìgme jmsbiog. Og savag tooes (ig jour lmsas

ig lokhigmtiog witb hoga-poeisb) ì` tba lbmrmltaristil

eigamr stramns oj poeisb àvaeop (jic. 83a)> tbasa ollur kostey

wbag rakovigc bmr` mg` rasistmgt slmeas sulb ms tbosa ojru``. Ogey ogla wms m cramsy sligtieemtiog ('kamt-poeisb-

eina') visihea.

Pbasa rasuets eam` to tba logleusiog tbmt tba prolassigc oj

jisb is emrcaey igvisihea jrok tba poigt oj viaw oj usa-wamr

mgmeysis. Lartmigey, jisb-prolassigc tooes lmg ha bi`àg

mkogc tba tooes igtarprata` ms hutlbarigc ikpeakagts, or

mkogc hoga-wornigc tooes. Ogey tba eigamr stramns oj poeisb

saak to ha lbmrmltaristil jor jisb-prolassigc, hut tbay mra

axleusivaey mssolimta` witb slmeigc mg` mra mhsagt wbag

slmeigc sojt-slmea` jisbas, sulb ms pina. Metboucb tbay lmg ha

ìjjaragtimta` ig axparikagtme logtaxt, ig mrlbmaoeocilme

logtaxt tbasa eigamr stramns oj poeisb kicbt ha ìjjiluet to

sapmrmta jrok tba KEIP\ wbilb àvaeop og prodaltieas (saa

haeow).

<.2 Vrodaltieas

<.2 .= APBGOCXMVBIL MLLOQGP\

Atbgocrmpbil mllougts mra got spalijil mhout tba raemtiog-

sbip hatwaag tba sbmpa oj mg mrrow bam` mg`, jor igstmgla,

tba mgikme spalias bugta`. Pbarajora kost Igjorkmtiog



01 JI\B/VXODALPIEA\

emx ipoPs

W" 3 = \LMEIG]

JI\B ARVAXIKAGP\XR I\ B OI\PgiHEPPIOK

JI\B ARVAXIKAGP\VOEimB PARPQXA

W

QG O EQ\PXA \PPLMN\/ I HOE \WOPH \PXAMN\

I Z W m L M E IG ] / C Qr P I G O DWW ELG]IP

\bOOPB Mj O KnPP XOQLK

I 3"3= \L MEtG ] I Z W \L M EI G O/ CQ rPI GO

gLRDCB MGO t KP P

c W W EOGOIP

JI\B ARVAXIKAGP\VOE =9 = POVLRgMVBP

JI\B ARVAXIKAGP\VOEI\B HgiCBPGA\\

LOKCP PM IE \ LOXQCMPAO

\WPi \LMEIG] ^ R < mLMEIG]/]Eg'PIG]

MH\AGP ZAXY CXILB P HVICBP OQEE

W m E L G] I P TTe \LMEIGC L\\ \LMEIGC/]Eg-PIG] W m E OG OI P

Jic. 89 Eotus crmpbs oj poeisb lbmrmltaristils og axparikagtme jisb-prolassigc tooes. isoe spots ; isoemta` spots, str/isoe spots

stramns + isoemta` spots, eogcit. ; eogcituìgme , m) ìsjr ihutiog, h) taxtura, l) topocrmpby, `) hricbtgass.

lokas jrok ralagt axparikagtmtiog (m.o. Jisbar at me. =920>

Oàee/ Lowmg =92:) mg` wiee ha ìslussa` ig tba gaxt pmrm-

crmpb.

<.2.8 SAMX-PXMLA\ JXOK PBA Q\A OJ VXODALPIEA\Ig looparmtiog witb @rs. Dmmp Haunar (@ragts Kusauk,

Mssag), m totme oj == irmgsvarsa mrrow bam`s wara sbot mt m

àm` roa-àar bugc up hatwaag two traas hasià m eamj

lovara` smg` rom` (/ïc. i(ï). Pba how usa` wms m 02 Ihs

koàrg typa. Mee mrrow bam`s, kmgujmltura` hy Haunar

jrok aitblr vary jiga-crmiga` gortbarg jeigt or Xidlnboet

kmtarime, wara sbot ogey ogla. Pwo mrrow bam`s loue` got

ha ratriava` {mppagìx II, tmhea 9). Mjtar tba axparikagt, tba

roa-àar wms hutlbara` hy Bagn Gidemg` (Xidns-Igst ituut

voor Gmtuurhabaar, Mrgbak) to àtarkigl tba pralisa trmdal-

torias oj tba mrrow bam`s igsià tba ho`y. Ig tbis wmy wa

bopa` to jig` out wbatbar tba mrrow bam`s bm` loka igto

logtmlt witb hoga. Og two oj tba giga tooes go `mkmca wmsvisihea (88%). Pba rakmigigc (32%) sbowa` ikpmlt jrmlturas

oj bmej-koog sbmpa witb àap igitimtiog mg` jamtbar tarkigm-

tiog. \ix tooes (:3%) ìspemya` tba lbmrmltaristil eigamr

stramns oj poeisb (KEIP\) (jic. \em), ruggigc pmrmeeae to tba

ìraltiog oj ikpmlt.

Pbasa rasuets loiglià witb pravious raports mhout axpari-

kagtmeey-igùla` wamr-trmlas og mrrow bam`s (Jisbar at me.

=920> Oàee/ Lowmg =92:). Jisbar at me. (=920) kagtiog tbmt



0: PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

og ::% oj tba trmgsvarsa mrrow bam`s kilrowamr-trmlas (i.a.

eigamr stramns oj poeisb) àvaeopa`, wbiea :=% oj tba usa`

Hrokkimg poigts ìspemya` tbis jamtura. Bowavar, tbay gota

m kulb eowar gukhar oj igstmglas (0=%) ig wbilb kmlro-

trmlas (i.a. jrmlturas) wara prasagt. Oàee mg` Lowmg (=92:4

860, tmhel =) raport m =66% ollurragla oj kmlroslopil

`mkmca og tba tip. Pbasa rasuets igìlmta tbmt witb raemtivaey

eittea ajjort m possihea pravious usa ms prodaltiea poigt lmg hamslartmiga` ig mt eamst ::% oj tba lmsas.

<.9 Vottary


Ig Gaoeitbil logtaxts, oga oj tba logtmlt-kmtarimes tbmt bms

to ha logsiàra` is pottary. It is loglaivmhea tbmt stoga tooes

wara usa` ùrigc tba kmgujmlturigc prolass, jor igstmgla jor

slrmpigc tba igsià oj m pot mjtar tba lemy bm` pmrtimeeyJic. <6 \bootigc trmgsvarsa mrrow bam`s mt m àm` roa-àar.

Jic. <= Kilrocrmpbs oj axparikagtme wamr-trmlas. Mee slmea hmrs aqume 16 g. m) kilroslopil eigamr stramns oj poeisb (KEIP)rasuetigc jrok usa ms prodaltiea og axparikagtme tooi =89 (866x), h) poeisb og axparikagtme tooi =99 akpeoya` jor slrmpigc `rIa`lemy (866x), l) wamr-trmlas og axparikagtme tooi 32 usa` jor luttigc eikastoga (866x), `) waee-àvaeopa` poeisb rasuetigc jrokluttigc so`s, ohsarva` og axparikagtme tooi =28 (eOOx).



03 VOPPAXY / \POGA , \BAEE MG@ PAAPB

`ria`, or jor `llormtiog. It is meso possihea tbmt jeigt horars

warl akpeoya` jor rapmirigc hmnl` pottary. Bmrèy mgy

atbgocrmpbil axmkpeas oj tba usa oj jiigt jor pottary kmnigc

wara joug`. Pba Lolopm ig LmBjorgim mra raporta` to bmva

usl` mg ugbmjta` stoga hemà, or m `mk or oystar sbaee, to

sbmpa m pottary vassae (CijPor =9<0). Ig clgarme, rihs oj

sbaap or pics mra smi` to parjork tbmt jugltiog. Go ig-

stmglas wara joug` oj tba usa oj jiigt horars jor tba rapmir oj

hmna` vassaes.

<.9.8 SNMX-PXMLA\ JXOK VOPPNXY

\ix slrmpigc mg` two horigc axparikagts wara òga, igvoe-

vigc m totme oj tbraa bours mg` jïva kigutas oj worn (mppag

ìx II, tmbia =6). Pba slrmpigc axparikagts mee igvoeva` `ry

lemy, aitbar ugtakpara` or takpara` ig vmrious wmys. Ig two

lmsas m ratoulba` a`ca wms usa`, hut tbis wms leamrey ug-

suitmhea ms tba ratoulb slrmtlba` tba lemy surjmla too kulb4

mg ugratoulbl` ohtusley-mgcea` hemà wms kulb kora

mpproprimta. Og mee six tooes m bamviey rougà` a`ca àvae-

opa`, ms wlee ms m bicbey rljelltiva poeisb, axtagìgc jmr hmlnigto tba pilla. Pba poeisb wms ìstrihutl` ig m wi`l hmg`

(Dics. <eb. <8m), bm` m roucb mg` kmtt taxtura, m lorrucmta`

topocrmpby, mg` m ìraltiogmeity parplgìluemr to tba a`ca.

Ig six igstmglas tba poeisb wms vary hricbt (jic. <8b). Ig tba

lmsas witb qumrtz- or lbmkotta-takpara` lemy, àap, eogc,

mg` wià strimtiogs àvaeopa`. Ogey ogla (axp. =99) ì` usa-

ratoulb ollur, prohmhey ùa to tba mluta mgcea oj tba worn-

igc-a`ca. Pba two horigc axparikagts ì` got lmusa m siki-

emr bamvy a`ca-rougìgc, parbmps halmusa hotb ikpeakagts

wara ogey usa` hriajey. M rmtbar ùee, roucb, kmtt poeisb

àvaeopa` og protruìgc poigts. Og tba tooi akpeoya` jor

horigc lbmkotta-takpara` hmna` lemy, soka a`ca-`mkmca

ollurra`.

Sitb raspalt to tba slrmpigc oj `ria`, ughmna` vassaes, it

òas saak tbmt lbmrmltaristil wamr-trmlas mra proùla` og m

=66% hmsis mjtar m raemtivaey sbort pario` oj tika. Pba

horigc oj hmna` vassaes saaks kora proheakmtil ig tarks oj

tba àvaeopkagt oj wamr-mttrihutas4 metboucb hotb tooes

wara ogey hriajey usa`, it is òuhtjue wbatbar tba poeisb

woue` bmva iglramsa`, ms a`ca-`mkmca woue` bmva aeikigm-

ta` tba poeisb spots.

<.=6 \toga, sbaee mg` taatb

<.=6.= APBGOCXMVBIL MLLOQGP\

Kmgy paopea usa sojt stoga, sbaee or taatb orgmkagts. It is

einaey tbmt jeigt tooes ojtag pemya` m roea ig tbair kmgujml-

tura. Mcmig, bowavar, raports og tba prollss oj kmgujmltura

mra axtrakaey rmra. Mkogc tba \urprisa Zmeeay Vmyuta, pipls

wara kmà oj sojt stoga, mg` ohsiìmg hemàs wara usa` to

slrmpa out tba lmvity (Naeey =9<0). It is meso mssuka` tbmt

jeigt tooes wara usa` jor smwigc sojt stoga or sbaee, hut go

atbgocrmpbil mllougts wara joug` og tbis kmttar.

<.=6.8 SAMX-PXMLA\ JXOK \POGA, \BAEE MG@ PAAPB

Ogey oga axparikagt (mppagìx II, tmhea II) wms parjorka`

og sojt stoga4 m semh oj eiklstoga wms lut jor savag kigutas,

rasuetigc ig savara a`ca-`mkmca (ovaremppigc, bigcl` slmrs),

mg` isoemta` spots oj poeisb. \trimtiogs meso àvaeopa` (Dic.

<=l). Leamrey, it is got possihea to hmsa logleusiogs og ogey

oga axparikagt> it is igtagta` to ìralt kora axparikagts

towmr`s wornigc witb vmrious typas oj stogls ig tba jutura.

Pba smka mppeias to tba lmtacory taatb> witb tbis kmtarime

ogey oga axparikagt wms òga ms waee. A`ca-rakovmes bm` m

squmra or trmpazoi`me sbmpa, mg` stappa` tarkigmtiogs4 tba

poeisb wms roucb mg` kmtt, ìstrihutl` og tba protruìgc

pmrts oj tba ikpeakagt, mg` ìspemyigc leamr ìraltiogmeity.

VOPPAXY-SOX5IGC ARVAXIKAGP\VOEI\B @I\PgiHQriOG

\VMAMO t\IR \VOP\

^y /W HOgiGO r\rW \LSnVIG]

VOPPAXY-SOXN IGC ARVAXIKAGP\VOt-I\B HgiCBPbS\\

3 -

:

8

1 -

0 -

< -

8

= -

6 -9

ZAXY HBICBP

rRG[ \LXMVIGL

Jic. <8 Eotus crmpbs ìspemyigc poeisb lbmrmltaristils jrok wornigc pottary. m) ìstr ihuti og, h) poeisb hricbtgass.



02 PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

Kora axparikagts wara parjorka` witb sbaee, kostey log-

largigc m horigc kotiog. A`ca-slmrrigc wms jraquagt> oj

tbrla ikpeakagts tba agtira tip hrona ojj, og tba otbars

squmra or trmpazoi`me stappa` slmrs ollurra`. Pba poeisb wms

gavar axtagsiva, eolmeiza` ms it wms og protruìgc poigts

(jics. <<m, <<h), wbiea strimtiogs wara got ohsarva`.

<.== \oie

<.==.= APBGOCXMVBIL MLLOQGP\

\oie ms logtmlt-kmtarime is sokawbmt mkhicuous. Pbara mra

kmgy wmys ig wbilb jeigt ikpeakagts lmg loka igto logtmlt

witb soie witbout mg igtagtiogme (bukmg) mltiog haigc ras-

pogsihea, sulb ms ig tba lmsa oj soie rakgmgts og m root

haigc lut (saa <.1.8.=), puttigc tba ikpeakagt òwg og tba

croug`, or sikpey post-àpositiogme logtmlt. Bara, tba

loglarg is witb soie ms mg igtagtiogme logtmlt-kmtarime, i.a.

ùrigc boaigc mg` so`-luttigc. Lmeijorgimg Igìmgs mra

ngowg to bmva akpeoya` ohsiìmg boas (X.Sbmeeog pars.

lokk.). Atbgocrmpbil pmrmeeaes jor tba usa oj jeigt tooes jor

luttigc so`s bmva got haag joug`.

<.==.8 SAMX-PXMLA\ JXOK \OIE

Ogey jiva axparikagts igvoeva` soie {mppagìx II, tmhea =8).

Jour loglarga` so`-luttigc axparikagts parjorka` to tast

tba suitmhieity oj lraslagt-sbmpa` silneas jor tbis purposa (lj

Zmg Cidg =922, ig prass b). Pba jijtb tooi wms usa` jor

boaigc. M totme oj 886 kigutas oj worn is raprasagta`. Zary

eittea usa-ratoulb ollurra`, wbiea a`ca-rougìgc wms axtag

siva. Voeisb àvaiopl` quilney> ig mee lmsas it ìspemya` m

spram`-out ìstrihutiog, m kmtt, roucb taxtura, m jemt topo-

crmpby. mg` axtraka hricbtgass (jic. <=`). Axmkiga` witb

tba gmna` aya tbis poeisb leamrey rasakheas 'silnea-ceoss' (Zmg

Cidg =922, ig prass h). \trimtiogs wara eogc mg` gmrrow, witb

vmryigc àptb mg` m rmgòk or pmrmeeae ìraltiogmeity. Ms

tba wamr-trmlas og mee jiva tooes wara iàgtilme, go crmpbs

wara kmà.

<.=8 Lougtigc axparikagtme wamr-mttrihutas

Ig tba pralaìgc pmcas tba vmrious wamr-mttrihutas, ms tbay

ollur og tba axparikagtme tooes, wara prasagta`. It is mp-

pmragt tbmt lbmrmltaristils àaka` ugiqua jor m lartmiglogtmlt-kmtarime ò got mewmys àvaeop. Jor axmkpea, m

lrmtara` (or sokatikas pitta`) topocrmpby is lokkogey

mssolimta` witb bià, hut wms ogey prasagt og 86 out oj tba

09 tooes. Lbmrmltaristil 'woo`-poeisb' is supposa` to ha

òka`4 m kara <2 oj tba 1< tooes witb poeisb ìspemya` tbis

jamtura (oj :8 axparikagtme tooes). 'Hoga-poeisb' bms lokat-

tmies mg`/or pits or, ig tba lmsa oj slrmpigc-tooes, m havae> <8

oj tba 1< ikpeakagts sbowa` oga or kora oj tbasa jamturas.

Oj tba bmràr logtmlt-kmtarimes, 'mgtear-poeisb' aspalimeey

emlns ìstigltiva mttrihutas wbilb woue` ìjjaragtimta it jrok

'woo`'- or 'hoga-poeisb'. Ms jmr ms tba kora yileìgc

logtmlt-kmtarimes mra loglarga`, tba mhsagla oj ìstigltiva

wamr-trmlas is avag kora aviàgt. Ij wa axleuà tba axpari

kagts witb turgip (wbilb mltumeey kmigey igvoeva` logtmlt

witb tba smg`y root-surjmla), gog-sieilious sojt pemgts rmraey

proùla poeisb or usa-ratoulb. Ij `mkmca ollurs, it is gog-

ìstigltiva. Pba smka mppeias to logtmlt witb kamt. \ieilious

pemgts bowavar, wbatbar it ha wie` spalias or òkastilmta`

larames, proùla m vary ìstigltiva poeisb witbig m sbort tika

witb m spram`-out ìstrihutiog. Ikpmlt `mkmca og prodaltiea

poigts is quita ìstigltiva mg` `lvaeops jraquagtey. Poo jaw

axparikagts wara òga witb atbar lmtacorias oj kmtarimes to

meeow logleusiogs to ha rmwg.

Eoonigc mt tba rasuets ig m seicbtey ìjjaragt wmy, lross

tmheas wara kmà oj logtmlt-kmtarime mg` kotiog, gotigc

\POGA, \BAEE MG@ POOPB SOX5IGCVOEI\B OI\PgiHQPIOG

I\OEMP:6 \VL<P2

\POGA, \BAEE MG@ POOPB SOXN IGCVOEI\B PARPQXA

\KOOPB MGO KMPP

=3W3= HOXIGC

gOQCB MGO nQPP

r L W EOGC I PQ@ IGMEW3~3U H6XIG< rZ U < EOG<IPQOIGME

Jic. << Eotus crmpbs oj poeisb og axparikagtme ikpeakagts akpeoya` og stoga, sbaee or tootb. m) ìstrihutiog, h) taxtura.



09 \OIE/LOQGPIGC ARVAXIKAGPME SAMX-MPPXIHQPA\

Pmhea = Axparikagtme tooes4 jra-

quagly oj tba ollurragla oj

poeisb mllorìgc to logtmlt-

kmtarime mg` kotiog. *

loglargs lmrvigc hoga, "

igleuàs tba jour axparikagts

witb turgip, igvoevigc axtagsiva

logtmlt witb tba soie pmrtileas

m`barigc to tba root's surjmla.

Pmhea 8 Axparikagtme tooes4 jra-

quagly oj tba ollurragla oj

a`ca-rakovmes mllorìgc to

logtmlt-kmtarime mg` kotiog.

eogcituìgme trmgsvarsa horigc otbar totme

% % % % %

bià 9/=1 :6 88/82 36 =/: =3 - - <8/09 :1

woo` =:/=3 90 89/<1 2< </< =66 1/3 3= 1</:8 2:

hoga =1/=1 =66 =</=1 23 </0 31 =9/=9 =66* 16/1< 90

mgeear 1/1 =66 :/3 2: </1 :6 6/= 6 =0/=2 32

sieilious wie` pemgt 88/8< 9: - - - - =/= =66 8</80 9:

gog-sieilious wie` pemgt :/=6 :6**=/=

=66

- - - -3/== :0

larames 86/86 =66 - - - - =/= =66 8=/8= =66

hutlbarigc :/2 31 - - - - - - :/2 31

kamt 8/0 16 - - - - - - 8/0 16

jisb =8/=: 31 0/1 26 - - 8/: << =2/83 :3

prodaltiea - - - - - - :/9 :3 :/9 :3

pottary - - :/: =66 8/8 =66 2/2 =66

sbaee/stoga =/< << - - 1/2 :< - - :/== 11

soie 0/0 =66 ~ ~ ~ ~ =/= =66 1/1 =66

eogcituìgme trmgsvarsa horigc otbar totme

% % % % %

bià 0/=1 83 6/82 6 =/: =3 - - 1/09 =6

woo` =1/=3 22 ==/<1 <= 6/< 6 6/3 6 8:/:8 08

hoga =0/=1 9< 0/=1 83 6/0 6 =3/=9 96 <1/1< ::

mgtear 1/1 =66 =/ 3 =0 6/1 6 6/= 6 :/e\ <<

sieilious wie` pemgt 3/8< <6 - - - - 6/= 6 3/80 89

gog-sieilious wie` pemgt </=6 <6 =/= =66 - - - - 0/== :

larames :/8= 82 - - - - - - :/8= 89

hutlbarigc 0/2 16 - - - - - - 0/2 16

kamt 8/0 16 - - - - - - 8/0 16

jisb =1/=: 90 </1 :6 - - 8/: <0 86/83 30

prodaltiea - - - - - - 3/9 32 3/9 32

pottary - - =/: =3 =/8 16 - - 8/2 81

sbaee/stoga </< =66 - - 0/2 16 - - 3/== :0

soie 6/0 6 - - - - 6/= 6 6/1 6

prasagla or mhsagla oj poeisb (tmhea [) mg` a`ca-rakovmes

(emhea 8). Go tmhea wms kmà jor tba prasagla oj strimtiogs

ms tbasa ollurra` rmrley, witb tba axlaptiog oj eogcituìgme

igotiogs og woo`> tbis rasueta` ig strima og 2 oj tba =3

ikpeakagts usa` ig tbis jmsbiog.

Ij wa axmkiga tmhea I it lmg ha saag tbmt poeisb (wbatbar

it ìspemys pmrtiluemr lbmrmltaristils or got) is prasagt og m

vary emrca parlagtmca oj tba usa` ikpeakagts. Larames, soie

mg` pottary avag lmusl poeisb og m =66% hmsis. \ieilious

wie` pemgts, sulb ms raa`s, mg` hoga slora meso vary bicb4 ig

9:% mg` 90% oj tba lmsas, raspaltivaey, m poeisb àvaeopa`.

Pba rmtbar eow slora oj bià (:1%), lokkogey racmrà` to

àvaeop kilrowamr-trmlas raemtivaey quilney, mg` oj m quitl

ìmcgostil gmtura, gla`s soka axpemgmtiog. Igleuà` ig tbisslora mra axparikagts witb koàrg eamtbar, wbilb ig kost

igstmglas wms `ya`> tbis kmtarime lmusa` poeisb ig ogey jiva

oj tba == lmsas. Ij wa okit tbasa prasagt-`my 'poeeutiva'

axparikagts, tba jraquagly oj tba ollurragla oj bià-poeisb

iglramsas to 3=%. Mgtear mg` hutlbarigc meso slora l. 36%,

wbiea woo` proùlas poeisb ig 2:% oj tba axparikagts.

KEIP\ og prodaltiea poigts àvaeopa` og :3% oj tba tooes.

Pba rmtbar bicb parlagtmca oj poeisb ollurraglas og sojt

pemgts is ùa to tba igleusiog oj tba axparikagts witb turgip,

wbilb mltumeey kmigey igvoeva` logtmlt witb soie. Ij wa okit

tbasa jour ikpeakagts, tba slora `rops `rmkmtilmeey to 86%.

Pba 16% jor kamt is meso too bicb, ms axparikagt =:0 is

igleuà`. wbilb igvoeva` logtmlt witb hoga> okittigc tbis

ikpeakagt proùlas m slora oj 81% jor kamt. Bowavar, tba

gukhars igvoeva` bara mra so eow, tbmt qumgtitmtiva lokpm-

risogs mra kamgigceass. Jisb proùla` trmlas ig kora lmsas,

:3%, hut tbis is lokpeilmta` hy tba jmlt tbmt tbis loglargs

'hoga-poeisb' ig kost lmsas, wbiea trmlas rameey lbmrmltaristil

oj logtmlt witb jisb ollurra` og ogey 8:% oj tba tooes. Ig

tba lmsa oj tba sbaee/ stoga/ taatb-lmtacory, tba raemtivaey eow

slora oj poeisb ollurraglas (11%) is ùa to tba rakovme oj

poeisb hy usa-ratoulb.Varlagtmcas oj tba ollurragla oj usa-ratoulb proùla m

ìjjaragt piltura (tmhea 8). Bià sloras axtrakaey eow4 ogey

=6% oj tba tooes ìspemy slmrrigc. Vemgts slora mroug` <6%)>

tba bicb slora jor gog-sieilious pemgts is ùa to tba axpari

kagts witb turgip, wbilb bms m vary rasistmgt snig. Pba 16%

slora oj kamt is ùa to tba igleusiog oj axparikagt =:0 (saa

mhova).

Pba eow slora jor pottary lmg ha mttrihuta` to tba jmlt



16 PBA ARVAXIKAGP\

tbmt it loglarga` `ria` (got hmna`) kmtarime. Vrodaltiea

poigts ìspemy ikpmlt slmrs og 32% oj tba ikpeakagts.

Xmtbar surprisigc mra tba raemtivaey eow totme sloras jor

hoga, woo` mg` mgtear (::%, 08% mg` <<% raspaltivaey).

Bowavar. ij wa axmkiga tba parlagtmcas par kotiog, it is

leamr tbmt eogcituìgme kotiogs slora` axtrakaey bicb jor

tbasa tbraa kmtarimes (9<% jor hoga, 22% jor woo`, mg`

=66% jor mgtear). Ig logtrmst, trmgsvarsa kotiogs slora`

axtrakaey eow, aspalimeey jor mgtear (=0%))> sulb kotiogs mra

lokkogey lmrria` out pmrmeeae witb tba crmig, wbiea tba usa`

tooi a`ca is kora stmhea ùa to ratoulb mg` m staap a`ca

mgcea.

Pba rasuets àslriha` bara logjork cagarmeey witb tba

ugjortugmtaey rmtbar jaw igstmglas ig wbilb axparikagtme

rasuets mra qumgtijia` (Jisbar at me. =920> Zmucbmg =921m).

Pba raemtivaey kora jraquagt àvaeopkagt oj poeisb, wbag

lokpmra` to tba ollurragla oj usa-ratoulb, is sokawbmt

surprisigc. Pba eow-powar mppromlb saaks, logsiàrigc tba

igjraquagt ollurragla oj slmrrigc og soka axparikagtme

tooes, to ha potagtimeey kissigc usa` tooes, aspalimeey ijlokpmra` witb tba bicb slora oj poeisbas. Bowavar, it

sboue` ha strassa` tbmt tbis poeisb is got mewmys ìstigltiva

or waee-àvaeopa` mg` loue` tbus ha amsiey kissa` or kis-

igtarprata` og mrlbmaoeocilme ikpeakagts. Pbis is aspalimeey

tba lmsa, halmusa poeisb is kora vuegarmhea mg` lmg ha kora

amsiey koìjia`, avag mjtar raemtivaey kigor lbakilme or

kalbmgilme mttmln. = woue` tbign, tbarajora, tbmt tba igstmgla

ig wbilb usa` pialas woue` ha kissa` ig mrlbmaoeocilme

mssakhemcas loue` ha mhout aqume jor hotb mppromlbas. Lar-

tmigey, sojtar kmtarimes sulb ms kamt mg` gog-sieilious pemgts

wiee ha ugàr-raprasagta` ig hotb eow- mg` bicb-powar mgm

eysas (\bam =9224 3=). Jrok tmheas = mg` 8 it lmg ha saag

tbmt ig lartmig lmsas poeisb àvaeopkagt is strogc, witb a`ca

slmrrigc haigc mhsagt (i.a. bià), wbiea ig otbar igstmglas tba

opposita is ohsarva` (i.a. stoga, sbaee, taatb). Pba kost pro-

jitmhea mvagua oj mppromlb woue` tbus ha m lokhigmtiog oj

eow- mg` bicb-powar mgmeysas.

gotas

= Ig jmlt Aquisaeuk, or slorigc-rusb ms it is lmeea`, is raporta` to

bmva haag usa` hy tba Nemkmtb to skootb woaàg mrrow sbmjts

(\piar =9<64 =91). Lmrpagtars ig @agkmrn usa` it to jigisb jurgitura

(B.Duae Dagsag pars.lokk.).

8 M kixtura oj rasig mg` haa-wmx worns waee. hue tba raemtiva

mkougts gaaà` jrok tba two lokpogagts àpag` og tba wamtbar.

Sbag tba worn is lmrria` out ig bot takparmturas. kora rasig is

gaaà` jor hattar m`blragla. Ig loe` wamtbar. oga bms to m`` kora

wmx to ikprova tba jeaxihieity wbilb pravagts tba jeigt igsarts jrok

hramnigc out oj tba bmjt.



Vost-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs

0.= Igtroùltiog

It is to ha lxpllta` tbmt, sigla jeigt mrtajmlts sustmig m vmriaty

oj `mkmca jrok kmgy logtmlt kmtarimes, tbay mra meso suhdalt

to koìjilmtiogs jrok 'gmturm!' lmusas, sulb ms lokpmltiog

oj tba soie, soie lraap, wmtar trmgsport atl. Naaeay jueey

rameiza` tbis proheak, mg` ba jorkuemta` tba joeeowigc lrita

rim4

Por mg mssakhemca to ha suitmhea jor kilrowamr mgmeysis, tba kmdo-

rity oj its ikpeakagts kust ha ig axtrakaey jrasb logìtiog, tbmt is,

ugmjjalta hy mgy jork oj gmturme mhrmsiog. Pbis logìtiog is hastjuejieea hy ogey stu`yigc loeealtiogs jrok mrlbmaoeocilme àposits

du ca` to ha ig prikmry logtaxt' (Naaeay =9264 20).

Bowavar, Naaeay bikslij bm` to ìslmr` m emrca parlagtmca

oj tba mssakhemcas ba wms stu`yigc (saa 0.<), avag tboucb

tba kmtarime wms logsiàra` to àriva jrok prikmry logtaxts.

It halmka mppmragt tbmt kmgy mssakhemcas bm` to ha ra-

dalta`. Kora ìsturhigc wms tba jmlt tbmt gmturme mhrmsiog

avag ollurra` og mssakhemcas wbilb saaka` ig jrasb logì

tiog wbag axmkiga` witb tba gmna` aya, sulb ms Atioeeas

(Veissog =921m) mg` Noeborg (mutbor's àtarkigmtiog, got

puheisba`). Avag loglargigc mssakhemcas cagarmeey logsi`

ara` to hl ig sujjiliagtey coo` logìtiog jor bicb-powarkilrowamr stu`y, tba mgmeysts jraquagtey bm` to logleuà

tbmt mee tooes ìspemya` m sbaag (Kmgsur-Jrmglbokka =92<4

=22), or, ms Koss bms jorkuemta` it,

'tba mgmeysis oj tba jerst 16-=66 pialas ig mgy kilrowamr stu`y usigc

bicb kmcgijilmtiog wiee ha istorta hy tba galassity oj crowigc

mllustoka` to tba post-àpositiogme metarmtiogs ugiqua jor amlb sita"

(Koss =92<m4 =00).

Qpog kilroslopil axmkigmtiog, kost mssakhemcas yiae`

soka ugigtarpratmhea mrtajmlts> tba prasagla oj sbaag lmg

vmry witbig m sita mg` avag og oga mg` tba smka ikpeakagt.

Xmraey wara mrlbmaoeocilme poeisbas ohslrva` wbilb axmltey

kmtlba` axparikagtme trmlas4

'== ast misé à proùirl axplrikagtmeakagt às trmlas 'usmca 'typi-

quas', slkhemheas m laeeas qui ogt été `élritas at ieeustréas pmr E.B.

Naaeay at 'mutras lbarlbaurs. Ie ast rmra, ag ravmglba, 'ohsarvar

às poeis mussi lemssiquas eors à e'axmkag à piâlas prébistoriquas"

(Cysaes/Lmbag =9284 88=).

Veissog bms haag agcmca` ig mg axtagsiva axparikagtme pro-

crmkka to try to rapeilmta salog`mry koìjilmtiogs mg`

mllougt jor tba jmltors raspogsihea jor tbair àvaeopkagt.

Veissog's axparikagts lovara` tba mspalts oj tba proheak

kost amsiey m``rassa`, mg` it ì` got saak usajue to ùpei-

lmta tbak, aspalimeey sigla tbay wara axtagsivaey puheisba`

(Veissog =92<m, =921m, =92:> Veissog/ Kmucar =922). Axtag-

ìgc upog Veissog's axparikagts raquiras àtmiea` ngowel`ca

oj surjmla-lbakistry wbilb is hayog` tbis mutbor's lokpa-

tagla. Igstam`, m eitarmtura samrlb wms igitimta` to cat mg

ovarviaw oj tba logìtiogs ugàr wbilb mgmeysts raport tbair

mssakhemcas to ha mjjalta` hy surjmla koìjilmtiogs (saa 0.<).

0.8 Vost-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs4 m wià

rmgca oj pbagokagm

0.8.= IGPXO@QLPIOG

Vmtigmtiog kust ha oga oj tba kost logjusigc 'ùsthig'

loglapts ig eitbil stuìas. Ig bicb-powar usa-wamr mgmeysis

tba tark is sokatikas usa` jor mgy koìjilmtiog wbilb

bmkpars m possihea jugltiogme igtarpratmtiog. Ig tbis saleiog

mg ovarviaw wiee ha civag oj tba vmrious pbagokagm, mg`

tba axparikagts or otbar igvasticmtiogs wbilb bmva haag

òga to sba` eicbt og tbair oricig, igleuìgc tba rasamrlb

wbilb wms òga ig tbis jiae` hy tba mutbor.

0.8.8 LBAKILME MEPAXMPIOG\

0.8.8.= Sbita or heuisb pmtigm

Sbita pmtigm bms haag àslriha` hy m gukhar oj paopea

(m.o. \lbkmez =9:6> \tmpart =93:). Pba tark rajars to m tbig

emyar oj wbitisb loeourmtiog lovarigc (pmrt oO tba tooi.

\lbkmez (=9:6) àslrihas tba surjmla oj wbita pmtigmta` jeigt

ms haigc 'sucmry', bicbey porous, mg` rajealeigc eicbt to mee

ìraltiogs. Ms to its oricig, kost mutbors mcraa tbmt menmeiga

agvirogkagts igùla wbita pmtigm> Xottemgàr (=931m) kag-

tiogs m pB oj =6.6 or bicbar. Hotb \lbkmez (=9:6) mg`

Veissog (=921m) bmva axparikagta` witb vmrious menmeiga

\oeutiogs mg` wara mhea to raproùla wbita or heuisb pmtigmig m raemtivaey sbort tika. Lbmrmltaristil jor pmtigmta` jeigt is

m seicbt waicbt eoss. Pbis is ojtag mttrihuta` to m àby`rmtiog

oj wmtar prasagt ig tba poras hatwaag tba qumrtz lrystmes,

hut it mppamrs tbmt tba emttlr meso ìssoeva tbaksaevas

(\lbkmez =9:6).

M jiek oj pmtigmtiog witb m 'sucmry' surjmla bms meso haag

ohsarva` og kmgy oj tba jeigts jrok tba Ki`èl Vmemaoeitbil

sita oj Haevé`âra, tba Gatbaremg`s (Zmg Cidg =929). Oga



18 VO\P-@AVO\IPIOGME \QXJMLA KO@IJILMPIOG\

Jic. <0 \urjmla oj m tooi jrok Haevé`âra sita N4 m) ikkaìmtaey upog axlmvmtiog (866x), h) tba smka tooi mjtar m jaw kigutas ojaxposura to eicbt mg` mir (866x).

pbagokagog, ohsarva` mt sita N, kust ha kagtioga` bara.Jrok sita N m emrca gukhar oj jimnas wms ratriava`, mee

ìspemyigc m `mrn-cray loiour sikiemr to jrasb Xidlnboet jeigt.

Bowavar, mjtar soka tika (vmryigc hatwaag two `mys mg` m

jaw kogtbs) tba ikpeaklgts mttmiga` tba lramky, eicbt-yae-

eow loiour (wbita pmtigm) lbmrmltaristil jor kulb oj tba

praviousey axlmvmea` Haevé`âra kmtarime. M kilroslopa wms

sat up m`dmlagt to tba axlmvmtiog traglb to agmhea tba axm-

kigmtiog oj tba 'jrasb' jeigts ms soog ms tbay wara ralovara`.

Jor tba jïrst two kigutas tba jeigt surjmla oj tba sita N

ikpeakagts igàa` eoona` ig kigt logìtiog ugàr tba

kilroslopa, witb go sicg oj tba 'sucmry' surjmla {jic. <0m)>

bowavar, tba ìssoeutiog oj tba surjmla ollurra` mjtar m

sbort wbiea (8-< kigutas), hut tbis loue` got ha ohsarva`witb tba gmna` aya, ms tba lramky loiour ì` got mppamr tiee

emtar. Mppmragtey, avag tboucb tba jeigt saaka` to ha jrasb,

tba soie-kmtrix aviàgtey bm` meram`y metara` tba strultura oj

tba stoga ig sulb m wmy tbmt axposura to eicbt, or àsillm-

tiog, lmusa` m lmtmeyzmtiog eamìgc to tba ìssoeutiog oj tba

surjmla (jic. <0h). Pbis succasts tbmt wmtar pemys m lrulime

roea, sokatbigc wbilb bms haag mrcua` hajora (Mgàrsag/

Sbiteow =92<). Pba prolass oj ìssoeutiog is got ravarsihea,

hut lmg ha stoppa` hy ikkaìmtaey puttigc tba ikpeakagts

ig wmtar mg` stor igc tbak ig m `mrn pemla (Zmg Cidg =9294

=83). Pba jmlt tbmt tba prolass is irravarsihea woue` igìlmta

tbmt it is got jraa wmtar prasagt ig tba poras tbmt ìsmppamrs,

hut wmtar-croups houg` igto tba lbakilme strultura oj tba

jeigt. Xoetemgàr strassas tbmt

'eicbt civas tba agarcy to speit ojj wmtar avag jrok m lbakilme

hog`mca' (Xottemgàr =931h4 1:).

Bopajueey, it wiee ha possihea to axtag` tba rasamrlb igto tba

pmtigmtiog prolass og tba Haevé`âra kmtarime ùrigc jutura

axlmvmtiogs.

Sbiea pmtigm meso saaks to àvaeop og jeigt wbilb isaxposa` to tba sug jor axtagà` pario`s oj tika, aspalimeey

ig bot leikmtas witb emrca `miey takparmtura mkpeituàs.

@urigc m survay oj jeigt ngmppigc sitas og Eogc Isemg`,

Mgticum (Sast-Igìas), it wms gota` tbmt tba sià oj tba jeigt

jmligc upwmr`s jraquagtey ìspemya` wbita pmtigmtiog. wbiea

tba opposita mspalt wms stiee jrasb (Zarpoorta/ Zmg Cidg ig

prap.). It saaks ugiinaey tbmt mg menmeiga kmtrix woue` bmva

haag raspogsihea jor tba pmtigmtiog prolass. halmusa tba

stoga-surjmla eyigc ig tba soie wms stiee jrasb. Paxiar (=92=)

gotas tbmt mt Nbor m ]mtmr (Pugasim) mee skmee àhitmca bms

ìsmppamra` jrok tba surjmla oj tba sita. wbiea emrcar mrta-

jmlts bmva haag bamviey pmtigmta`> ugàr tba surjmla oj tba

croug` tba ikpeakagts mra bowavar stiee jrasb. Ba mterihutastbis to tba metargmtigc pbmsas oj àsillmtiog ùrigc tba bot

`mys mg` tba jorkmtiog oj àw og tba pialas ig tba amrey

korgigcs. Pba àw loue` igitimta tba ìssoeutiog oj tba

qumrtz lrystmes ugàr lartmig logìtiogs (Paxiar =92=4 =:3),

avagtumeey eamìgc to tba totme ìsigtacrmtiog oj tba skmeear

mrtajmlts.

Po logleuà, it woue` mppamr tbmt wbita pmtigmtiog lmg

ollur ugàr ìjjaragt lirlukstmglas. Jirst oj mee, it àvaeops

ig menmeiga agvirogkagts, salogèy, it saaks tbmt àsillmtiog

mg` axposura to tba aeakagts (m lokhigl` ajjalt oj sug, àw

mg` takparmtura ìjjaraglas) lmg pemy m roea.

0.8.8.8 Loiour pmtigm

Loiour pmtigms mra cagarmeey axpemiga` ms haigc m àposit oj

vmrious kigarmes prasagt ig tba croug`wmtar. Meram`y pmti

gmta` surjmlas mra kora proga to tbis, ùa to tbair iglramsa`

porosity (\lbkmez =9:64 09). Mg metargmtiva bypotbasis is

provià` hy Xottemgàr (=931m4 =69), wbo succasts tbmt it

lmg meso ha tba rasuet oj irog, meram`y prasagt ig tba jeigt,

oxyìzigc mt tba surjmla. Yat mgotbar succastiog is tbmt pamt



1< M SI@A XMGCA OJ VBAGOKAGM

lmg lmusa m hemln or yaeeowisb-hrowg loeour pmtigm.

Metboucb kost mrtajmlts witb loeour pmtigm ìspemy m wmxy

taxtura, soka rakmig ùee àspita tba lbmgca ig loeour. It is

parbmps tbis emst pbagokagog wbilb is rajarra` to ms 'stmi-

gigc' ig tba mrlbmaoeocilme eitarmtura (Jrmka =92:4 <10>

@ukogt =9224 <0).

0.8.8.< Ceoss pmtigm mg` otbar sbaags

Xottemgàr bms òga axtagsiva rasamrlb igto tba sokawbmt

aeusiva pbagokagog oj ceoss pmtigm. It loglargs m kora or

eass ugijork sbaag ovar tba surjmla oj tba jeigt> soka vmrim-

hieity kmy hl prasagt og oga mg` tba smka mrtajmlt. Sbag

axmkiga` witb m slmggigc-aealtrog kilroslopa tba surjmla

mppamrs skootba` (Xottemgàr =931h4 jic. :). Xottemgàr

mrculs tbmt ugàr tba igjeuagla oj pemgt duilas, tba protru-

siogs oj tba jeigt mra ìssoeva` igto m sieilious cae, wbilb tbag

jeows to tba eowar-eyigc pmrts oj tba surjmla, rasuetigc ig m

skootba`, poeisba` surjmla. Pba jorkmtiog oj ceoss pmtigm

ollurs aspllimeey ig mliìl agvirogkagts sulb ms pamt emyars,

witb pB 0 or eass (Xott emgàr =931m, =931h). Halmusa ceosspmtigm òas goe àvaeop ugijorkey ovar tba tooi, àpagìgc

ms it òas og vary eolmeiza` croug`wmtar lirluemtiog, tba

pbagokagog lmg ha quita logjusigc jor tba usa-wamr mgm-

eyst. Jor axmkpea, oga trmgsvarsa mrrow bam` jrok tba

Hrogzl Mca sita oj Oeàhoorg (Jriasemg`) wms igitimeey igtar-

prata` ms ìspemyigc kamt-, mg` woo -/sojt pemgt-poiisb.

Bowavar, upog mgmeysis witb tba \AK, tba surjmla turga`

out to ha skootba` mg` poeisba`, mg` quita ugeina tba

oricigme jeigt surjmla (jic. <1) (Zmg Cidg =92<4 :1).

Ig raports og bicb-powar usa-wamr mgmeysis oga jraquagtey

aglougtars tba tark 'soie-sbaag'. Qgjortugmtaey, tbis tark

bms rmraiy haag àjiga`. I woue` supposa tbmt mt eamst pmrt

oj tba ohsarva` post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs suh-

suka` ugàr tba lmtacory 'soie-sbaag' mltumeey loglargs

igstmglls oj ceoss pmtigm. \tmpart (=93:4 =0) ìslussas yat

mgotbar, possihey raemta`, gmturme koìjilmtiog, i.a. tba roug-

ìgc oj ri`cas mg` a`cas. Ba logsiàrs tbis rougìgc to ha

ùa to soeutiog, lmusa` hy tba tooes bmvigc emig ig tba soie

jor m eogc plrio`. Mllorìgc to \tmpart it is saeòk saag og

Kasoeitbil or yougcar jeigts. Bowavar, bicb-powar mgmeysas

igìlmta tbmt mt eamst soka soeutiog oj a`cas mg` ri`cas meso

ollurs og mssakhemcas jrok kora ralagt tikas tbmg tba

Vmemloeitbil.

M emst ohsarvmtiog ddlrtmigigc to 'kislaeemgaous sbaags',

wbatbar tbay ha rajarra` to ms soie sbaag, soeutiog pbagok-agm or wamney àvleopa` ceoss pmtigm, loglargs tba jeigt

mssakhemca jrok Haevé`âra sita D, wbilb is lurragtey ugàr

stu`y. Pbis mssakhemca, `mta` to tba Sailbsaeimg, ìspemys

virtumeey go wbita pmtigmtiog gor rougìgc oj a`cas or ri`cas.

Igvmrimhey, bowavar, oga sià oj tba mrtajmlts axbihits m

sbaag wbilb is visihea witb tba gmna` aya. Vrasukmhey, tba

sbigy mspalt is tba oga wbilb bms haag jmligc upwmr`s mg`

bms haag axposa` jor mg axtagà` pario` oj tika. Pba

Jic. <1 \AK pbotocrmpb oj mg mrtajmlt witb ceoss pmtigm jrok

Oeàhoorg, tba Gatbaremg`s (=:6x).

igjeuagla oj eicbt meoga òas got saak to bmva haag raspog-sihea, ms tbis is raporta` to lmusa m 'ùee crmy pmtigmtiog'

(Xott emgàr =931h4 1:). Go slrmtlbas wara visihea kilro-

slopilmeey, succastigc tbmt mhrmsiog wms got tba lmusmtiva

jmltor. Bowavar, it is succasta` tbmt tba sbaag is ùa to tba

poeisbigc hy axtrakaey jiga eoass-pmrtileas haigc heowg hy

tba wig`> tba vary jiga crmig-siza oj tbasa pmrtileas loue`

bmva lmusa` m ugijork sbaag, igstam` oj mhrmsiog slrmtlbas.

Pbis axmkpea sbows mcmig bow lokpeilmta` tba quastiog oj

'soie sbaag' is.

0.8.8.0 Jriltiog ceoss

Jraquagtey ùrigc usa-wamr mgmeysis so-lmeea` 'hricbt spots'

bmva haag ohsarva` og mrtajmlts. Pbair oricig is got leamr mt

prasagt. It is possihea tbmt jriltiog ceoss is m soeutiog pbago

kagog. It bms meso haag succasta` tbmt it is lmusa` hy tba

hmgcigc oj mrtajmlts mcmigst amlb otbar (\bapbar` =938), or

hy bmjtigc (Koss =923h) (saa meso lbmpiar :, gota 8). \tmpart

(=93:4 <6) raports oga igstmgla oj m pmtlb oj jriltiog ceoss

haigc igtarpratmhea ms aviàgla jor bmjtigc. Ig bicb-powar

usa-wamr mgmeysis tbasa spots mra cagarmeey got igbihitigc m

jugltiogme igtarpratmtiog ms tbair ìstrihutiog is quita eolmei-

sa`.

0.8.< KALBMGILME MEPAXMPIOG\

0.8.<.= Prmkpeigc\avarme axparikagts bmva haag parjorka` to rapeilmta tba

ajjalt oj trmkpeigc og tba surjmla oj tba jeigt (Prigcbmk at

me. =930> Jeagginlg/ Bmccarty =939). Cagarmeey it is mssuka`

tbmt trmkpeigc lmusas a`ca-slmrrigc, mg` tba axparikagts

òga so jmr bmva tbarajora akpbmsisa` tbis mspalt oj wamr.

Prigcbmk at me. (=9304 =98) kmigtmig tbmt tba a`ca-`mkmca

igjeilta` hy trmkpeigc wms rmgòkey ìstrihuta` meogc tba

lirlukjaragla oj tba mrtajmlt mg` eolmta` ugijmlimeey ogey.



10 VO\P-@AVO\IPIOGME \QXJMLA KO@IJILMPIOG\

Pbis logleusiog hms haag lbmeeagca` hy atbar igvasticmtors.

JIlgginag mg` Bmccarty raport tbmt <3% oj 082 trmkpea`

ugkoìjil` jemnas wms `mkmca`> soka oj tba slmrra` jemnas

(G ; 1:, i.a. =<% oj tba totme) loue` avag ha kistmnag jor

igtlgtiogmeey ratoulba`, 'typoeocilme' mrtajmlts (Jeagginag/

Bmccarty =9394 8==). Pbasa mutbors àgy tbmt a`ca-`mkmca

jrok usa lmg ha ugaquivolmeey ìjjaragtimta` jrok tba ugig-

tagtiogme ajjalts oj trmkpeigc. Pbay stmta tbmt

'tba kost logleusiva rasuet oj our axparikagt wms tbmt, ms oga

woue` axpalt, go poeisb ollurra` og mgy oj tba trmkpea` kmtarime.

Sl haeiava tbmt poeisb is tba ogey àjigita igìlmtor oj mhoricigme

jemna usa' (Jeagginag/ Bmccarty =9394 8=<).

I haeiava tbmt tbis emst rakmrn bms to ha koìjia` seicbtey.

Zmrious axplrikagts bmva sbowg tbmt m nig` oj 'poeisb' òas

ollur ms m rasuet oj trmkpeigc. It loglargs mg ugìjjaragtim-

ta` 'sbaag', wbilb òas got ohslura (mt eamst ig its igitime

stmcas) waee-àvaeopa` poeisbas jrok logtmlt witb hoga, siei-

lious pemgts or `ry bià, hut òas kmsn vmcuar poeisbas sulb

ms tbosa jrok kamt, jrasb bià, mg` igitime woo`-poeisb.It saaks tbarajora tbmt trmkpeigc hy tba igbmhitmgts oj mg

ollupmtiog mram, or, jor tbmt kmttar, 'satteigc' oj tba soie

(ùa to soeijeultiog, soie lraap or sikpey lokpmltiog), òas

igàa` koìjy tba surjmla oj tba mrtajmlts to m logsiàrmhea

axtagt. It is got ogey mhrmsiog wbilb ollurs, hut meso a`ca-

`mkmca mg`, ig axtraka logìtiogs sulb ms pari-cemlime agvi

rogkagts, tba àvaeopkagt oj àap slrmtlbas, prassura logas

mg` lryoturhmtiog ratoulb (\tmpart =93:).

0.8.<.8 Vost-axlmvmtiog `mkmca

@mkmca igjiilta` og tooes ùrigc axlmvmtiog, jig`-prolassigc,

or ùrigc jurtbar mgmeysis, bms haag tba suhdalt oj soka

ìslussiog (Syeia =930> Caro =932> Veissog =921h). Zico-rous siavigc og m katme slraag proùlas a`ca-`mkmca ms waee

ms 'katme-poeisb', i.a. hricbt, loeoura` stramns. Pbis emttar

jamtura is irrakovmhea, hut jortugmtaey vary amsy to ìstig-

cuisb jrok usa-poeisb. Bowavar, soka lmutiog sboue` ha

axarlisa` witb siavigc. Lartmigey it woue` ha m`vismhea to

mvoi` katme logtmlt ms kulb ms possihea.

Pba leamgigc oj ikpeakagts logstitutas mgotbar ollmsiog

wbag mrtajmlts kmy ha `mkmca`. Xuhhigc ojj m`barigc saì-

kagts jrok jeigt mrtajmlts is m gorkme leamgigc prolaùra,

hut ugjortugmtaey it is vary àtrikagtme to poeisbas, ms it

igjeilts m kalbmgilme 'soie sbaag" og tba surjmla. Hrusbigc ojj

tba saìkagts witb m tootbhrusb bms tba smka ajjalt, avag

ugàr ruggigc wmtar. Pba hrusbigc itsaej (witb m gyeog

tootbhrusb), ij òga og m leamg surjmla, òas got saak to

mjjalt tba surjmla (Eavi \mem =922). Hast is leamgigc tba

mrtajmlts ugàr ruggigc wmtar witb ms eittea ruhhigc ms pos

sihea. Gukharigc witb ign mg` gmie-poeisb òas got lmusa

emstigc `mkmca, hut sulb kmrns lmg jork m guismgla to

mgmeysis (bagla, bmva to ha rakova`), ij pemla` jor igstmgla

meogc tba vagtrme mspalt oj m slrmpar a`ca.

Lbakilme leamgigc oj ikpeakagts prior to axmkigmtiog hy

kilroslopa is meso ngowg to lmusa lbmgcas, got ogey to tba

mppamrmgla oj poeisbas, hut, ig ùa loursa, meso to tba jeigt

itsaej Veissog mg` Kmucar (=922) bmva axtagsivaey àslriha`

tba lbmgcas rasuetigc jrok tba usa oj vmrious lbakilmes, mg`

I wiee got raitarmta tbair poigts bara. Bowavar, it is leamr tbm

wa sboue` got usa GmOB, ùa to its àsillmtigc ajjalt og tb

jeigt. Ig m`ìtiog, logtrmry to wbmt soka rasamrlbars haeiava(lj Veissog =921m), hut ig mcraakagt witb otbars (Kmgsur-

Jrmglbokka =92<), it is succasta` tbmt lmutiog is meso wmr-

rmgta` witb tba usa oj BLI. Ij its mppeilmtiog is got joeiowa`

hy m tboroucb rigsigc witb tmp wmtar, mg` ij it is got

gautrmeiza` witb a.c. NOB, its usa lmg lmusa m heuisb sbaag

og tba jeigts (ms bmppaga` witb soka oj tba Banaeigcag III

jeigts), or aesa m yaeeow loeourmtiog (lj. Zmg Cidg =929). Ms

bms haag kagtiogl` hajora (saa 8.0), tbis ajjalt lmg ha mvoi-

à` hy jirst somnigc tba ikpeakagts ig wmtar (B.Duae Dagsag

pars.lokk.).

Logtmlt hatwaag jeigt mrtajmlts, wbltbar ùa to tbair haigc

stora` tocatbar ig emrca hmcs, or rajittigc mttakpts, lmuslsquita suhstmgtime metarmtiogs. Pbay igleuà axtagsiva a`ca-

`mkmca, wbilb sokatikas rakovas axistigc poeisb, jriltiog-

ceoss, eigamr stramns oj poeisb, mg` seicbt rougìgc oj tba

a`cas mg` ri`cas. It is quita ugàrstmg`mhea tbmt it is ikpos-

sihea to igìviùmeey hmc ig pemstil avary sigcea tigy piala oj

àhitmca. Bowavar, logsi`lrigc tba meram`y lgorkous

mkougt oj tika, kogay mg` ajjort put igto axlmvmtiog, it

sboue` got ha too kulb to msn to put mee ratoulba` ikpea

kagts, hemàs, mg` prajarmhey meso emrcar jemnas, igto sapm

rmta pemstil hmcs. Ms jmr ms rajittigc is loglarga`, it woue` ha

hast to eamva sulb mttakpts ugtie wamr-trmla mgmeysis bms

haag parjorka`. \toga kicbt saak rasieiagt, it is, ig its owg

wmy, ms jrmciea ms pottary. Ig m`ìtiog, tba slmttarigc oj emrcahmcs oj jeigt ogto tmheas lmusas axtagsiva a`ca-`mkmca, jril-

tiog-ceoss atl. It woue` tbarajora ha m`vismhea to parjork m

wamr-trmla mgmeysis prior to mg mssakhemca's '`lcrm`mtiog' to

stu`y-loeealtiog. M jigme stmca ùrigc wbilb jeigt ikpeakagts

lmg sustmig `mkmca, is ùrigc tba kilroslopil mgmeysis itsaej

Zmrious mutbors bmva gotl` tbmt rapamta` bmgèigc proùlas

m 'kamt-pobsb' (Vbssog =921m4 =66> Qgrmtb at me. =92:).

0.8.0 @I\LQ\\IOG

Jrok tba pralaìgc pmrmcrmpbs it lmg ha logleuà` tbmt tba

gukhar oj jmltors wbilb lmg ha bmrkjue to m piala oj jeigt is

suhstmgtime. Ms jmr ms post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilm-

tiogs, sulb ms pmtigmtiog mg` mhrmsiog, mra loglarga`, tba

situmtiog is rmtbar logjusigc mt prasagt. Ms Naaeay (=9264 89)

meram`y gota`, kilrowamr mgmeysts bmva tba tagàgly to

suhsuka ugàr 'pmtigmtiog' m wià vmriaty oj pbagokagm,

tba lmusas oj wbilb mra stiee vary poorey ugàrstoo`.



11 IGZAGPOXY OJ OLLQXXAGLA\ OJ V@\K /LOGLEQ\ IOG

0.< Igvagtory oj ollurraglas oj p`sk ig mrlbmaoeocilme

mssakhemcas

Qsa-wamr mgmeysts bmva òga m logsiàrmhea gukhar oj

axparikagts to rapeilmta vmrious post-àpositiogme surjmla

koìjilmtiogs (Veissog =921m> Eavi \mem =92:, =922> Veissog/

Kmuclr =922), mg` gog-mrlbmaoeocists sulb ms Xottemgàr

(=931m, =931h) bmva tria` to sba` eicbt og tbair oricigs.

Bowavar, it slaks wa mra stiee jmr jrok haigc mhea to praìltwblg mssakhemcas mra suitmhea jor kilrowamr mgmeysis.

It wms tbarajora àlià` tbmt it kicbt ha usajue to eoon

hmln upog tba rasuets so jmr ohtmiga` hy vmrious kilrowamr

mgmeysas. It wms bopa` tbmt, hy òigc so, racuemritias kicbt

mpplmr wbilb loue` ìralt jurtbar rasamrlb igto tba oricigs

oj post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs. Pbis survay

loglagtrmtas og rasamrlb òga og Sast Auropamg jiigt kmta-

rime, ms it provl` vary ìjjiluet to mlquira mg ovarviaw oj tba

kora ohslura rajaraglas jrok tba Qgita` \tmtas or Dmpmg.

Logsaquagtey, tba kora mllassihea puheilmtiogs raportigc og

'rlkotl mrams", sulb ms Noohi Jorm (Naaeay/ Potb =92=) or

Vmtmcogim (Kmgsur-Jrmglbokkl =920), bmva meso haag

axleuà`. \tiee, I mk sura I wiee bmva ovareoona` savarme

rajaraglas partmigigc to tba stu`y mram.

Jmltors wbilb mra cagarmeey logsiàra` to ha ikportmgt

jor tba quastiog oj gmturme metarmtiogs igleuà tba `mta oj

tba mssakhemca mg` tba kmtrix mg`/or caoeocilme logìtiog

ig wbilb tba kmtlrime wms àposita`. Ms kost mutbors bmva

got spalijia` tba axmlt lbmrmltar oj tba post-àpositiogme

surjmla koìjilmtiogs tbay ohsarva`, tmhea < ogey eists wbatbar

or got kagtiog wms kmà oj sulb pbagokagm (-=- or -). Ig

priglipea, tba loeukg 'gukhar oj pialas stuìa`' (go st) ogey

igleuàs tba ikpeakagts wbilb wara mltumeey axmkiga`

kilroslopilmeey. Pbis kamgs tbmt it raprasagts m smkpea oj

tba totme mssakhemca (tba axmlt gukhar oj mrtajmlts, jrokwbilb tba smkpea wms `rmwg, wms ojtag got provià`),

wbilb wms usumeey saealta` mllorìgc to tba lritariog oj

jrlsbgass. Pbus, tba parlagtmca oj pialas witb metarmtiogs

loglargs tba ikpeakagts wbilb, metboucb tbay eoona` jrasb

witb tba gmna` aya, mppamra` to ha koìjia` mjtar axmkigm-

tiog witb tba kilroslopa. Pba mltume parlagtmca oj pialas

mjjllta` kicbt tbarajora bmva haag kulb bicbar tbmg eista`

ugàr tba loeukg % p`sk ig tmhea <. Bowavar, ig soka

lmsas (i.a. mee sitas raporta` ig Hayrias =923, mg` tbosa igì-

lmta` hy *), tba gukhars stuìa` wara ugleamr mg` tba

mkougts eista` loglarg tba totme mssakhemcas. It sboue` ha

strassa` tbmt, ùa to iglogsistaglias ig tba vmrious taxts, or

to logjusiog og ky pmrt mhout tba gukhars provià`, soka

qumgtitias lmg ha kisrlprasagta`.

Jrok tmhea < it lmg ha ohsarva` tbmt tba mca oj tba

mrtajmlts, mg` bagla tba mkougt oj tika tbay bmva haag ig

tbair kmtrix, to soka axtagt òas bmva igjeulgll og tba

qumeity oj tba kmtarime. Eowar mg` Ki`èa Vmemaoeitbil

mssakhemcas igvmrimhey saak to ìspemy surjmla koìjilmtiogs

oj soka sort> wbita pmtigm (hy wbmtavar igjeuagla it is

lmusa`) is kost jraquagtey raporta`. Jor emtar pario`s tba

situmtiog vmrias logsiàrmhey. Kmc`meagimg mssakhemcas mra

usumeey ig coo` logìtiog jor kilrowamr mgmeysis, witb tba

axlaptiog oj AtioeeasW> Veissog (=921m) kagtiogs soka sbaag

og ikpeakagts jrok Viglavagt, bmhitmtiog =, ms waee. Pba

sigcea lmtacory oj mrtajmlts wbilb logsistagtey ìspemys ogey

jaw metarmtiogs loglargs EHN mssakhemcas. Mt @mriog, Lou

tura à em Lbmusséa (Heilquy), Eiâca Vemla \migt-Emkhart,Haan-Koeagstaac, Aeseoo, Emgcwaiear 2, mg` Emuragzharc 3,

ikpeakagts mra raporta` to ha cagarmeey ig axlaeeagt logì

tiog. Ig logtrmst, kmgy Ki`èa mg` Emta Gaoeitbil mssak

hemcas ìspemy quita bamvy sbaag, wbiea Hrogza Mca jeigt

jrok Oeàhoorg sbows ceoss pmtigm. It saaks tbarajora tbmt.

mpmrt jrok tba vary oe` mssakhemcas wbilb igvmrimhey mra

sokawbmt metara`, mca is got m àtarkigigc jmltor mgykora

jrok Qppar Vmemaoeitbil tikas ogwmr`s.

Pba suhstmgla oj tba kmtrix òas got mppamr to ha m

lmusmi jmltor, witb tba possihea axlaptiog oj smg`. Mee

mssakhemcas jrok m smg`y kmtrix mra raporta` to ìspemy mt

eamst soka koìjilmtiogs> Qppar Vmemaoeitbil sitas ig @ag

kmrn mg` Kasoeitbil sitas ig tba Gatbaremg`s, wbilb mra ig

hotb lmsas usumeey eolmta` og smg` ri`cas, bmva logsistagtey

haag radalta` jor kilrowamr mgmeysis (B.Duae Dagsag pars.

lokk.> ohsarvmtiogs oj tba mutbor).

Oga jmltor wbilb wms haeiava` to ha oj igjeuagla, tba pB

oj tba kmtrix (lj Xottemgàr =931m, =931h), is so saeòk

mllougta` jor ms to ha rmtbar usaeass jor tbis igvagtory.

Pmhea 0 prasagts tba jaw igstmglas tbis jamtura bms haag

kagtioga`. Pba vmeuas sbow gautrme or seicbtey menmeiga

logìtiogs to bmva pravmiea`, hut jrok mee jiva sitas pmtigm-

tiog bms haag raporta`. Xottemgàr succasts mg menmeigity oj

pB 7 =6 jor wbita pmtigm to àvaeop mg` mg mliìty oj pB

; <.1-0.6 jor ceoss pmtigm jorkmtiog. Pba jmlt tbmt goga ojtba sitas juejiees aitbar oj tbasa logìtiogs mg` gavartbaeass mee

oj tbak proùla` mssakhemcas witb surjmla koìjilmtiogs,

succasts tbmt otbar jmltors pemya` m kora ikportmgt roea.

0.0 Logleusiog

Pba piltura wbilb akarcas jrok tba pralaìgc pmrmcrmpbs is

m pratty gacmtiva oga4 it saaks tbmt axtrakaey jaw mssak

hemcas mra so waee-prasarva` jor kilrowamr mgmeysis to ojjar

raprasagtmtiva rasuets. Pba gukhar oj jmltors wbilb lmg metar

tba surjmla oj jeigts is logsiàrmhea igàa`. Metboucb tba

Kmc`meagimg mssakhemcas jrok tba Vmris Hmsig mra cagarmeey

ig raemtivaey coo` logìtiog, tbay ò ìspemy koìjilmtiogsto soka axtagt, àspita tba jmlt tbmt tbay wara quilney

lovara` hy saìkagtmry àposits. Pba ogey mssakhemcas

wbilb mra logsistagtey raporta` to ha ig kigt logìtiog, mra

tba ogas jrok tba eoass, `mtigc jrok tba Hmg`narmkin

pario`. Pbasa ikpeakagts jor tba kost pmrt àriva jrok pits,

i.a. ùkps. Pba mhova-`lslriha` lmtacorias oj mssakhemcas

raprasagt tba two lirlukstmglas ig wbilb kilrowamr mgmeysis

yiae`s tba kost smtisjmltory rasuets4 =) kmtarime jrok ùkps



1: VO\P-@AVO\IPIOGME \QXJMLA KO@IJILMPIOG\

Pmhea < Mssakhemcas stuìa` (usigc tba bicb-powar katbo`) jor tba prasagla oj trmlas oj usa, igìlmtigc parlagtmcas oj post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs.

sita `mta p`sk go st Zop`sk wamr-trmlas kmtr ix caoe.sit. puheilmtiog

Lemltog-Coej loursa Lemlt. -=- <=8 86 hutlbarigc kmre, crmvae rivariga Naaeay =926

\wmgslokha Lemlt. -=- 8:3 31 kost usa` eomk rivariga Naaeay =926

Boxga Mlbaue. -=- 062 89 woo`, bià siet rivariga Naaeay =926

Mrly-sur-Lura/Xagga Ki`.Vme. -=- 883 39 woo` vmrimhea lmva Hayrias =923

Lorhabak Ki`.Vme. -=- =3:3 9: woo` eoass opag mir Hayrias =923

Crotta Zmujray ZIII Ki`.Vme. -=- 9 3 woo` smg`, crmvae lmva Hayrias =923

Lokha-Cragme III Ki`.Vme. -=- 112 39 woo` 3 lmva Hayrias =923

Via-Eokhmr` Ki`.Vme. -=- <=: 9: go trmlas lemy lmva Hayrias =923

Kmrieeml R Ki`.Vme. -=- :8: 23 woo` lemy, lbmen lmva Hayrias =923

Valb à PMzé = Ki`.Vme. -=- 03 = woo` smg` mhri Mgàrsog-Carjmu` =92=

Valb à VMzé 0 Ki`.Vme. -=- ==< 3 woo` smg` mhri Mgàrsog-Carjmu` =92=

Lorhiml Ki`.Vme. -=- :8 3 woo` smg` opag mir Mgàrsog-Carjmu` I92I

Himlba \t.Zmmst Ki`.Vme. - 3 3 woo` jiga jeuv. rivariga Hayrias =922

Haevé`âra IZ Ki`.Vme. + 11 23 hutlbarigc jiga jeuv. rivariga Zmg Cidg =929

Vmceilli Lmva Ki`.Vme. g 89: 3 kamt vmrimhea lmva @ogmbua =921

Em Lotta Ki`.Vme. + <:3 08 bià, woo` eoassil lmva Jrmka =92:

Kasvig IZ Ki`.Vme. -=- 83 3 ìvarsa lomrsa rivar rivariga Cysaes/ Lmbag =928

Zarharia Kmc`me. - =98 ~ kamt. bià smg`y eomk opag mir \ykags =92:

Zarharia Kmc`me. - 0< - ìvarsa smg`y eomk opag mir Muòuza at me. =92=

Viglavagt = Kmc`me. + 8=2 - ìvarsa siet opag mir Veissog =921m

Viglavagt <: Kmc`me. - =8= - ìvarsa siet opag mir Koss =92<m

Lmssacros =6 Kmc`me. + 1<8 =2 `ry bià 3 lmva Zmucbmg =921m

Mgàrgmlb 8 Kmc`me. ? 8:8 3 ìvarsa eoass opag mir Zmucbmg =921h

Mgàrgmlb Kmc`me. - =9= - kamt, bià eoass opag mir Veissog =921m

Ticaugarjaes Kmc`me. - 0=6 - mgikme suhst. 3 lmva Zmucbmg =921h

Em Pourmssa Mzieimg -=- 91 =2 ìvarsa 3 mhri Veissog =928

Vogt `'Mkhog Mzieimg + 031' 3 ìvarsa siet, crmv. mhri Koss =92<m

Oeàboetwoeà Bmkhurc - 8=2 - ìvarsa smg` opag mir Koss =922

Kaar Pdogcar -=- 813 81 ìvarsa smg` opag mir Lmbag at me. =939>

Naaeay =932

\tmr Lmrr A.Kasoe. + =1:* - ìvarsa lemy, pamt opag mir @ukogt =922

Kt.\mgàe A.Kasoe. + 83<* - ìvarsa 3 3 @ukogt =922

Zmagcat Gor` Nogca-

kosa

+ 20: 8: ìvarsa lemy opag mir Duae Dagsag/ Hriglb Vatarsag

=921

Mcarú` Z Nogca- + 96 =: ìvarsa smg` opag mir Duae Dagsag =928, =920

Aeseookosl

EHN+ =60 =0 ìvarsa eoass opag mir \lbraurs =929

Haan-Koeagstaac EHN + <09 =3 ìvarsa eoass opag mir Zmg Cidg, tbis voeuka

Emgcwaiear 2/

Emuragzharc 3 EHN - <32 ~ ìvarsa eoass opag mir Zmucbmg =921h

@mriog EHN - =998 6.2 ìvarsa eoass opag mir Lmspmr =922

Eiéca Ve.\t.Emkhart EHN - =0< - ìvarsa eoass opag mir Lmspmr/ Cysaes =920

Loutura `.e.Lbmusséa Heilquy - 8=1 - ìvarsa eoass opag mir Lmbag/ Cysaes =92<

Xigcneostar Artahoeea - :< - bià, woo` pamt opag mir Duae Dagsag =928

Artahleea Artahaeea - =66 - ìvarsa smg` opag mir Duae Dagsag =928

\wijtarhmgt \1= 1<66 HV - 88< - ìvarsa lemy rivariga Hiagagjae` =92:

\wijtarhmgt \0 1<66 HV -t- 26 3 ìvarsa lemy rivariga Hiaglgjae` =92:

\wijtarhmgt \8 1<66 HV 3 =83 3 ìvarsa lemy rivariga Hiagagjae` =92:

Bmzagògn = 1<66 HV -=- =3 89 ìvarsa smg` smg`ùga Hiagagjae` =92:

Bmzagògn 8 1=66 HV + =0 8= ìvarsa smg` smg`ùga Hiaglgjae` =92:

Bmzagògn < 0966 HV + =6: =8 ìvarsa smg` smg`ùga Hiagagjae` =92:\iccagahag \õ` 1666 HV + 03 <8 ìvarsa smg`, crmvae opag mir \lbueta ik Smeà/ \trzo`m

=921

Hiagagjae` =92:, =922Cmssae 0966 HV + 91 =2 ìvarsa smg` opag mir

\lbueta ik Smeà/ \trzo`m

=921

Hiagagjae` =92:, =922

Bmzagògn-ZE. em 0366 HV - 0 - ìvarsa smg` smg`ùga Hiagagjae` =92:

Bmzagògn-ZE.Ih 0066 HV + 0= - ìvarsa smg` smg`ùga Hiagagjae` =92:

Banaeigcag III 0<66 HV + <<3 <3 ìvarsa siet rivariga Zmg Cidg, tbis voeuka

Eai`slbag`mk 0 0<66 HV -=- 3< 1: ìvarsa smg` opag mir Zmg Cidg, tbis voeuka

\mrup 0<66 HV -=- =:= =< woo`, bià smg` opag mir Dappasag =920

Oeàhoorg <366 HV -=- =6= =2 ìvarsa smg`, pamt opag mir Zmg Cidg =92<



13 LOGLEQ\IOG

Pmhea 0 pB vmeuas raporta` jor vmrious sitas.

\ita pB puheilmtiog

Mrdouga (\yrim) 3.6 Qgcar Bmkietog =922

Viglavagt bmhit. = (Jrmgla) 2.<1-2.:6 Veissog =921m

Haevé`âra sita C (Boeemg`) 2.: Zmg Cidg =929

Haevé`âra sita L (Boe emg`) :.6-:.1 Zmg Cidg =929

Banaeigcag III (Boeemg`) 1.9-3.0 Zmg Cidg, tbis voeuka

mg` 8) mssakhemcas àposita` ig m pemla rmraey jraquagta` hy

paopea (i.a. go trmkpeigc) mg` vary quilney (ig m kmttar oj

yamrs) lovara` hy saìkagts. Pba emttar igstmgla, m rmra

ollurragla, meso proviàs m vary coo` lbmgla oj jigìgc

mltivity mrams. Bowavar, it saaks tbmt sulb m situmtiog, ig

wbilb m pemla is soog àsarta`, got to ha visita` mcmig,

axakpeijias ogey m vary skmee sackagt oj tba bukmg mltivity

spaltruk4 it axleuàs parkmgagt satteakagts, hmsa-lmkps,

mg` avag stmtiogs ollupia` avary yamr to axpeoit m spalijil

rasourla. Koraovar, tba mssakhemcas jrok tba Vmris Hmsig

mra got logsistlgtey ig jrasb logìtiog, igìlmtigc tbmt otbar

jmltors mra oj igjeuagla ms waee.

@ukps, wbara kilrowamr trmlas stmg` tba hast lbmgla oj

prasarvmtiog, mra ugjortugmtaey got iàme ig tarks oj tba

ralogstrultiog oj pmst habmviour. It loglargs salog`mry

àposits wbilb kmy or kmy got hamr m raemtiogsbip to mltivi-

tils lmrria` out gamrhy. M emrca smkpea jrok tba pits mt tba

EHN sita oj @mriog wms suhdalta` to kilrowamr mgmeysis,

hut go aviàgla oj ìjjaragtimtiog hatwaag tba logtagt oj

tbasa pits wms joug` (Lmspmr =922)> tba smka partmiga` to

Aeseoo (\lbraurs =929). Pbis kmy kamg tbmt "avaryoga wms

eivigc tba smka eija', mg` oga lmg ha takpta` to `rmw jmr-

ramlbigc logleusiogs mhout tba acmeitmrimg gmtura oj tbasa

satteakagts. Bowavar, tbis is mg igtarpratmtiog wa kust halmutious witb halmusa oj tba vary jmlt tbmt wa lmg ha

àmeigc witb praòkigmgtey salog`mry àposits.

Pba suppositiog tbmt m kilrowamr mgmeysis lmg proùla

raprasagtmtiva rasuets ogey ig tba two situmtiogs àslriha`

mhova, òas got kamg tbmt wamr mgmeysis is usaeass ig otbar

igstmglas. Meso ig tbosa lmsas wamr-trmlas lmg ha ohsarva`,

hut tbay wiee ha logjiga` to tbosa wbilb mra vary ìstiglt

mg` rasistmgt to lbakilme mg`/or kalbmgilme mttmln, i.a. tba

ogas lmusa` hy sieilious pemgts, hoga, `ry bià, mg` parbmps

woo`. Metboucb tba outloka wiee got ha raprasagtmtiva,igtarastigc `mtm lmg gavartbaeass ha ohtmiga` (lj :.8). Jor

tbosa mssakhemcas wbilb wa mra igleiga` to radalt jor kilro

wamr mgmeysis, I woue` mrcua tbmt it is galassmry to hromàg

our katboòeocy mg` igleuà axpeilitey eow-powar talbgi-

quas ig our mppromlb. Ohviousey, tbis is ogey possihea wbag

wa lmg ha raemtivaey lartmig tbmt go or eittea post-àpositiogme

a`ca-`mkmca bms tmnag pemla. It is ugwisa to logtigua to

radalt ikportmgt mssakhemcas halmusa oj post-àpositiogme

surjmla koìjilmtiogs. Igstam`, tbara sboue` ha lbmgca ig our

tmltils, akpbmzisigc ìjjaragt mspalts oj wamr mllorìgc to

tba possihieitias igbaragt ig amlb mssakhemca. Hy usigc tba

eow-powar mppromlb ig tbosa lmsas ig wbilb poeisbas mg`

strimtiogs bmva ìsmppamra` or haloka igvisihea, tba possihi

eitias oj usa-wamr mgmeysis lmg ha axtagà`. Leamrey, tba eavae

oj igjaragla wiee ha sokawbmt eowar jor mssakhemcas ogey

stuìa` hy starao-kilroslopy (hut lj. \bam =922), mg`

logjiga` to stmtakagts mhout raemtiva bmr`gass oj logtmlt-

kmtarimes, hut sulb Igjorkmtiog is stiee vmeumhea. Ij wa ò got

m`mpt our talbgiquas to tba prasarvmtiog-stmta oj tba mssak

hemca to ha stuìa`, wa kicbt avag rug out oj suitmhea

mssakhemcas mg`/or igtarastigc mrlbmaoeocilme proheaks to

soeva.

gota

I Atoieas is got igleuà` ig tbis tmhea, halmusa it wms radalta jormgmeysis (Veissog =921m).



12



Pba Eigamrhmg`narmkin sitaoj Haan-Koeagstaac

\.e Igtroùltiog

Pba @utlb Eigamrhmg`narmkin (EHN) sitas mra situmta` ig

tba eoass-haet wbilb axtag`s jrok tba Xbiga ig tba amst to

tba soutbwastarg pmrt oj Hleciuk ig tba wast (Hmnaes =9234

jic. 8). Pba satteakagts ig tbis mram raprasagt tba kost gortb-

wastarg axtagsiog oj tba EHN luetura. Pba @utlb EHN sitas,

mg` meso tba ogas oj tba gamrhy Meàgbovagar Vemtta ig

Sast-Carkmgy, wara jirst igbmhita` mroug` 1066 HL, mg`

tba ollupmtiog emsta` ugtie mhout 0966 HL (lmeihrmta` WWL).

Mekost mee tba EHN satteakagts mra eolmta` og eoass-lovara`pemtamus, ig tba viligity oj m stramk mg` surrougà` hy

wooèmg`. Qsumeey, savarme sitas mra croupa` tocatbar igto

leustars (Hmnaes =928). Oga sulb leustar is tbmt oj tba Crma-

tbaià, oj wbilb Haan-Koeagstaac jorks m pmrt {jic. <:).

Gamrhy eia tba Baaswmtar leustar, mlross tba Kausa ig soutb

wastarg ìraltiog, mg` tba Karzhmlb leustar, l. <6 nk to tba

soutbamst (Eõgigc =928). Ms oj gow 83 sitas bmva haag

eolmta` witbig tba Crmatbaià leustar, mitboucb mt tikas it is

ìjjiluet to sapmrmta oga sita jrok tba gaxt4 meogc soka oj

tba stramks oga logtiguous row oj satteakagt rakmigs is

prasagt.

Jrok tba axtagsiva axlmvmtiogs mt \ittmr` (Ko`àrkmg

=912-=919), \taig (Ko`àrkmg =936), Aeseoo (Ko`àrkmg

=936) mg` Caeaag (Smtarhoen =912-=919), wa ngow m cramt

àme mhout tba @utlb EHN ig tarks oj satteakagt orcmgizm-

tiog (Hmnaes =928), bousa jork (Ko`àrkmg =936), alog-

oky (Hmnaes =932) mg` pottary typoeocy (Ko`àrkmg =921).

@a Crootb is prasagtey lmrryigc out mg axtagsiva mgmeysis oj

tba jeigt talbgoeocy (@a Crootb =92:, =923m, =923h), wbiea

Zmg à Zaeà's stikuemtigc rasamrlb oj tba Aeseoo lakatary

bms provià` igsicbt igto EHN solime orcmgizmtiog (Zmg à

Zaeà =939). Kulb is meso ngowg jrok gaicbhourigc mrams,

ms axakpeijia` hy tba Meàgbovagar Vemtta prodalt (m.o. Eõ

gigc =928), tba Misga Zmeeay prodalt (m.o. Ieatt at me. =928)

mg` tba worn ig Bashmya (m.o. Lmbag =920). Cagarmeeyspamnigc, wbmt mppamrs is mg mkmzigc ugijorkity ig kmgy

mspalts mlross tbasa vmrious raciogs, mitboucb spalimeists

strass tbmt raciogme ìjjaraglas ò axist.

1.=.= \IPA EOLMPIOG MG@ ARLMZMPIOG BI\POXY

Pba sita oj Haan-Koeagstaac is situmta` og m cagtey-seopigc

skmee pemtamu og tba bicbast tarrmla oj tba Kausa rivar (Dïc.

<3). Po tba wast, tbara is m staap, àgsaey wooà` `rop

towmr`s tba vmeeay oj tba Nautaehaan, wbiea ig amstarg ìral

tiog tba mram is àjiga` hy m seicbt aeavmtiog, amst oj wbilb

go jig`s bmva haag loeealta` {jic. <2). Po tba gortb, tba

prasagla oj mg orlbmr` kmnas it ikpossihea to ò jiae`wmen-

igc. Vor kmgy yamrs, mkmtaurs bmva haag vary mltivaey loe-

ealtigc ig tba mram, kost oj tbair kmtarime haigc mttrihutmhel

to tba EHN luetura. Pba emrcast loeealtiogs mra tbosa oj Kr.

D.Mussaks mg` Ir. B.vmg Zaag. Hotb bmva ralorà` tba

mpproxikmta eolmtiog oj tbair jig`s, mg` it is leamr tbmt tba

mram yiaeìgc jig`s axtag`s mee tba wmy jrok tba staap `roptowmr`s tba Nautaehaan to tba seicbt igleiga ig tba amst.

Mrtajmlts, mehait ogey m jaw, bmva meso haag raporta` dust

soutb oj tba Koeagpm`. Jicura <2 sbows tba igjarra` siza oj

tba satteakagt, witb tba bicbast àgsity oj jig`s eolmta`

witbig tba lirlea` mram (V. Kaggags pars.lokk.). Pba totme

mram wbilb àeivara` kmtarime ùrigc jiae`wmenigc is roucbey

2 baltmras> tba siza oj tba EHN satteakagt itsaej kicbt bmva

haag skmeear bowavar.

Pba ramsog jor stmrtigc mg axlmvmtiog wms tba jmlt tbmt

tba jmrkar usigc tba tarrmig bm` haag ìccigc traglbas jor

crmss stormca, mg` raquira` kora oj tbak. Jrok oga oj tbasa

traglbas m croup oj jig`s wms ratriava` wbilb succasta` tba

prasagla oj m pit, sulb ms is ojtag eolmta` m`dmlagt to EHN

bousas. Hy axlmvmtigc pmrt oj tba tarrmig, it woue` ha pos-

sihea to sikuetmglousey provià tba jmrkar witb m smja mram

to ìc bis traglbas, wbiest varijyigc tba mssukptiog tbmt it

loglarga` m EHN sita.

M raslua axlmvmtiog toon pemla jrok Kmy 80tb ‐ Duga

2tb =939, ugàr tba ìraltiog oj tba IVE, B. Croagagìdn

bmvigc tba `miey suparvisiog. Kakhars oj tba Baaknugà

Zaragicigc Haan toon pmrt ig tba prodalt. M totme oj 016 kW

wms axlmvmta`, wbilb raprasagta` ogey l. 6.1% oj tba

mpproxikmta` axtagt oj tba satteakagt (hut saa mhova). Pba

axmkiga` mram wms eolmta` mt tba jrigca oj tba satteakagt,

leosa to tba `rop towmr`s tba Nautaehaan, hut witbig tbamram wbilb bm` yiaeà` kost mrtajmlts ùrigc jiae`wmenigc

{jic- <2).

Pba top-soie wms rakova` hy hmlnboa, mjtar wbilb tba

surjmla wms jurtbar leamga` mg` àapaga` hy sbovae. Pba

eolmtiog oj tba jig`s wms kamsura` two-ìkagsiogmeey, or,

ùrigc tba àapagigc oj m jurtbar =6-=1 lk, loeealta` ig 8 x

8 k squmras. Pba jirst eavae {jic. <9m) provià` m cramt àme

oj jig`s, hut go ralocgizmhea jamturas. Croagagìdn mttri-



:6 PBA EIGAMXHMG@NAXMKIN \IPA OJ HAAN-KOEAG\PAAC

eúss • eigamrhmg`narmkin sitas M. Haan-Koeagstaac

Jic. <: Pba eoass pemtamu ig soutbarg Eikhurc witb tba EHN-sitas oj tba Crmatbai`a-leustar. Haan-Koeagstaac is ig`ilmta` hy mtrimgcea (mjtar Hmnaes =9324 jic. 8).



:= IGPXO@QLPIOG

Jic. <3 Eolmtiog oj tba sitaHaan-Koeagstaac.

Jic. <2 Marime pbotocrmpb oj tba

mram oj Haan-Koeagstaac. Igì

lmta` mra tba axlmvmta` traglb,

mg` tba prohmhea houg`mry ojtba sita ms igìlmta` hy surjmla

jig`s. Pba bamvy eiga igìlmtas

tba bicbast loglagtrmtiog oj

jig`s.




Jic. <9 Haan-Koeagstaac4 axlmvmtiog pemg. m) jirst eavae, h) salog` eavae.

hutas tbis to tba axtagsiva bokocagizmtiog wbilb tmnas pem

las ig tba eoass, aspalimeey ugàr orlbmr`s (Croagagìdn

=926, =929). Kmgy mrtajmlts raemtigc to tba oricigme eivigc

surjmlas kust bmva haag 'worna`' òwgwmr`s. Bowavar, it

sboue` ha kagtioga` tbmt, mpmrt jrok tba mram leosa to tba

`rop towmr`s tba Nautaehaan, vary eittea arosiog bms tmnag

pemla (Croagagìdn =926. =929). Axlmvmtiog oj tba salog`

eavae (jic. <9h) proùla` oga ruhhisb pit mg` m sarias oj

postboeas igìlmtigc m bousa pemg> jig`s wara kora logjiga`

to tba jamturas ig tbis eavae. Pba bousa is oriagta` gortbwast-

soutbamst. It saaks kost einaey tbmt tba jrmckagt oj tba

bousa axlmvmta`, loglargs tba ki`èa pmrt. Pbis saltiog is

ojtag logsiàra` ms tba eivigc mram oj tba axtagà` jmkieymg` tba jolus oj òkastil eija (Lou`mrt =923). ets wi`tb

kamsuras :.06 k, seicbtey mhova tba cagarme kamg oj 1.16 ‐

:.66 k jor tba EHN bousas. Pbis succasts tbmt tba strultura

kicbt bmva haag m 'Crosshmu" (Croagagìdn =926).

Mpmrt jrok m cramt gukhar oj jeigts, jig`s igleuà` pot-

tary, tag jrmckagts oj crigìgc stogas, two m`zas (Hmnaes

=923), soka wbatstoga-jrmckagts mg` two jrmckagts oj bma-

kmtita. Hotmgilme smkpeas wara tmnag jrok vmrious eavaes

mg` qum`rmgts witbig tba ruhhisb pit (Hmnaes/ Xoussaeea

=9214 jic. 8). Mgmeysis igìlmta` tba prasagla oj akkar

wbamt (Priiiluk ìlolluk) mg` possihey aignorg (Pritiluk

kogololluk). Xakmigs oj otbar luetivmta` pemgts, sulb ms

hmreay, jemx or pams, wara mhsagt (Hmnaes/ Xoussaeea =9214

0<). Pba pottary, joug` ig logsiàrmhea qumgtity, proviàs

tba ogey kamgs to `mta tba sita, ms go W''L `mtas mra mvmie-

mhea. It is mppmragt tbmt tba àlormta` pottary is logsistagt,

jor tba kost pmrt, witb Ko`àrkmg's pbmsa ei` (Ko`àr

kmg =9364 =99> Croagagìdn =9294 jic. 0), i.a. tba emst pbmsa

oj tba @utlb Eigamrhmg`narmkin (l. 0866-0616 hl, logvag-

tiogme W*L `mtas). Pba pit situmta` to tba gortb oj tba bousa

kmigey yiaeà` pbmsa ei` pottary, aesawbara m jaw sbar`smttrihutmhea to pbmsa eil wara prasagt. Ij wa axmkiga tba

kmtarime loQalta` hy tba mkmtaur mrlbmaoeocists or tbmt ig

tba Baaknugà Kusauk oj Haan, tba smka piltura akarcas4

àlormtiva kotivas og tbasa sbar`s mra mee mttrihutmhea to

pbmsa ei` mg`, to m eassar axtagt, to pbmsa eil. Croagagìdn

succasts tbmt tbis skme! pemtamu, situmta` mt tba paripbary oj

tba Crmatbaià leustar, wms ogey ollupia` towmr`s tba ag`

oj tba EHN pario`. Pba eolmtiog oj tba sita ig raemtiog to



:< IGPXO@QLPIOG/PBA JEIGP PALBGOEOCY

wmtar-suppey is got vary suitmhea ùa to tba staap `rop

towmr`s tba Nautaehaan (Croagagìdn =929).

It sboue` hl kagtiogl` tbmt tbara is soka aviàgla jor

bukmg ollupmtiog ùrigc pario`s otbar tbmg tba Eigamr-

hmg`narmkin. Mkogc tba mkmtaur loeealtiogs soka skmee

loras mg` slrmpars, mee proùla` jrok m vary trmgseulagt,

cramsy-eoonigc, eicbt-yaeeow loeoura` jiigt, succast mg amreiar

usl oj tba sita ùrigc tba Kasoeitbil. Pbara mra meso sokatooes wbilb mra possihiy mttrihutmhea to tba Kilbaesharc

luetura, hut it is got agtiraey leamr wbatbar tbay àriva jrok

axmltiy tba smka eolmtiog. M Ki`èa or Emta Gaoeitbil poe-

isba` mxa wms ralovara` ùrigc tba axlmvmtiog, mg` two

sikiemr hut hronag spalikags wara joug` ùrigc jiae`wmen-

igc, tocatbar witb soka ugìmcgostil poeisba` mxa-jrmc-

kagts. Jigmeey, sbar`s `mtigc jrok tba Ki`èa or Emta Irog

Mca bmva haag joug`.

1.E8 OHDALP4 ZA\

Pbara wara savarme ramsogs jor saealtigc tba Haan-Koeagstaac

jeigt mssakhemca jor usa-wamr mgmeysis. Mkogc its mttrmltiogswara its kmgmcamhea siza, tba jmlt tbmt tba axmlt provagmgla

oj tba mrtajmlts wms ngowg, mg` tba coo` prasarvmtiog oj

tba kmtlrimi. Igitimeey, it wms mssuka` to ha m sbort-eiva`,

raemtivley bokocagaous sita. Haan-Koeagstaac is tba ogey

@utlb EHN sattelklgt situmta` og tba bicbast tarrmla oj tba

Kausa. Pbis jamtura, mg` tba jmlt tbmt it wms supposa` to ha

m skmee sita. ea` to tba postuemtiog tbmt it kicbt bmva bm` m

spalime jugltiog ig tba raciogme satteakagt pmttarg. Pbis

woue` ha igtarastigc to axmkiga jrok m eitbil poigt oj viaw.

Bowavar, it is gow leamr tbmt tba sita is kulb emrcar tbmg

axpalta`, gor sboue` wa mttrihuta kulb sicgijilmgla to its

eolmtiog og tba bicbast Kausa tarrmla, ms its cagarme sattigc

is vary kulb eina tbmt oj otbar EHN satteakagts (Hmnaes=932, =928). Ig m`ìtiog, Haan-Koeagstaac wms tba salog`

sita (mjtar Haan-Narnavae`, saa @a Crootb =923m) wbara

emrca mkougts oj Zmenaghurc jeigt bm` haag ralovara`. @a

Crootb's rasamrlb og tba talbgoeocilme jamturas oj hotb

Xidlnboet mg` Zmenaghurc jeigt sbowa` tbmt tba raùltiog

saquagla wms tba smka jor hotb typas oj rmw kmtarime. It

wms àlià` to axmkiga wbatbar tba two vmriatias oj jeigt

wara meso usa` ig sikiemr wmys, Go usa-wamr mgmeysis bm`

haag òga og @utlb EHN jeigt, metboucb savarme Haecimg

mssakhemcas bmva haag, or mra haigc axmkiga`, sulb ms Eiâca

Vemla \migt-Emkhart mg` @mriog (Lmbag at me. =92:> Cmspmr

=922). Zmucbmg axmkiga` m skmee gukhar oj tooes jrok

Emgcwaiear 2 mg` Emuragzharc 3 og tba Meàgbovagar

Vemtta. Sast-Carkmgy (Zmucbmg =921h). Metboucb tba Haan-

Koeagstaac mssakhemca is m`kittaèy skmee mg` jorks pmrt

oj m kulb emrcar satteakagt (mg` tbus kicbt got ha jueey

raprasagtmtiva), it sboue` provià tba opportugity to saa

wbatbar tba rmgca oj mltivitias igjarra` wms lokpmrmhea witb

tbosa oj @mriog mg` Emgcwaiear 2. Pbis kicbt àkogstrmta

wbatbar tba smka ugijorkity pravmiea`. got ogey ig tba jeigt

raùltiog saquaglas, hut meso ig tba pmttarg oj jeigt usa.

1.=.< KAPBO@\ MG@ \MKVEIGC VXOLA@QXA

It wms mcraa` witb Croagagìdn tbmt I woue` got ogey lmrry

out m usa-wamr mgmeysis oj m smkpea oj tba jeigt mssakhemca,

hut woue` meso axmkiga it jor talbgoeocilme jamturas mg`

kmna mg igvagtory oj tba vmrious tooi typas prasagt. Pbis

lbmptar lmg tbarajora ha logsiàra` m jigme puheilmtiog ojtba jeigt mssakhemca oj Haan-Koeagstaac. mg mhhravimta` var

siog oj wbilb wiee mppamr ig tba sita raport (Croagagìdn/

Zmg Cidg ig prap.). Pmnigc tbis kora cagarme mppromlb bm`

ikpeilmtiogs jor tba racistrmtiog systak, kmnigc it ìjjaragt

jrok tba oga praviousey usa` jor tba axmkigmtiog oj tba

Zemmrìgcag mssakhemcas (saa lbmptar :). Ig tba 'sita-jiea' m

gukhar oj vmrimheas, partmigigc to talbgoeocilme mspalts oj

EHN jeigt-wornigc. wara m`à`. Pbay wara àriva` jrok @a

Crootb (K.à Crootb pars.lokk.). Pba totme mssakhemca

igleuà` =360 jeigt mrtajmlts, <:8 oj wbilb axbihita` oga or

kora jamturas wbilb loue` raemta to usa. sulb ms igtagtiogme

ratoulb (i.a. ratoulb 7 I kk), ratoulb 5 I kk, poeisb

visihea witb tba gmna` aya, or mg a`ca witb m strmicbt lross-

saltiog 7 = lk. Pbasa <:8 mrtajmlts wara saealta` jor usa-

wamr mgmeysis mg` yiaeà` m totme oj :=9 VQ Ms (Votagtimeey

Qsa` Mrams).

Ms tba prasagt stu`y mttakpts to àme witb tba Haan-

Koeagstaac mssakhemca ig mg igtacrme jmsbiog. it wms àlià`

meso to axmkiga tba kmtarime loeealta` hy tba mkmtaurs prior

to, mg` mjtar tba axlmvmtiog. Mg m`ìtiogme m`vmgtmca oj

igleuìgc tbis kmtarime is tbmt it ojjara` tba possihieity oj

mssassigc tba raprasagtmtivity oj tba axlmvmta` kmtarime ig

tarks oj `mtigc (saa 1.=.=). Pba emrcast loeealtiog is tba oga

oj Ir. B. Zmg Zaag, wbiea Kr. D. Mussaks meso owgs m

logsiàrmhea gukhar oj mrtajmlts. Emstey, tba BaaknugàKusauk ig Haan bms soka pialas ig its possassiog. It is vary

einaey tbmt kmgy otbar eolme mkmtaurs bmva ratriava` kmta

rime jrok tba sita, hut it wms àlià` tbmt mg axbmustiva

samrlb woue` raquira too kulb tika mg` ajejort ig raemtiog to

tba mkougt oj Igjorkmtiog tbasa skmee loeealtiogs woue`

ojjar. Pba tbraa loeealtiogs kagtioga` mhova wara mee axmk

iga` jor parlagtmcas oj rmw kmtarime prasagt (aspalimeey

loglargigc Zmenaghurc jeigt), mg` jor tba rmgca oj tooi

typas. Ig m`ìtiog, mttagtiog wms pmi` to possihiy igtrusiva

leakagts, sulb ms Kasoeitbil mg` Ki`èa or Emta Gaoeitbil

jeigts.

1.8 Pba jeigt talbgoeocy

1.8.= IGPXO@QLPIOG

Igtarast ig tba raùltiog saquaglas wbilb eam` to tba jigme

proùlts is m raemtivaey ralagt àvaeopkagt. Qgtie mhout 86

yamrs mco tba korpboeocy mg` styea oj m jeigt mrtajmlt wara

tba kmig loglarg. Lrmhtraa, mg mkmtaur mrlbmaoeocist eivigc

gamr rilb jeigt sourlas ig I`mbo (Q\M), wms oga oj tba jirst

to `rmw mttagtiog to tba ikportmgla oj talbgoeocilme jam-




turas visihea og prabistoria jeigt mrtajmlts, mg` wbmt tbasa

loue` taie us mhout bukmg àlisiog-kmnigc. Lrmhtraa wms mg

axtrakaey cijta` jeigt-ngmppar (Lrmhtraa =938, =930), mg` bis

worn bms igspira` kmgy otbars to stmrt axparikagtme jeigt

ngmppigc (Veaw at me. =921). Emtar, tbis ea` to yat mgotbar

jiae` oj axpartisa4 rajittigc oj jeigt mssakhemcas (Lmbag at me.

=939> Lziasem =92:> Xoahroans/ Bagganags ig prass). Hy

ralogstrultigc tba oricigme goùeas jrok tba kuetituà ojjeigt mrtajmlts, tba vmrious staps ig tba raùltiog prolass

haloka visihea. Meso, 'kissigc' mrtajmlts lmg sba` eicbt og

quastiogs racmrìgc axpeoitmtiog mg` trmgsport oj rmw kmta-

rime (Xoahroans at me. =922).

Ig tbis stu`y go mttakpt bms haag kmà to aitbar rapeilmta

tba raùltiog saquagla axparikagtmeey, or to rajit tba mssak

hemca. Pbis wms ùa, mhova mee, to tba jmlt tbmt tba Hmg`-

narmkin raùltiog saquagla bms haag stuìa` ig cramt àtmie

hotb ig @utlb Eikhurc (@a Crootb =923m, =923h) mg` ig

tba surrougìgc mrams (Lmbag =920> Eúbr at me. =933). Pba

piltura tbmt akarcas is oga oj cramt bokocagaity ig tba

ealbgoeocy prmltisa` mlross tba Eowar-Xbiga mram. Po ùpei-lmta tbasa stuìas woue` ha poigteass.

Ms m logsaquagla, tba mgmeysis oj tba talbgoeocilme

mspalts oj tba Haan-Koeagstaac jeigt mssakhemca wiee ha eik-

ita` to m àslriptiog oj tba vmrious talbgoeocilme mttrihutas.

Joeeowigc @a Crootb (=923m), usa wiee ha kmà oj Loeeigs'

(=931) bauristil jeow ìmcrmk to lbmrmltariza tba vmrious

staps ig tba raùltiog saquagla.

Loeeigs ìjjaragtimtas tba joeeowigc jiva kmig staps4 mlqui-

sitiog oj rmw kmtarime, lora-prapmrmtiog, prikmry trikkigc,

sbmpigc, mg` kmigtagmgla/ koìjilmtiog (Loeeigs =9314 jic.

=). Amlb stap proùlas m lbmrmltaristil proùlt croup

lokposa` oj wmsta mg` ohdalts kamgt jor aitbar ikkaìmta

usa or jurtbar koìjilmtiog. Ohviousey, tba axlmvmta` mram is

so skmee tbmt it is `mgcarous to mutokmtilmeey axtrmpoemta tba

joeeowigc ohsarvmtiogs to tba agtira sita.

1.8.8 PBA ML]QI\IPIOG OJ XMS KMPAXIME

Ms ig mee otbar EHN sitas oj tba Crmatbaià leustar, Xidln

boet jeigt is tba kost lokkogey akpeoya` rmw kmtarime,

raprasagtigc 26.0% oj tba totme gukhar oj jeigt mrtajmlts mt

Haan-Koeagstaac (tmbea 1) (ig tarks oj waicbt Xidlnboet jeigt

raprasagts 86.: nc oj tba totme oj 89.6 nc ralovara`, or

3=.6%). Xidlnboet jeigt àrivas jrok tba uhiquitous Cuepag

Jorkmtiog. It bms m kaìuk-jiga crmig-siza mg` m kottea`

mppamrmgla, witb loeours vmryigc jrok eicbt-cray mg`

crayisb-heua to heua-hemln. Lbmrmltaristilmeey, tba jeigt is

òtta` witb eicbtey-loeoura` spalns. Lomrsa-crmiga` vmriatias

axist, wbilb mra oj m bokocagaous eicbt-cray loeour. Ojtag

lomrsa-crmiga` pmtlbas mra prasagt witbig otbarwisa kaìuk-

or jiga-crmiga` goùeas.

It is got leamr wbara axmltey tba jeigt bms haag loQalta`.

Pba gamrast sourla mra tba crmvae ha`s oj tba Kausa, hut, ms

tbis jeigt wms bamviey hmttara`, it wms saeòk usa` (@a

Crootb =923m). Vrohmhey tba Xidlnboet jeigt wms cmtbara` ig

mg mram soutb oj tba rivar Caue. Goùeas loue` amsiey bmva

haag loeealta` bara jrok tba biee-seopas, ms tbay woue`

wamtbar out jrok tba surjmla. Pba jmlt tbmt tba lortax is got

'Harcjrislb' woue` support tbis bypotbasis. Ms oj gow go

aviàgla axists jor àeiharmta opag-lmst axtrmltiog sitas

(Hmnaes =932). @aap-kigigc oj jeigt is got to mppamr ugtie

emtar. Pba ìstmgla jrok Haan-Koeagstaac to tba lbmen mramoj \outbwast Eikhurc is mpproxikmtaey =6-=1 nk, m ìstmgla

wbilb loue` amsiey ha lovara` ig m `my.

Kost Crmatbaià sitas wara mekost axleusivaey àpagàgt

og Xidlnboet jeigt. Pba Yougcar EHN sita oj Haan-Narnavae`

wms tba jirst to yiae` emrca qumgtitias oj Zmenaghurc jeigt (@a

Crootb =923m), Haan-Koeagstaac wms tba salog`. Zmenag

hurc jeigt oricigmtas jrok tba Eowar Kmmstrilbt Jorkmtiog,

tba Zmenaghurc Lbmens (Jaeàr =931). It lmg ha cmtbara`

jrok vmrious eolmtiogs gamr tba vieemca oj Zmenaghurc (Jae

àr =931> Kmrilbme =92<), hut meso ollurs leosa to Haan

(J.Hrougag pars.lokk). It is cagarmeey kulb lomrsar-crmiga`

tbmg Xidlnboet jeigt, metboucb dust ugàrgamtb tba lortax it

lmg ha quita jiga-crmiga`. It is mvmiemhea ig pipa-sbmpa` or

pemty goùeas, wbilb lmg ha cmtbara` jrok biee-seopas. ets

loeour is àslriha` hy Jaeàr (=931) ms haigc cray to

crayisb-heua, hut ig tba mrlbmaoeocilme logtaxt (meso ig Haan-

Koeagstaac) m eicbt-hrowg to haica vmriaty praòkigmtas.

Zmenaghurc jeigt raprasagts =6.1% oj tba gukhar oj mrta

jmlts (hy waicbt4 :.9 nc oj tba totme oj 89.6 nc, i.a. 8<.2%).

It is gotilamhea tbmt tba kamg siza oj tba Zmenaghurc mrta

jmlts cramtey axlaa`s tba oga oj tba ikpeakagts proùla`

jrok otbar typas oj jeigt.

Pba tbir` vmriaty oj rmw kmtarime wbilb is raprasagta` ig

tba Haan-Koeagstaac mssakhemca is m jiga-crmiga` boko

cagaous jeigt oj m yaeeowisb-cray loeour, ìspemyigc iggu-karmhea tigy wbita òts. Pbis typa oj jeigt is raprasagta` hy

1: mrtajmlts, or <.<% oj tba totme. Jor tba kost pmrt, tba

mrtajmlts mra skmee. It prohmhey loglargs wbmt is cagarmeey

rajarra` to ms eicbt-cray Haecimg jeigt (Eúbr at me. =933),

àslriha` ms bmvigc m bokocagaous loeour, witb sbigy jrml-

turas. Oga oj tba sourlas oj eicbt-cray Haecimg kmtarime is

@okkmrtig (Lmbag at me. =92:). Pba jeigt axbihits go lortax

mg` loras mra meetocatbar emlnigc, succastigc trmgsport oj

prajmhs or parbmps avag oj jigisba` proùlts. Pba prasagla

oj tbasa 'joraicg' leakagts supports tba ohsarvmtiog tbmt

towmr`s tba Yougcar EHN m skmee parlagtmca oj gog-eolme

jeigts hacigs to mppamr ig tba mssakhemcas (Eúbr at me. =933>

@a Crootb =923m). Eúbr at me. gota tbmt tbis pbagokagog

loigliàs witb tba logstrultiog oj tba oeàst àjagsiva amrtb-

worns (Eúbr at me. =933). Pbay proposa tbmt tba jeigt woue`

got bmva haag ohtmiga` hy orcmgizigc axpaìtiogs, or hy

òwg-tba-eiga axlbmgca, hut rmtbar hy jorkmeiza` axlbmgca-

gatworns. Metboucb @a Crootb (=923h4 8=1) kagtiogs tba

possihieity tbmt tba axotil jeigt is tba rasuet oj raliprolme

cijts, sba saaks to prajar tba bypotbasis tbmt tbasa pialas



:1 PBA JEIGP PALBGOEOCY

Pmhea 1 Haan-Koeagstaac4 rmw

kmtarime typas prasagt witb

kamg eagctb, wi`tb, tbilngass

mg` waicbt oj tba mrtajmlts.

kamg kamg kamg kamg totme

G % eagctb wi`tb tbilngass waicbe waicbt

(lk) (lk) (lk) (c) (nc)

Xidlnboet =<36 26.0 <.1 8.1 6.2 =1.6 86.:

Zmenaghurc =39 =6.1 1.6 <.2 =.< <2.< :.9

eicbt-cray Haecimg 1: <.< <.6 8.= 6.: :.< 6.0

roeea` kmtarime 9 6.1 8.8 =.: 6.2 1.6 6.6

otbar 2 6.1 <.< 8.8 =.8 =:.1 6.=

uglartmig 28 0.2 <.8 8.8 =.6 =8.= =.6

totme =360 =66 <.0 8.0 =.6 =1.1 89.6

rajealt tba axistagla oj m suprmeolme koà oj proùltiog,

mslrihmhea to m strmig og tba prolurakagt oj rmw kmtarime

(@a Croo tb =923m). It is mrcua` bara, bowavar, tbmt gog-

eolme jeigt sulb ms eicbt-cray Haecimg is prasagt ig sulb

kiguta qumgtitias ms to ha alogokilmeey igsicgijilmgt, suc-

clstigc tbmt tbis kmtarime jorks pmrt oj m sykhoeil axlbmgca

systlk to jurtblr tils oj jriag`sbip hatwaag, prasukmhey,

igàpagàgt solime ugits (jor axmkpea hatwaag tba Crma-tbaià leustar mg` tba gamrhy Baaswmtar leustar mroug`

Xoskaar). Pba situmtiog is sokawbmt ìjjaragt jor tba mp-

pamrmgla oj Zmenaghurc jeigt ig tba Yougcar EHN> tbis rmw

kmtarime lartmigey bm` alogokia sicgijilmgla mg` kicbt poigt

to m possihea strmig og tba kora amsiey mllassihea outlrops oj

Xidlnboet jeigt. Bowavar, Zmenaghurc kmtarime lmggot ha

logsiàra` m gog-eolme jeigt> it lmg ha loeealta` gamrhy mg`,

tbarajora, it is got galassmry to postuemta axlbmgca-gatworns.

Pba jourtb typa oj rmw kmtarime igleuàs giga pialas witb

mg axtrakaey roeea` lortax, proùla` jrok skmee pahheas.

Vrasukmhey tba pahheas àriva jrok tba crmvae ha`s oj tba

rivar Kausa. Pba lmtacory 'otbar' igleuàs mee kislleemgaous

jeigts, wbilb ì` got rasakhea mgy oj tba ngowg rmw kmta

rime typas, gor wara sujjiliagtey bokocagaous ig lbmrmltar to

jork m croup. Hurga` or bamviey pmtigmta` mrtajmlts wara

suhsuka` ugàr 'uglartmig/ ugsura'.

Pba raemtiva parlagtmcas oj Xidlnboet mg` Zmenaghurc jeigt

witbig tba axlmvmta` mssakhemca mra lorrohormta` hy tba

jrlquagly lougts oj tba rmw kmtarime cmtbara` ùrigc jiae`-

wmenigc. Mussaks' loeealtiog igleuà` ==.1% Zmenaghurc

jeigt, Zmg Zaag's bm` =8,9%.

Pba spmtime ìstrihutiog oj tba tbraa prokigagt kmtarime

typas ìspemys go ìjjaraglas. Ms lmg ha axpalta`, mee tbraa

ìstrihutiog pmttargs sbow m strogc tagàgly to leustar ig

tba ruhhisb pit, metboucb tbis is seicbtey kora so witb Zmenaghurc kmtarime.

1.8 .< LOXA-VXAVMXMPIOG MG@ VXIKMXY PXIKKIGC

Halmusa sulb m skmee mram oj tba sita bms haag axlmvmta`, it

is ìjjiluet to taie wbatbar tba igitime tastigc oj tba goùeas

wms òga prior to trmgsport to tba sita or mjtarwmr`s. Pba

jirst optiog is cagarmeey postuemta` wbag tba jeigt sourla is

eolmta` mt soka ìstmgla jrok tba satteakagt. @a Crootb

(=923m) bms haag mhea to àkogstrmta, og tba hmsis oj bar

stu`y oj Haan-Narnavae`, tbmt ugworna` heolns mg` goùeas

wara trmgsporta` to tba sita> soka wara ìslmrà` mjtar ogey

oga or two jemnas bm` haag rakova`, prasukmhey jor tastigc

tba qumeity oj tba goùea. Mt Haan-Koeagstaac go emrca

ugkoìjia` goùeas wara joug`, succastigc tbmt saealtiog

mg` tastigc ig tbis lmsa wms òga mt tba eolmtiog oj loeeal

tiog. Pbis mppeias hotb to tba Xidlnboet mg` tba Zmenaghurckmtarime. Gavartbaeass, ms I bmva strassa` hajora, tba pras-

agla oj tasta` mg` ìslmrà` goùeas aesawbara mt tba sita

lmggot ha axleuà`, so tba logleusiog kust rakmig tagtmtiva

jor tba tika haigc.

Pbara is àjigita aviàgla, bowavar, jor prikmry trikkigc

to bmva haag òga mt tba sita itsaej Cagarmeey, it is mssuka`

tbmt tba emrcar tba ìstmgla hatwaag rmw kmtarime sourla

mram mg` bmhitmtiog sita, tba kora trikkigc is òga prior to

trmgsportmtiog (Crmkeay =926). Metboucb tba sourla mram jor

Xidlnboet jeigt is m logsiàrmhea ìstmgla mwmy (i.a. =6-=1

nk), tba emrca gukhar oj àlortilmtiog jemnas igìlmtas tbmt

kulb oj tba igitime raùltiog wms òga mt tba sita. Pba

gukhar oj Xidlnboet àlortilmtiog jemnas mkougts to =23

(=<.:%), wbiea 00.6% oj tba =<36 Xidlnboet mrtajmlts axbihit

lortax to vmrious àcraas.

Sitb raspalt to tba Zmenaghurc jeigt it wms ohsarva` tbmt

03.1% oj tba =39 pialas axbihit lortax, wbarams 88 (=8.<%)

mra lemssijia` ms àlortilmtiog jemnas. Pba sourla oj tbis jeigt

vmriaty is eolmta`, bowavar, sokawbmt gamrar to tba sattea

kagt, mpproxikmtaey 2 nk mwmy or possihey eass.

Ms go rajittigc wms òga, got kulb lmg ha smi` mhout tba

axmlt prapmrmtiog oj tba loras. Kost àlortilmtiog jemnas

(18.6%) axbihit m bamviey-àvaeopa` hueh oj parlussiog mg`

otbar igìlmtiogs oj rakovme hy bmr`-bmkkar parlussiog.

Ogey savag lrasta` hemàs mra prasagt, tbraa oj wbilb axbih-ita` lortax, succastigc tbay wara lramta` ig tba prikmry

trikkigc pbmsa. Pbara is go aviàgla oj prikmry tmheats,

rakova` to lramta m pemtjork.

Mpmrt jrok tba àlortilmtiog jemnas, wbilb mra ohviousey

mttrihutmhea to tba prikmry trikkigc pbmsa, it is ugleamr

bow kmgy oj tba lortax-eass jemnas wara meso proùla` ig

tbis stmca oj tba raùltiog-saquagla. Jemnas ìspemy m bicbar

igliàgla oj aviàgla jor bmr`-bmkkar parlussiog, prasagla



:: PBA EIGAMXHMG@NAXMKIN \IPA OJ HAAN-KOEAG\PAAC

Jic. 06 Loras ratriava` mt Haan-Koeagstaac, salog`mreey usa`ms bmkkarstogas. m) poeytia`rme witb oga pemtjork, ìspemyigc

kmggar oj lora prapmrmtiog, h) poeyba`rme witb oga pemtjork,l) heolny lora witb two pemtjorks (=4=).

m

oj lortax, mg` bigca` ìstme ag`s, tbmg hemàs. Ms bmr`-

bmkkar parlussiog saaks to ha praòkigmgtey usa` ig tba

prikmry trikkigc (@a Crootb =923m). kmgy oj tbasa jemnas

kicbt igàa` bmva haag proùla` ùrigc tbis stmca.

\pmtime ìstrihutiog oj tba àlortilmtiog jemnas ìspemys mracuemr pmttarg mlross tba mram oj tba ruhhisb pit mg` tba

igtarior oj tba bousa.

1. 8. 0 JQXPBAX XA@QLPIOG MG@ \BMVIGC

Mjtar tba igitime trikkigc mg` prapmrigc oj m jmla mg` m

pemtjork og tba lora, jurtbar raùltiog loue` prolaa`.

Kmgy oj tba jemnas wara prohmhey lramta` ig tba trikkigc

pbmsa, wbiea hemàs wara proùla` ùrigc tba suhsaquagt

systakmtil raùltiog oj tba loras. Pba loras mra, jor tba

kost pmrt, oj m poeyba`rme sbmpa (G ; =9) witb oga pemt

jork (jics. 06m, 06h). Giga loras wara oj m kora heolny

sbmpa witb two opposita pemtjorks (jic. 06l). Hotb oj tbasa

typas mra hemà-loras, kost oj wbilb lmg ha logsiàraàxbmusta`, mg` sbow aviàgla jor m logsiàrmhea proùltiog.

Jour mrtajmlts wara lemssijia` ms jemna-loras, jiva ms ax

bmusta` jemna-loras. Emstey, oga lora loue` got ha mttrihuta`

to mgy oj tbasa croups. Pba mvarmca gukhar oj gacmtivas jor

mee loras mkougts to =0.:. Mvarmca eagctb oj tba hemà-loras

is 3.6 lk, oj tba jemna-loras 0.9 lk {tmbea :).

Pba katbo` oj raùltiog saaks to bmva haag tba smka jor

Xidlnboet mg` Zmenaghurc jeigt. Jor hotb typas oj rmw kmta-



:3 PBA JEIGP PALBGOEOCY

Pmhea : Haan-Koeagstaac4 korpboeocilme lbmrmltaristils oj `ijjaragt typas oj loras prasagt.

kamg kamg

eagctb waicbt

(lk) (c)

Xidlnboet Zmenaghurcjmla

raduvagmtiogpemtjork mvarmca go.

raduvagmtiog oj gacmtivas

poeyba`rme hem`a lora

hem`l lora witb two pemtjorks

jemnl lora

axbmustl` jemna lora

uglartmig

totme

9 3.6 =3<.: =:

9 :.9 <63.0 9

0 1.6 =8:.3 0

1 0.3 eee.c 1

= 3.9 ==:.: =

<2 :.< =03.8 <1

=:.0

=1.0

==.<

=:.6

=0.6

=0.:




Pmhea 3 Haan-Koeagstaac4 guk-har oj potagtimeey usa` mrams(VQMs) og mrtajmlts, ìjjarag-timta` hy tba rmw kmtarime tbaymra proùla` oj. 'O VQMs ;mrtajmlts got saealta` jor usa-wamr mgmeyses.

gukhar

VQMs Xidlnboet Zmenaghurc

eicbt-cray

Haecimg

raeia`

kmtarime otbar ugsura totme

6*

=

8

<

=623 (39.<%)

=61 (3.3%)

=13(==.1%)

8= (=.1%)

=81 (:9.2%)

86(==.8%)

<< (=2.0%)

= (6.:%)

0< (3:.2%)

1 (2.9%)

1 (2.9%)

< (1.0%)

9 2 3=

8

3

8

=<0<

=<8

86<

8:

totme =<36 =39 1: 9 2 28 =360

Pmhea 2 Haan-Koeagstaac4 gukhar oj potagtimeey usa` mrams(VQMs) og hemàs mg` jemnas. 'O VQMs ; mrtajmlts got saealta`jor usa-wamr mgmeysis. Pba lmtacorias hemàs mg` jemnas pra-sagta` bara, ò got igleuà spalimeiza` spalikags ms lora-raduvagmtiog or àlortilmtiog jemnas mg` lrasta` hemàs.

gukharVQMs

Pmhea 9 Haan-Koeagstaac4katrilme mttrihutas oj tba lora-raduvagmtiog pialas.

Pmhea =6 Haan-Koeagstaac4vmrious mttrihutas oj loras usa`ms bmkkarstogas (G ; 8<). XB

; Xidlnboet, ZH ; Zmenaghurc,crmig siza4 = ; lomrsa, 8 ;kaìuk, < ; jiga.

totme

hemàs jemnas totme

6* 8<3 (09.8%) 192 (9=.:%) 2<1

= :: (=<.3%) << (1.=%) 99

8 =:0 (<0.6%) =2 (8.2%) =28

< =1 (<.=%) 0 (6.:%) =9

028(=66%) :1< (=66 %)

raduvagmtiog pialaskamg kamgeagctb wi`tb(lk) (lk)

kamgtbilngass

(lk)

Xidlnboet Zmenaghurc

totme ==< 3= <9

poeyba`rme hemà lorahemà lora witb two pemtjorksjemna loraaxbmusta jemna lora

==<1

atbar/ugsura

jmlatta` tmheat 0: :.< 1.: 8.6 <= =0 I

skoa tb tmheat 89 :.< 1.3 8.0 =: =< -mxime jemgn <6 :.1 1.6 =.3 =3 II 8

emtarme jemgn 2 :.8 1.= 8.6 3 = -

kamg kamg kamg rmw kmtarime crmig-siza

eagctb wi`tb waicbt XB ZH = 8 < totme

(lk) (lk)(c)

3.= 1.= 862.9 == 8 8 : 1 =<¾3.: :.1 <20.3 : - - 1 = :

:.9 2.3 <31.8 : - - 8 - 8

0.= :.< =18.9 8 - - = = 8

totme :.0 :.3 826.0 8= =0 8<

rime tba surjmla pemtjork is ig l. 06% oj tba lmsas skootb

mg` ig l. =1% jmlatta`. Qgjortugmtaey, og two-tbir`s oj tba

pialas it wms ijjiluet to àtarkiga ig wbilb wmy tba òrsme

jmla wms prapmra` prior to rakovme. Og tbosa jor wbilb

sulb iàgtijilmtiog wms possihea, kilro-ratoulbigc wms

ohsarva` kora jraquagtey tbmg mhrmsiog, ig hotb mssak

hemcas. Pbarl òas saak to ha m seicbt ìjjaragla ig tba koà

oj parlussiog prmltisa`4 Zmenaghurc kmtarime axbihits m

seicbtiy bicbar jraquagly oj bmr`-bmkkar parlussiog

(16.1%), mg` meso oj bigca` ìstme ag`s (=0.6%), tbmg

Xidlnboet kmtarime (0<.<% mg` ==.=% raspaltivaey). Pbis is

prohmhey ùl to tba emrcar siza oj tba Zmenaghurc goùeas

usa` mg` tbair lomrsar crmig. Mrtajmlts kmà og Zmenaghurc

jeigt ì` yiae` m seicbtiy bicbar jraquagly oj potagtimeey usa`

mrams, tbmg tba ogas kmà og Xidlnboet (tmhea 3). It is einaey

tbmt tbis lmg meso ha mttrihuta` to tba cramtar siza oj tba

goùeas mg` tba logsaquagt eogcar luttigc a`cas oj jemnas

mg` hemàs.

Hemàs wara ohviousey tba prajarra` hemgns. Pbis is igìlmta`

jirst oj mee hy tba raemtivaey emrca gukhar oj hemà-loras

prasagt (82 oj tba <2, or 3<.3%), hut meso hy tba jmlt tbmt

hemàs yiaeà` lokpmrmtivaey kora potagtimeey usa` mrams

(VQMs) tbmg jemnas ^tmhea 2). Koraovar, m bicbar parlagtmca

oj hemàs wms suhsaquagtey koìjia`4 12 hemàs (=8.6% oj

tba totme oj 028) sbow ratoulb varsus ogey <6 jemnas (0.:%

oj tba totme oj :1<). Ohviousey, otbar prikmry lmtacorias



:9 PBA JEIGP P A L B G O E O C Y / P O O E P Y V O E O C Y

wara meso sbmpa` igto tooes, sulb ms soka oj tba àlortilm-

tiog jemnas (== oj tba 881, or 0.9%). Pba korpboeocy oj tba

jigme proùlts wiee ha àmet witb aesawbara ig tbis lbmptar.

Bara it sujjilas to smy tbmt kost ratoulba` tooes ìspemy

staap, ugijmlime ratoulb, sulb ms is axbihita` og tba ag`-

slrmpars. Igvmsiva ratoulb is mhsagt, ms is m hijmlime eolmtiog.

1.8.1 KMIGPAGMGLA MG@ KO@IJILMPIOG

Haan-Koeagstaac bms yiaeà` tba smka lbmrmltaristil lora-

raduvagmtiog pialas ms otbar EHN mssakhemcas. Sbag tba

jemnigc-mgcea halmka too ohtusa mg` loue` go eogcar ha

mkag`l` hy skmie-slmea ratoulb oj tba pemtjork, tba agtira

pemtjork wms rakova` hy bmr`-bmkkar parlussiog. Pbasa

emrca jemnas mra lmeea` tmheats> tbay lmg ha skootb (jic. 0e`)

or jmlatta` {jics. 0=h, 0=l). Ig tba emttar lmsa it is einaey tbmt

wa mra àmeigc witb m prikmry pemtjork, tba jmlattigc haigc

tba rasuet oj rakovigc tba lortax mg` sbmpigc tba pemtjork.

Pmheats witb m skootb òrsme surjmla lmg vary waee ha

salog`mry pemtjorks, tba skootb surjmla bmvigc haag lra-

mta` hy tba amreiar rakovmi oj m (jmlatta`) tmheat. Pba tmheatsmra cagarmeey mhout 8 lk tbiln, metboucb kmxikuk vmeuas

lmg hl kulb bicblr4 0.= lk jor tba jmlatta` tmheats, 1.9 lk

jor oga oj tba skootb-surjmla` ogas (tmhea 9). Hasiàs

ikprovigc tba strinigc mgcea, tmheats lmg meso rakova bigca-

jrmlturas mg` irracuemritias ig tba uppar pmrt oj tba lora.

M ìsm`vmgtmcl oj tbis talbgiqua is tba cramt wmsta oj rmw

kmtarime, sigla tba hemàs struln mjtar tbis oparmtiog wiee ha

mhout 8 lk sbortar. Aviàgla jor tba rakovmi oj m tmheat

wms meso ohsarva` og jour poeyba`rme loras (tmhea :).

Mgotbar talbgiqua to raduvagmta mg ugwornmhea lora is

tba rakovmi oj m pmrt oj tba lora-jmla {saajic. :). Pbis kmy

ha òga wbag bigca- or stap-jrmlturas og tba lora-jmla

ikpaà jurtbar proùltiog. Pba lora-jmla wms rakova` jrok

tba pemtjork (mxime jemgn) (Dic. 08), or jrok tba sià oj tba

lora (emtarme jemgn) (Dic. 0<). ig hotb lmsas hy bmr`-bmkkar

parlussiog. Pwo poeyba`rme mg` two heolny loras ìspemya`

sicgs oj jmla-raduvagmtiog (emhea :).

Ms go rajittigc wms òga, it wms ikpossihea to ralogstrult

raduvagmtiog stmcas. @a Crootb bms àkogstrmta` tbmt oga

oj tba goùeas jrok Haan-Narnavae` sbowa` six raduvagm

tiog pbmsas (@a Crootb =923m). Pbis succasts tbmt, metboucb

tba raduvagmtiog talbgiquas kamgt m wmsta oj rmw kmtarime,

m coo` lora wms axpeoita` eo m kmxikuk.

Ms ig otbar Hmg`narmkin mssakhemcas, axbmusta` loras

wara ojtag usa` ms bmkkarstogas. Prmlas oj hmttarigc waraohsarva` og 8< loras (jic.'i. 06m-l). Hotb Xidlnboet mg` Zme

naghurc loras wara akpeoya` ms sulb. Pba typa oj lora

usumeey saealta` jor tbis purposa wms tba poeyba`rme oga

(G ; =<), metboucb hemà-lorls witb two opposita pemtjorks

wara lbosag ms waee (G ; :). Pba siza oj tba bmkkarstogas

vmrias m cramt àme (jor axmkpea, tba rmgca oj tbair waicbt is

13.:-:31.3 c). It is rakmrnmhel tbmt loras oj coo` qumeity

rmw kmtarime (tba jiga-crmiga` Xidlnboet ogas (G ; 1)) wara

kulb jurtbar raùla`, hajora haigc ìslmrà` jor proùltiog

mg` igleuà` mkogc tba bmkkarstogas. Pbair kamg waicbt

(it loglargs axleusivaey poeyba`rme loras) is ogiy =6:.1 c,

logsiàrmhey eowar tbmg tba mvarmca waicbt oj mee poeyba`rme

loras (862.9 c), or tba mvarmca jor mee bmkkarstogas (826.0

c) (tmhea =6). Ig m`ìtiog, tbraa loras mg` oga tmheat (jic.

0=m) ìspemya` trmlas oj hmttarigc wbilb wara got axtagsiva

agoucb to mttrihuta tbak ugaquivolmeey to igtagtiogme usa msbmkkarstogas.

Pba spmtime pmttargigc oj tba raduvagmtiog pialas wms siki-

emr to mekost mee tba ìstrihutiogs oj tba vmrious mttrihutas,

gmkaey m leustar mt tba ruhhisb pit mg` its surrougìgcs,

witb ogey m jaw pialas eolmta` witbig tba bousa mram or

ikkaìmtaey outsià it.

Loeeigs' (=931) emst stmca is tba usa oj tba proùlts. Pbis

mspalt wiee ha ìslussa` ig àtmie emtar ig tbis lbmptar (1.0).

1.< Pooe typoeocy

1.<.= IGPXO@QLPIOG

Ig logtrmst to Ki`ìa mg` Emta Gaoeitbil jeigt mssakhemcas,EHN btbil lokpeaxas bmva ojtag jorka` mg ohdalt oj stu`y.

Kmgy oj tba Haecimg mssakhemcas bmva ralaiva` mttagtiog

(Lmbag/ Zmg Harc =939> Qerix-Leossat/ Xoussaeea =928>

Lmbag at me. =92:), wbiea Eúbr, Tikkarkmgg mg` Bmbg

(=933) bmva puheisba` m eagctby stu`y oj tba Emgcwaiear 2

jeigt mssakhemca. Kost oj tba lemssijilmtiogs usa hy tbasa

mutbors mra quita sikpea mg` strmicbtjorwmr`. Hobkars mg`

Pmhea == Haan-Koeagstaac4 tooi typas prasagt.

ugratoulba` hemàsugraeoulba` jemnasugratoulba` wmstahemàs witb ratoulb 5 = kkhemàs witb ratoulb W I kkjemnas witb ratoulb 5 = kkjemnas witb ratoulb 7 = kkag`slrmpar-og-hemàag`slrmpar-og-jemnalogvax slrmparskuetipea slrmpar-og-hemàkuQipIa slrmpar-og-jemnalokposita tooe-og-jemnaaglolbas

wmsta witb ratoulbtrmgsvarsa mrrow bam`spoigtsEHN poigtshorarstruglmta` hemàsqumrtiars `'ormgcaugsuraloras

0692:6

866

:0

<=

==1

81=<=8=<=

3

8=8<=2

<

0

<2

totme =360



36 PBA EIGAMXHMG@NAXMKIN \IPA OJ HAAN-KOEAG\PAAC

. /

'%dlW0t6W

Hruidg (=912-=919) bmva stuìa` tba @utlb EHN mssak

hemcas, jor wbilb Gawaee (=936) emtar àvaeopa` m kulb

kora àtmiea` lemssijilmtiog. Pba emttar's proposmes bmva,

bowavar, avona` kulb lritilisk (lj. Eúbr at me. =933) mg`

bmva gavar haag mòpta`. Sitb raspalt to tba Haan-Koeag

staac mssakhemca, m sikpea lemssijilmtiog wms opta` jor,

kmigey halmusa m àtmiea` typoeocilme mgmeysis wms hy go

kamgs tba ohdaltiva oj tbis stu`y.

1.<.8 POOE PYVA\ VXA\AGP

Pba typas oj ikpeakagts aglougtara` ig tba Haan-Koeag

staac mssakhemca mra vary sikiemr to tbosa joug` aesawbara

{tmbea II).

\LXMVAX\4 tba kost lokkog tooi typa is tba slrmpar {jics.

00m-`). Pba kmdority (G ; 81) oj tba slrmpigc a`cas wms

lramta` og tba ìstme ag`s oj hemàs. Ig m`ìtiog, savarme



3= POOE PYVOEOCY

Jic. 0= Pmheats ratriava` mt

Haan-Koeagstaac witb m)

skootb surjmla, h, l) jmlatta`

surjmla (=4=).

ag`slrmpars proùla` og jimnas wara prasagt (G ; =<).

\oka jimnas ìspemya` logtiguous ratoulb og kora tbmg oga

a`ca oj tbair lirlukjarlgla> tbasa wara lemssijia` ms logvax

slrmpars (G ; =8). Emstey, jour mrtajmlts axbihita` ratoulb

og kora tbmg oga logvax a`ca> tba mrams witb ratoulb wara,

bowlvlr, slpmrmta` hy ugkoìjia` stratlbas. \ulb tooes wara

lmeea` kuetipea slrmpars.

HOXAX\4 ogey oga horar, proùla` og m jemna, wms iàgtijia`

ig tba mssakhemca. Xamkars wara mhsagt. Metboucb horars

gavar logstituta m emrca parlagtmca ig EHN mssakhemcas, tbaoga oj Haan-Koeagstaac saaks to ha axtrakaey eow.

PXQGLMPA@ HEM@A\4 licbt hemàs axbihita` staap slmemr

ratoulb meogc tbair ìstme ag`, witb m jamtbar or bigca tarki

gmeiog. Metboucb tbay mra got raporta` ms sulb jor tba

Meàgbovagar Vemtta (Eúbr ae me. =933), tbay mra m racuemr

ollurragla ig Haeciuk. Lmbag mg` Zmg Harc (=939) raport

81 truglmta` hemàs jrok Heilquy, mg` tbay mra meso prasagt

mt tba sita oj \tmharc gamr Xoskaar (Qerix-Leossat/ Xoussaeea

=928).

VOIGP\4 m totme oj six poigts wms prasagt ig tba mssakhemca,

mkogcst wbilb m trmgsvarsa mrrow bam`, mg` tbraa mrtajmlts

wbilb loue` ha lemssijia` ms typilme EHN poigts. Pba emttar

bmva m trimgcuemr sbmpa (jics. 0:c, 0:b).

]QMXPIAX\ @'OXMGCA4 it bms cagarmeey haag mssuka` tbmt tbis

tooi typa is mhsagt ig @utlb EHN mssakhemcas (Gawaee =936>

@a Croo tb =923m). Bowavar, Haan-Koeagstaac bms yiae a`mt eamst oga (jic. 02l). ]umrtiars `'ormgca bmva m trimgcuemr

or raltmgcuemr lross-saltiog, mg` oga eogcituìgme a`ca witb

m 36¶-96¶ mgcea, ohtmiga` hy tba igtarsaltiog oj two pravious

rakovmes> tbair hmlns ìspemy axtagsiva ratoulb. Pwo Haan-

Koeagstaac mrtajmlts kmtlba` tbasa raquirakagts ig mee ras-

palts, witb tba axlaptiog oj tba ratoulba` hmln (jics. 02m,

02h). Pbasa tooes mra kora mpproprimtaey lmeea` '`éhitmca-ag-

jrita' (D.Vaeacrig pars.lokk.). \igla mee tbraa tooes ìspemy so




Jic. 08 Lora-jmla raduvagmtiog pialas jrok Haan-Koeagstaac4 mxime jemgns (=4=).



3< POOE P Y V O E O C Y / P B A J Q G L P I O G M E M G M E Y \ I \

Jic. 0< Lora-jmla raduvagmtiog pialas jrok Haan-Koeagstaac4emtarme jemgns (=4=).

kulb sikiemrity ig tbair korpboeocy mg` jugltiog (saa

1.0.8.3). tbay wara ratmiga` ms oga lmtacory.

BGLOLBA\ MG@ @AGPiluEMPA\4 savag tooes axbihitl mg

aglolba. @agtiluemtas wara lemssijia` ms mhsagt ig tba Haan-

Koeagstaac mssakhemca, hut tbis kicbt ha ùa to m ìjjaragt

plrlaptiog ms to wbmt sboue` ha igleuà` ig tbis tooi typa.

@a Crootb (=923m) òas got raport tbak aitbar.

XAPOQLBA@ HEM@A\4 ig m`ìtiog to ag`slrmpars-og-hemà mg`

truglmta` hemàs, <= hemàs axbihita` ratoulb axtagìgc =

kk or kora ovar tba piala. Qsumeey tba ratoulb is eolmta`

og oga oj tba emtarme siàs. Koraovar, :0 hemàs ìspemya`ratoulb oj eass tbmg = kk ig wi`tb. Pwo hemàs wara oj

spalime igtarast ig tbmt tba proxikme ag` bm` haag igtag-

tiogmeey gmrrowa` hy ratoulb, prohmhey to jmlieitmta bmjtigc,

eamvigc tba jugltiogme a`cas ugkoìjia` (Dic.'i. 00j, 0:l).

XAPOQLBA@ JEMNA\4 jiva \trmicbt a`cas oj jemnas wara ra

toulba` meogc tbair emtarme or proxikme horàrs. Ig m`ìtiog,

== jemnas ìspemya` ratoulb oj eass tbmg = kk.

XAPOQLBA@ SM\PA4 two ikpeakagts witbout hueh oj parlus-

siog, or otbar igìlmtiog oj ikpmlt, wara ratoulba`. Oga bm`

m loglmva, mg` oga m logvax wornigc a`ca.

BMKKNX\POGAs4 8< oj tba <2 loras wara salog`mriey usa` ms

bmkkarstogas {Dics. 06m-a). Pbis lmtacory loglarga`, jor tba

kost pmrt, poeyba`rme loras oj jiga- or kaìuk-crmiga`

vmriatias oj Xidlnboet jeigt. Pba jiga-crmiga` Xidlnboet loras

wara jurtbar raùla` (saa meso 1.8.1).

Pba mkmtaur loeealtiogs mg` tba kmtarime prasagt ig tba

Baaknugà Kusauk oj Haan sbowa` m sikiemr rmgca oj tooi

typas. Mussaks possassa` (ms oj Kmy =922) jour ag`

slrmpars-og-hemà mg` jour silnea hemàs, tba kusauk owga`

oga trimgcuemr EHN poigt, tbraa ag`slrmpars-og-hemà, oga

logvax slrmpar mg` six ratoulba` jemnas. @urigc vmrious

survays. Zmg Zaag ratriava` jour silnea hemàs, =8 ag`

slrmpars-og-hemà, oga ratoulba` jemna mg` oga ratoulba`

hemà. Jrok m skmee-slmea raslua-axlmvmtiog dust m`dmlagt to

tba IVE traglb. Zmg Zaag joug` mg m`ìtiogme tbraa silnea

hemàs, six ag`slrmpars-og-hemà, jour ag`slrmpars-og-jemna,

oga truglmta` hemà, tbraa ratoulba` hemàs, mg` two qumr-

tiars `'ormgca.

\pmtime mgmeysis oj tba vmrious typas ravamea` tbmt, mcmig,

kost tooes wara logjiga` to tba spmla oj tba ruhhisb pit mgìts ikkaìmta surrougìgcs. Ogey logvax slrmpars-og-jemna

mg` oga ag`slrmpar-og-hemà wara eolmta` outsià tbis mram.

1.0 Pba juglt iogme mgmeysis

1.0.= \ MKVE I GC MG@ KAPBO@\

Pba smkpeigc oj tba Haan-Koeagstaac mssakhemca wms axa-

luta` ig m kmggar wbilb wms assagtimeey iàgtilme to tba oga

outeiga` ig pmrmcrmpb 8.<. Mee ratoulba` tooes wara axmk-

iga`, mpmrt jrok tbosa wbilb bm` haag rakova` hy hmlnboa

mg` bm` agà` upog tba ùkp, ogey to ha joug` emtar wbag

tbair axmlt provagmgla loue` go eogcar ha ralogstrulta`. M

totme oj ==0 tooes witb ratoulb W I kk wms axmkiga`, mswaee ms 30 ikpeakagts ìspemyigc ratoulb 5 = kk. M`ì-

tiogmeey, mee mrtajmlts axbihitigc mg a`ca wbilb wms strmicbt

or seicbtey logvax/ loglmva ig lross-saltiog wara axmkiga`.

Pba mrtajmlts bm` to ìspemy sulb m racuemr a`ca jor m eagctb

oj 8 lk or kora (saa 8.i jor m ìslussiog oj tbis jamtura). Ms

hemàs, wbilb bmva strmicbt pmrmeeae a`cas, mra gukarous ig

EHN mssakhemcas, tbasa smkpeigc lritarim rasueta` ig =30

mrtajmlts to ha axmkiga`. Mee ig mee, m totme oj <:8 mrtajmlts.




@B t @B U @B[

@B I

@B

Be



31 PBA JQGLPIOGME MGMEY\I\

)

Be\V

Jic. 00 Haan-Koeagstaac4 bià-wornigc tooes. m-`) ag`-slrmpars og hemàs (HK6=, HK633, HK680 mg` HK63=), a)tooi HK6<2 usa` jor luttigc bià, j) possihey bmjta` hemàHK682, c) proxikme ag` oj m hemà wbilb wms prohmheybmjta` (HIZI69), b) ag`slrmpar witb typilme hramnmca-pmttarg(HK608), I-d) hemàs (HK601, HKO86:) (=4=).

bm vigc :=9 VQ Ms, wms stuìa` jor trmlas oj usa.

Leamgigc katbo`s wara hmsilmeey tba smka ms tbosa propo-

sa` hy Naaeay (=926). Jirstey, mee pialas wara put ig m wamn

BLe-soeutiog ig mg uetrmsogil leamgigc tmgn jor mhout <

kigutas. Pbay wara tbag tboroucbey rigsa` ig tmp wmtar,

mjtar wbilb tbay wara eajt to somn ig m NOB-soeutiog jor =-<

kigutas. Emstey, tbay wara rigsa` mcmig witb tmp wmtar.

Meloboe wms usa` to rakova jigcar cramsa mg` otbar ikpuri-

tias.

Vost-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs, prohmhey kmigey

ùa to mhrmsiog, wara prasagt, hut got gamrey ms axtagsiva ms

ig tba Zemmrìgcag-mssakhemcas (saa :.8.<). Jrok m totme oj

:=9 VQ Ms, =8= wara got igtarpratmhea> ig jiva lmsas tbis wms

lmusa` hy eicbt hurgigc, got gotila` wbag tba mrtajmlts wara

saealta` jor tba usa-wamr smkpea. Jrok tba rakmigigc a`caswbilb wara got igtarpratmhea , m emrca gukhar (G ; 02)

àriva` jrok tba topsoie. Ig m`ìtiog, tbara wara tbosa

VQMs wbilb ìspemya` trmlas oj usa, hut wara otbarwisa got

igtarpratmhea> tbay wara eista` ms 'prohmhey usa`", mg` go

wamr-trmlas wara àslriha` ig tba 'kilro-jiea'. Pba gukhar oj

jrasb Xidlnboet mg` Zmenaghurc pialas is emrca, 2=.3% mg`

22.2% oj tba totme gukhar oj VQMs, raspaltivaey. Pba eicbt-

cray Haecimg kmtarime posa` kora proheaks4 == oj tba 80

VQMs axbihita` too kulb sbaag to meeow mg igtarpratmtiog.

Pbis kicbt ha ùa to tba gmturme trmgseulagly oj tbis kmta

rime mg` its jiga crmig-siza. Pba totme gukhar oj igtarpratmhea

VQMs mkougts to 098 (i.a. 32.1% oj mee VQMs) (saa meso

tmhea 83).

1.0.8 MLPIZIPIA\ IGJAXXA@

Metboucb ogey m vary skmee portiog oj tba sita bms haag

axlmvmta`, m wià rmgca oj mltivitias is raprasagta` ig tba

spaltruk ralogstrulta` hy usa-wamr mgmeysis. Ig tba joe-

eowigc pmrmcrmpbs tba vmrious mltivitias igjarra` wiee ha

ìslussa`. Hajora òigc so, it is parbmps wortbwbiel to ralm-

pituemta tba vmrious mgmeytilme staps tmnag. Jrok =360 mrta

jmlts, lokprisigc tba Haan-Koeagstaac mssakhemca, <:8 wara

saealta` jor mgmeysis, ==0 oj wbilb logllrga` 'igtagtiogmeey'

(i.a. rltoulb 7 = kk) ratoulba` tooes. Pbasa <:8 ikpea-

kagts yiaeà` :=9 potagtimeey usa` mrams (VQMs), og wbilb

=09 mltumeey usa` mrams (MQMs) wara ohsarva`. Aicbt VQMs

ìspemya` two usa` zogas, igìlmtigc tbmt ogey =0= VQMs

axbihit trmlas oj usa. Ij wa eoon mt tba agtira tooes, it turgs

out tbmt 10 oj tba ==0 ratoulba` ikpeakagts sbow igtar

pratmhea wamr-trmlas. Ig tba joeeowigc pmrmcrmpbs, logsalu-

tivaey mee logtmlt-kmtarimes wiee ha ìslussa`. Ig m`ìtiog,

two 'kotiogs' mra meso tramta` ms 'mltivity igjarra`"4 'prodal-

tiea' mg` 'bmjtigc". Sitb raspalt to prodaltiea poigts, it is

mekost gavar possihea to igjar mgytbigc mhout tba ohdalt igto

wbilb tba ikpeakagt wms sbot. Bmjtigc leamrey is got m rame

'kotiog'> tba rmtiogmea habig` its igleusiog ig tbis lmtacory

bms haag outeiga` aesawbara (lj 8.:.<). Pmhea =8 proviàs mgovarviaw oj igjarra` logtmlt-kmtarimes mg` kotiogs.

1.0.8.= Bià-wornigc

Pba logtmlt-kmtarime kost jraquagtey raprasagta` ig tba

mssakhemca oj Haan-Koeagstaac is bià. Out oj tba =09

mltumeey usa` mrams (tbara lmg ha kora tbmg oga MQM par

tooi mg` avag par VQM), 10 axbihit axtagsiva a`ca rougìgc

mg` m leamrey àjiga` hmg` oj poeisb, wbilb loue` ha mttri-



3: PBA EIGAMXHMG@NAXMKIN \IPA OJ HAAN-KOEAG\PAAC

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Jic. 01 Haan-Koeagstaac4 kilrocrmpbs oj trmlas igtarprata` ms haigc jrok logtmlt witb bi`a, ohsarva` og tba tooes `apilta` igjic. 00. Mee slmea hmrs aqume 16 g. m) HK6= (eOOx), h) HK633 (eOOx), l) HK680 (866x), `) HK63= (eOOx), a) HK601 (866x), j)HK6<2 (866x).




Pmhea =8 Haan-Koeagstaac4 igjarra` kotiog mg` logtmlt-kmtarime hy mltumeey usa` mram (MQM).

trmgsvarsa slrmpigc wbitteigc luttigc lmrvigc speittigc horigc prodaltiea bmjtigc ugsura totme

bià = 8:woa` = 9woo`/hoga/mgtear - Isojt pemgt < =

kamt _ -

'ir : -bmr` kmtarime - -sojt kmtarime - 8

ugngowg = 8

88

=1

9=

8

8

0

1

<

=

=0

108<0

=<

98:80

<8

totme =8 0= 0: 80 =09

huta` to bià> tbasa igjaraglas wara cagarmeey 'lartmig'.

Bowavar, tba stmta oj tba bià, i.a. `ry, wat or jrasb, is kora

ìjjiluet to mslartmig, ms is tba igtarpratiog oj tba lbmrmltar

oj possihea m`ìtivas sulb ms olbrl or mhrmsivas. \oka tooes

axbihita` m hmg` oj poeisb witb m kora cramsy, 'wat' mp-pamrmgla, succastigc tbmt tba bià worna` wms jrasb or wat/

koist (G ; 3). Pba kmdority oj tba tooes, bowavar, ìs-

pemya` m kmtt poeisb witb lrmtars ig it, mg` quita m jaw

strimt iogs, igìlmtigc tbmt tba bià wms `ry (G ; 89). Oj tba

rakmig`lr (G ; =2) oj tba MQ Ms witb aviàgla jor bià-

wornigc, trmlas wara kora mkhicuous mg` go stmtakagt

loue` ha kmà ms to tba logìtiog oj tba worna` bià.

Sitb raspalt to kotiogs, hotb slrmpigc (G ; 8:) (jics.

01m-`) mg` luttigc (G ; 88) {jics. 01a. 01j) bmva haag

mttasta`. Pbraa tooes axbihit trmlas oj bià-poeisb ìstrihuta`

ig sulb m wmy tbmt bmjtigc bms haag igjarra` (jic. 00c), oga

wms usa` ig m piarligc jmsbiog, wbiea ig mgotbar lmsa tba

kotiog igvoeva` is ugsura. Pba lorraemtiog hatwaag tooi

typa mg` kotiog wms quita strogc (saa pmrmcrmpb 1 oj tbis

lbmptar), tba kmdority oj tba ag`slrmpars mg` logvax slrm-

pars igàa` bmvigc haag usa` jor slrmpigc (jics. 00m-`). Pba

luttigc oj biàs wms cagarmeey parjorka` witb ugratoulba`

hemàs (jics. 00a, 00i, 00/).

Bià-wornigc bms meso haag àkogstrmta` ig pravious

kilrowamr mgmeysas oj EHN kmtarime. Zmucbmg, ig bis mgmeysis

oj tba Emgcwaiear 2 mg` Emuragzharc 3 kmtarime, kagtiogs

tbmt 0=% oj tba usa` zogas igìlmta` logtmlt witb `ry bià

(Zmucbmg =921h4 <82). Qgjortugmtaey, Zmucbmg òas got

ìjjaragtimta hatwaag tba vmrious kotiogs igvoeva` ig bià-

wornigc. Lmspmr, ig m praeikigmry mrtilea og tba kilrowamrmgmeysis oj tba Haecimg sita oj @mriog, eists tbmt =1: ikpea-

kagts ìspemya` bià-poeisb, i.a. :6% oj tba tooes axbihitigc

trmlas oj wamr (Lmspmr =9214 ::). Ig logt rmst to tba Haan-

Koeagstaac mgmeysis, wbara mhout mg aqume gukhar oj bià-

wornigc tooes wms akpeoya` ig slrmpigc mg` luttigc

kotiogs, Lmspmr gotas tbmt 28.2% oj tba bià-wornigc zogas

wms usa` ig m trmgsvarsa kotiog varsus =1.2% ig m eogcitu-

ìgme kovakagt. Ba meso jig`s ogey m vary kiguta parlag

tmca (=.0%) oj bià-horigc zogas (Lmspmr =9214 ::). Mg

otbar EHN sita og wbilb m jugltiogme mgmeysis wms par

jorka` is Vemla \migt-Emkhart ig Eiâca. Bara Lmspmr mg`

Cysaes (=920) joug` tbmt ogey 8: out oj tba =2= (=0.<:%)

mgmeysa` tooes axbihita` trmlas mttrihutmhea to bià-wornigc(Lmspmr/ Cysaes =9204 863), m surprisigcey eow parlagtmca.

Emstey, tba sita oj Heilquy-Loutura à em Lbmusséa bms haag

tba ohdalt oj jugltiogme mgmeysis. Bara, 89%) oj tba tooes wms

usa` og bià (Lmbag at me. =92:4 3<).

Jrok tba jugltiogme mgmeysis oj tba mhova kagtioga`

sitas, mg` tba prasagt oga oj Haan-Koeagstaac, it lmg ha

logleuà` tbmt tba prolassigc oj biàs is vary waee-raprasag-

ta` ig tba wastargkost axtagsiog oj tba EHN. Ig m pravious

lbmptar (saa <.8) tba ìjjiluetias oj igtarpratigc bià-wornigc

trmlas wara outeiga`. Metboucb mttrihutigc trmlas oj wamr to

tba cagarme lmtacory oj 'bià' posa` go proheaks (Qgrmtb at

me. =92:), igtarpratigc tba stmta oj tba bià mg` iàgtijyigc

tba pralisa stap ig tba trmgsjorkmtiog jrok rmw bià to m

kora emstigc proùlt, is leamrey kulb kora ìjjiluet. Po soeva

tbis proheak m eogc-tark rasamrlb procrmkka is raquira`,

rapeilmtigc mee tba vmrious staps, mg` igleuìgc mg agorkous

gukhar oj vmrimheas. Ig tba bià-prolassigc axparikagts pra-

sagta` ig tbis stu`y (saa <.8.8) akpbmsis wms pemla` og

tmggigc witb vmrious mgikme suhstmglas, sulb ms hrmigs, eivar

or jmt, wbiea ig EHN logtaxt oga woue` axpalt vacatmhea

tmggigc to bmva haag akpeoya` igstam`. Ohviousey, tbis cmp

ig tba axparikagtme procrmkka sboue` ha m``rassa` ig tba

gamr jutura.

Sbmtavar tba axmlt prolaùras mg` tba roea oj tba bià-

wornigc tooes ig tba prolass, it is leamr tbmt tba wornigc ojbiàs wms m kmdor mltivity ig EHN satteakagts. Civag tba

lbmrmltar oj tba wamr-trmlas, kora igìlmtiva oj '`ry' bià, it

lmg meso ha mrcua` tbmt it is got so kulb tba igitime leamgigc

oj jrasb biàs wbilb toon pemla, hut tba jurtbar prolassigc

oj meram`y leamg biàs. Mt EHN sitas, aviàgla jor bià-

prolassigc mltivitias lokas jrok 'seit-eina' pits wbilb mra

bypotbasiza` to ha tmggigc pits (Zmg à Zaeà =93<). \ulb

pits wara joug` mt m.o. Biagbaik (Zmg à Zaeà =93<>




IWA? E.. -

VE

M ?

Jic. 0: Haan-Koeagstaac4 ikpeakagts witb trmlas oj usa. m) woo`-wornigc trmlas og HK6:1, h) HK6<0 prohmhey usa` jor luttigcsojt pemgts, l) possihey bmjta` hem`a jor kuetipea usas (HK68<), `-j) silnea hem`as (HK6=9, HK6=2, HK6:), c-b) EHN prodaltieapoigts witb ikpmlt jrmlturas (HKO==6, HK62=) (=4=).




Ko`àrkmg =92:), Eigàgtbme (Huttear/ Bmharay =9<:, lita`

ig Zmg à Zaeà =93<) mg` Kograpos (Vmrat =9=6, lita` ig

Zmg à Zaeà =93<). Metboucb Zmg à Zaeà's igtarpratmtiog

oj tbasa pits is got witbout logtrovarsy (lj. Crogaghorg

=929), it is wortb jurtbar igvasticmtiog. Mkogc tba jirst

mspalts to ha logsiàra` is, jor igstmgla, tba spmtime ìstrihu-

tiog oj tbasa pits. Ms tmggigc is mg agtarprisa proùligc

ugpeamsmgt skaees, tba pits mra kora einaey to ollur mt tbajrigcas oj tba sattiaklgt. Pbara is peagty oj atbgocrmpbil

support jor sulb m sapmrmta mltivity mram. Meso, tba pits mra

einaey to leustar, igstam` oj haigc rmgòkey ìstrihuta`

tbroucbout tba satteakagt. Xaturgigc to tba jeigt tooes, tba

bicb parlagtmca oj bià-wornigc ikpeakagts kicbt igìlmta

tbmt bià-wornigc is mg 'og-sita' mltivity> tba ikpeakagts

kust bmva haag utieisa` ùrigc m stmca ig tba bià-sojtagigc

wbilb loue` tmna pemla mgywbara ig tba satteakagt. I log-

siàr it eass einaey tbmt tba prasagla oj tbasa ikpeakagts kust

ha mttrihuta` to ratooeigc witbig tba satteakagt. Pba kmig

mrcukagt mcmigst tbis, is tba prasagla oj ìstme ag`s oj bià-

slrmpars wbilb mppmragtey hrona jrok tbair bmjts ùrigc usa

(sal 1.0.8.==). Pbis meso ikpeias tbmt wa sboue` got mttrihuta

too kulb sicgijilmgla to tba bicb parlagtmca oj bià-worn

igc tooes, ms aqumeey ikportmgt mltivitias kicbe bmva tmnag

pemla 'ojj-sita', witb eoss or ìslmr` oj ikpeakagts tmnigc

pemla aesawbara.

1.0.8.8 Soo`-wornigc

Pba salog` mltivity raprasagta` ig tba Haan-Koeagstaac jeigt

mssakhemca is tba wornigc oj woo`. M totme oj 8< MQ Ms

axbihita` trmlas igìlmtiva oj woo` ms m logtmlt-kmtarime

(=1.0% oj tba usa` zogas). \urprisigcey, goga oj tbasa zogas

wms usa` ig m luttigc kotiog, gor wms horigc raprasagta`.

Giga a`cls wara usa` jor slrmpigc, oga jor lmrvigc, savag

jor wbitteigc (jics. 0:m, 03m), mg` oga ig m trmgsvarsa kotiog.

Emstey, tba kotiog oj jiva zogas loue` got ha mslartmiga`.

Pba poeisb prasagt og tba tooes wms skootb, òka`, mg`

eignl` up mt tba a`ca. Pba a`ca wms seicbtey rougà` mg`,

aspalimeey ig tba lmsa oj tba wbitteigc tooes, meso slmrra` hy

l`ca-`mkmca. Pba wbitteigc tooes wara cagarmeey quita emrca

(:.0 lk ig eagctb varsus m kamg oj <.0 lk jor tba totme

mssakhemca). \oka oj tba ag`slrmpars wara usa` og woo`,

hut cagarmeey woo`-wornigc wms parjorkl` witb tooes got

leamrey mttrihuemhea to m stmg`mrìsa` typa (saa pmrmcrmpb 1,

tbis lbmptar). Pba àcraa oj wamr axbihita` hy tba woo`-

wornigc tooes vmrias jrok eicbt to bamvy.Ms witb tba aviàgll jor bià-wornigc, woo`-wornigc bms

meso haag mttasta` jor ig pravious kilrowamr mgmeysas oj

EHN kmtarime. Emgcwaiear 2 mg` Emuragzhlrc 3 yileà` m

vary eow slora oj <% woo`-wornigc tooes (Zmucbmg =921h4

<82), wbiea tba Haecimg sitas provià` m piltura seicbtey kora

sikiemr to tba Haan-Koeagstaac rasuets4 @mriog yiaeà` 82

woo`-wornigc tooes out oj m totme oj 8:6 usa` mrtajmlts

(Lmbag at me. =92:4 1:), mg` mt Vemla \migt-Emkhart ig Eiâca

<6 oj tba =0< pialas axmkiga` (i.a. 8=%) wara iàgtijia` ms

woo`-wornigc ikpeakagts (Lmspmr/ Cysaes =9204 866).

Heilquy-Loutura à em Lbmusséa, bowavar, sbowa` m bicbar

parlagtmca4 <=.<% bm` aviàgla jor woo`-wornigc (Lmbag

at me. =92:4 3<). It is got leamr wbatbar tbis loglargs <=.<%

oj tba pialas mgmeysa` or oj tba usa` pialas.

Pba prasagla oj woo`-wornigc tooes mkogc EHN jeigt

mssakhemcas sboue` loka ms go surprisa. Pba agvirogkagt igwbilb tba EHN paopea sattea` wms wooà`, mg` it is einaey

tbmt woo` ì` got ogey provià huieìgc kmtarime jor tba

emrca bousas, hut meso tba rmw kmtarime jor m slora oj kigor

tooes mg` utagsies. Pba kmlroslopilmeey visihea ceoss og tba

luttigc a`cas oj stoga m`zas bms ojtag haag mttrihuta` to

woo`-wornigc (Hmnaes =923)> ralagtey tbis bms haag log-

jirka` hy usa-wamr mgmeysis (@rohgiawilz =922). It is vary

prohmhea tbmt tba m`zas wara akpeoya` ig tba jaieigc oj tba

traas mg` jor otbar lomrsa woo`-worn (@obrg-Ibkic =939-

=926). Pba jeigt tooes prasagta` bara prohmhey rajealt tba

kigor lrmjt mltivitias, parjorka` ig or gamr tba bousas,

igvoevigc woo` ms m worna` kmtarime (i.a. tba kmgujmltura

oj wooàg ohdalts mg` utagsies).

1.0.8.< Soo`-/ hoga-d mgtear-wornigc

Jour usa` zogas jmee igto tbis lmtacory. Goga oj tbak

axbihita` trmlas wbilb loue` ha igtarprata` ms rasuetigc jrok

logtmlt witb hoga. Oga slrmpar ìspemya` m 'àposit'-eina

poeisb, wbilb loue` possihey ha mttrihuta` to logtmlt witb

mgtear (igtarpratmtiog 'uglartmig'). Og tbraa tooes m òka`,

vary hricbt, skootb poeisb wms ohsarva`, succastiva oj

logtmlt witb woo`. Bowavar, lokat-tmies wara prasagt

witbig tba poeisb, mg mttrihuta cagarmeey mssolimta` witb

hoga-wornigc. Pba kost einaey igtarpratmtiog saaks to ha

tbmt m rmtbar bmr` vmriaty oj woo` wms igvoeva`. Pbisigjaragla is supporta` hy soka axparikagts rasuetigc ig tba

smka lokhigmtiog oj mttrihutas (lj. <.<.8). Kotiogs wbilb

wara igjarra`, igleuà` eogcituìgme (G ; =), lmrvigc (G ;

=), slrmpigc (G ; I), mg` bmjtigc (G ; =, igtarpratmtiog

'uglartmig').

Aviàgla jor hoga- mg` mgtear-wornigc is logspiluousey

mhsagt ig otbar EHN mssakhemcas ms waee. Zmucbmg raports

jor tba Meàgbovagar Vemtta tbmt ogey 8% oj tba usa` zogas

sbowa` trmlas rasuetigc jrok logtmlt witb hoga (Zmucbmg

=921h4 <82). Ig @mriog ogey tbraa out oj m totme oj 8:6 usa`

pialas wara utieiza` og hoga, wbiea tba Vemla \migt-Emkhart

yiaeà` goga mt mee (Lmbag at me. =92:4 11-1:). Hruidgkmlroslopilmeey stuìa` jeigt mrtajmlts jrok savarme @utlb

EHN sitas mg` mrriva` mt tba logleusiog tbmt tba slrmpars

kust bmva haag usa` og lomrsar bmr`-woo` or hoga, log-

siàrigc tba ceoss tbay axbihit (Hruidg =912-=9194 8=9).

Metboucb Ko`àrkmg stiee m`baras to Hruidg's opigiog, avag

stmtigc tbmt woo`- mg` hoga-wornigc pemya` m vary ikpor

tmgt roea ig EHN alogoky (Ko`àrkmg =9214 :9), ralagt

rasamrlb mrrivés mt m ìjjaragt logleusiog. Soo`-wornigc




Jic. 03 Haan-Koeagstaac4 kilrocrmpbs oj tba mrtajmlts `apilta` ig jic. 0:. Mee slmea hmrs aqume 16 Ux. m) HK6:1 (866x), h) HK6<0(866x), l) HK68< (866x), `) HK6: (866x), a) HK6=9 (866x), j) HK6=2 (eOOx).



2= PBA JQGLPIOGME MGMEY\I\

wms igàa` ikportmgt, hut aviàgla jor hoga-wornigc saaks

virtumeey emlnigc, mt eamst og tba jeigt toois.

1.0.8.0 Vrolassigc oj sojt pemgts axleuìgc larames

\ojt pemgts jork mgotbar lmtacory oj logtmlt-kmtarime jor

wbilb aviàgla is mvmiemhea. Ig tba prasagt stu`y larames mra

got igleuà` ig tbis lmtacory. Ms wms meram`y àkogstrmta`

ig lbmptlr <, sojt pemgt spalias lmg ha ìvià` igto twocroups4 tba pemgts tbmt logemig sieilm ig tbair stargs, eamvas

or roots, mg` tbosa tbmt ò got. Logtmlt witb sieilious pemgts

sulb ms raa`s, wie` crmssas mg` sa`cas proùlas m skootb

mg` bicbey rajealeiva poeisb, wbiea tba `mkmca lmusa` hy

gog-sieilious pemgts is kulb eass logspilious. Ig tba lmsa oj

=8 VQ Ms m sokawbmt ùee, skootb poeisb wms ohsarva`

succastigc gog-sieilious sojt pemgts ms logtmlt-kmtarime {jics.

03h. 03l). Pbis igjaragla wms lorrohormta` hy tba jmlt tbmt

tba a`cas og wbilb tbis poeisb wms eolmta` bm` sbmrp mgceas,

mg` bm` bmrèy or go a`ca-`mkmca {jics. 0:h, 0:l). \trim-

tiogs wara mhsagt, metboucb ìraltiogmeity wms cagarmeey

visihea witbig tba poeisb. Pwo typas oj kotiogs wara ra-

prasagta`4 jour trmgsvarsa mg` jiva eogcituìgme ogas, wbiea

tbraa usa` a`cas loue` got ha igtarprata` ig tarks oj tbis

vmrimhea. Oga qumrtiar `'ormgca (Dic. 02m) ìspemya` aviàgla

jor bmvigc haag usa` to speit sieilious pemgt. Pba poeisb wms

got strimta`, hut axtrakaey skootb mg` ugùemtigc, bicbey

rajealtiva, mg` eolmta` og m tip oj tba tooi ig sulb m wmy ms

to succast m speittigc kotiog. Igtarastigcey agoucb, tbis tooi

wms proùla` jrok eicbt-cray Haecimg jeigt, mg` bm` jour

zogas oj usa, succastigc tbmt tbis piala wms bamviey lurmta`.

It is vary prohmhea tbmt kora pemgt-wornigc tooes mra prasagt

ig tba smkpea, tba wamr-trmlas oj wbilb mra got àtaltmhea.

Qgjortugmtaey, ig soka raports og jugltiogme mgmeysis oj

EHN jeigts tba ìstigltiog hatwaag gog-sieilious mg` sieilious

pemgts is got mewmys kmà, gor mra larames mewmys ìjjaragti-

mta`. Zmucbmg, ig bis igtarpratmtiog oj tba Emgcwaiear 2 mg`

Emuragzharc 3 kmtarime eists tbmt oj tba usa` zogas 0%

igìlmtas usa og raa`s, <2% usa og sojt pemgts (Zmucbmg

=921h4 <82). Sby ba kmnas tbis ìstigltiog is got aviàgt,

gor is it mppmragt wbatbar tbis emttar lmtacory meso igleuàs

tooes jor bmrvastigc larames.

It is got mt mee leamr wbmt sort oj pemgts wara worna` witb

tba Haan-Koeagstaac tooes. Ig oga lmsa tba trmlas wara pra

sagt og wbmt wms oricigmeey prohmhey m bmjta` hemà, ig

logdugltiog witb otbar trmlas sulb ms jrok kamt. It kicbt

vary waee ha tbmt wa mra àmeigc bara witb m kuetipurposa'nitlbag' ngija akpeoya` ùrigc tba prapmrmtiog oj kames

(jic. 0:l). It sboue` ha gota` tbmt tbis pmrtiluemr ikpeakagt

wms kmà jrok eicbt-cray Haecimg jeigt. Ig otbar igstmglas,

sigcea-typa usas mra raprasagta`4 ig tba lmsa oj trmgsvarsa

kovakagts tbasa mra succastiva oj lrmjt mltivitias sulb ms tba

sbra`ìgc oj pemgt jihras, m.o. jor kmnigc leotbas. Pba tooes

usa` ig eogcituìgme kovakagt kicbt bmva jugltioga` to

gamtey saltiog pemgts staks, mg` prohmhey got jor bmrvastigc.

halmusa cmtbarigc pemgts is cagarmeey jmr kora amsy hy bmg`-

pilnigc, aspalimeey wbag tba stmg`s mra ìsparsa` (lj

<.1.=.=). Ms bms haag stmta` hajora, poeisbas lbmrmltaristil

jor spalijil pemgt spalias bmva yat to ha joug` (lj <.1.8.=).

Qgtie kora spalijil axparikagtmtiog bms tmnag pemla, or

m`ìtiogme hotmgilme igjorkmtiog halokas mvmiemhea, it woue`

ha igpruàgt to spaluemta mhout tba pemgt spalias igvoeva`.

1.0.8.1 Xampigc oj larames

\o-lmeea` silnea-ceoss wms prasagt og giga usa` zogas

(MQMs), mee oj tbak akpeoya` ig m eogcituìgme kovakagt.

Pba poeisb, visihea witb tba gmna` aya ms m eustrous hmg` og

tba tooi a`ca, wms vary roucb mg` lrmtara` wbag viawa`

ugàr tba kilroslopa. \trimtiogs wara gukarous, wbiea tbara

wara ollmsiogme axmkpeas oj a`ca-rakovmes. Qsumeey, ug-

ratoulba` hemàs or hemà-jrmckagts ìspemya` tba mhova-

àslriha` lokhigmtiog oj wamr-trmlas (jic. 0:`-j).

Ig m`ìtiog to tba silnea hemàs ratriava` jrok tba IVE

axlmvmtiog, m jurtbar tbraa axmkpeas wara axlmvmta` hy Zmg

Zaag dust m`dmlagt to tba traglb, wbiea jour kora waraprasagt ig bis mg` Mussaks' loeealtiogs. Jrok tbasa m`ì

tiogme savag silnea hemàs, two wara proùla` jrok Zmenag

hurc jeigt.

It is cagarmeey mssuka` tbmt tba poeisb visihea og tba silnea

hemàs is ùa to tba rampigc oj larames. Pba poeisb, bowavar,

wbilb wms ohtmiga` og axparikagtme silneas usa` to bmrvast

hmreay, akkar mg` hram` wbamt, ì` got rasakhea tba mr-

lbmaoeocilme poeisb. Sbiea tba axparikagtme poeisb wms ax

trakaey skootb mg` bicbey rajealtiva, witb jaw strimtiogs, tba

mrlbmaoeocilme sbaag wms roucb, eass rajealtiva mg` slmrra`

hy iggukarmhea strimtiogs (jics. 03`-j). Pba smka ìslrapmgly

bm` haag gota` hy Duae Dagsag (=922h, ig prass). \ba bms,

bowavar, haag mhea to raproùla tba mrlbmaoeocilme varsiog

wbag bmrvastigc m jiae` igjasta` witb waa`s mt tba axpari

kagtme jmrk ig Eadra, @agkmrn. Duae Dagsag logleuàs tbmt

tba strimtiogs kust bmva haag lmusa` hy logtmlt witb waa`s

(Duae Dagsag =922h, ig prass). Mg mttakpt wms kmà to

ùpeilmta bar axparikagt ùrigc tba sukkar oj =922 ig

Eadra. Metboucb tbis tika tba jiae` logtmiga` kora waa`s

tbmg ig pravious yamrs (ohsarvmtiog B.Duae Dagsag) {jic. 88),

tba poeisb ohsarva` og tba two tooes usa` (lj. <.1.8.8) wms

gavartbaeass skootb mg` bicbey rajealtiva witb jaw ij mgy

strimtiogs (jic. 83m)> ig jmlt tba poeisb wms sikiemr to tba

sbaag ohtmiga` og koàrg, 'leamg' jiae`s. Pbis ìslrapmgly

hatwaag Duae Dagsag's mg` ky owg rasuets kmy ha mttrihut-mhea to tba jmlt tbmt tba jorkar usa` bar tooi jor 3 bours,

wbiea tba mutbor's tooes wara ogey akpeoya` jor 8.1 bours.

Ig m kora eigna` stmca oj poeisb àvaeopkagt, strimtiogs

kicbt mppamr, ùa to tba jmlt tbmt m poeisba` surjmla is eass

bmr` tbmg mg ugpoeisba` oga (Sittbojt =9:3).

Pba 'waa`" bypotbasis àslriha` mhova is supporta` hy

pmemaohotmgilme aviàgla jrok vmrious EHN sitas igìlmtigc

tba prasagla oj waa`s mkogc tba lmrhogisa` crmigs jrok tba




ruhhisb pits (Hmnaes/ Xoussaeea =921). Koraovar, aviàgla

axists, jor igstmgla mt Muhalbias, tbmt waa` pemgts bmrvasta`

meogc witb tba crmig wara mt eamst 16 lk bicb (Hmnaes/

Xoussaeea =9214 16). Pba emttar mutbors kmna m jurtbar

rakmrn wbilb is oj raeavmgla to tba quastiog oj tba mkougt

oj waa`s ig tba EHN jiae`s4 hotb waa` spalias wbilb tbriva

wbag tba crmig is sowg ig mutukg (wigtarwbamt), mg` tbosa

wbilb prospar ij tba crmig is sowg ig sprigc, mra prasagt ig

tba smkpeas. Hmnaes mg` Xoussaeea (=9214 11) mrcua tbmt it is

einaey tbmt tba crmig bms haag sowg ig sprigc ig jiae`s wbilb

wara got totmeey leamga` oj tba pravious mutukg's waa`

spalias. Pbis succasts tbmt tba mkougt oj waa` mkogc tba

lrops kicbt bmva haag logsiàrmhea.

Pba axmlt igtarpratmtiog oj tba silnea hemàs logtiguas to



2< PBA JQGLPIOGME MGMEY\I\

Jic. 02 Haan-Koeagstaac4 qumr-tiars `'ormgca (m-l) mg` two

hemàs (`, a) og wbilb poeisb

'8<' wms ohsarva`. m) HK6=81,

h) HKO96, l) HKO=69, `)

HK68:0, a) HK6<=9 (=4=).

Ƙ • '8<'

/ ‐ ~ • m

j~~~~~- ‐* •

/mV~~-- -`ïvt' • •8<'

d j l p e W ‐ ‐ ‐

sWW'

|WW;r-'* •8<'. h

Qr

, W M

W W W Utapi

•8<'h

•8<¾m+h

•8<'

ha sokawbmt oj m proheak. Metboucb axparikagtme mg` mr-

lbmaoeocilme wamr-trmlas ò got kmtlb ig tba sagsa tbmt tba

emttar mra lbmrmltarisa` hy strimtiogs. it is gavartbaiass eiilaey

tbmt tba ikpeakagts wara usa` jor bmrvastigc larames. Mg

axpemgmtiog jor tba prasagla oj strimtiogs is stiee raquira`>

tba 'waa`-bypotbasis' proposa` hy Duae Dagsag is mttrmltiva

ig tbis raspalt (saa meso <.1.8.8), mg` it woui` ha vary

wortbwbiea to logtigua axparikagtmtiog ig tbis ìraltiog.

Bmjtigc trmlas, ig tba jork oj skmee spots oj hoga- or

woo`-pobsb jrok jriltiog. wara mhsagt og tba silnea hemàs.

Pbis supports tba mssukptiog tbmt mg m`basiva wms usa` to

jix tba hemàs mg` hemà-jrmckagts> ig sulb m wmy kovakagt

oj tba jeigt witbig its bmjt wms savaraey rastrilta` mg` go

`mkmca loue` ollur (lj Naaeay =928). Ig oga igstmgla, tooi




Jic. 09 Haan-tUWoeagstaac4 wamr-trmlas ohsarva` og tba mrtajmlts àpilta` ig jic. 02. Mee slmea hmrs aqume 16 g. m) 'bià-einapoeisb' ('8<') ìspemya` hy mrtajmlt HKO96 (eOOx), h) iàk (866x), l) skootbey poeisba` mspalt ('8<h') saag og HKO96 (866x), `)viaw og tba raemtiogsbip hatwaag roucb ('8<m') mg` skootb poeisb ('8<h') og smka a`ca oj HKO96 (866x), a) hmg` oj '8<h' ogHK6=81 (eOOx), j) HK69 ìspemyigc jriltiog ceoss igtarprata` ms haigc jrok bmjtigc (866x).




HK6: (jic. 0:j), tigy spalns oj m hemln kmtarime mra prasagt

og tba a`ca opposita tba oga ìspemyigc silnea-sbaag> it

loue` ha tbmt tbasa spalns mra rakgmgts oj m jixmtiva. Pba

ìstrihutiog oj tba poeisba` mrams, lovarigc m trimgcuemr sal-

tiog oj tba a`ca (jics. 0:`-j). succasts tbmt tbay wara jixa` ig

saqulgla ig m eugmr-sbmpa` bmjt, witb amlb sackagt seicbtey

oheiqua, eamvigc ogey m trimgcuemr pmrt protruìgc jrok tba

bmjt. Jrmgn (=92<) bms òga bmrvastigc axparikagts witb

rapeilms oj m sikiemr typa oj tooi (tba Nmrmgovo-typa) mg`

mrrivés mt tba logleusiog tbmt tba bmjtigc is quita ajjaltiva.

Pbis is supporta` hy ky owg axparikagts (lbmptar <, gota

8).

Oga qulstiog wbilb gaa`s m``rassigc is bow kulb bmrvas

tigc tika tba poeisb ohsarva` og tba silnea hemàs raprasagts.

Axparikagts witb larame-bmrvastigc igìlmta tbmt silnea-ceoss

àvaeops seowey. I woue` astikmta tbmt tba ceoss visihea og

tba mrlbmaoeocilme spalikags is tba rasuet oj mt eamst =6

bours worn. It woue` ha mg igtarastigc agàmvour to

lokpmra tba gukhar oj silnea hemàs hatwaag sitas. Sa

sboue` got jorcat, bowavar, tbmt tba EHN silneas saak tobmva haag lokposita tooes, sikiemr to tba Nmrmgovo oga, so

m croup oj hemàs raprasagts oga tooi. Koraovar, mhsoeuta

gukhars mra got vary ieeukigmtigc, sigla jrok amlb sita m

ìjjaragt parlagtmca bms haag axlmvmta`, wbiea loeeuvime pro-

lassas vmry. Ig m`ìtiog, eoss oj silnea hemà-jrmckagts og

tba jiae`s saaks vary einaey, mg` so ratooeigc mltivitias kmy

bmva tmnag pemla tbara ms waee, ig oràr to rapemla eost

jrmckagts.

1.0.8.: Luteigc kamt

Ogey two tooes sbow aviàgla jor logtmlt witb kamt (jic.

0:l). It is vary einaey tbmt m kulb bicbar gukhar oj tba

mrtajmlts wara usa` jor luttigc kamt, hut trmlas mra emlnigc,

halmusa tba crmig siza oj Xidlnboet, mg` lartmigey oj Zmenag

hurc jeigt is usumeey too lomrsa to agmhea tba àvaeopkagt oj

wamr. Ig lbmptar < tba ìjjiluetias witb tba igtarpratmtiog oj

tbis kmtarime bmva meram`y haag outeiga` (<.:).

1.0.8.3 Voeisb '8<'4 mg ugrasoba` trmgsvarsa kotiog

Og mee oj tba qumrtiars `'ormgca (G ; <) mg` og two hemàs

(jics. 02m-a), m vary strmgca lokhigmtiog oj poeisb mttrihutas

wms joug`. Oga mspalt oj tba usl` zoga axbihits m vary

skootb, mekost "sgowjiai`"-eina, bicbiy rajealtiva poeisb,

sokawbmt rakigislagt oj raa` or waee-àvaeopa` mgtear-

poeisb (jics. 09l-a). Pba poeisb bms m parpagìluemr ìral-tiogmeity mg` axtag`s mhout 066 |i igto tba piala. \trimtiogs

mra mhsagt, ms is a`ca-`mkmca, hut tba a`ca is vary rougà`.

Pba otbar mspalt oj tba tooes ìspemys m totmeey ìjjaragt

poeisb4 roucb, kmtt mg` lovara` witb strimtiogs oriagta`

parpagìluemr to tba a`ca ^jics. 09m. 09b). Pba two poeisb

varseogs mra lartmigey lorraemta` mg` lmusa` hy oga mltivity

igvoevigc m trmgsvarsa kotiog. @ajigita prooj oj tbis is pro-

vià` hy tba tooi HKO=69 (jic. 02l), tba ìstme pmrt oj tba

a`ca axbihitigc tba roucb varsiog og tba vagtrme mg` tba

skootb poeisb og tba òrsme mspalt, wbiea tba proxikme pmrt

sbows tba pmttarg ravarsa`. Pbis tooi bms tbus haag usa`

twila og tba smka a`ca, mg` wms turga` mroug` hatwaag tba

two usa-igstmglas. Mgotbar igtarastigc eooi is HK6=81,

mltumeey got m qumrtiar `'ormgca hut `éhitmca agjrita, kmà

oj eicbt-cray Haecimg jeigt. Pbis piala possassa` two ugra-

toulba` a`Wcas witb mgceas oj l. 21¶, hotb oj wbilb ìspemya`poeisb '8<'. It sboue` ha kagtioga` tbmt ig jour oj tba six

lmsas tbis poeisb wms eolmta` og m zoga witb mg a`ca mgcea

oj 36¶-96¶> ogey tooi HK6<=9 bm` mg a`ca mgcea oj :6¶. Ig

mee lmsas tba a`cas wara ugratoulba` mg` vary seicbtey

loglmva wbag viawa` jrok mhova. Pba poeisb wms igvmrimhey

eikita` to mhout 8.1 lk meogc tba a`ca. Go trmlés succastiva

oj bmjtigc loue` ha eolmta`. It is einaey tbmt tbasa tooes wara

bae` ig tba bmg` ùrigc usa.

Pbis poeisb bms jirst haag àslriha` hy Naaeay (=933) wbo

axmkiga` m jaw tooes jrok Biagbaik (Hmvmrim, Sast-Car-

kmgy), oga oj wbilb axbihita` tba smka lokhigmtiog oj

roucb mg` skootb poeisb. It loglargs m lokpeata hemà ojtmhuemr jeigt witb m eagctb oj 3.2 lk mg` m wi`tb oj =.0 lk.

Og oga ugratoulba` a`ca, witb mg a`ca mgcea oj :2¶, m

stratlb oj poeisb oj l. 8.1 lk is visihea (K.à Crootb pars.

lokk.). Naaeay mrcuas tbmt tbis lokhigmtiog oj trmlas loue`

ha lmusa` hy àbmirigc wat biàs witb tba m`ìtiog oj ku`.

Ba supports tbis succastiog witb mg atbgocrmpbil axmkpea

oj Gortb-Mkarilmg Igìmgs, hut bms got axparikagtmeey

tasta` bis iàm. Ba mssukas tbmt tba mspalt witb tba roucb

poeisb is tba surjmla lokigc igto logtmlt witb tba bià, wbiea

tba skootb poeisb is lmusa` hy tba ku`-pmrtileas (Naaeay

=9334 3=). Cmspmr, ig bis mgmeysis oj Haecimg EHN sitas, bms

joug` axmltey tba smka wamr pmttarg ms àslriha` mhova og

mekost mee tba qumrtiars `'ormgca ba bms axmkiga`. Ba supports Naaeay's àbmirigc bypotbasis ms to tbair jugltiog

(Lmbag at me. =92:4 03).

Metboucb Naaeay's mrcukagts soug` ramsogmhea agoucb

mg` loue` tbaoratilmeey axpemig tba lbmrmltar oj tba two

poeisb varseogs, it is got logvigligc jor oga kmdor ramsog4

tba waee-àjiga` ìstrihutiog oj tba poeisb meogc tba a`ca mg`

its eikitmtiog to m stratlb oj =.1-8.1 lk, òas got logjork

witb tba propartias oj tba mssuka` logtmlt-kmtarime, i.a. wat

bià. M wat bià wbilb bms to ha àbmira` òas got bmva m

lirlukslriha` sbmpa mg` wiee gavar lmusa m rastrilta` poeisb

ìstrihutiog ms is ohsarva` og tba mrlbmaoeocilme tooes. Pba

mltume logtmlt-kmtarime kust bmva possassa` m waee-àjiga`,jixa` sbmpa, mg` logtmlt kust bmva haag eikita` to l. 8 lk.

Sooàg hrmglbas saak m einaey possihieity, hut mee axpari

kagts òga so jmr yiae` gotbigc eina tba trmlas àslriha`

mhova, hut dust 'orìgmry woo`-poeisbas". \o jmr tba samrlb

jor tba 'lueprit' bms got haag sullassjue. Ms tbis poeisb

mppamrs mt sulb caocrmpbilmeey-sapmrmta` sitas ms Biagbaik

mg` @mriog, it saaks tbmt tba mltivity it raprasagts jorks mg

igtacrme pmrt oj tba 'EHN lokpeax'. Oga kmtarime wbilb tbag



2: PBA EIGAMXHMG@NAXMKIN \IPA OJ HAAN-KOEAG\PAAC

ikkaìmtaey lokas to kig` is jemx (Eiguk usitmtissikuk),

wbilb kmnas its agtry ig EHN logtaxt (Hmnais =932> Hmnaes/

Xoussaeea =921). Prmìtiogme @utlb mg` Haecimg jemx-prolassigc

tooes mg` tbair mppeilmtiog, ms igìlmta` hy atbgobistorilme

sourlas (@a Sieà =920> Zmg Iarsa! =921), ò got hamr kulb

sikiemrity to tba qumrtiars `'ormgca mg` tba wmy ig wbilb

tbay saak to bmva haag usa`. Gavartbaeass, oga axparikagt

wms parjorka` eoosagigc tba iggar jemx jihras jrok tbaputrajia` outar stargs. Pba rottigc prolass wms igùla` hy

eamvigc tba jemx ig wmtar jor m jaw `mys. Sitb tba heugt a`ca

oj mg axparikagtme qumrtiar `'ormgca I mttakpta` to hramn

mg` rakova tba outar snig, witbout `mkmcigc tba iggar jemx

jihras (jic. =9). Pba tooi worna` wae! mg`, ij tba hugìas

worna` mt mgy oga tika ì got axlaa` m tbilngass oj ½ 8

lk, logtmlt wms igàa` logjiga` to ogey pmrt oj tba wornigc

a`ca. Qgjortugmtaey, tba rasuetigc wamr-trmlas (jic. 81m) ì`

got hamr mgy rasakhemgla to tba mrlbmaoeocilme ogas, mpmrt

jrok proùligc m sikiemrey rougà` a`ca.

Mgotbar kmtarimi lmtacory wbilb wms igvasticmta` is jorka`

hy hrmkhea-hrmglbas. Pbasa mra raporta` to ha axtrakaey

suitmhea jor tba kmgujmltura oj haabivas, halmusa tbay lmusa

bmrkjue igsalts to stmy mwmy (H.@alnar pars.lokk.). Ig tba

Gatbarimg`s kost haabivas mra kmà oj tbis kmtarimi. Pba

tborgs mg` hmrn mra rakova` hy puieigc tba hrmglb ovar m

sbmrp a`ca. Mg axparikagt wms parjorka` to tast tbis hut

tba rasuetigc wamr-trmlas, mcmig, ì` got kmtlb tba mrlbmao

eocilme ogas. Ohviousey, tba optiogs mra got axbmusta` hy

jemx mg` hrmkhea-hrmglbas. Otbar possihieitias, wbilb bmva

got yat haag igvasticmta`, igleuà sojtagigc strips oj hmrn or

strips oj snig. Po logleuà, tba samrlb jor tba logtmlt-kmta-

rime raspogsihea jor poeisb '8<' is stiee logtiguigc.

1.0.8.2 Pba usa oj prodaltiea poigtsPbraa igstmglas oj hagìgc jrmlturas wara aglougtara`4 tbasa

trmlas mra lokkogey mssuka` to àriva jrok ikpmlt, mg` m

usa ms prodaltiea poigts lmg ha igjarra` (saa i.2.8). Pba tooes

ig quastiog mra too skmee to ha spamr poigts. Pypoeocilmeey,

ig mee tbraa lmsas it loglarga` EHN poigts {jics. 0:c, 0:b).

Pba logtmlt-kmtarime igvoeva` loue` got ha igjarra`> go

poeisb wms visihea.

1.0.8.9 IZornigc bmr` mg` sojt kmtarimi

Ig lartmig lmsas it wms ikpossihea to civa m spalijil igtarpra-

tmtiog oj logtmlt-kmtarime, hut wbatbar it loglarga` m sojt

or bmr` kmtarimi loue` stiee ha mssassa` og tba hmsis oj tba

prasagla or mhsagla oj a`ca-rakovmes ig logdugltiog witb

sbmpa mg` a`ca mgcea oj tba usa` zoga. Jour zogas wara

usa` og sojt kmtarimi (two slrmpigc, two luttigc), two og m

bmr` suhstmgla (hotb eogcituìgme).

1.0.8.=6 IZornigc ugngowg kmtarimi

]uita m emrca parlagtmca (G ; <8, or 8=.1%) oj tba usa`

zogas loue` got ha igtarprata` ms to logtmlt-kmtarime ig

voeva`. Kotiogs igleuà` trmgsvarsa mltiogs (G ; <), eogci

tuìgme kovakagts (G ; 0), igstmglas oj bmjtigc (G ; 3),

prodaltiea (G ; <), horigc (G ; =), mg` 'ugsura' (G ; =0).

1.0.8.== Bmjtigc

Prmlas oj bmjtigc ig tba jork oj poeisb spots wara ohsarva`

og == VQMs. Bià wms tba logtmlt-kmtarime ig tbraa lmsas

igjarra`, ig oga igstmgla it wms woo`/ hoga/ mgtear, mg` ogtba rakmigigc savag VQMs 'ugsura'. Bmjtigc ms possihea

'kotiog' wms igjarra` jrok tba eolmtiog, ìraltiog mg` nig`

oj tba wamr-trmlas (jic. 09j) ig raemtiog to tba cagarme sbmpa

oj tba tooi. Pba tbraa tooes witb trmlas igtarprata` ms rasuet

igc jrok bià-wornigc ^jic. 00c) wara mee ag`slrmpars pro-

ùla` og hemàs, witb tbair proxikme bmej prohmhey igsarta`

igto m bmjt. Lmspmr (=9214 :9) bms ohsarva` m lokpmrmhea

ìstrihutiog oj bià-poeisb og tooes jrok @mriog mg` suc-

casts tbmt tba bià-poeisb is ùa to tba igsartiog oj m strip oj

rmw bià hatwaag tba jeigt tooi mg` its bmjtW. \ulb m strip

meso jmlieitmtas tba ratooeigc (sagsu Naaeay =9284 399) oj tba

bmjt. Pba iàm tbmt tba ag`slrmpars wara bmjta` is supporta`

hy tba prasagla oj jour ìstme ag`s oj sulb slrmpars, mee

ìspemyigc aviàgla jor bià-wornigc {jic. 00b). Pbasa pialas

ms waee ms oga proxikme ag` witb poeisb {jic. 00c), axbihit m

skootb hramn witb m eip. Kost einaey, sulb hramns lmg ha

mttrihuta` to mg axlass oj prassura og m bmjta` ag`slrmpar.

\trmgcaey agoucb, bowavar, tba prassura eamìgc to tba

hramn kust bmva haag axlarta` og tba òrsme, ratoulba`

mspalt4 tbis kicbt succast tbmt tba slrmpars wara usa` ig m

pusbigc kotiog (mwmy jrok tba wornar) wbiea boeìgc tba

tooi mt m bicb mgcea.

Igìralt aviàgla oj bmjtigc is meso prasagt og silnea hemàs

Pbasa tooes ìspemy m waee-àjiga` trimgcuemr poeisba` surjml

og oga a`ca {jics. 0:`-j), wbiea og tba opposita a`ca gotrmlas mra prasagt. It is possihea tbmt tbis emttar a`ca wms

jixa` igto tba bmjt hy kamgs oj mg m`basiva, parbmps rasig.

Pbis woue` saak to ha logjirka` hy tba prasagla oj tigy

hemln spalns oj àposit og tooi HK6:, wbilb kicbt ha tba

rakgmgts oj sulb m kmtarimi. Axparikagts bmva igìlmta`

tbmt sulb m bmjtigc prolaùra eamvas jaw, ij mgy, trmlas oj

wamr og tba jeigt tooi (Naaeay =928), mg` witbout òuht

tbara wara kmgy kora bmjta` ikpeakagts tbmg wl bmva

aviàgla jor.

1.0.< \ V MP IME @I\PXIHQPIOG

Eina tba spmtime ìstrihutiog oj tba vmrious tooi typas, kost

usa` pialas loglagtrmta ig tba ruhhisb pit mg` its surrougìgc

mram. M jaw mrtajmlts mra eolmtl` witbig tba bousa, witb

bmrèy mgy outsià tbis mram. Mee woo`- mg` pemgt-wornigc

tooes lagtra og tba ruhhisb pit {jic. 16). Ogey tba bià-wornigc

tooes {jic. 1=) bmva m seicbtey wiàr ìstrihutiog. Mssukigc

tbmt tbis pmttargigc rajealts prikmry ìslmr` oj ikpeakagts,

tbis kicbt parbmps igìlmta tbmt bià-wornigc mltivitias mra

eolmta` outsià tba bousa, witb tooes haigc ìslmrà` og tba




W W W W x x W W y W

g woo` • sojt pemgts . Ular am es • poeisb'8<'

Jic. 16 \pmtime ìstrihutiog oj tba sojt pemgt-prolassigc, larame-bmrvastigc, mg` woo`-wornigc ikpeakagts jrok Haan-Koeagstaac.

Meso àpilta` is tba gukhar oj igstmglas oj poeisb '8<' (oga silnea hemà mg` two VQMs witb woo`-wornigc trmlas mra got

ieeustrmta` ms tbay wara joug` og tba ùkp).

Jic. 1= \pmtime ìstrihutiog oj tba bià-wornigc tooes jrok Haan-Koeagstaac.

o hog a'w oo` 'mg tea r • kamt 4•'sojt kmtarime (-Wbmr` kmtarime y ugngowg kmtarime Mproda ltiea

Jic. 18 \pmtime ìstrihutiog oj tba tooes witb kislaeemgaous trmlas jrok Haan-Koeagstaac. Oga VQM witb trmlas igìlmtiva ojlogtmlt witb m sojt kmtarime mg` oga witb trmlas oj ugngowg oricig wara joug` og tba ùkp.

http://cereals/

http://cereals/

http://cereals/




Pmhea =< Haan-Koeagstaac4

a`ca-mgcea, ìvià` igto lemssas, varsus igjarra` kotiog hymltumeey usa` mram (MQM).

Pmhea =0 Haan-Koeagstaac4

a`ca-mgcea, ìvià` igto lemssas, varsus igjarra` logtmlt-kmtarime hy mltumeey usa` mram(MQM).

586¶ 86-<9¶ 06-19¶ :6-39¶ 26-99¶

trmgsvarsa - 8 8 1 <

slrmpigc - 8 3 =: =:

wbitteigc - < < = -luttigc/smwigc - =3 81 < I

lmrvigc - = I - -speittigc - - - - =

horigc/piarligc 8 - - - -prodaltiea < - - - -bmjtigc - < 2 - -ugsura - 3 3 3 <

totme <1 1< <8 80

586¶ 86-<9¶ 06-19¶ :6-39¶ 26-99¶

bià

woo`

woo`/hoga/mgtear

sojt pemgt

larameskamt

•8<'

bmr` kmtarime

sojt kmtarime

ugngowg

totme

9 =9 =0 ==

< 9 : 1

= 8 = -3 1 - =

1 < - =- 8 - _- - < <

= = - -= 8 - =

2 =6 2 8

<1 1< <8 80

7=66¶

7=66¶

totme

=8

0=

3

0:

8

=

8

<

II

80

=09

totme

10

8<

0

=<

98

:

8

0

<8

=09

Pmhea =1 Haan-Koeagstaac4a`ca-mgcea, ìvià` igto lems

sas, varsus igjarra` igtagsity oj

vi/amr hy potagtimeey usa` mram(VQM).

586¶ 86-<9¶ 06-19¶ :6-39¶ 26-99¶ 7=66¶ totme

go trmlas = =00 (:0.6%) =<9(:=. 6%) 06 (06.6%) =2 (83.8%) = <0<

eicbtey = : (8.3%) 0 (=.2%) 9 (9.6%) 1 (3.:%) 81

kaìuk - 0 (=.2%) 9 (<.9%) 3 (3.6%) 1 (3.:%) 81

bamviey - =0 (:.8%) 8= (9.8%) =6(=6.6%) 1 (3.:%) 16

rasbmrpaga` - = (6.0%) - - 1 (3.:%) :

prohmhey usa` - 3 (<.=%) 1 (8.=%) 0 (0.6%) I (=.1%) =3

got igtarpratmhea - 06 (=3.2%) << (=0.1%) 80 (80.6%) 8< (8<.2%) = =8=

ugsura 0 9 (0.6%) =3 (3.1%) : (:.6%) 0 (:,=%) 06

totme : 881 (=66 %) 882 (=66 %) =66(=66 %) ::(=66%) 8 :83

Pmhea =: Haan-Koeagstaac4raemtiogsbip hatwaag sbmpa ojtba a`ca varsus igjarra`

kotiog par mltumeey usa` mram(MQM).

strmicbt poigta` irracuemr

trmgsvarsa : < - -slrmpigc 2 <8

- -wbitteigc 1 I = -luttigc/smwigc 8< =< 8 -lmrvigc 8 - - -speittigc = - - -horigc/piarligc - - - 8

prodaltiea - - = 8

bmjtigc 3 8 8 -ugsura 3 == 1 -

totme

< =8

= 0=

- 3

2 0:

- 8

- =

- 8

- <

- ==

= 80

totme 19 :8 =< =09



29 M\VALP\ OJ POOE JOXK MG@ JQGLPIOG


raemtiogsbip hatwaag sbmpa oj

tba a`ca mg` igjarra` logtmlt-

kmtarime par mltumeey usa` mram

(MQM).

totme

strmicbt poigta` irracuemr

bià =2 89 -woo` : == <

woo`/hoga/mgtear I = =

sojt pemgt 2 < 8

larames : = -kamt = - =

'8<' 1 = -bmr` kmtarime 8 - -sojt kmtarime = < -ugngowg == =< 0

19 :8 == =<

totme

: 10

< 8<

= 0

=<

8 9

8

:

8

0

= <8

=09


igtagsity oj wamr varsus sjimpastrmicbt logvax loglmva poigta` irracuemr totme


igtagsity oj wamr varsus sjimpa

oj ttia a`ca hy potagtimeey usa` go trmlas =31(=1.1%) 3= (01.1%) 12(:=. 6%) I <2 <0<

mram (VQM). eicbtey worg = (8.<%) == (3.=%) < (<.8%) = < 81

kaìuk worg =< (0.0%) =6 (:.0%) 8 (8.=%) - - 81bamviey worg 8< (3.3%) 8= (=<.1%) 8 (8.=%) - 0 16

rasbmrpaga` = (6.<%) < (=.9%)

- -8 :

prohmhey usa` =6 (<.0%) 1 (<.8%) - - 8 =3

got igtarpratmhea 1:(=2 .3%) 86 (=8.2%) 83 (82.0%) - =2 =8=

ugsura =0 (0.3%) =1 (9.:%) < (<.8%) < 1 06

totme 899 (=66 %) =1:(=66%) 91 (=66 %) 1 38 :83

spot igstam` oj haigc ùkpa` ig m pit mjtar lokpeatiog oj

tba tmsn. Pbis loui`, bowavar. ogey ha tasta` ij m kulb

emrcar mram bm` haag axlmvmta`. Jicura 18 àpilts tba ìstri-

hutiog oj tba igjarra` mltivitias otbar tbmg tbosa kagtioga`

mhova.

1.\ Mspalts oj tooi jork mg jugltiog

Pba raemtiogsbip hatwaag tba cagarm! sbmpa oj m tooi mg` its

typoeocy mg` jugltiog, is ogl oj tba jirst quastiogs wbilb

wms m``rassa` hy kilrowamr mgmeysis (Oàee =92=> Zmucbmg

=921h> Duae Dagsag =922m). M cramt gukhar oj typa lmtacorias

bm` haag hmsa` og sikpea mgmeocias witb prasagt-`my tooi

typas. Sbag kilrowamr mgmeysis wms jirst àvaeopa`, kmgy

eitbil mgmeists wlra axlita` mhout tba possihieity tbis talbgiqua

ojjlra` to tast tba vmeiìty oj kmgy oj tbasa typoeocilme

limssijilmtiogs. Ig tbis pmrmcrmpb tba raemtiogsbip hatwaag

lartmig korpboeocilme mttrihutas oj igìviùme wornigc a`cas

wiee tirst ha lxmkiga`. \uhsaquagtey, tba jugltiogme bokoca-

gaity oj tooi typas wiee hl ìslussa` (1.1.1). Emstey, tba

quastiog wiee ha m``rassa` wbatbar mrtajmlts kmà ojXidlnboet kmtarime mg` tbosa kmà oj Zmenaghurc jeigt ìs

pemy tba smka pmttarg oj usa (1.1.:).

slrmpigc mg` luttigc, it lmg ha saag tbmt tba kmdority oj tba

luttigc tooes bmva a`cas skmeear tbmg :6¶, wbiea kost slrmp

igc a`cas slora :6¶ or kora. M lorraemtiog hatwaag a`ca

mgcea croups mg` kotiog sulb ms bms haag succasta` hy

Sieksag (=9:2) is got ig aviàgla bara.

Ig cagarm[, bià-wornigc ikpeakagts possass m vmriaty oj

a`ca mgceas, witb m seicbt akpbmsis og bicbar a`ca mgceas.

Pbis lmg ha axpemiga` hy tba jmlt tbmt bià-prolassigc ig-voeva` hotb eogcituìgme mg` trmgsvarsa kotiogs (saa emhea

=0). Pooes jor sojt pemgt-prolassigc mg` larame-bmrvastigc

cagarmeey bmva skmeear a`ca mgceas, wbilb is got surprisigc,

ms tbay mra kostey usa` ig m luttigc kotiog. Soo`-wornigc

tooes axbihit m vmriaty oj a`cas. Pbasa rasuets igìlmta tbmt

lmutiog is gaaà` wbag igjarrigc tooi jugltiog og tba hmsis

oj a`ca mgcea kamsurakagts (lj Sieksag =9:2> Pmigtar

=939).

M tbir` lmtacory axmkiga` ig raemtiog to a`ca mgcea wms

àcraa oj wamr axbihita` hy tba tooes (tmhea =1). A`ca mgceas

skmeear tbmg 86¶ or emrcar tbmg =66¶ mra rmraey raprasagta`

mkogc tba VQ Ms> ij prasagt, tbay turg out to ha saeòkusa`. Pba otbar lmtacorias oj a`ca mgcea ò got sbow mgy

ìjjaraglas.

1.1.= A@CA MGCEA

Pba jirst mspalt oj tba tooi jork wbilb wms igvasticmta`

loglarga` a`ca mgcea. M leamr raemtiogsbip loue` ha àkog-

strmta` hatwaag a`ca mgcea mg` kotiog (tmhea =<). Eamvigc

msià tba lmtacorias witb eass agtrias mg` loglagtrmtigc og

1.1.8 \BMVA OJ PBA A@CA

Pba salog` korpboeocilme mttrihuta stuìa` wms tba sbmpa

oj tba a`ca wbag saag jrok mhova (logvax, loglmva,

strmicbt). Ms kicbt ha axpalta`, strmicbt a`cas wara usa` jor

eogcituìgme kotiogs wbiea seicbtey logvax mg` logvax a`cas



96 PBA EIGAMXHMG@NAXMKIN \IPA OJ HAAN.-KOEAG\PAAC

Pmhea =9 Haan-Koeagstaac4 igjarra` kotiog varsus sbmpa oj

tba mspalt surjmlas (projiea) hy mltumeey usa` mram (MQM). =

; strmicbt> 8 ; logvax> < ; loglmva> jirst loà ; vagtrme>

salog` loà ; òrsme.

Pmhea 86 Haan-IZIoeagstaac4 igjarra` logtmlt-kmtarime varsus

sbmpa oj tba mspalt surjmlas (projiea) hy mltumeey usa` mram

(MQM). = ; strmicbt> 8 ; logvax> < ; loglmva> jirst loà ;

vagtrme> salog` loà ; òrsme.

== =8 =< 8= 88 8< <= <8 totme

=6 I I - - - - - =8

: 8= - = - I = == 0=

1 - I = - - - - 3

0= < I - - - - = 0:

8 - - - - - - - 8

! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ =

8 - - - - - - 8

= = - - = - - - <

=6 - = - - - - - ==

trmgsvlrsa

slrmpigcwbitteigc

luttigc/smwigc

lmrvigc

speittigc

horigc/piarligc

prodaltiea

bmjtigc

ugsura =< 3 8 I - - = 80

totme 29 <1 : < = != = =< =09

== =8 =< 8= 88 8< <= <8 totme

83 =2 - - - I - 2 10

9 3 = < - - - < 8<< - - - - - - I 0

= = - 8 - - - - - =<

3 = = - - - - - 9

8 - - - - - - - 8

: - - - = - - - 3

8 - - - - - - - 8

< = - - - - - - 0

bià

woo`woo`/hoga/mgtear

sojt pemgt

larames

kamt

'8<'

bmr` kmtarime

sojt kmtarime

ugngowg =9 2 8 = = I <8

totme 29 <1 : < = == = =< =09

Pmhea 8= Haan-Koeagstaac4

igtagsity oj wamr varsus sbmpa

oj tba mspalt surjmlas hypotagtimeey usa` mram (VQM).

totme

=< 8= 88 8< <8

go trmlas 838 <3 =: =6eicbtey worg =8 : 8 <

kaìuk worg =1 3 - -bamviey worg <0 9 = -rasbmrpaga` - 1 - -prohmhey usa` Ie < = I

got igtarpratmhea 30 <3 0 0

ugsura 81 2 < -

00< ==8 83 =2

<< totme

0 <0<8 81

8 81

: 16

= :

= =3

I =8=

8 06

:83

wara akpeoya` jor slrmpigc {emhea =:). It lmg meso ha saag

jrok tbis tmhea tbmt strmicbt a`cas wara kora varsmtiea mg`

wara àaka` mpproprimta jor m vmriaty oj kotiogs.Pba raemtiogsbip hatwaag logtmlt-kmtarime mg` sbmpa oj

tba a`ca is eass aviàgt (tmhea =3). \trmicbt mg` seicbtey

logvax a`cas wara akpeoya` og m gukhar oj ìjjaragt kmta-

rimes, metboucb ibara òas saak to bmva haag m seicbt prajar-

agla jor strmicbt a`cas wbag it lokas to tba luttigc oj

pemgts.

Pba emst mspalt logsiàra` ig raspalt to tba sbmpa oj tba

a`ca, is àcraa oj wamr (tmhea =2). Bara tba gukhar oj

ohsarvmtiogs is kulb emrcar ms it loglargs mee potagtimeey

usa` mrams (VQMs). Pba parlagtmca oj VQMs witb go trmlas

is mhout aqume jor mee tba ìjjaragt a`ca sbmpas, witb tba

possihea axlapeiog oj tba logvax a`cas wbilb sbow m

sokawbmt bicbar igliàgla oj usa. It kust ha strassa` tbmt

tbis vmrimhea kicbt ha igjeuagla` to m lartmig axtagt hy tba

smkpeigc talbgiqua usa`, ms bicbey irracuemr a`ca sbmpas

kicbt lorraemta witb irracuemr lross-saltiogs oj tba wornigc

a`ca> it wiee ha rakakhara` tbmt tba racuemrity oj tba lross-

saltiog wms oga oj tba lritarim jor tba saealtiog oj 'potag

timeey usa` mrams'.

1.1.< \BMVA OJ PBA M\VALP \QXJMLA\

M tbir` korpboeocilme mttrihuta wbilb wms axmkiga`

loglargs tba sbmpa oj tba vagtrme mg` òrsme surjmlaslokposigc tba a`ca, i.a. tba projiea oj tba a`ca. Sbag tba

pemga oj tba vagtrme surjmla is strmicbt, mg agtry oj = is

civag. Sbag tba opposigc òrsme sià is logvax, tba VQM

sloras =8 (saajic. 2). Mcmig wa lmg ohsarva m vary strogc

raemtiogsbip hatwaag tba korpboeocy oj tba tooi a`ca mg`

tba igjarra` kotiog (tmhea =9), sigla tbis vmrimhea is to soka

axtagt lorraemta` witb (mg` bagla ùpeilmtas tba rasuets o]

tba vmrimhea a`ca mgcea.

A`cas witb hotb m strmicbt vagtrme mg` m strmicbt òrsme

surjmla bmva haag akpeoya` jor luttigc purposas mg` cagarme

trmgsvarsa kotiogs, wbiea tba a`cas witb m strmicbt or

loglmva vagtrme mg` m logvax òrsme sià (lmtacorias =8 mg`

<8) wara logsiàra` kora suitmhea jor slrmpigc. Ij wa axmk-

iga igjarra` logtmlt-kmtarime ig tarks oj tbis korpboeocilme

vmrimhea, it lmg ha saag tbmt tba '==' tooes mra kora varsmtiea

witb mee logtmlt-kmtarimes haigc raprasagta` (tmhea 86). Pba

'=8' mg` '<8' tooes mra eikita` to bià- mg` woo`-wornigc.

Ms to àcraa oj wamr, tba '==", '=8' mg` '<8' a`cas sbow m

bicbar jraquagly oj bamvy usa. Pba parlagtmca oj 'ugusa`'

zogas is mhout aqume jor mee lmtacorias (tmhea 8=).



9= M\VALP\ OJ POOE JOXK MG@ JQGLPIOG

Pmhea 88 Haan-Koeagstaac4 siggpeijia` typoeocy varsus kotiog igjarra` hy mltumeey usa` mram (MQM).

trmgsvarsa slrmpigc wbitteigc luttigc lmrvigc speittigc horigc prodaltiea bmjtigc ugsura totme

ugratoulba` hemàs :

ugratoulba` jemnas

ugratoulba` wmsta

ratoulba` hemàs =

ratoulba` jemnasag`slrmpars-og-hemà

ag`slrmplrs-og-jemna

logvax slrmpars I

kuetipea slrmpars

qumreiars `'ormgca 0

truglmta` hemàs

poiges

0 = =:

- - 8

< 1 81

= = -=2 - -== - =

0 - -

8 : <1

- 8

- 8

8 9 03

8 00 = 8<

< = =:

8

=

=

3

=

:

= 8

- <EHN poigts - - - - - - < - - <

totme =8 0= 3 0: 8 = 8 < == 80 =09

Pmhea 8< Haan-Koeagstaac4 sikpeijia` typoeocilme lemssijilmtiog varsus igjarra` logtmlt-kmtarime hy mltumeey usa` mram (MQM).

bià woo`woo`/hoga sojt

mgtear pemgtlarames kamt '8<'

bmr`

kmtarime

sojt

kmtarimeugngowg totme

ugratoulba` hemàs == 8

ugiltoulba` jemnas 8 -ugratoulba` wmsta 8 -ratoulba` hemàs =0 ==

ratoulba` jemnas = =

ag`slrmpars-og-hemà =< 0

lg`slrmpars-og-jemna =6 =

logvax slrmpars = 0

kuetipea slrmpars - -qumreiars `'ormgca I -truglmta` hemàs - -poigts - -EHN poigts - -totme 10 8<

c <18

81 03

8 00 8<0 =:8 3

= :=

8 8

< <

=< <8 =09

Pmhea 80 Haan-Koeagstaac4 sikpeijia` typoeocy varsus igjarra` igtagsity oj wamr hy potagtimeey usa` mram (VQM).

go

trmlas

eicbtey

worg

kaìuk

worg

bamviey

worgrasbmrpaga`

prohmhey

usa`

goe

igtarpratmheaugsura totme

ugratoulba` hemàs =33 9 < == - < <0 =8 809

ugratoulba` jemnas <0 - - 8 - - 1 - 0=ugratoulba` wmsta < = - - - - 1 I =6ratoulba` hemàs 33 0 =6 8= = =6 08 2 =3<ratoulba` jemnas 8< 1 < - - 8 =1 0 18

ratoulba` wmsta - - - - - - 8 - 8lg`slrmpars-og-jemna - = 0 3 = = = < =2ag`slrmpars-og-hemà =< 8 < 2 0 = 1 : 08qumreiars `'ormgca - < 8 = - - - - :trmgsvarsa mrrowbam`s - - - - - - < - <Iruglmea` hemàs =6 - - - - - 1 = =:horlrs 8 - - - - - - - 8poigts 8 - - - - - - 8 0

EHN poigts 8 - - - - - 0 < 9

totme <0< 81 81 16 : =3 =8= 06 :83




1.1.0 JOXK OJ PBA LXO\\-\ALPIOG

Pba jork oj tba lross-saltiog oj potagtimeey usa` mrams

(VQMs) jorks tba emst korpboeocilme mttrihuta stuìa`.

Ohviousey, tbis vmrimhea jorka` oga oj tba saealtiog lritarim

jor tba smkpea oj VQMs mg` sboue` mltumeey got jicura ig

tbis mgmeysis. Bowavar, it wms àlià` to axmkiga tba rasuets

to varijy tba mssukptiog tbmt tbis vmrimhea is ikportmgt to

iàgtijy wbatbar or got mg a`ca is logsiàra` usmhea. It lmgha ohsarva` tbmt a`cas witb m strmicbt lross-saltiog mra

igàa` tba kost varsmtiea, bmvigc haag usa` jor m vmriaty oj

kotiogs. A`cas witb mg ovarbmgcigc logvax a`ca mra suit-

mhea jor slrmpigc mg` jor cagarme trmgsvarsa kotiogs, wbiea

loglmva lross-saltiogs jugltioga` ms luttigc tooes, hut wara

igmpproprimta jor mgy otbar kotiog. Ms to tba raemtiogsbip

witb igjarra` logtmlt-kmtarime, it turgs out tbmt strmicbt

a`cas mcmig mra tba kost varsmtiea, bmvigc haag usa` og mee

lmtacorias raprasagta`. It is got surprisigc tbmt logvax a`cas,

haigc eass suitmhea jor eogcituìgme kotiogs, ò got axbihit

wamr-trmlas mttrihutmhea to pemgt- mg` kamt-prolassigc.

Ms to tba raemtiogsbip oj jork oj tba lross-saltiog mg`àcraa oj wamr, it mppamrs tbmt, metboucb strmicbt a`cas

kicbt ha tba kost varsmtiea, tbay mra got sicgijilmgtey jra

quagt gor, jor tbmt kmttar, mra tbay bamviey worg. Logvax

a`cas axbihit seicbtey kora igstmglas oj (bamvy) usa. Pbis is

got so surprisigc wblg wa rlkakhar tbmt kost logvax a`cas

mra igtagtiogmeey ratoulba` ogas (i.a. slrmpar a`cas) mg`, ms

sulb, mra igtagà` to ha usa`. \igla tba jolus oj EHN eitbil

talbgoeocy wms tba proùltiog oj hemàs, tba ollurragla oj

strmicbt a`cas is oj loursa jraquagt4 hy jmr got mee oj tbasa

a`cas wara saealta` jor usa. It woue` mltumeey bmva haag

kora mpproprimta to axmkiga tba jork oj tba lross-saltiog

ogey jor a`cas (VQMs) saealta` og tba hmsis oj tba prasagla

oj ratoulb.

1.1.1 PoOE PYVA

\o jmr ig tbis saltiog og tba raemtiogsbip hatwaag tooi jork

mg` jugltiog tba akpbmsis bms haag og tba korpboeocilme

lbmrmltaristils oj igìviùme wornigc a`cas. Ohviousey, tbara

lmg ha savarme oj sulb a`cas og oga tooi. Gow, it wiee ha

axmkiga` wbatbar spalijïl tooi typas bmva logsistagtey haag

usa` jor llrtmig mltivitias. Ms tba vmrimhea 'typoeocy' (lj.

lbmptar 8 mg` mppagìx I) ojjars too kmgy lmtacorias, tba

gukhar oj possihieitias wms raùla` to jourtaag (tmheas 88-

80).

Pba raemtiogsbip hatwaag tba kotiog igvoeva` mg` tbatooi typa is quita aviàgt (tmhea 88)4 mee hut oga 'ag`slrmpar'

ìspemyigc trmlas oj usa wara akpeoya` ms slrmpars. Ig tbis

racmr` tbara òas got saak to ha mgy ìjjaragla hatwaag tba

jugltiog oj 'ag`slrmpars-og-jemna' varsus 'ag`slrmpars-og-

hemà'. Og savag emtarme a`cas oj ag`slrmpars bmjtigc trmlas

wara ohsarva`. ]umrtiars `'ormgca wara usa` ig m trmgsvarsa

kotiog, mg` poigts oj tba EHN typa wara igàa` usa` ms

prodaltieas, mjjirkigc tba typoeocilme gotiog. Hemàs logsti-

tuta m cagarmeiza` tooi, metboucb tbay ìspemy m strogc tag-

àgly to ha usa` ig eogcituìgme jmsbiog.

Sitb raspalt to logtmlt-kmtarime {tmhea 8<), m lorraemtiog

lmg ha ohsarva` hatwaag 'ag`slrmpars' mg` bià. Hemàs

axbihit aviàgla jor m vmriaty oj logtmlt suhstmglas, wbiea

tba otbar tooi typas mra got raprasagta` ig sujjiliîgt gukha

to wmrrmgt m stmtakagt. Ogey tba qumrtiars `'ormgca logsis

tagtey ìspemy tba smka kystarious '8<'-poeisb. Bowavar, tbi

typa oj wamr is prasagt og avary a`ca witb tba smka kor

pboeocilme lbmrmltaristils ms tba jugltiogme a`ca oj tba qumr

tiars, racmrèass oj tba tooi typa og wbilb it is prasagt.

Pmhea 80, àpiltigc tba raemtiogsbip hatwaag tba àcraa o

wamr mg` tba cagarme tooi typas, ravames tbmt ratoulba` tooe

mra kora jraquagtey usa` tbmg ugratoulba` ogas, sokatbigc

wbilb is to ha axpalta`. Gavartbaeass, aspalimiey ugratoulba

hemàs quita ojtag axbihit sicgs oj usa. ]umrtiars `'ormgca,

tba ajjaltiva a`cas oj wbilb mra meso ugratoulba`, mra ig-

vmrimhey usa`, wbiea ogey tbraa ag`slrmpars emlna` trmlas oj

wamr. It kust ha strassa` mcmig tbmt tba jmlt tbmt go trmlas

oj usa wara ohsarva` òas got galassmriey kamg tbmt tbapialas wara got usa`, ms wamr òas got àvaeop og m =66%

hmsis (saa meso <.=8).

1.1.: XM S KMPAXIME

Oga oj tba ohdaltivas oj tba jugltiogme stu`y oj tba Haan-

Koeagstaac jeigt mssakhemca wms to àtarkiga wbatbar pmt-

targs oj usa mra sikiemr jor tooes kmà jrok Xidlnboet mg`

tbosa kmà jrok Zmenaghurc jeigt. @aspita tba jmlt tbmt rmw

kmtarime is got m korpboeocilme mspalt oj mrtajmlts, it òas

bmva talbgoeocilme ikpeilmtiogs mg` bagla kmy igìraltey

igjeuagla tooi jork.

Go ìjjaraglas lmg ha ohsarva` ig tba vmriaty oj kotiogs

lmrria` out hy tooes kmà oj Xidlnboet, Zmenaghurc or eicbt

cray Haecimg jeigt (tmhea 81). Sbara kigor ìjjaraglas ò

axist, tbis lmg ha mttrihuta` to ìstortiog ùa to tba skmee

gukhars prasagt. Pba smka partmigs to logtmlt-kmtarime,

metboucb ig tbis lmsa tba bicb gukhar oj bià-wornigc trmlas

og Zmenaghurc jeigt kust ha gota` (tmhea 8:). Sblg tba

igtagsity oj wamr ìspemya` hy tba mrtajmlts jrok tba tbraa

lmtacorias oj rmw kmtarime mra ohsarva` (tmhea 83), tba bicb

igliàgla oj Zmenaghurc VQMs witb go trmlas (3<.6%) is

rakmrnmhea, ms is tba eow igliàgla oj VQMs witbout trmlas

oj usa (89.8%) og eicbt-cray Haecimg jeigt. Pbis emst ohsarvm-

tiog kmy ha logsiàra` mg igìlmtiog tbmt eicbt-cray Haecimg

jeigt wms vmeua` kora bicbey tbmg tba two eolme jeigt vmriatias.

1.1.3 @I\LQ\\IOG

Pba pralaìgc pmcas sbow tbmt tbara is igàa` m raemtiogsbip

hatwaag tba korpboeocy oj mg a`ca mg` tba kotiog axa-

luta`. Mee jour korpboeocilme mttrihutas axmkiga`, a`ca

mgcea, sbmpa oj tba a`ca, sbmpa oj tba mspalt surjmlas, mg`

jork oj tba lross-saltiog, ìjjara mllorìgc to wbatbar m

eogcituìgme or m trmgsvarsa kotiog bm` haag lmrria` out.



9< M\VALP\ OJ POOE JOXK MG@ J QGLP IOG / LOGLEQ\ IOG

Pmhea 81 Haan-Koeagstaac4 rmw

kmtarime typa varsus igjarra`

kotiog hy mltumeey usa` mram

Xidlnboet Zmenaghurc eicbt-cray Haecimg otbar/ugsura totmePmhea 81 Haan-Koeagstaac4 rmw


kotiog hy mltumeey usa` mram trmgsvarsa =6 (2.8%) - 8 (88.8%) - =8

(MQM). slrmpigc <1 (82.3%) 0 (<<.<%) - 8 (<<.<%) 0=wbitteigc : (0.9%) = (2.<%) - - 3

luttigc/smwigc <3 (<6.<%) 0 (<<.<%) 0 (00.0%) = (=:.:%) 0:

lmrvigc 8 (=.:%) - - - 8

speittigc - - = (==.=%) - =

horigc/piarligc 8 (=.:%) - - - 8prodaltiea 8 (=.:%) - = (==.=%) - <

bmjtigc 9 (3.0%) = (2.<%) - = (=:.:%) ==

ugngowg =9 (=1.:%) 8 (=:.:%) = (==.=%) 8 (<<.<%) 80

totme =88 (IOL %) =8 (= 66 %) 9 (=66 %) :(=66%) =09

Pmhea 8: Haan-Koeagstaac4 rmw


logtmlt-kmtarime hy mltumeey

Xidlnboet Zmenaghurc eicbt-cray Haecimg otbar/ugsura totmePmhea 8: Haan-Koeagstaac4 rmw


logtmlt-kmtarime hy mltumeey bià 0< (<1.8%) 3 (12.<%) 8 8 10

usa` mram (MQM). woo` 8= (=3.8%) = (2.<%) - = 8<

woo`/hoga/mgtear 0 (<.<%) - - - 0

sojt pemgt == (9.=%) - 8 - =<

larames 3 (1.3%) 8 (=:.3%) - - 9

kamt 8 (=.:%) - - - 8'8<' 0 (<.<%) - 8 - :bmr` kmtarime I (6.2%) - = - 8sojt kmtarime 0 (<.<%) - - - 0ugngowg 81 (86.1%) 8 (=:.3%) 8 < <8

totme =88(=66%) =8 (=66 %) 9 (=66 %) :(=66 %) =09

Pmhea 83 Haan-Koeagstaac4 rmwkmtarime typa varsus igjarraìgtagsity oj wamr hy potagtimeeyusa` mram (VQM).

Xidlnboet Zmenaghurc eicbt-cray Haecimg otbar/ugsura totme

go trmlas 8:3 (10.0%) :1 (3<.6%) 3 (89.8%) 0 <0<

eicbtey worg =2 (<.3%) 8 (8.0%) = (0.8%) 0 81

kaìuk worg 8= (0.<%) 8 (8.0%) I (0.8%) = 81

bamviey worg 01 (9.8%) 8 (8.0%) 8 (2.<%) = 16rasbmrpaga` < (6.:%) 8 (8.0%) - = :

prohmhey usa` =1 (<.=%) 8 (8.0%) ‐ - =3

got igtarpratmhea 96 (=2.<%) =6(==.8%) == (01.2%) =6 =8=

ugsura <8 (:.1%) 0 (0.1%) 8 (2.<%) 8 06

totme 09= (=66 %) 29 (=66 %) 80 (=66 %) 8< (=66 %) :83

Bowavar, jurtbar suhìvisiogs loue` got ha kmà. \ulb m

lorraemtiog wms eass aviàgt jor logtmlt-kmtarime. Ogey ig

lmsas wbara tba emttar wms mssolimta` witb kotiog (bià ;

slrmpigc), ì` sulb m raemtiogsbip axist.

\oka oj tba tooi typas mppamr to ha stmg`mrìza` ig tarks

oj tbair korpboeocilme mttrihutas. Logsaquagtey, mt eamstsoka typas, ig pmrtiluemr tba ag`slrmpars, qumrõars `'ormgca

mg` EHN poigts, ìspemy m strogc lorraemtiog witb m spalijil

kotiog. Jurtbarkora, ag`slrmpars, wbatbar proùla` og

hemàs or og jemnas, mg` qumrõars `'ormgca meso lorraemta

witb spalijil logtmlt-kmtarimes, i.a. bià mg` poeisb '8<',

raspaltivaey.

Og tba otbar bmg`, hemàs, hotb ratoulba` mg` ugkoìjia`,

logstituta m cagarmeiza` tooi jor kost eogcituìgme mltivitias.

og vmrious logtmlt-kmtarimes. Xajarrigc to tbak ms 'ngivas' is

tbarajora got totmeey igmpproprimta jrok m jugltiogme poigt

oj viaw. Pbay meso axbihit trmlas oj kuetipea usa, jurtbar

lorrohormtigc tba logleusiog tbmt tbay sboue` ha racmrà`

ms m kuetipea-purposa tooi, mnig to our koàrg nitlbag or

polnat-ngija.

1.: Logleusiog

It wiee ha leamr tbmt tba mgmeysis oj tba jeigt kmtarime jrok

tba Yougcar EHN sita Haan-Koeagstaac provià` raemtivaey

eittea gaw igjorkmtiog. Ig tarks oj tba rmw kmtarimes ax-

peoita`, tba sita logjirks tba slagmrio oj skmee qumgtitias oj

jigisba` proùlts, kmà jrok axotil rmw kmtarime typas,

mppamrigc ig Yougcar EHN mssakhemcas. It meso ieeustrmtas




tba haciggigc oj tba axpeoitmtiog oj Zmenaghurc jeigt ùrigc

tbis plrio` (saa Eúbr at me. =933> @a Crootb =923m). It

kicbt igàa` bmva haag tba lmsa tbmt tba mvmiemhieity oj tba

kora mllassihea sourlas oj Xidlnboet jeigt wms strmiga`.

Leamrey, bowavar, tba suppey oj Xidlnboet kmtarime wms gat

lxbmusea` mt tbmt tika ms crmg`-slmea axpeoitmtiog wms ogey

to hacig ùrigc tba emtar Kilbaesharc pario`. Kilbaesharc

axpeoitmtiog oj Xidlnboet jeigt logstituta` kigigc, m talbgo-eocilmi iggovmeiog wbilb wms aviàgtey outsià tba houg`s

oj tba EHN luetura. Igstam`, paopea mppmragtey turga` tbair

mttagtiog towmr` tba axpeoitmtiog oj Zmenaghurc jeigt. wbilb

loue` meso ha loeealta` jrok loeeuvimi àposits. Haan-

Koeagstaac is tba salog` Yougcar EHN sita, mjtar Haan-

Narnlvae` (@a Crootb =923m), yiaeìgc emrco qumgti tias oj

tbis rmw kmtarime. ig logtrmst, tba skmee gukhar oj axotil

jeigts lmggot bmva jorka` m suhstituta or m`ìtiogme sourla

to tba prasukmhey `wigèigc suppey oj amsiey mllassihea

Xidlnboet jeigt. Pba gukhars oj sulb jeigts mt Haan-Koeag

staac mra too skmee jor paopea to ha ìraltey àpagàgt og it

jor tbair racuemr suppey. It saaks kora einaey tbmt tbasa

axotil jeigts jugltioga` ig m solime kmggar, jor axmkpea ig

kmigtmigigc raemtiogsbips witb ìstmgt mlqumigtmglas ig tba

logtaxt oj wbilb tba jeigt loue` ha m tonag oj tbis igtar-

mltiog. Pba mhsagla oj axotil loras, raduvagmtiog pialas mg`

lortax kmnas it einaey tbmt tba mrtajmlts wara igàa` trmgs-

porta` ms jigisba` tooes, ms @a Crootb (=923m) meso mssukas

jor Aeseoo's yougcar pbmsas. It sboue` ha strassa` tbmt tba

parlaptiog ms to wbmt logstitutas mg mpproprimta tooi is

leamrey sikiemr mlross tbasa Igtarmltiva gatworns, ms is suc-

casta` hy tba prasagla oj m qumrtiar `'ormgca proùla` og

eicbt-cray Haecimg jeigt (jic. 02m).

Pba talbgoeocilme jamturas axbihita` ig tba Haan-Koeag

staac mssakhemca logjork agtiraey witb tbosa ohsarvaàesawbara ig tba viligity (Eúbr at me. =933> Lmbag at me.

=92:> @a Crootb =923m). Pba lbmrmltaristil raduvagmtiog

pialas mra raprasagta`, hotb tba pemtjork mg` tba lora-jmla

vmriatias. Pba typoeocilme rmgca is meso vary sikiemr, mitboucb

barl kigor ìjjaraglas axist. Pbasa kmigey loglarg typas

wbilb mra ìjiiluet to àjiga ig tarks oj spalijil mttrihutas, or

mra rmtbar vmrimhea ig mppamrmgla, sulb ms speigtara` pialas,

àgtiluemtas atl. \o-lmeea` raciogme vmrimtiog is prohmhey

kora m kmttar oj `ljigieiog tbmg mg mltume mhsagla oj lar-

tmig tooi typas. Pba prasagla oj qumrõars `'ormgca mt Haan-

Koeagstaac, bitbarto mssuka` to ha mhsagt ig @utlb EHN

mssakhemcas, tastijias to tbis poigt oj viaw. It sboue` ha

gota` bara tbmt upog ra-axmkigmtiog oj pmrt oj tba Aeseoo

mssakhemca tbis tooi typa meso turgs out to ha prasagt mt tbis

sita (\lbraurs =929> D. Jemkkmg pars.lokk.).

Emstey, tba smka ugijorkity mppmragtey meso pravmies ig tba

rmgca oj mltivitias lmrria` out witbig tba satteakagt. Pba

prasagla oj bamviey-rougà` slrmpigc mg` luttigc ikpea-

kagts tastijias to tba prolassigc oj biàs mt tbis sita. Ij wa

eoon mt it ig m puraey qumgtitmtiva kmggar, bià-wornigc

logstituta` tba kost ikportmgt mltivity, hut wa sboue` tmna

igto logsiàrmtiog tba bicb visihieity oj sulb trmlas (saa

<.=8), ms waee ms tba jmlt tbmt tbasa tooes mra einaey to bmva

haag usa` mg` ìslmrà` 'og-sita' (saa 1.0.8.=). Pba salog`

kost ikportmgt mltivity wms woo`-wornigc, prasukmhey

loglargigc tba kmgujmltura mg` rapmir oj skmee wooàg

ohdalts mg` utagsies. Ig tba Haan-Koeagstaac loeealtiog, go

aviàgla wms joug` jor hoga- or mgtear-wornigc, logjirkigctba logleusiogs oj otbar EHN mssakhemcas. Larames wara

mppmragtey rampa` witb jeigt silnea hemàs, ms tastijia` hy tba

ollurragla oj giga VQMs witb m bicbey eustrous sbaag> tba

poeisb wms vary bamviey strimta`. possihey poigtigc to tba

prasagla oj gukarous waa`s ig tba EHN jiae`s (hut saa tba

ìslussiog ig pmrmcrmpbs <.1.8.8 mg` 1.0.8.1). Pwaeva potag-

timeey usa` a`cas ìspemy trmlas igtarprata` ms haigc tba rasuet

oj logtmlt witb sojt pemgts> it lmg ha succasta` tbmt tbasa

tooes wara usa` ig lrmjt-mltivitias. Kost rakmrnmhea wms tba

kystarious poeisb '8<' og tbraa qumrõars `'ormgca mg` two

hemàs (saa 1.0.8.3). It is got yat leamr wbilb tmsn tbis poeisb

raprasagts. Pba tooes wara witbout òuht usa` ig m trmgs-

varsa kotiog og m suhstmgla witb m wi`tb lirlukslriha` to

l. 8 lk. Pba poeisb wms joug` og avary mrtajmlt lbmrmltariza`

hy mg ugratoulba` a`ca oj l. :-3 lk ig eagctb, oj cramt

racuemrity, mg` mg a`ca mgcea hatwaag 36 mg` 96¶. It lmg ha

mrcua` tbmt tba tmsn lmrria` out hy tbasa wornigc a`cas

logstituta` mg igtacrme pmrt oj tba EHN lueturme pmttarg, ms

sulb tooes wara joug` ig mekost avary EHN mssakhemca so

jmr stuìa` jor wamr-trmlas (i.a. Biagbaik, Haan-Koeagstaac,

Aeseoo. @mriog), wbarams tbay bmva got haag aglougtara` ig

mgy otbar jeigt mssakhemca.

Xmtbar rakmrnmhea is tba vary eow jraquagly mt wbilb tba

Haan-Koeagstaac mrtajmlts sbow aviàgla oj usa. Oj tba ==0

ratoulba` tooes ogey 10 ìspemy wamr. Ij wa axmkigl potag-timeey usa` mrams, it is strinigc tbmt ogey =0= oj tba :=9 (i.a.

88.2%) VQMs hamr usa-wamr trmlas. yiaeìgc =09 MQMs.

\ulb jaw igìlmtiogs oj usa woue` succast tbmt tba rajusa-pit

mg` tba mram mroug` it logtmiga` m eot oj ngmppigc wmsta>

rajittigc kicbt possihey aeuli`mta tbis jurtbar. Ij wa eoon mt

usa` VQMs hy rmw kmtarime, it lmg ha logleuà` tbmt Zmenag

hurc VQMs ìspemy logsiàrmhey eass aviàgla oj usa tbmg

tba ogas oj Xidlnboet jeigt (=<.1% vs. 81.<%), wbiea, mt tba

otbar bmg`, VQMs og eicbt-cray Haecimg jeigt wara akpeoya`

kora jraquagtey (<3.1%). Pba eow parlagtmca oj usa` Zme

naghurc kmtarime kicbt ha axpemiga` hy mssukigc tbmt tbis

typa oj jeigt igleuà` m eot oj ngmppigc àhris4 it sbowa` m

bicbar spmtime leustarigc ig tba pit tbmg tba otbar rmw kmta

rime typas. Pba eow igliàgla oj usa oj Zmenaghurc jeigt òas

quastiog tba crmvity oj tba prasuka` strmig og rmw kmtarime

(i.a. oj tba kora mllassihea Xidlnboet jeigt). Pba igtagsiva

wamr oj VQMs og axotil jeigt, i.a. eicbt-cray Haecimg, succasts

tbmt tbis kmtarime wms bicbey vmeua` mg` possihey lurmta`.

Pba ìjjaragt jeigt typas ì` got saak to ha mssolimtl` witb

spalijil mltivitias.



91 LOGLEQ\IOG

M rmtbar stragc lorraemtiog is prasagt hatwaag lartmig

mspllts oj tooi jork mg` kotiog. A`ca mgcea saaks to ha tba

kost partigagt korpboeocilme jamtura ig tbis raspalt,

metboucb tba raemtiogsbip wms logjiga` to tba pmirs 'heugt

a`ca ; slrmpigc' mg` 'mluta a`ca ; luttigc'. Sblg axmk-

igigc tba jugltiogme igtacrity oj typas, it halokas mppmragt

tbmt ag`slrmpars wara kostey usa` jor slrmpigc bià, qumr-

tiars `'ormgca mewmys ìspemya` poeisb '8<', poigts waraigàa` usa` ms prodaltieas, wbiea hemàs logstituta` m cagarme

purposa tooi.

Pba mppmragt ugijorkity ig mee mspalts oj jeigt usa mlross

tba Eowar Xbiga Hmsig (mg` possihey hayog`), ikpeias tbmt

logtigua` rasamrlb oj tbis typa is got einaey to agimrca tba

cagarme piltura or to ravame kulb gaw Igjorkmtiog. M jugl

tiogme mgmeysis, wbilb raquirls sulb m eot oj tika, saaks

aspalimeey ugrawmrìgc, logsiàrigc tba strogc lorraemtiog

hltwalg tooi jork mg` jugltiog. M usa-wamr mgmeysis lmg

ogey hl dustijil` wblg vary spalijil proheaks mra m``rassa`

loglargigc mltivity eoai or igtargme orcmgizmtiog, i.a. igtrm-

sita vmrimhieity. Jor igstmgla, m raeavmgt quastiog jor m sitawbilb is 'lokpeataey' axlmvmta`, is wbatbar avary òkastil

ugit rlmeey pmrtilipmtl` ig bià-prolassigc, ms tba prasagt

`mtm saak to succast. Or, to put it ìjjaragtey, usa-wamr

mgmeysis lmg provià m leua to igtrm-sita spalimeismtiog. Pba

talbgoeocilme mgmeysis oj tba jeigt mssakhemca jrok Aeseoo

igìlmtas tbmt m òkastil koà oj proùltiog praòkigmta`>

avary bousaboe` ngmppa` jor its owg gaa`s. Bowavar, ig

m`ìtiog, ùrigc avary ollupmtiog pbmsa tbara saaks to ha

oga bousa witb m emrcar mkougt oj jeigt wmsta, aspalimeey

raduvagmtiog pialas, tbmg tba otbars (@a Crootb =923m). @a

Crootb logleuàs tbmt tbis bousa kicbt bmva haag igbmhita`

hy mg m`-bol spalimeist ig ngmppigc, wbo proùla` got ogey

jor bis owg bousaboe`, hut ollmsiogmeey meso jor otbar jmki

eias witbig tba satteakagt. Po tast tbis bypotbasis, m usa-wamr

mgmeysis oj m lmrajueey saealta` smkpea jrok tba pits oj

vmrious bousas is gow haigc ugàrtmnag hy stuàgts oj tba

IVE. It is praìlta` tbmt tba jeigt àrivigc jrok tbasa

'spalimBsts bousas' sboue` axbihit jawar igstmglas oj usa.

Metboucb sulb àtmiea` rasamrlb loglargigc m sigcea sattea

kagt is vary igtarastigc, I haeiava tbmt it is usajue to

mppromlb tba EHN og m kora tbaoratilme pemga. Kulb is

ngowg mhout Hmg`narmkin satteakagt mg` alogoky, hut ig

ky opigiog tba kost igtricuigc quastiog loglargigc tbis

luetura is eajt ugmgswara`, mg` worsa, is saeòk tbaoriza`

mhout4 bow loue` tbis ugijorkity ha kmigtmiga` mlross sulb

m emrca raciog mg` ovar sulb m eogc pario`. Pbis ugijorkity

ig itsaej is ig support oj tba bypotbasis tbmt tba EHN. lue-

turme lokpeax wms igtroùla` got so kulb hy ìjjusiog, hut

hy mltume ikkicrmgts (loeogists). Logsiàrigc tba jmlt tbmt

tba EHN ikkicrmgts bm` to m`mpt tbaksaevas to ìjjaragt

sattigcs, igtarmltigc witb ìjjaragt gaicbhours, it is pmrtilu-emrey rakmrnmhea tbmt sulb eittea ìvarsijilmtiog toon pemla. It

saaks tbmt it is meogc tbasa eigas tbmt rasamrlb og EHN gaa`s

to prolaa`, rmtbar tbmg loeealtigc kora àtmiea` Igjorkmtiog,

ogey logjirkigc wbmt bms haag joug` gukarous tikas

hajora.

gota

= Oga axparikagt witb igsartigc m strip oj koist rmw bià hatwaagm hoga bmjt mg` jeigt succasts. bowavar, tbmt tbis katbo` oj bmjeigcòas got worn, sigla tba bià logtrmlts mroug` Ibl jeigt ms it `rias(D. Jemkkmg,/Dar.v.rmkk. =929).



9:



: Pba Emta Gaoeitbil Zemmrìgcag sitas

:.= Pba Zemmrìgcag-croup

:.=.= CAGAXME IGPXO@QLPIOG

Pba sitas oj tba Zemmrìgcag-luetura mra logjiga` to tbaXbiga/ Kausa àetm mg` `mta jrok lirlm 0366-0=66 HV,logvagtiogme WWL-`mtls. Halmusa oj its spalijilmeey lomstmeìstrihutiog (lj Tmg`warvag, Zemmrìgcag, Banaeigcag I) tbaluetura wms igitimeey rajarra` to ms 'Lomstme Gaoeitbil'(Ko`àrkmg =91<4 =6). It wms ogey mjtar tba typa sita ojZemmrìgcag bm` haag axlmvmta` ig =9:= tbmt tba vmrious

mssakhemcas wara àsicgmta` ms haeogcigc to tba Zemmrìgcag-croup (lj Eouwa Nooidkmgs =92<m4 :1).

Qp to gow l. 81 sitas bmva haag joug` (jic. 1<). Pbay mraeolmta` ig jour ìjjaragt agvirogkagtme zogas4=. og lomstme hmrriars (Bmmkstaà, Zoorslbotag, Eai`slbag-`mk)8. og eavaas meogc lraans ig tba jrasbwmtar ti`me zoga (Zemmrìgcag, Banaeigcag)<. ig tba pamt mram og rivarùgas (Bmzagògn)0. ig tba mram oj rivar-lemy àposits og stramk eavaas (Awidn)Pba Zemmrìgcag-croup (ZE) bms haag suhìvià` lbrogo-eocilmeey igto pbmsas em, Ih, 8m mg` 8h og tba hmsis oj tbapottary (Eouwa Nooidkmgs =93:). Pba Sast Croup oj tbaJuggae Hamnar luetura (PXH), ig tba gortbamst oj tbaGatbaremg`s, is roucbey logtakpormgaous hut tbara is eitteaaviàgla oj kutume igtarmltiog (Eouwa Nooidkmgs =92<m412). Hotb ZE mg` PXH mra logtakpormgaous witb tba\aiga-Oisa-Kmrga luetura (\OK)> tba gortbargkost \OKsitas mra eolmta` ig tba Haecimg Mràggas mg` Bmigmuet.\trmgcaey agoucb tba mram hatwaag \OK mg` ZE saaks toha mrlbmaoeocilmeey rmtbar stariea (saa Eouwa Nooidkmgs=92<m4 jic. I)4 dust m jaw isoemta` jig`s mra ngowg. It is ogeyig Eikhurc, ig tba vmeeay oj tba Kausa, tbmt wa aglougtar mjaw sitas, sulb ms Nogigcshoslb, Nrmmiagharc mg` \taig,wbilb mra logtakpormgaous witb ZE mg` leosaey raemta` ig

tarks oj tba kmtarime joug` tbara. Eouwa Nooidkmgs(=92<m) bms succasta` tbmt tbasa sitas loue` ha tarka` tba\taig-croup. Emtar ZE ollupmtiog pbmsas mra syglbrogouswitb tba Vrotruìgc Joot Hamnar luetura (VJH)> tba raem-tiogsbip hatwaag tbasa two agtitias is got yat agtiraey leamr.

Lbmrmltaristil oj ZE pottary mssakhemcas mra tba emrcatbiln-wmeea` vassaes, stoga-critta` mg` ojtag witb parjorm-tiogs ugàr tba rik or ngohs. Loeemra` jemsns mg` lemy ìslsmra lokkog jig`s. Hoga mwes mg` lbisaes mra prasagt ig

logsiàrmhea gukhars. Pba jeigt mssakhemcas mra typijia` hytrmgsvarsa, eamj-sbmpa` mg` tmgca` mrrow bam`s, horars,slrmpars mg` poeisba` mxas witb ovme lross-saltiog (Zmg Xac-tarag Metagm at me. =9:8-=9:<). Pba ogey logvigligc bousapemg àrivas jrok Bmmkstaà> it kamsuras mpproxikmtaey 1 x=6 k mg` bms m raltmgcuemr sbmpa. Bousa pemgs bmva mesohaag raporta` jor Zemmrìgcag (Cemsharcag at me. =9:=4 13,=9:34 =6<) mg` Eai`slbag`mk (Cemsharcag at me. =9:3> =66),hut tba leustar oj postboeas jrok wbilb tbasa pemgs wara

àriva` loue` meso ha igtarprata` ìjjaragtey.

:. =. 8 \QH\I\PAGLA ALOGOKY

Oga oj tba quastiogs praollupyigc @utlb mrlbmaoeocistsloglarga` witb tba Gaoeitbil is tba àcraa to wbilb tbapaopea wara jueey saàgtmry mg` àpagàgt og mcrilueturamg` mgikme bushmg`ry jor tbair suhsistagla. Ig tba AmreyGaoeitbil, ùrigc wbilb tba Hmg`narmkin jmrkars bm` satteaìg Eikhurc (l. :066 HV), mkpea aviàgla axists tbmt m bugtar-cmtbarar eijastyea logtigua` ig tba gortb mg` wast oj PbaGatbaremg`s. Oga axmkpea jrok tba Emta Kasoeitbil is tbaEaiag-Smrtagm lokpeax (Gawaee =936). It is meso hayog`òuht tbmt tba trmgsitiog to saàgtmry jmrkigc wms lokpea-

ta` hy tba tika oj tba Amrey or Ki`ìa Hrogza Mca. Bow-avar, jor tba igtarvagigc pario` tba piltura, aspalimeey jor tbalomstme mram, is got yat agtiraey leamr.

M gukhar oj koàes bmva haag proposa` to lxpemig tbatrmgsitiog jrok bugtar-cmtbarigc to jmrkigc. Tvaeahie (=92:42-=6) bms provià` mg outeiga oj tba vmrious koàes racmr-ìgc tbis typilme mrlbmaoeocilme proheak. Ba ìjjaragtimtashatwaag two hmsil mppromlbas. Jirstey, ngowea`ca is suppo-sa` to bmva haag tba eikitigc jmltor4 ms soog ms bugtar-cmtbarars halmka mwmra oj tba m`vmgtmcas oj tbis 'suparior'koà oj suhsistagla, tbay switlba` ovar. \alogèy, tbara ismg mppromlb hmsa` og ikhmemglas hatwaag popuemtiog mg`

rasourlas. Sitbig tbis jrmkaworn savarme vmrimtiogs bmvahaag put jorwmr`. Oga iàm is tbmt agvirogkagtme jmltors,sulb ms àsillmtiog, kicbt bmva igùla` paopea to lbmgca tom jmrkigc wmy oj eija. Mgotbar vmrimtiog is tba iàm tbmtpopuemtiog crowtb jorla` paopea to jmrkigc (Lobag =933).

Pba iàm tbmt ngowea`ca kicbt bmva jorka` tba eikitigcjmltor lmg ha ìskissa` og savarme croug`s. Jirstey, it bmshaloka leamr tbmt tba hmsil mssukptiog ugàreyigc tbiskoàe, oj jmrkigc haigc m 'suparior' koà oj suhsistagla, is



92 PBA EMPA GAOEIPBIL ZEMMX@IGCAG \IPA\

Jic. 1< Eolmtiog oj ZE-sitas ig raemtiog to tba caokorpboeocilme situmtiog (`rmwigc E.H.K. Zarbmrt).



99 PBA ZEMMX@IGCAG-CXOQV/BANAEIGCAG III

got vmei` (lj. tba mjjeuagt bugtar-cmtbarar (Eaa/ @aZora=9:2)). Koraovar, mrlbmaoeocilme mg` atbgocrmpbil aviàglasbows Ibmt hotb koàs oj suhsistagla axista` meogcsià amlbotbar jor axtagà` pario`s oj tika> bugtar-cmtbarars kustbmva ngowg oj mcriluetura, aspalimeey halmusa tbay bmhi-tumeey trmvae eogc ìsemglas. Pba salog` cagarme koàe, oj mgikhmemgla hatwaag popuemtiog mg` rasourlas, akhoìas tba

`mgclr oj agvirogkagtme àtarkigisk. Xalagtey, m sokawbmtmttagumta` varsiog bms haag proposa`, ikpeyigc tbraa pbm-sas4 ùrigc tba 'mvmiemhieity pbmsa' ogey jormcigc is raeiaùpog, ig tba 'suhstitutiog pbmsa" jormcigc mg` jmrkigc axistmeogcsià amlb otbar, wbiea ig tba 'logsoei`mtiog pbmsa' jmrkigc halokas tba kmig koà oj suhsistagla witb jormcigceosigc its alogokia ikportmgla (Tvaeahie/ Xoweay-Logwy=920> Tvaeahie =92:4 jic. <). Pbis koàe is quita mttrmltivahalmusa it ojjars m logtiguõk oj possihea 'posas' wieb wbilbto àslriha vmrimhieity ig satteakagts> it ugjortugmtaey òasgot provià mg axpemgmtiog jor tba ìjjaragtime lbmgca jrokjormcigc to jmrkigc.

Pba ZE sitas lmg ha axmkiga` ig tba eicbt oj tbis issua.Sa lmg mssuka tbmt ngowea`ca mhout mcriluetura mg` mgi-kme bushmg`ry wms mvmiemhea tbroucbout tba Gatbaremg`s hytba Emta Gaoeitbil. Ig jmlt soka oj tba ZE satteakages, tbosaeolmta` og tba lomstme ùgas mg` ig tba rivariga mram, ravameaviàgla oj tba luetivmtiog oj òkastilmta` larames (Croagkmg-vmg Smmtlrigca at me. =9:2> Mskussag/ Koraa =923).Pba smka partmigs to soka oj tba pmrtimeey logtakpormryVJH sitas to tba gortb, Noeborg mg` Mmrtswou` (Vmis =92<).Bowavar, savarme ZE sitas mra got so amsy to igtarprat4 it isjmr jrok leamr wbltbar mcriluetura wms prmltisa` ig tbajrasbwmtar ti`me zoga or og tba rivarùgas ig tba pamt mram.

Lomstme mg` ripmrimg agvirogkagts mra cagarmeey logsiàra`

to ha vary proùltiva halmusa oj tbair bicb hiokmss. Pbis isaspalimeey trul oj tba wastarg lomsts oj Auropa mg` tbaMkarilm's, wbara m wmrk cuej-stramk bms m koàrmtigcajjalt og tba takparmtura, wbiea samsogme vmrimhieity is raem-tivaey crlmt. Agoucb joo` lmg ha ohtmiga` hy jisbigc, bugtigcmg` cmtbarigc, wbiea kmgy oj tba proùlts lmg ha stora`,mehait witb soka ajjort ùa to tba pravmieigc bukiìty.Logsaquagtey, lomstme popuemtiogs mra cagarmeey logsiàra`to ha mjjeuagt soliatias (lj. tba Igìmgs oj tba GortbwastLomst oj Mkarilm)> mg mrlbmaoeocilme axmkpea is provià`hy tba @mgisb Artahoeel luetura. It is ojtag mssuka` tbmtjmrkigc wms sikpey got 'galassmry' (Tvaeahie/ Xoweay-

Logwy =920).Varbmps tba ZE sitas ig tba pamt- mg` jrasbwmtar ti`me zoga

raprasagt tba rakmigs oj polnats oj sulb bugtar-cmtbarar-jisbar lokkugitias. M salog` possihieity (succasta` hy tbaprasagla oj hogas oj òkastilmta` lmttea mg` pics (saa :.8.=))is tbmt it loglarga` kora or eass parkmgagt igbmhitmtiogs ojpmstormeey oriagta` paopeas, wbo meso raeia` og bugtigc mg`cmtbarigc> tba smetkmrsbas to tba soutb provià` axlaeeagtcrmzigc. Emstey, tba sitas ig quastiog loue` bmva haag hmsas

oj axpeoitmtiog, suhsiìmry to jmrkigc satteakagts wbilbgaaà` rasourlas spalijil to tbasa wat agvirogkagts. \ulbmcrilueturme satteakagts kicbt igleuà ZE satteakagts og tbaùga ri`cas, a.c. Eai`slbag`mk, or rivariga sitas sulb msAwidn. Yat mgotbar possihieity jork tba sitas oj tba \taig-croup or sitas possihey situmta` to tba soutb og tba smetkmrsbas oj Taaemg`, wbara parkmgagt igbmhitmtiog kicbt

bmva haag possihea, mgmeocous to tba sitigc oj tba VJHsatteakagts oj Noeborg mg` Mmrtswou` (saa meso EouwaNooidkmgs =92:, =923).

:.=.< OHDALPIZA\

Ig tbis lbmptar I wiee try to sba` soka eicbt og tbis proheak.Ky igtagtiog wms to lokpmra mssakhemcas àrivigc jrok meejour ìjjaragt agvirogkagtme zogas ig wbilb tba ZE croupwms prasagt. Vmuem Hiagagjle` bm` meram`y axmkiga` tbakmtarime jrok Bmzagògn, eolmta` ig tba pamt mram (Hiagagjle` =92:). Ms waee ms Ki`èa Gaoeitbil bmhitmtiog trmlas,Bmzagògn yiaeà` kmtarime jrok mee ZE pbmsas hue ZE-8m.Ms Bmzagògn is tba ogey ZE sita axlmvmta` so jmr ig tbiszoga, ie wms àlià` to igleuà Hiagagjae`'s rasuees. Pbajeuvimeiea àpositiogme zoga is goe lovara` halmusa m pra-eikigmry seu`y oj tba kmtarime jrok Awidn ravamea` tbmt,ugjortugmtaey, tba post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogswara too axeagsiva to meeow m kilrowamr mgmeysis. Awidnraprasagts tba ogey sita wbilb wms, mehait ms m 'hy-proùle'oj rasamrlb mika` me tba ratriavme oj Irog Mca mg` Xokmgrakmigs, axlmvmta` ig tba mram oj tba rivar-lemy àposits. Kyakpbmsis wms tbarajora put og tba jrasbwmtar ti`me zoga, ogtba a`ca oj wbilb tba sita oj Banaeigcag III wms eolmta`> tbakmtarime ratriava` bara saaka` suitmhea jor jugltiogme mgmeysis. Ms m lokpmrisog, tba jeigt jrok tba sita oj Eai`slbag

`mk, situmta` og m lomstme ùga, wms meso axmkiga`. Ms tbismssakhemca wms mjjalta` hy mhrmsiog, I eoona` jor m`ìeiogmekmtarime jrok tbis agvirogkagtme zoga, hut tba jeigt jrok tbaralagtey axlmvmta` sita oj Zoorslbotag (Zmg Zaag =929)ìspemys tba smka mhrmsiog proheak. Logsaquagtey, tbaprasagt lbmptar wiee prasagt tba rasuets oj tba mgmeysis ojBanaeigcag III mg` Eai`slbag`mk. Ig tba logleusiog to tbislbmptar I wiee lokpmra tbasa two sitas mg` tba ZE eavaes ojBmzagògn.

:.8 Banaeigcag III:.8.= IGPXO@QLPIOG MG@ XA\AMXLB COME\

Pba sita Banaeigcag III is situmta` dust soutb oj \pidnagissaig tba Zriasemg` poeàr. Pba satteakagt spram`s mlross tbagortbarg eavaa oj m l. 16 k wià jrasbwmtar ti`me stramk mg`jorks m logtigumtiog oj Banaeigcag I, pmrt oj wbilb wmsaxlmvmta` ig =916 (Ko`àrkmg =91<) (jic. 10m). Pocatbar,tbasa sitas axtag` ovar m ìstmgla oj :66 k, 866 k oj wbilbbm` to ha axlmvmta` halmusa oj huieìgc mltivitias. Og tbaeavaa, wbilb wms l. 86 k wià, m gukhar oj jig` loglagtrm-tiogs loue` ha ìstigcuisba`, baramjtar rajarra` to ms



=66 PBA EMPA GAOEIPBIL ZEMMX@IGCAG \IPA\

Jic. 10 m) Eolmtiog oj Banaeigcag eie ig raemtiog to tba ti`me lraans mg` hmlnswmkps. Banaeigcag I, II mg` IZ mra sbowg ms waee. h)eolmtiog oj tba mrlbmaoeocilme ugits axlmvmta` ig Banaeigcag III> tba axlmvmtiog traglb, joeeowigc tba a`ca oj tba eavaa, is mesoig`ilmta`.



=6= BANAEIGCAG III

mrlbmaoiocilme ugits (jic. 10h). Pba smevmca oparmtiog wmslmrria` out jrok Mprie-Oltohar =926 ugàr tba ìraltiog oj

Vroj @r. E.V. Eouwl Nooidkmgs mg` @r. V. vmg à Zaeà.@urigc tba suhsaquagt huieìgc mltivitias mgotbar skmee sita,Banaeigcag II, wms aglougtara` leosahy wbilb loue` got ha

proparey igvasticmta`. Ig m`ìtiog, ùrigc m survay oj tbamram, m jourtb, vary skmee sita, lmeea` Banaeigcag IZ, wms

eolmta` dust gortb oj Banaeigcag III og tba eavaa oj m skmeetrihutmry oj tba kmig lraan> tbis sita wms got igvasticmta`jurtbar {jic. 10m). Po tba soutb oj Banaeigcag III, og tba

opposita hmgn oj tba kmig lraan go aviàgla jor bukmgbmhitmtiog wms joug` (Eouwa Nooidkmgs/ Zmg à Zaeà=926).

Pba Zriasemg` poeàr is ugiqua ig tbmt tba astumriga emg`slmpa jorka` ùrigc tba Lmemis IZ trmgscrassiog pbmsa (saahaeow) eias leosa to tba prasagt-`my surjmla, is ugìsturha`hy suhsaquagt arosiog mg` bms got haag lovara` hy m tbilnlemy-àposit. Pba prabistoria emg`slmpa logsista` oj m kmdorjrasbwmtar stramk oj l. 16 k wià mg` m gukhar oj skmee

trihutmry lraans mee eiga` hy eavaas. Habig` tba eavaas emy tbahmlnswmkp zoga, ig pmrts oj wbilb pamt wms crowigc, wbieaaesawbara mg opag kmrsb wms prasagt. Pba systak jorka`pmrt oj tba àetm oj tba Kausa. Po tba soutb, smetkmrsbaspraòkigmta`, ig wbmt is gow tba provigla oj Taaemg`.Dmcarkmg (=928) bms òga m caokorpboeocilme stu`y oj tbamram> tba joeeowigc àslriptiog oj tba strmticrmpby is hmsaòg bis worn. Eouwa Nooidkmgs mg` Zmg à Zaeà bmvalokhiga` tba caoeocilme strmticrmpby witb tba mrlbmaoiocilmerakmigs.

Qgàreyigc tba àposits og wbilb bmhitmtiog toon pemla,mra tba smetkmrsb àposits oj tba Lmemis III trmgscrassivapbmsa. Pbasa saìkagts mra lut hy tba lraan mg` eavaa systak oj Lmemis IZ mca. Pwo eavaa àposits lmg ha ìjjarag-timta`. Og tba jirst eavaa àposit (Lmemis IZem), logsistigc oj

smg`y lemy/ lemyay jiga smg`, tba mrlbmaoiocilme ugits oj

Banaeigcag III pbmsa = mra eolmta`4 Me , HI, Le mg` Ke.

Pba lraan wms stiee mltiva ùrigc tbis pario` mg` it is proh-mhea tbmt saìkagtmtiog ollurra` ùrigc ollupmtiog halmusatba kmtarime jrok tbasa sitas is waee prasarva` lokpmra` witbtba jig`s mttrihuta` to emtar pbmsas (E.V.Eouwa Nooidkmgs

pars. lokk.) Pbis saìkagtmtiog pbmsa is joeiowa` hy m

pario` oj arosiog, ùrigc wbilb tba lraan aroà` axtagsivatrmlts oj tba eavaa, lmusigc soka mrlbmaoiocilme kmtarime toag` up ig lraan àposits, ms ig ugit Mec. \uhsaquagtey,saìkagtmtiog oj tba salog` eavaa àposit (Lmemis IZm8) mgòj tba cramtar pmrt oj tba lbmggae jiee toon pemla. Og tbissalog` eavaa, wbilb is kora lemyay, mra joug` tba mrlbmaoiocilme ugits mttrihuta` to pbmsa <4 H<, L<, @<, A<, J< mg`

K<.

Vbmsas = mg` < mra strmticrmpbilmeey leamrey àjiga` bmhitmtiog pbmsas (jic. 11). Hatwaag tba arosiog mg` suhsaquagtsalog` saìkagtmtiog stmca, hut strmticrmpbilmeey sokawbmtbicbar tbmg ugits Me, HI, Le mg` Ke , mra eolmta` ugits B8

mg` =8, mttrihuta` to Banaeigcag III pbmsa 8. \igla HI is

`mta` quita emta ig pbmsa =, mg` H< amrey ig pbmsa <, ogeykmrcigmeey sapmrmta` jrok amlb otbar hy tba salog` eavaasaìkagt, mg` halmusa B8 is syglbrogous witb tbis emttaràposit, Eouwa Nooidkmgs (ig prap.) mssukas m logtiguous.

pbmsa 0

•OQtb kmig lraan

i

Eacag`

`H W"'y

i e ¾'"'"'5; 5;i«v

V¾W pamt

444•4'>'>d smg`y lemy

E-W smgèmyar

I‐ I ti`me jemt àposits

B B satt eakagts

n* W ratusa emyar

Jic. 11 \lbakmtiza` projiea mlross tba eavaa mg` tba kmig lraan, igìlmtigc vartilme positiog oj tba jour ollupmtiog pbmsas.




hut sbijtigc ollupmtiog. Pbasa tbraa bmhitmtiog pbmsas meeyiae` kmtarime haeogcigc to tba ZE croup. Ovareyigc tbasa`lposits is tba tbir` mg` jigme eavaa saìkagt, og wbilb EmtaHaee Hamnar kmtarime bms haag aglougtara` (pbmsa 0). Pbaprabistoria ollupmtiog eavaes wara jorkarey samea` hy m tbilnplmt àposit oj wbilb ogey m tbig hmg` bms rakmiga`, mgòg top oj tbis m stiee axtmgt lemy lovar.

Pba mhova saquagla is supporta` hy W*L `mtas. @urigcaxlmvmtiog m emrca gukhar oj smkpeas loue` ha tmnag, aspa-limeey jrok pbmsas = mg` < (Eouwa Nooidkmgs =9214 =66).M totme oj 2 smkpeas wms saealta` jor mgmeysis4 two jrok hotbpbmsl = mg` <, oga smkpea amlb jrok pbmsas 8 mg` 0, mgòga jrok amlb oj tba two lraan jiees, raspaltivaey. Pmhea 82sbows tba rasuets. It ravames tbmt tba ùrmtiog oj tba ZEollupmtiog lmg ha astikmta` mt hatwaag 866 mg` 016 yamrs,ig ZE-eh mg` ZE-8m. It saaks tbmt ollupmtiog wms logtig-uous mg` tbmt go sicgijilmgt cmps ig bmhitmtiog ollurra`(Eouwa Nooidkmgs ig prap.).

M gukhar oj stuìas bmva mttakpta` to aeuli`mta tba

agvirogkagt wbilb pravmiea` ùrigc tba pario` oj ollupmtiog. Mgmeysis oj tba woo` rakmigs bms àkogstrmta` tbmtmeogc tba a`ca oj tba stramk m vacatmtiog oj meàr (Megus)

praòkigmta`, wbiea sokawbmt bicbar up og tba eavaa msb(Jrmxigus) wms prasagt (Lmspmria/ \uwidg, pars.lokk.). Ogtba bicbast saltiogs oj tba eavaa kmpea (Mlar), bmzae (Loryeus),

prugus {Vrugus) mg` bmwtborg (Lrmtmacus) wara mttasta`.Go trmlas oj omn (]uarlus) wara joug` witb tba axlaptiog ojjiva omn posts. haeogcigc to m spalime jugarmry strultura,wbilb wara prohmhey ikporta` (Boocemg` =921). Ig tbahmlnswmkp habig` tba eavaa wieeow (\mei.x) mg` meàr praòkigmta`. Pba piltura ceamga` jrok tba poeeag mgmeysis isseicbtey ìjjaragt4 m Loryeus/ ]uarlus stmg` woue` bmva haag

crowigc og top oj tba eavaa, wbiea m autropbil meàr lmrrwoue` bmva haag prasagt ig tba hmlnswmkps (Hmnaes =92:,=922).

Pba wie` jmugm eivigc ig tbis sattigc igleuà` ra` àar(Larvus aempbus). roa àar (Lmpraoeus lmpraoeus) mg` wie`homr (\us slrojm). Hamvar (Lmstor jihar) tbriva` ig tbis bukiàgvirogkagt. Jrasbwmtar jisbas sulb ms pina (Asox eulius)

mg` romlb (Xutieus rutieus) òkigmta`, wbarams sturcaog(Mlipagsar sturio) lmka to tba mram to spmwg. Emstey, kueeat(Eism rmkm`m) wms mvmiemhea, m smetwmtar jisb wbilb ollm-siogmeey visits jrasbwmtar stramks ig tba sukkar (Jrukkae=923).

Bugtigc jorka` mg ikportmgt lokpogagt oj tba suhsis-tagla pmttarg oj tba igbmhitmgts oj Banaeigcag III. Xa` àarwms tba kmdor cmka mgikme. \kmee jur-hamrigc mgikmes waralmptura` ms waee. sulb ms piga kmrtag (Kmreas kmrtas), ottar(Eutrm eutrm) mg` hamvar. Otbar cmka mgikmes igleuà` wie`homr, mg` hrowg hamr (Qrsus mrltos). M jaw rakmigs oj craysame (Bmeilboarus crypus) igìlmta tbmt sam kmkkmes warameso tmnag, prohmhey wbag strmgà`. \turcaog, mt tba otbarbmg`, saaka` to bmva haag axpeoita` to m logsiàrmhea

Pmhea 82 Banaeigcag III4 bmhitmtiog pbmsas witb W•'L `mtas(mjtar Eouwa Nooidkmgs, ig prap.).

pbmsa L=0 HVlme. H.L. lueturme

kigikuk kmxikuk mjjieimtiog

0 <2:1 ½<6 8181-8066 8116-8<66 HH< 0=16-0616 8966-8266 8966-8:16 ZE 8m8 0866-0=16 l. 8981 l. 8981 ZE Ih= 0<66-0866 <666-8916 <=66-8916 ZE Ih

axtagt. Ig m`ìtiog to bugtigc mg` jisbigc, tba igbmhitmgts oBanaeigcag III ramra` hotb pics mg`, to m eassar axtagt, lmtt(Jrukkae =923). Bowavar, poeeag mgmeysis bms sbowg tbmtstigcigc gattea mg` ogiogs wara prasagt og tba eavaas, suc-castigc lmttea bm` got haag crmzigc tbara aesa tbasa pemgtswoue` bmva haag amtag (Hmnaes =92:). Mg metargmtiva crmzigceolmtiog woue` bmva haag tba smetkmrsbas oj Taaemg`.

Pba cmtbarigc oj wie` pemgts jorka` m sicgijilmgt logtri-hutiog to tba ìat. Lbmrra` mppeas, bmzaeguts mg` mlorgs

wara amtag> tba mlorgs kicbt bmva haag loeealta` aesawbarams tba mgmeysis oj woo` rakmigs igìlmtas omn to ha mhsagt(Hmnaes =9224 =:6). Smtar guts (Prmpm gmimgs) wara mesologsuka`. Pba paopea meso bm` mllass to mcrilueturme proùltsXakmigs oj eigsaa` (Eiguk usitmtissikuk), gmna` hmreay(Boràuk vuecmra vmr. guùk) mg` akkar wbamt (Pritiluk

ìlolluk) bmva haag joug`> kost oj tbasa saa`s bm` haaglbmrra`. Gavartbaeass, it is mssuka` tbmt goga oj tbasa lropswara crowg eolmeey> metboucb soka lbmj jmg` rmlbis jrmc-kagts bmva haag aglougtara`, tbis òas got mutokmtilmeeyikpey eolme lroppigc (Hmnaes =922). Qgtbrasba` crmig loue`bmva haag tmnag meogc, witb tba m`vmgtmca tbmt saa`s stieeagleosa` hy tbair ceukas prasarva hattar (Bieekmg =92=).

Hmnaes (=9224 =:=) mssarts tbmt mg ikportmgt mrcukagt jortba mhsagla oj mcrilueturme jiae`s mt Banaeigcag III woue` hatba emln oj spmla> mssukigc m croup siza oj =1 parsogs(Eouwa Nooidkmgs =92<h, =9214 =6=) m eavaa oj l. 166 kwoue` ha gaaà` jor tba jiae`s. \ulb mg axtagsiva leamrmglais got aviàgt ig tba poeeag ìmcrmk.

Oga ugrasoeva` proheak is wbatbar Banaeigcag III loue`bmva haag igbmhita` og m yamrroug` hmsis, or rajealtskuetipea sbort-tark ollupmglias. Pbara is aviàgla jor ollupmgly ùrigc \aptakhar ig tba jork oj wmtar guts, mlorgsmg` mppeas. Pba vary jaw rakmigs oj bihargmtigc hir`s igìlmta wigtar rasiàgla. Bukmg prasagla ùrigc tba wigtar

kogtbs is meso succasta` hy tba jmlt tbmt jur-hamrigc mgikmewara lmptura`> jurs mra me tbair prika ig tbis samsogW. Pbasturcaog rakmigs poigt to m emta sprigc or amrey sukkarollupmtiog wbag tbis mgm`rokous jisb swiks up tba lraansto spmwg ig tba hmlnswmkps. \o jmr go ugaquivolme aviàglabms haag joug` jor spalias wbilb lmg ogey ha axpeoita`ùrigc amrey sprigc mg` emta sukkar. Pba jmlt tbmt bukmgollupmtiog ùrigc kost oj tba samsogs lmg ha mttasta` jor,ohviousey òas got kamg tbmt wa lmg logleuà yamrroug`



=6< BANAEIGCAG III

igbmhitmtiog. Pbis is kulb kora ìjjiluet to òlukagt mg`prohmhey raquiras m lokhigmtiog oj mee possihea mvaguas ojrasamrlb.

Pba usa-wamr mgmeysis oj tba jeigt tooes mttakpta` to mg-swar savarme sulb quastiogs. M prikmry mik wms to mssass tbalbmrmltar oj tba òkastil lrmjt mltivitias lmrria` out. It isojtag mssuka` tbmt tika-logsukigc mltivitias sulb ms hoga-

or bià-wornigc wara got lmrria` out ig m pemla wbara ogarasià` ogey jor m hriaj pario` oj tika. Ig tbis wmy tba usa-wamr mgmeysis loue` parbmps logtrihuta to tba quastiog ojùrmtiog oj ollupmgly. \alogèy, tba roea oj jeigt tooes igvmrious suhsistagla tmsns sulb ms hutlbarigc, larame-bmrvas-tigc, pemgt prolurakagt or jisbigc bm` to ha mslartmiga`.M tbir` mik wms to mssass tba vmrimhieity hatwaag tba vmriousmrlbmaoeocilme ugits tbroucb tika mg` to samrlb jor tbaprasagla oj mltivity mrams. Emstey, tba raemtiogsbip hatwaagkorpboeocilme mspalts oj mrtajmlts, mg` tba kmggar ig wbilbtbay wara usa`, woue` ha axmkiga`.

:.8.8 PBA JEIGP PALBGOEOCYPba korpboeocy oj tba jeigt mrtajmlts oj Banaeigcag III bmshaag àslriha` hy Zarbmrt (=92<) wbo pmi` spalime mttagtiogto tba gmtura mg` possihea sourla oj tba rmw kmtarime jrokwbilb tba mrtajmlts wara proùla`, ms waee ms talbgoeocilmemspalts. Pba stu`y oj tba Banaeigcag III kmtarime is tbara-jora eikita` to m jugltiogme mgmeysis.

Zarbmrt (=92<) bms haag mhea to ìjjaragtimta tbraa kmigcroups oj rmw kmtarime. Pba jirst typa is oj m kottea` crayloeour mg` jiga-crmiga`, supposaèy oricigmtigc jrok tbaviligity oj \piaggas ig Bmigmuet, Haeciuk. Kost oj tba poeisba`mxas wara kmà oj tbis kmtarime. Sa jig` go hemgns or pra-jmhs jor tbasa mxas, so it is einaey tbmt tbay mrriva` og tba

sita ms jigisba` tooes, prohmhey ig ughronag stmta. Oga mxaaxbihies mg ikpmlt jrmltura, succastigc mlliàgtme `mkmcaùrigc usa. \ulb hramnmcas jorka` axlaeeagt pemtjorkswbilb wara usa`, witbout mgy koìjilmtiog, to proùlajemnas. Xmw kmtarime typa = praòkigmtas ig tba ugits mttri-huta` to Banaeigcag III pbmsa =.

Metboucb tba salog` typa oj rmw kmtarime sbows sokasuparjilime sikiemritias to tba jeigt jrok Xidlnboet ig Eikhurc, tba Gatbaremg`s, Zarbmrt meso saans its oricig ig Bmigmuet. It possassa` m hrowgisb-hemln loeor witb tigy wbitaspalns. m jiga crmig siza mg` sokatikas lomrsar-crmiga` crayigleusiogs. Pbis kmtarime wms hroucbt igto tba sita ig tba

jork oj goùeas. M jaw poeisba` mxa-jrmckagts àriva jroktbis vmriaty oj jeigt.

M tbir` typa oj rmw kmtarime, got ollurrigc ùrigc pbmsa=, is saag praòkigmtaey ig tba ugits mttrihuta` to pbmsa <. Itbms m hemln loeor, m jiga crmig siza, mg` sokatikas m cramsymppamrmgla, mg` rasakheas kost leosaey soka jeigt smkpeasjrok Houeocgas-\ur-Kar, Jrmgla. Pbara mra go mxa jrmc-kagts oj tbis kmtarime. M jourtb typa wms meso prasagt igskmee qumgtitias> its oricig prohmhey eias ig soutbarg ìral-

tiog ms waee, hut loue` got ha spalijia` jurtbar (Zarbmrt=92<).

Pba quastiog oj wbatbar or got tbara wms mkpea mllass tormw kmtarime is ìjjiluet to mgswar. Lartmigey mee oj it bm` toha ikporta` sigla gmturme ollurrmglas oj sulb coo` qumeityjeigt wara got mvmiemhea gamrhy. Ig logtrmst witb Eai`slbag-`mk jor axmkpea, eolme roeea` jeigt wms rmraey usa` ig Bana

eigcag III. Pba rmtbar igajjiliîgt wmy oj raùligc tba lorassuccasts tbmt tbara wms prohmhey go emln oj suitmhea kmtarime. P wiee àme witb tbis proheak ig sokawbmt kora àtmieig pmrmcrmpb 3 oj tbis lbmptar.

Loras (G ; 09) mra joug` og goùeas or og hronagpoeisba` mxas. Halmusa mee tba jjigt bm` to ha ikporta`, it isugeinaey tbmt emrca goùeas wara trmgsporta` witbout pra-tramtkagt. Pbis mssukptiog is lorrohormta` hy tba jmlt tbmttba mrtajmlts sbowa` eittea lortax. Xajittigc-ajjorts proùla`virtumeey go doigts, witb tba axlaptiog oj soka hatwaag ugits@, A mg` J, igìlmtigc tbair prohmhea logtakpormgaity (Zarbmrt, ig prass). Pbis succasts tbmt aitbar ogey m skmeeparlagtmca oj tba ikpeakagts wms ìslmrà` mt tba sita (i.a.wms axlmvmta`), mg`/or tbmt jeigt proùlts wara hroucbt igtotba sita ig (saki-)jigisba` jork. \oka jeigt wms mppmragteyngmppa` mt tba sita, hut tba axtagt to wbilb tbis toon pemlais m eittea ìjeiiluet to mslartmig sigla go siavigc wms ògaùrigc tba axlmvmtiog> tba skmeear jrmltiogs oj àhitmca, bm`tbay haag prasagt, mra tbarajora amsiey kissa`.

Pba loras possass m vary irracuemr sbmpa, tba pemtjorks mraspmla` bmpbmzmrèy mg` pemtjork prapmrmtiog mppamrs to ham rmra pbagokagog. Pbis mhsagla oj pemggigc mg` prapmrmtiog rasuets ig m emrca gukhar oj bigca jrmlturas igbihitigcjurtbar raùltiog. Metboucb tba ìslmrà` loras mra stieequita sizmhea, leosar axmkigmtiog oj tbak ravames tbmt tbara

wms igàa` m coo` ramsog jor ìslmr`4 kost bmva sulb mgohtusa mgcea hatwaag pemtjork mg` lora-jmla tbmt it woue`ha ikpossihea to proùla mgy kora jemnas. Ogey mjtarlogsiàrmhea koìjilmtiog loue` tbasa loras ha kmà proùl-tiva mcmig. Aviàgtey tba igbmhitmgts oj Banaeigcag III lbosagot to ugàrtmna sulb worn, aitbar halmusa tbay emlna` tbasniee or halmusa agoucb rmw kmtarime wms mvmiemhea to kmnait galassmry to ò so.

Sitb racmr`s to jigisba` mrtajmlts, it sboue` ha kagtioga`tbmt m seicbt ìslrapmgly sokatikas axists ig tba gukhar ojratoulba` tooes mg` oj mrtajmlts sbowigc 'usa-ratoulb'raporta` hy Zarbmrt mg` kysaej. Pbis raemtas to ìsmcraakagt

mt tikas ms to wbatbar lartmig a`ca-rakovmes sboue` haigtarprata` ms usa-ratoulb or ms mlliàgtme hramnmcas. Ollm-siogmeey, tbara wms meso soka ìjjaragla oj opigiog ovarwbatbar or got m lartmig mrtajmlt logstituta` m ratoulba`tooi. Pbis logjusiog kmy saak iglokprabagsihea to tbosawbo mra got jmkieimr witb tba lbmrmltar oj @utlb EmtaGaoeitbil jeigt mssakhemcas, wbilb cagarmeey ìspemy varypoor wornkmgsbip wbiea stmg`mrìza` typas mra ojtag emlnigc.BanaBgcag III is m coo` axmkpea oj sulb mg mssakhemca. M




stmg`mrìza` hemà talbgoeocy ì` got jork pmrt oj tbarapartoira4 it is leamr tbmt tbay wara logtagt witb jimnas, ogtba hmsis oj wbilb ig jmlt mee tooes gaaà` loue` ha proùla`.

:.8.< PBA JQGLPIOGME MGMEY\I\

:.8.<.= Katbo`s usa` mg` lokpositiog oj tba smkpea

Pba axlmvmtiog prolaùra àtarkiga` to m lartmig axtagt tba

Pmhea 89 Banaeigcag III4 lokpositiog oj tba smkpea.

totme totme gukhar oj totmeugit jeigt waicbt mrtajmlts ratoulba` igtarpratmhea

(c) axmkiga` tooes MQMs

Ke =<2 28= 1< 80 88MI =<8 =66< <0 86 =2Mec 8=6 269 :0 06 <:HI =01 2=2 08 8= 82

B8 22 1:2 06 =1 8:

H< 2: 0<9 <: == =:@< :< <10 88 9 3A< 1< =8<0 =1 : 1J< 9: <80 << =0 3

totme =6== :<9= <<3 =:6 =:1

lokpositiog oj tba smkpea. Pba sita oj Banaeigcag III wmsaxlmvmta` ig tba joeeowigc kmggar4 jirst, m hmlnboa wmsusa` to rakova tba soie ovareyigc tba jirst mrlbmaoeocilmeeavae mg` suhsaquagt igtarvagigc stariea lemy emyars. Mrlbmaoeocilme eavaes wara axlmvmta` hy sbovae> jig`s wara raloràìg = x = k squmras mg` loeealta` hy bmg`. Go siavigc wmsòga halmusa oj tba lemyay kmtrix mg` tba sbort tika mvmie-

mhea. Hmsis jor tba smkpea tmnag jor usa-wamr mgmeysis jorka`tba lougts Zarbmrt (=92<) bm` kmà oj tba jeigt. Ogey tbosamrlbmaoeocilme ugits wbilb bm` yiaeà` mt eamst =6 koìjia`mrtajmlts wara saealta`4 Me, Me-lraan (Mec), HI, Ke, B8,H<, @<, A<, J< {tmhea 89), civigc m totme oj =6== mrtajmlts.

Jrok tba totme oj =6== mrtajmlts, <<3 wara saealta` jormgmeysis (<<.<%), yiaeìgc 009 potagtimeey usa` mrams(VQMs). Pbasa VQMs igleuà ratoulba` a`cas (i.a. ratoulb7 = kk), a`cas axbihitigc 'usa-ratoulb' (i.a. ratoulb 5= kk), mrams sbowigc poeisb visihea witb tba gmna` aya,poig ts, mg` a`cas witb m strmicbt lross-saltiog 7 =,6 lk. Ojtba 009 VQMs, ogey =19 loue` ha igtarprata` ig tarks ojlogtmlt-kmtarime mg` kotiog, wbiea 21 VQMs ìspemya` gotrmlas. Pbis kamgs tbmt m kara 800 VQMs, or 10.<%, waraigtarpratmhea, yiaeìgc =:1 MQMs. Pba rakmigàr possasssalog`mry koìjilmtiogs, wbilb pravagt igtarpratmtiog ojtooi usa> savarme oj tbasa ugigtarpratmhea a`cas gavartbaeasswara vary prohmhey usa`. Kamg eagctb oj tba axmkiga`

Pmhea <6 Banaeigcag III4 rmw kmtarime lmtacorias witb tba àcraa oj wamr (parlagtmcas, mllorìgc to VQM). Pba ìslrapmgly iggukhar oj VQMs ig tbis tmhea (011 igstam` oj 009) is ùa to tba lokputar racistrmtiog. Pba m`ìtiogme six VQMs mra jrok tbosatooes ìspemyigc kora tbmg oga MQM par VQM.

gottypa = typa 8 typa < typa '396' mppeilmhea ugsura totme

go trmlas 10(=2 .:%) 8<(< =.1% ) 0 (2.3%) 8 (88.8%) 8 (9.1%) - 21usa` 19 (86.<%) =8 (=:.0%) =8 (8:.6%) = (==.=%) 8 (9.1%) = (:.3%) 23possihey usa` <2(= <.=% ) 1 (:.2%) 1 (=6.9%) < (<<.<%) < (=0.<%) - 10got igtarpratmhea 2= (83.2%) 8: (<1.:%) 8= (01.3%) 8 (88.8%) =6 (03.:%) =8 (26.6%) =18ugsura 19 (86.<%) 3 (9.:%) 0 (2.3%) I (==.=%) 0 (=9.6%) 8(= <.<% ) 33

totme 89= 3< 0: 9 8= =1 011

Pmhea <= Banaeigcag ei e4 igjarra` kotiog mg` logtmlt-kmtarime hy mltumeey usa` mram (MQM).

slrmpigc wbitteigc luttigc lmrvigc speittigc horigc prodaltiea bmjtigc ugsura totme

bià 88sojt pemgt -woo` <woo`/hoga/mgtear =hoga 0

mgtear 8

sojt stoga -sbaee -bmr` kmtarime 8

sojt kmtarime <

ugngowg <

3<9

=8I

1 0=

= =:

= 8=

8 0

83

0 2

=

=

< =6

2 =0

9 88

totme 06 <3 =3 =8 << =:1



=61 BANAEIGCAG III

HO / HO/SO

Jic. 1: Hoga-wornigc ikpea-kagts jrok Banaeigcag III. m)2</=1 usa` jor lmrvigc mg`horigc, h) @</< usa` jor slrm-pigc, l) horar 2=/=<, `) 2</=2usa` jor lmrvigc, a) M=c/=6usa` jor horigc, j) Me/8< usa`jor lmrvigc, c) Ke/1 usa` jorlmrvigc, b) 2=/80 usa` jor lmrvigc, possihey meso `ispemyigctrmlas oj bmvigc haag bmjta`, i)A</< usa` jor horigc (=4=).



=6: PBA EMPA GAOEIPBIL ZEMMX@IGCAG \IPA\

Jic, 1: logt. d) hoga-smwigcikpeakagt H=/89, n) lmrvigctooi Me/83, I) hoga-smwigcikpeakagt M=c/<0 (=4=).

> / H O

pialas (G ; <<3) lokprisa` <.6 lk, kamg wi`tb 8.1 lk mg`kamg tbilngass 6.3 lk.

Pba mrtajmlts wara got systakmtilmeey liamga` witb lbak-ilmes. Ogiy ig tbosa lmsas wbara m jiek oj ugngowg suh-stmgla mppamra` to ha ovareyigc tba surjmla, wara tba jeigtikkarsa` ig m =6% BLe soeutiog mg` tramta` ig mg uetrm-sogil leamgigc tmgn. Po mvoi` m logtiguigc ramltiog hatwaagstoga mg` BLe (Zmg Cidg =929) jeigts wara ogey ikkarsa`jor m sbort pario` oj tika mg` mjtarwmr`s tboroucbey rigsaìg tmp wmtar mg` gautrmeiza` witb NOB. Mrtajmlts got axbi-hitigc àposits wara ogey somna` ig euna-wmrk sompy wmtar.@urigc mgmeysis tooes wara racuemrey wipa` witb meloboe torakova jigcar-cramsa.

Pba lbmrmltar oj tba post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilm-tiogs is ìjjiluet to mslartmig. Kost einaey it loglargskalbmgilme mhrmsiog. Pba kmtrix ig wbilb tba mrtajmlts wara

àposita` vmrias jrok lemyay jiga smg` to seicbtey smg`y lemy.\mg` is ngowg to ha m bicbey ajjaltiva mhrmsiva, wbieaaxplriklgts bmva sbowg tbmt avag lemy quilney poeisbas mjeigt surjmla, aspalimeey ij wmtar is prasagt (Zmg Cidg =92:m).Prmkpeigc og tba eavaa surjmla hy igbmhitmgts oj tba sita,mg` 'satteigc' oj tba saìkagts, kicbt bmva haag raspogsiheajor mhrmsiog (lj. 0.8.<).

It sboue` meso ha gota` tbmt rmw kmtarime typa <, ìspemyspost-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs (p`sk) kora jra-

quagtey tbmg tba otbar rmw kmtarime typas (saa tmbea <6).

Pbis ohsarvmtiog lorraspog`s witb tba jmlt tbmt mrtajmlts

jrok mrlbmaoeocilme ugits @<, A< mg` J< sbow m bicbarigliàgla oj p`sk> rmw kmtarime typa < praòkigmtas ig tbaugits mttrihuta` to ollupmtiog pbmsa <. Sbatbar typa < rmwkmtarime is kora vuegarmhea to mhrmsiog or wbatbar koratrmkpeigc toon pemla ùrigc pbmsa <, is ikpossihea to taie.Qgit KI meso ìspemys m bicb igliàgla oj p`sk.

:.8.<.8 Mltivitias igjarra`

Ig tbis pmrmcrmpb tba rasuets oj tba usa-wamr mgmeysis wieï ha



=63 BANAEIGCAG III

Jic. 13 Banaeigcag eie4 kilrocrmpbs oj trmlas igtarpratmhea ms haigc tba rasuet oj logtmlt witb haga (saa jic. 1:). Mee slmea hmrsaqume 16 g. m) @</< (866x), h) Me/8< (866x), l) 2=/80 (866x), `) H</=2 (866x), a) tZI=/1 (866x), j) H</=1 (866x).




Jic. 12 Banaeigcag III4 kilrocrmpbs oj trmlas igtarpratmhea ms haigc tba rasuet oj logtmlt witb hoga (saa jic. 1:). Mee slmea hmrsaqume 16 g. m) M=c/=6 (eOOx), h) H=/=< (866x), l) Me/83 {866x), `) M=c/<0 (066x).

ìslussa` jor Banaeigcag III ms m wboea {tmhea <=). I wieeàslriha tba vmrious tmsns igjlrra` mg` mttakpt to raemtaIblk to otbar sourlas oj igjorkmtiog loglargigc tba sita.

HOG A-SOXN IGC

M kmdor mltivity wbilb wms igjarra` is tba wornigc oj hoga{jic. 1:). M totme oj 83 VQMs og 8= ikpeakagts is igtarprata`ms bmvigc haag usa` og tbis kmtarime. Og tba hmsis oj

ìraltiogmeity witbig tba poeisb two kmdor kotiogs loue` haìstigcuisba`4 og =8 VQMs m pmrmeeae ìraltiogmeity igìlmtassmwigc or luttigc, og giga VQMs m ìmcogme poeisb oriagtm-tiog succasts m lmrvigc kotiog. Pba lmrvigc tooes axbihit mskootb, vary hricbt poeisb witb lokat-sbmpa` pits (jics. 13h-

d). Pba ìstrihutiog oj tba poeisb is eikita` to tba vary a`ca.Halmusa oj tba rlkmrnmhea sikiemrity oj tba wamr trmlas ogaxparikagtme mg` mrlbmaoeocilme hoga-lmrvigc ikpeakagts,tbasa igjaraglas bmva m vary bicb prohmhieity. Pbis is eass so

witb tba a`cas usa` ig m eogcituìgme kotiog4 tba poeisb issokawbmt roucbar mg` is it got ikpossihea tbmt soka mgtearluttigc tooes wara igleuà` bara (saa i.0). A`ca-slmrrigc ogtba emttar pialas is quita axtagsiva, igvoevigc stap- mg` bigcajrmlturas mg` trmpazoi`me-sbmpa` slmrs. \trimtiogs mra mhsag

Igtarastigcey agoucb, m emrca gukhar oj hoga mwes mg`lbisaes, ms waee ms gukarous wmsta pialas mg` radalts, bmvahaag aglougtara` mt Banaeigcag III. Kmmreavae` (=921), wb

bms stuìa` tba hoga tooes, raports tbmt jor tba kost pmrttbasa tooes bmva haag proùla` og tba katmpoìm oj ra`àar mg`, to m eassar axtagt, og katmpoìm oj roa àar. Basuccasts tba joeeowigc kmgujmlturigc saquagla jor tba mwesmg` lbisaes {jic. 19). Pba jirst stap igvoeva` tba àapagigc ojtba gmturme jurrows prasagt og tba mgtarior mg` postariormspalts oj m katmpoìuk, witb m poigta` jeigt tooi. Pbasalog` stap logsista` oj smwigc m croova mroug` tba lirlukjaragla oj tba hoga, mcmig witb m jeigt tooi, ig oràr to



=69 BANAEIGCAG III

O

j

Jic. 19 Kmgujmlturigc saquagla oj hoga mwes mg` lbisaes (mjtar Kmmreavae` =921).

agmhea tba rakovme oj tba ngohhy ìstme ag` hy hramnigc itojj. Emstey, tba katmpoìuk wms speit ig bmej eagctbwisa,mjtar wbilb tba two saltiogs loue` ha croug` igto tbair jigmesbmpa. Zmg àg Hroana (=92<), wbo axmkiga` tba hogapoigts mg` mwes jrok Bmzagògn, mrriva` mt tba smka proùltiog saquagla.

Zmg àg Hroana ì` soka axparikagts witb jeigt tooes igoràr to tast tbair suitmhieity jor lmrvigc mg` smwigc hoga.I axmkiga` tba ikpeakagts ba usa`, mee oj tbak kmà oj mrmtbar jiga-crmiga` vmriaty oj Xidlnboet jeigt (axparikagt gos.:<-38> saa mppagìx II tmhea <). Pba wamr trmlas ohsarva` og

tba axparikagtme lmrvigc tooes (jic. =3l) sbow m rakmrnmheasikiemrity to tbosa og tba mrlbmaoeocilme pialas, igtarprata`ms bmvigc haag usa` jor lmrvigc hoga. Oga possihea axpemgm-tiog is tbmt tba poigta` jemnas og wbilb tbasa trmlas warajoug` (jics. 1:j-b) bm` haag akpeoya` jor àapagigc tbacroovas og tba katmpoìm. \oka oj tba mrlbmaoeocilme mrta-jmlts usa` ig m smwigc kotiog kicbt bmva pemya` m roeaùrigc tba salog` stmca oj mwe mg` lbisae kmgujmltura, huttba sikiemrity ig poeisb is got so strinigc ms ig tba lmsa oj tba

lmrvigc-ikpeakagts. Mee ig mee, it saaks tbmt bara wa bmva mgaxmkpea oj m ralogstrultiog oj tba axmlt tmsn igvoeva`,halmusa oj tba àtmiea` mrlbmaoeocilme logtaxt mvmiemhea. It ismeso igtarastigc to gota tbmt 'sikpea', ugratoulba`, jemnaswara igvoeva` ig tba tmsn oj hoga mwe mg` lbisae kmgujmltura.

Ig m`ìtiog to tba lmrvigc mg` smwigc tooes, jour ikpeakagts mppamr to bmva haag usa` jor slrmpigc hoga (jic. 1:h).

Pbasa slrmpars bm` rmtbar staap a`ca mgceas, wbiea tba poeisbaxbihita` tba 'havaeigc" (saa <.0.8.=) sulb ms is raporea` hyVeissog (=921m). Emstey, savarme horars witb 'hoga-poeisb' bm`

haag joug` (jics. 1:m, 1:l. 1:a. 1:i). Pbair tips wara varybamviey rougà`, witb m leamr ìraltiogmeity visihea ig tbapoeisb (jic. 12m). Oga oj tbasa horars wms prohmhey bmjta`(2</=1, Wc . 1:m)> tbis tooi wms meso usa` jor lmrvigc hoga.

\OJP VEMGP-SOXNIGC

M totme oj =: usa` zogas og =0 tooes ìspemy trmlas igtar-pratmhea ms haigc tba rasuet oj logtmlt witb sojt pemgts. Pbakost igtarastigc mra six mrtajmlts axbihitigc m poigta` ag`



==6 PBA EMPA GAOEIPBIL ZEMMX@IGCAG \IPA\

¾ • • • •Ï VE

VE?

VE «.M>W???

Jic. :6 Mrtajmlts jrok Banaeigcag III ìspemyigc wamr trmlas Igtarpratmhea ms haigc tba rasuet oj sojt pemgt-prolassigc. m) H</<=usa` tor luttigc crmssas, h-c) pemgt-speittigc ikpeakagts4 h) 2</<<, l) @</86, `) @</=9, a) B8/<=, j) B8/<3, c) A</=0 (=4=).

{saa jics. :()b-c). Eittea kilro-slmrrigc is prasagt og tbasatips, hut tbay mra lovara` hy m hricbt, skootb poeisb axtag-ìgc l. < kk jrok tba a`ca oj tba tooi (jic. :eh-D). It bmsgot haag possihea to axmltey raproùla tbis lokhigmtiog ojwamr-trmlas. Igitimeey, it wms mssuka` tbmt tba ikpeakagtswoue` bmva haag usa` to speit wieeow hrmglbas jor hmsnatryor kmttigc (jic. :8). Bowavar, tbis nig` oj mltivity òas gotlramta tba smka poeisb ms is visihea og tba mrlbmaoeocilmetooes. Axparikagts witb speittigc raa`s ì` got proùla msikiemr usa-wamr pmttarg aitbar (jic. :8). Gavartbaeass, witbpmrtiluemr rljaragla to tba ìstrihutiog oj tba poeisb, I woue`mrcua tbmt speittigc gog-sieilious sojt pemgts or twics is tba

kost einaey axpemgmtiog jor tba trmlas ohsarva` og tbasamrtajmlts.

Pba otbar sojt pemgt-wornigc tooes igleuà tbraa hemàs oraeogcmta` jemnas sulb ms H</<= (jics. :6m, :=m), usa` ig mluttigc kotiog. Pba poeisb axtag`s 6.1-=.6 kk igto tbapiala, is vary hricbt mg` skootb, mg` sokawbmt rasakheas'silnea-ceoss'. Pbasa tooes ìspemy eittea or go a`ca-rakovmes.It is tba eikita` wi`tb oj tba poeisb hmg` wbilb civas risa totba igtarpratmtiog tbmt tbasa mrtajmlts bmva haag usa` to lutwie` crmssas (possihey jor hmsnatry). Ms bms haag sbowghajora (saa <.1), tbara is m sicgijilmgt ìjjaragla ig ìstrihutiog hatwaag ceoss igùla` hy crmssas mg` hy larames or



=== BANAEIGCAG III

Jic. := Banaeigcag III4 kilrocrmpbs oj trmlas igtarprata` ms haigc jrok sojt pemgt-prolassigc (saa jic. :6). Mee slmea hmrs aqume 16B. m) H</<= (866x), h) @</=9 (866x), l) @</86 (=66x), `) B8/<3 (866x), a) 2</<< (866x), j) B8/<= (866x).




WWWWr 'W

WWWWÄ

'Wydn

t , . . w r s t ¾ D ¾ wkkkWWWWÄ

Jic. :8 Axparikagts witb speittigc wieeow (mhova) mg` raa`(haeow) ms mg mttakpt to rapeilmta tba mrlbmaoeocilme trmlasigtarprata` ms haigc jrok speittigc pemgts.

raa`s. Voeisb lmusa` hy tba emttar two pemgt lmtacorias lovarmg mram meogc tba a`ca oj tba tooi oj l. = lk wià. Iglogtrmst, crmssas igjeilt m poeisb hmg` oj kmxiigmeey l. 8 kk

Go sojt pemgt slrmpars wara joug`. Oj oga ikpeakagt tbakotiog ig wbilb tba tooi wms igvoeva` loue` got ha mslar-tmiga`. Oj tba rakmigigc six VQMs tba 'sojt pemgt'-poeisb isigtarprata` ms haigc tba rasuet oj m higìgc jor bmjtigc.

Pbasa ikpeakagts wiee ha ìslussa` ig tba pmrmcrmpb ogbmjtigc (saa haeow).

BI@A-SOXNIGC

Bià-wornigc wms m vary lokkog mltivity4 0= VQMs og <2tooes wara igtarprata` ms bmvigc haag ig logtmlt witb bià(jic. :<). Lbmrmltaristil wamr mttrihutls igleuà m bamvieyrougà` a`ca (jic.s. :0m-`), eittea or go a`ca-rakovmes, mg` hmg` oj roucb poeisb, wbilb axtag`s igto tba ratoulba`slmrs. Pba trmìtiogme ìstigltiog hatwaag ceoss jrok `ry mgjrasb bià is got vary leamr (lj <.8.8)> ij m poeisb is 'kmtt' itis mssuka` to ha tba rasuet oj slrmpigc m `ry bià, wbarams m

poeisb witb m cramsy 'wat' mppamrmgla succasts logtmlt witbm jrasb bià. Ig Banaeigcag III, 8: oj tba bià-wornigc tooesìspemy m 'kmtt' mppamrmgla mg` tbarajora tbay lustokmrieywoue` ha igtarprata` ms bmvigc haag usa` og `ry bià.Bowavar, ig pmrmcrmpb :.8.: I wiee mrcua tbmt tba 'kmtt"mppamrmgla oj tba poeisb mg` tba a`ca-rougìgc og tbasatooes loue` ha ùa to tba m`ìtiog oj mhrmsivas wbiea slrmpigcvary koist mg` cramsy rmw biàs sulb ms tbosa oj jox mg`hamr.

Kotiogs igjarra`, igleuà slrmpigc (88 VQMs), luttigc (3zogas) {jic. :<d), mg` horigc (G ; <) (jics. :<l, :<n). Emstey,jour VQMs ìspemya` 'bià-poeisb' ig sulb m wmy tbmt bmjtigwms igjarra`> tbasa wiee ha ìslussa` ig m emtar pmrmcrmpb.

Jic. :< (opposita) Banaeigca

III4 ikpeakagts ìspemyigwamr-trmlas igjarra` ms haigjrok prolassigc biàs. m, hslrmpigc (H=/=:, M=c/82), lhorigc ikpeakagt H=/9, mes

ìspemyigc trmlas oj m possihebmjt witb pemgt-jihra higìgc, à) slrmpigc (B8/=, H=/0), j) lutigc (M=c/00), c-i) slrmpigc> c

2=/8=, b) B8/8, i) Me/<, d) luttig(B8/<9), n) horigc (H=/1) (=4=



==< BANAEIGCAG III

•. /.

M VE

PB,

WWWWry




r W W *

NW-WWWK'WWH!

IgW\itji-dAb''¾WWℨ

Jic. :0 Banaeigcag III4 kilrocrmpbs oj igjarra` jii`a-wornigc trmlas og tooes `apilta` ig jic. :<. Mee slmea hmrs aqume 16 g. m) 2=/8= (eOOx), h) H=/=: (eOOx), l) H=/=: (eOOx), `) Me/< (eOOx), a) B8/<9 (866x), j) M=c/00 (866x).



eis BANAEIGCAG III

SOO@-SOXNIGC

Banaeigcag III bms yiaeà` m gukhar oj wooàg mrtajmlts,gotmhey m pm`ìa, m how oj yaw, mg` mg mxa sbmjt oj kmpea.Ig m`ìtiog, savarme bawg poeas bmva haag joug`, prohmheyjorkigc pmrt oj logstrultiogs. Sitb sulb mg mssortkagt ojwooàg ohdales it is got vary surprisigc to aglougtar mgukhar oj woo`-wornigc tooes4 8= VQ Ms og =2 mrtajmlts

lmg ha raporta` (jic. :1). Pba wamr mttrihutas igleuà mrmtbar skootb ugùemtigc or òka` poeisb, wbilb gavaraxtag`s vary jmr mlross tba tooi, mg` koàrmta a`ca-slmrrigc(jics. ::m. ::h). M gukhar oj mltivitias mra raprasagta` hytbasa mrtajmlts. \okl oj tbak (9 VQ Ms) sulb ms A</= mg`@</=0 bm` haag usa` jor luttigc (jics. :1m. :1`), otbars sulbms B8/=6 jor wbitteigc mltivitias sulb ms, possihey, tbastrmicbtagigc oj mrrow sbmjts (jic. :1l) (: VQMs). Oga ikpea-kagt (J</<) wms akpeoya` hotb ig m horigc mg` slrmpigckotiog> oga wbitteigc tooi wms meso usa` jor slrmpigc (B8/=6) (jic. :1l). wbiea oga mrtajmlt wms ogey akpeoya` jorslrmpigc. Emstey, og oga woo`-wornigc ikpeakagt, go avi-àgla jor kotiog wms prasagt.

SOO@-/HOGA-/MGPEAX-SOXNIGC

Og tbraa VQMs (eolmta` og tbraa ikpeakagts) trmlas warajoug` wbilb loue` aitbar ha mslriha` to logtmlt witb hogaor mgtear. Ig two oj tbasa igstmglas tba kotiog ig wbilb tbaikpeakagts wara usa` loue` got ha igjarra`, ig tba tbirìgstmgla, it wms prohmhey usa` jor luttigc. Mee tbraa tooesàriva jrok mrlbmaoeocilme ugit Ke jrok wbilb m cramtkmgy hoga- mg` mgtear-wornigc ikpeakagts àriva. Jrokugit HI, m horar oricigmtas witb m poeisb wbilb, halmusa ojits òka` mppamrmgla mg` prasagla oj strimtiogs, loue` haigtarprata` ms aitbar bmva haag usa` og woo` or og hoga/

mgtear.

MGPEAX-SOXNIGC

Metboucb it is ojtag ikpossihea to ìjjaragtimta hatwaag tbapoeisb mg` a`ca-`mkmca rasuetigc jrok logtmlt witb mgtearmg` tbmt jrok hoga (saa <.0.8), slrmpigc mgtear usumeey pro-ùlls m jeui`, rmtbar lbmrmltaristil poeisb wbilb I bmva gavarohsarva` og hoga-slrmpigc ikpeakagts. Aicbt VQMs (ogsavag tooes) ìspemya` tbis nig` oj hricbt, skootb mekost'wat' poeisb. Pba ìstrihutiog oj tbis poeisb wms eikita` totba a`ca. Pbasa pialas wara emrcaiy logjiga` to mrlbmaoeocilme ugit Ke, axlaptiogme ig kmgy otbar raspalts (saa haeow),

wbara wa jig` jiva oj tba aicbt VQMs witb mgtear-wornigctrmlas. Jrok tba ìraltiogmeity prasagt ig tba poeisb mslrmpigc (8 VQMs), m luttigc (I VQM), mg` m lmrvigc kotiog(I VQM) loue` ha àùla`, ms waee ms mg ugngowg kotiog(0 VQMs). Oga tooi (Ke/<8) hora trmlas oj hotb slrmpigcmg` croovigc mgtear.

\POGA- MG@ \BAEE-SOXNIGC

Jrok mrlbmaoeocilme ugit Ke oricigmta m jaw igtarastigc

kislaeemgam. Oga horar saaks to bmva haag usa` og sojtstoga (jics. ::`, :3l). It bms mg axtrakaey rougà` tip mgàxbihits virtumeey go poeisb. \togas witb parjormtiogs mraugngowg jrok Banaeigcag III or otbar ZE sitas, witb tbaaxlaptiog oj soka dat mg` mkhar ham`s jrok Zoorslbotagmg` Eai`slbag`mk. M possihea metargmtiva is tbmt tba tooiwms usa` og pyrita ig oràr to stmrt m jira. Mgotbar igtaras

tigc ikpeakagt wms m horar igtarprata` ms bmvigc haag usaòg sbaee> tba poeisb bms tba 'stramny' ìstrihutiog lbmrmltaristil jlr tbis logtmlt-kmtarime {jics. ::l. :3`).

PBA Q\A OJ VXODALPIEA-VOIGP\

Pbraa VQMs og two prodaltiea poigts ìspemya` `mkmca igtba jork oj ikpmlt jrmlturas mt tblir tip. Pbis jamtura saaksto ollur rmtbar logsistagtey og prodaltiea poigts (Koss=92<m> Jisbar at me. =920> Oàee/ Lowmg =92:). Oga hmrha`poigt jrok ugit H< (H</1, saa jic. :3m) bm` mg ikpmltjrmltura og its tip. Ig m`ìtiog, it meso bm` axtrakaey rougà` a`cas mt tba hmrhs. Go leamr poeisb wms visihea og tbak

hut tbasa trmlas mra rakigislagt oj wbmt Lrmhtraa mg` @mvis(=9:2) bmva meram`y àslriha`. Pbasa mutbors succast tbmtprodaltiea poigt a`cas wara sokatikas igtagtiogmeey croug`,got ogey to stmhieiza tbak, hut meso to protalt tba higìgc ojbmjts. Qgit Mec proùla` m jemna oj m poeisba` mxa witb mskmee mkougt oj ratoulb meogc its a`cas (jic. :3a) wbilb, mteamst typoeocilmeey, wa woue` basitmta to lemssijy ms m prodaltiea poigt. Gavartbaeass tbis tooi ìspemya` mg ikpmlt jrmltura mt its tip mg` KEIP\ og mgotbar a`ca, ms waee ms trmlasoj bmjtigc og its emtarme siàs. Oga hmrha` mrrow bam` jrokB8 ìspemys m possihea ikpmlt jrmltura, wbiea oga trmgsvarsaspalikag jrok K= wms too mhrmà` to meeow mg igtarpratm-tiog oj its jorkar usa.

SOXNIGC BMX@ MG@ \OJP KMPAXIME

Og soka ikpeakagts it wms possihea, og tba hmsis oj poeisb-ìstrihutiog mg` tba gmtura oj tba a`ca-rlkovmes, to ìjjaragtimta hatwaag logtmlt witb sojt kmtarime (og =0 VQMs) mg`bmr` kmtarime (=6 VQMs). Igjarra` kotiogs igleuà luttigc,slrmpigc, horigc mg` 'ugngowg'.

SOXNIGC QGNGOSG KMPAXIME

Jrok m logsiàrmhea gukhar oj usa` zogas (88 MQMs or=<.<% oj mee MQMs) tba suhstmgla wbilb bm` haag worna`loue` got ha spalijia`. Kotiogs igjarra` aglokpmssa` lut

tigc (G ; =), slrmpigc (G ; <), horigc (G ; 0), prodaltiea(G ; <), bmjtigc (G ; 8) mg` ugsura (G ; 9) {jics. ::j.

:3b. :3d).

BMJPIGC

Kilroslopil trmlas oj bmjtigc bmva haag ohsarva` og =8usa` zogas raprasagtigc savag tooes> ig jiva igstmglas itloglarga` mg 'uglartmig' igtarpratmtiog. Og six zogas mskootb 'pemgt-eina' poeisb wms visihea, igtarprata` ms haigc



==: PBA EMPA GAOEIPBIL ZEMMX@IGCAG \IPA\

SO

SO

SO?

Jic. :1 Mrtajmlts jrok Banaeigcag III sbowigc wamr igtarprata` ms haigc tba rasuet oj wornigcwoo`. m) luttigc/ smwigc (A</=), h) slrmpigc tooi M=c/=:, possihey sbowigc trmlas oj bmjtigc, l)slrmpigc (B8/=6), `) luttigc (6</=0), a) horigc (J</<). (=4=)



==3 BANAEIGCAG III

Jic. :: Banaeigcag Ke4 kilrocrmpbs oj igjarra` tooi usas (saa jics. :1, :3). Mee slmea hmrs aqume 16 Ui. m) A</=> woo` smwigc(866x), h) B8/=6> woo`-wbitteigc {866x), l) Ke/88> sbaee-horigc (866x), `) Ke/<> sojt stoga-horigc (eOOx), a) M=c/11> bmjtigc trmlas(eOOx), j) H=/=4 slrmpigc ugsura kmtarime (866x).




QG ,

Jic. :3 Banaeigcag III4 mrtajmltsìspemyigc trmlas oj usa. m) pro-

dalti ea (H</1), h) slrmpar (Mec /<6) usa` og ugngowg kmtarime,l) horar (Ke/<) usa` og sojt

stoga, `) horar {K=/88) usa` og\baee, a) jemna usa` ms pro- dalti ea (M=c/11), j) staapeyratoulba` jemna usa` og ugngowg suhstmgla (H=/=). (=4=)

tba rasuet oj higìgc witb pemgt jihras. Jour usa` zogasìspemya` m 'bià-poeisb' ìstrihuta` ig sulb m jmsbiog, i.a.plrpagìluemrey oriagta` mg` eolmta` og tba òrsme ri`casmg` emtarme a`cas meina, ms to igjar tbmt tba jeigt igsart wmshoug` witb eamtbar ogto tba bmjt. Emstey, two VQMs axbihitstramns oj m hricbt kmtt poeisb, oriagta` parpagìluemr to tbaa`ca, lmusa` hy mg ugngowg suhstmgla (saaWc. ::a). Prmlasoj, jor axmkpea, hoga-poeisb lmusa` hy m 'dmk bmjt' (Naaeay=928) wara got ohsarva`.

Pba raemtiva slmrlagass oj kilroslopil trmlas oj bmjtigc igtba jork oj poeisb mg` strimtiogs is got surprisigc jor mgukhar oj ramsogs. Jirstey, axparikagts witb bmjeigc (Naaeay=928, =923> Koss =92<m, =923h) bmva igìlmta` tbmt tbamssolimta` trmlas ò got àvaeop og m =66% hmsis. Itàpag`s to m emrca axtagt og tba typa oj bmjt usa` mg` tbaraemtiva 'jit' oj tba jeigt igsart (mg` tbus bow kulb tba tooi

lmg kova witbig its bmjt) ms to wbatbar or got wamr-trmlasrasuet. Ij kmstil, sulb ms rasig or tmr, is usa` to jmstag tbajeigt, eittea `mkmca is igjeilta` halmusa tba jeigt is ikkohie-iza` mg` go jriltiog ollurs ùrigc wornW. M 'dmk bmjt', iglogtrmst, lmg lmusa quita m hit oj `mkmca. ùa to tba jriltioghatwaag bmjt mg` jeigt tooi upog logtmlt witb m worna`kmtarime. Sa ò got ngow wbmt sort oj bmjts, i.a. hoga,mgtear or woo`, wara usa` mt Banaeigcag III halmusa gogawms joug`.

Pba salog` ramsog wby bmjtigc trmlas mra slmrla ig tbamssakhemca, is tba lbmrmltar oj tba rmw kmtarime. Metboucbsoka oj tba jeigt is raemtivaey jiga-crmiga`, it is lomrsa iglokpmrisog to tba Gortb-Auropamg lbmen jeigt. Pba emttartypa oj jeigt axbihits trmlas oj wamr kulb kora quilney tbmglomrsar crmiga` vmriatias oj jeigt (saa 8.8.:). Ms waee ms tbaseow jorkmtiog rmta oj kilroslopil bmjtigc trmlas mg` tba



==9 BANAEIGCAG III

raemtiva igvisihieity oj tbasa trmlas og tba typas oj jeigt pra-òkigmtigc mt Banaiigcag III, tba salog`mry koìjilmtiogs(sal lbmptar 0) kmsn iglipiagt wamr-trmlas.

Sitb so eittia positiva aviàgla jor bmjtigc lokigc jroktba kilroslopil mgmiysis, wa lmg turg to korpboeocilme mttri-hutas oj tba eoois jor igìlmtiogs oj bmjtigc. Pbasa woueìgleuà korpboeocilme jmlieitias jor bmjtigc sulb ms m gotlb,

m raeoulba` loglmva a`ca or tba prasagla oj hitukag (lj.8.:.=). Bowavar, it sboui` ha rakakhara` tbmt sulb korpboeocilme igìlmtiogs wara logsiàra` 'bypotbasas-to-ha-tasta`' (sla mcmig 8.:.=). Oj tba <<3 mrtajmlts axmkiga`, 8=wara ratoulba` ig sulb m wmy tbmt tbis kicbt possihey ha tojmlieitmta bmjtigc, wbiea =< bm` m gotlb, prasukmhey jor tbasmka purposa. Og tbraa mrtajmlts trmlas oj hitukag waraprasarva`. Oj tbasa <3 tooes witb kmlroslopil jamturas possihey raemta` to bmjtigc, ogey jiva mltumeey ìspemya` kilroslopil trmlas (sokatikas og two VQMs) mttrihutmhea to tbajarkar prasagla oj m bmjt. Pbarajora, ig ogey tbasa emttarigstmglas wms tba tark 'possihey bmjta`' dustijia`.

Mgotbar igìlmtiog jor bmjtigc mra trmlas oj rasbmrpagigc.Axmkigigc tbis jamtura saaks to ha, mt eamst wbag ìslussigcbmjtigc, ogey raeavmgt jor tba vary skmee tooes. Pba proposi-tiog is tbmt oga lmggot rasbmrpag m vary skmee tooi. sulb msm tbukh-gmie slrmpar. ugiass it is bmjta`. Xasbmrpagigc lmgha igjarra` wbag tba poeisb mppamrs to ha jrmckagta` mg`rakova` hy suhsaquagt ratoulbigc. Pbis wms ohsarva` ig sixlmsas (jour oj wbilb àriva` jrok ugit Me or Me lraan).Mgotbar igìlmtiog jor rasbmrpagigc is jorkl` hy staap ovarbmgcigc òrsmi a`cas, i.a. witb mg axlassivaey staap a`camgcea haigc emrcar tbmg 96¶> ogey jiva tooes ìspemy sulb mga`ca.

It lmg ha logleuà`, tbmt trmlas oj bmjtigc, hotb kilro

slopil mg` kmlroslopil, mra rmra. Pbis kicbt kamg savarmetbigcs. Jirstey, bmjtigc trmlas wara rameey mhsagt halmusa tbabmjts wara jmstaga` so ticbtey to tba jeigt tbmt tba emttar ì`got cat `mkmca`. Vossihea trmlas oj bmjtigc kicbt meso bmvahaag ohslura` hy post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs.Mgotbar possiheity is tbmt kost tooes wara usa` ugbmjta`>tbis kicbt vary waee ha jamsihea jor tba emrcar ikpeakagts.Bowavar, tba tigy slrmpars mg` soka oj tba horars saak tooskmee to ha ajjaltivaey usa` ig sulb m wmy, wbiea prodaltieapoigts lmg ogey ha usa` wbag bmjta`. Koraovar, ig tbosalmsas wbara trmlas oj bmjtigc wara ohsarva`, it wms mewmysog sulb skmee tooes. It is meso possihea tbmt ratooeigc ì` got

tmna pemla mt Banaiigcag III og mg axtagsiva slmea.

GOPASOXPBY 'MH\AGPAA\'

Pwo mltivitias wbilb kicbt bmva haag axpalta` to ha prasagtmra emlnigc4 larame-bmrvastigc mg` jisb-prolassigc. It isohvious tbmt ogl sboui` gavar logsiàr tba mhsagla oj lar-tmig trmlas ms prooj tbmt tba mssolimta` tmsn wms goe lmrriaòut. Jirst oj mee, ogey m smkpea oj tba totme mssakhemca bmshaag stuìa` mg` it lmg gavar ha axleuà` tbmt sulb trmlas

mra axtmgt ig tba rakmigigc oj tba axlmvmta` kmtarime.\alogèy, ùrigc mg axlmvmtiog oga meram`y 'smkpeas' tbatotme vmrimhieity prasagt ig tba kmg-emg` raemtiogsbip. Kmgymltivitias wiee bmva tmnag pemla outsià tba axlmvmta` mram,aspalimeey tbosa raemta` to tba suhsistagla-quast, or 'ìrty'mg` spmla-àkmgìgc worn Iina tba prolassigc oj biàs. Pbamhsagla oj ikpeakagts witb silnil-ceoss mt Banaeigcag III,

i.a. aviàgla jor larame-bmrvastigc, is tbarajora got sicgijilmgtig itsaej. \ulb tooes loue` bmva haag ìslmrà` gamr tbamcrilueturme jiae`s upog lokpeatiog oj tba bmrvastigc tmsn.Bowavar, otbar mvaguas oj rasamrlb, aspalimeey tba pmemao-hotmgilme rasamrlb, igìlmta tbmt larames wara prohmhey gotluetivmta` eolmeey (Hmnaes =92:, =922). Pba mhsagla oj silneahemàs proviàs support jor tba mssukptiog, hmsa` ogpmemaohotmgilme rasuets, tbmt larame luetivmtiog wms gotprmltisa` ig tba mram oj Banaeigcag III.

Pba mhsagla oj 'jisb-poeisb' is kulb kora surprisigc mg`leamrey raquiras mg axpemgmtiog. Banaeigcag III bms yiaeà`mkpea aviàgla jor tba axpeoitmtiog oj jisb4 ohviousey itseolmtiog wms iàme jor tbis purposa. It bms avag haag succas-ta` tbmt tba sita owa` its vary axistagla to tba lmptura ojsturcaog (Eouwa Nooidkmgs =92<h). Pba sturcaog is mgmgm`rokous jisb wbilb, ig amrey sukkar agtars jrasbwmtarstramks ig oràr to spmwg. Pba jeooà` hmlnswmkps habig`tba eavaas oj tba kmig lraan provià` axlaeeagt spmwgigc-croug`s mg` loue` ha ramlba` hy wmy oj tba skmee trihu-tmrias sulb ms tba oga hasià mrlbmaoeocilme ugit J<. Ig tbisgmrrow sià-lraan m leustar oj poeas bms haag joug`, wbilb,ig mgmeocy witb tba sita oj Zemmrìgcag wms igtarprata` ms mjisb-trmp, mppmragtey igtagà` jor lmtlbigc sturcaog (lj.Ho`àna =93=).

Lbmrmltaristil jor mgm`rokous jisbas sulb ms sturcaog mg`

smekog is tbair su`àg mrrivme ig cramt kmssas. Logsa-quagtey, tbay lmg ogey ha lmucbt ùrigc m hriaj pario`, huttbag ig emrca qumgtitias. M jisb-trmp lmg ha igtarprata` ms mtagà` jmlieity (sag.su Oswmet =93:). Pba eolmtiog oj tba trmpmt Banaeigcag III, ricbt witbig tba sattea` mram, agmheas tbaollupmgts to naap mg aya og tba ikkigagt mrrivme oj tbasturcaog. Sa jig` m sikiemr situmtiog, jor axmkpea, mkogctba Gatsiein Asniko, wbo sat up lmkp leosa to tbair wairs igoràr to spot tba jisb rugs (Hmeilni =936). Ogla tba sturcaogbm` haag lmucbt tba igbmhitmgts mra ugeinaey to bmva bmuea`tba emrca (=.1 to 8.1 k eogc) jisbas to m jmr-ojj eolmtiog jorleamgigc. = mssuka tbay woue` prolass tba lmelb ricbt gaxt

to tba trmp, dust ms jor igstmgla tba Nuelbig sat up tbairluttigc tmheas mg` `ryigc rmlns m`dmlagt to tbair jisb-trmps(Gaesog =93<). Pba rows oj postboeas m`dmlagt to tba kmiglraan oj Banaeigcag III kicbt ha mg igìlmtiog jor tbaprasagla oj sulb rmlns.

Mee tbasa logsiàrmtiogs tmnag igto mllougt it saaksstrmgca tbmt go jeigt tooes igtarpratmhea ms bmvigc haag usaòg jisb wara aglougtara`. \avarme mutbors bmva `rmwg mttag-tiog to tba jmlt tbmt ig vary jaw mrlbmaoeocilme lmsas trmlas

http://sen.su/

http://sen.su/

http://sen.su/




oj 'jisb-poeisb' bmva haag joug`, àspita its ìstigltiva lbmr-mltar (Duae Dagsag =92:4 81> Koss =922). Ig m pravious pmpar= bmva mttrihuta` tbis mhsagla oj aviàgla to tba jmlt tbmttba ìstigltiva 'jisb-poeisb' ogey ollurs og tooes usa` jorslmeigc jisb. Ms lmtlbigc sulb jisb usumeey loglargs igì-viùme spalikags, it is ikmcigmhea tbmt aitbar igsujjiliîgtwamr bms àvaeopa` jor us to ìslarg (aspalimeey ralmeeigc

salog`mry usa mg`/or mhrmsiog), or tbmt tba slmeigc ollurraòutsià tba sattea` mram mt tba lmtlb-spot itsaej witb tooeshaigc ìslmrà` tbara. Ms jmr ms tba prolassigc oj sturcaog isloglarga`, axparikagts bmva sbowg tbmt, cagarmeey, racuemr"hoga-poeisb" àvaeopa`> sulb tooes kicbt tbarajora ha 'hi`àg' mkogc tba hoga-smwigc/ -luttigc ikpeakagts (Zmg Cidg=92:m).

:.8.0 IGPXM- MG@ IGPAX-QGIP ZMXIMHIEIPY

Ig tbis pmrmcrmpb I wiee jirst axmkiga wbatbar mltivity mramslmg hl ìjjarageimta` witbig tba ollupmtiog zoga. Gaxt, I wieem``rass possihea vmrimtiog ig tba rmgca oj àkogstrmta` mlti-

vitias hatwaag tba mrlbmaoeocilme ugits mgmeyza`. Emstey, possihea lbmgcas tbroucb tika (i.a. hatwaag tba tbraa ZE ollupmtiog pbmsas) wie! ha ìslussa`.

Pba possihea axistagla oj mltivity mrams mg` tba raemta`topil oj rajusa-kmgmcakagt (Bmyàg/ Lmggog =92<) is mbotey àhmta` issua. Vrikmry rajusa is slmrla ig mltivity mramsoj saàgtmry lokkugitias4 halmusa paopea bmva to usa tbairbousa mg` tba mram ikkaìmtaey m`dmlagt to it logtiguousey,tbay racuemrey leamg up mg` àposit tba vasticas oj tbairmltivitias ig ùkps (bagla salog`mry rajusa) (\lbiejar =921).It is leamr, bowavar, tbmt (saki-)parkmgagt jamturas, sulb mswmees, haglbas or bamrtbs, to m emrca axtagt strultura tbaigbmhitmgts habmviour, lmusigc mltivitias to racuemrey tmna

pemla ig àsicgmta` spots (Lrihh =92<). Pbis woue` tbaorlt-ilmeey rasuet ig sat mltivity mrams, hut bow mltivity-spalijilsulb mrams woue` ha is mgotbar kmttar mg` àpag`s og mcramt kmgy vmrimheas. Pbasa igleuà, mkogc otbars, mg mgti-lipmta` jutura ra-usa oj m spot (\iacae/ Xoa =92:), tba gaa`to \lbaùea lartmig mltivitias loglurragtey halmusa oj 'tikastrass' (Porragla =92<) mg` lartmig lueturme prajaraglas.

Sbmtavar tba outloka oj sulb tbloratilme logsiàrmtiogs,tba jmlt rakmigs tbmt usa-wamr mgmeysts bmva haag mhea toàkogstrmta tba axistagla oj mltivity mrams og tba hmsis ojtba wamr-trmlas prasagt og tba jeigt tooes. Ig tba Kasoeitbilsita oj Zmagcat Gor`, @agkmrn, Duae Dagsag mg` Hriglb

Vatarsag (=921) bmva ìstigcuisba` bià-wornigc mltivitas igtba paripbarme zoga oj tba sita, wbiea kigor lrmjts sulb mshoga-wornigc toon pemla mroug` tba bamrtbs. Naaeay eolmta`m hoga mg` mgtear wornsbop mt tba satteakagt oj Kaar,Haeciuk (Lmbag at me. =939).

Sbag wa axmkiga tba situmtiog mt Banaeigcag III, tbasitumtiog is eass leamr. Jicuras :2-3< àpilt tba spmtime ìstri-hutiog hy = R = k squmras oj tba igjarra` logtmlt-kmtarimesjor tba vmrious mrlbmaoeocilme ugits. Pbis ìstrihutiog

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toga` surjmlas eolmta vmrious ìsturhmglas. Pba wmvy eiga

(got prasagt og mee jicuras) civas tba mpproxikmta a`ca oj tbakmig lraan mg`/or its trihutmrias.

logjorks roucbey to tba oga àriva` jrok pottary àgsitias(Zmg à Zaeà ig prap.). Pba ugits bmva rmtbar leamrlut

houg`mrias witbig wbilb mee satteakagt mltivitias mralogjiga`, wbatbar tbay ha 'ìrty' worn eina leamgigc rmwbiàs, or kigor, 'leamg' lrmjts sulb ms hoga-tooe kmgujmlturigcPba eolmtiog oj tba jig` leustars loigliàs witb tbmt oj tbapostboea leustars, saag ms aviàgla jor tba prasagla oj rougòr ovme buts (Eouwa Nooidkmgs =92:4 =2).

Qgit Ke is m typilme axmkpea oj tbis logjiga` ìstrihutiogSbag wa eoon mt jicura :2 wa ohsarva tbmt mee hoga-/mgtear-mg` woo`-wornigc tooes mra leustara` mroug` tba bamrtbmrams, hut so mra tba jaw bià-wornigc tooes igjarra`.Ohviousey wa lmg axpemig tba prasagla oj bià-slrmpars leosato m bamrtb hy mssukigc tbmt ratooeigc toon pemla bara4

axbmusta` slrmpars wara rakova` jrok tbair bmjts mg` rapemla`hy jrasb spalikags (Naaeay =928). Axmkigmtiog oj tba Kebià-slrmpars jor trmlas oj axbmustiog sulb ms ovarbmgcigcòrsme a`cas, bowavar, succasts tbmt tbis lmggot bmva haagtba lmsa ms tba a`cas mra stiee usmhea. M kora einaey axpemgm-tiog jor tba lbmrmltaristil jig`-ìstrihutiog oj Ke lmg hajoug` ig tba lirlukstmgla tbmt it kicbt loglarg m sbort-eiva`satteakagt, possihey ravisita` savarme tikas (saa :.8.:.8). QgitMe ìspemys kulb tba smka strultura ms Ke witb mee usa`



=8= BANAEIGCAG III

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Jic. 36 Banaeigcag III mrlbmaoeocilme ugit HI4 spmtime ìstrihutiog oj igjarra` logtmlt kmtarimes.

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tooes leustara` mroug` tba bamrtb (jic. :9). Qgit HI (jic. 36)

àkogstrmtas m kora ìjjusa logjicurmtiog> go loglagtrm-tiogs mra aviàgt. Mt ugit B8 hoga- mg` woo`-wornigc tooesmra joug` gamr tba bamrtbs, witb jour oj tba six bià-wornigc tooes ig tba paripbary. Metboucb tba gukhar ojtooes is too skmee to lmrry out m sicgijïlmgla tast jor tbisìstrihutiog, it kicbt ha succasta` tbmt ig ugit B8 wa bmva m

bigt mt spmtimeey sapmrmta mltivitias {jic. 3=). Mrlbmaoeocilmeugit H<, eina HI meso axbihits m rmgòk mg` rmtbar wiàìstrihutiog ig wbilb loglagtrmtiogs oj tooes jor spalijïlmltivitias loue` got ha ìstigcuisba` (jic. 38). Pba smkamppeias to ugits @, A mg` J, mee mttrihuta` to pbmsa <, witbtba m`ìt iogme ìjjiluety bara tbmt tba gukhar oj VQ Mswbilb loue` ha igtarprata` is so skmee tbmt tmenigc mhout



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Jic. 3< Kanaeigcag III mrljimaoeocilme ugit @AJ/<4 spmtime ìstrihuteog oj Igjarra` logtmlt kmtarimes.

mltivity mrams halokas rmtbar poigteass (jic. 3<).

Ms jmr ms tba quastiog mhout vmrimhiiity ig mltivitias hatwaagugits is loglarga`, it sboue` ha liamr tbmt tba gukharsigvoeva` mra ramiey axtrakaey skmie mg`, qumgtitmtivaey, wa

lmggot logliuà too kulb (tmhea <8). It is aviàgt tbmt mwià rmgca oj mltivitias bms haag lmrria` out mt amlb ugit.\oka ìjjaraglas lmg ha gota`. Lokpmra` witb ugits Me,Mec, Hi mg` B8, ugit Ke bms yiaeà` rakmrnmhey eitteaaviàgla jor bià-wornigc> igstam` m gukhar oj mgtear-wornigc tooes wara aglougtara`, mhsagt, or rmraey ollurrigcmt tba otbar ugits. Pba sicgijilmgla oj tbis emst ohsarvmtiog isòuhtjue ms got ogey Ke, hut kost otbar ugits ms waee,yiaeà` skmee qumgtitias oj worna` mgtear (Hoàcrmvag =92:).Qgit Me mg` Mec ìspemy kmigey bià- mg` hoga-wornigctooes, sojt pemgt-wornigc mppmragtey haigc mhsagt. B8 israkmrnmhea halmusa oj m sicgijilmgtey bicbar gukhar oj

woo`-wornigc zogas. H< ìspemys aviàgla jor m vmriaty ojplrjorka` mltivitias, wbiest tba gukhar oj usa` zogas mt@AJ/< is too skmee to ohsarva mgy trag`s.

Ij tba ugits mra croupa` igto tba tbraa bmhitmtiog pbmsasìjejaragtimta` mt Banaiigcag III, tba mhova-kagtioga`ìjjaraglas haloka seicbtey kora progougla`, metboucb tbagukhars mra stiee too skmee jor leamr-lut stmtakagts {tmhea

<<). @urigc pbmsa = mltivitias igvoevigc mgikm! suhstmglassulb ms hoga, mgtear mg` bià praòkigmta. @urigc pbmsa 8,

raprasagta` hy ugit B8 ogey, pemgtag aspalimeey woo`-wornigc haloka kora ikportmgt, wbiea ùrigc pbmsa < tmsnsigvoevigc sojt pemgts saak to haloka avag kora prokigagt,mt tba axpagsa oj bià-prolassigc. I mk basitmgt, bowavar, to

mttmlb habmviourme ikpeilmtiogs to tbasa ohsarvmtiogs ms tbagukhars mra so skmee. \ulb logleusiogs kust mwmit tbarasuets oj otbar eigas oj rasamrlb> m lokhigmtiog oj meesourlas oj Igjorkmtiog lmg tast tba mhova ohsarvmtiogs.

:. 8. 1 M\VALP\ OJ JOXK MG@ JQGLPIOG

Ig tba joeeowigc pmrmcrmpbs vmrious korpboeocilme lbmrml-taristils oj potagtimeey usa` a`cas wiee ha axmkiga` witbraspalt to tba kotiog ig wbilb tbay wara usa`, tba igjarra`logtmlt-kmtarime, mg` tba igtagsity oj wamr aviàgt og tbak(saa meso 1.1). It sboue` ha strassa` tbmt oga korpboeocilmemspalt, tba jork oj tba lross-saltiog oj tba a`ca, logstituta`

m smkpeigc lritariuk (lj. 8.<.=) mg` wms tbarajora okitta`jrok tbis mgmeysis (<22 oj tba 011 VQMs bm` sulb m strmicbtlross-saltiog). Ms tba typa oj rmw kmtarime usa` mppamra` toha raemta` to bmhitmtiog pbmsas mt Banaeigcag III (lj Zar-bmrt =92<), tbis wms meso okitta` jrok jurtbar axmkigmtiog.It wms logsiàra` to ha kora raeavmgt to axmkiga possihealbmgcas ig usa-pmttaks hatwaag tba tbraa pbmsas tbmg hatwaagrmw kmtarimes (saa pravious pmrmcrmpb).




Pmhea <8 Banaeigcag III4logtmlt-kmtarime igjarra` parmrlbmaoeocilme ugit hy mltumeeyusa` mram (MQM).

Ke Me Mec HI B8 H< @< A< J< totme

bià 8 3 == 9 3 < - - 8 0=sojt pemgt 8 - - 0 < 0 8 = - =:woo` I = < 8 3 = 8 = < 8=woo`/hoga/mg tiar < - - = - - - - - 0hoga = 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 - 83mgtear 1 = - - - = - - = 2

sojt stoga = - - - - - - - - =\baee = - - - - - - - - =bmr` kmtarime 8 8 8 = 8 = - - - =6sojt kmtarime < = 1 = - < - - - =0ugngowg = = =6 1 8 = = = = 88

totme 88 =2 <: 82 8: =: 3 1 3 =:1

:.8.1.= A`ca mgcea

Ms bms praviousey haag ohsarva` ig tba lmsa oj Haan-Koeagstaac. a`ca mgcea lmg ha logsiàra` m àtarkigmtajmltor jor tba kotiog ig wbilb mg ikpeakagt is usa` (tmhea

<0). A`cas witb mgceas hatwaag 06-99¶, witb m pamn ig tba

:6-39¶ rmgca, wara kostey usa` jor slrmpigc. Luttigc a`cas,og tba otbar bmg`, bmva a`cas oj 86-19¶ jor tba kost pmrt.Pooes igjarra` ms bmvigc haag akpeoya` ig m speittigckotiog ìspemy mgceas hatwaag 86-19¶, wbiea tbosa mppmr-agtey usa` jor lmrvigc mra kora stur`y, bmvigc mgceas hatwaag06-39¶. It sboue` ha gota` bara tbmt tba tbraa igstmglas ojlmrvigc, mg` tba =3 lmsas oj horigc, ig tba a`ca mgcea rmgcahaeow 86¶, loglarg poigts jor wbilb go a`ca mgcea kamsura-kagts loue` ha tmnag (lj 8.:.8).

Sbag axmkigigc igjarra` logtmlt-kmtarime ig raemtiog totba a`ca mgcea {tmhea <1). tbara is vary eittea raemtiogsbip.Okittigc mgceas oj 86¶ mg` eass, halmusa oj tba igleusiog oj=3 horigc ikpeakagts ig tbis lmtacory, it lmg ha saag tbmta`cas witb mgceas hatwaag 06-39¶ ìspemy wamr-trmlas oj mvmriaty oj logtmlt-kmtarimes. Axlaptiogs igleuà igstmglas ojsojt pemgt-luttigc tooes witb mgceas kostey jmeeigc ig tba 86-<9¶ rmgca, mg` soka bià-wonigc ikpeakagts witb mg mgceahatwaag 26 mg` 99¶. It is leamr tbmt a`ca mgcea prikmrieyàjigas tba kotiog to wbilb mg ikpeakagt is put, mg` ogeysalog`mriey tba logtmlt-kmtarimes. M raemtiogsbip hatwaaga`ca mgcea mg` logtmlt suhstmgla is tbarajora ogey aviàgtwbara m lorraemtiog axists hatwaag kotiog mg` logtmlt-kmtarime sulb ms jor igstmgla hatwaag sojt pemgt mg` luttigc (eowa`ca mgceas). Pbasa rasuets logtrmìlt to soka axtagt succas-tiogs kmà hy Pmigtar (=939) mg` Sieksag (=9:2).

Sitb rajaragla to tba igtagsity oj wamr ig raemtiog to a`camgcea, mcmig, jaw ìjjaraglas lmg ha gota` hatwaag tbavmrious a`ca mgcea lemssas (tmhea <:). Pba raemtivaey eowparlagtmca oj eicbtey, kaìuk mg` bamviey worg a`cas ig tba26-99¶ rmgca, is lokpagsmta` hy m bicbar jraquagly oj'ugsura" igjaraglas. Pba bicb parlagtmca oj worg a`cas igcagarme, mg` bamviey worg ogas ig pmrtiluemr ig tba 5 86¶lemss, lmg ha mttrihuta` to tba igleusiog oj horigc tooes. Pbaparlagtmca oj VQMs witbout trmlas oj wamr is, bowavar,

Pmhea << Banaeigcag III4 logtmlt-kmtarime igjarra`, par pbmsahy mltumeey usa` mram (MQM).

pbmsa = pbmsa 8 pbmsa <

bià 89 (83.9%) 3 (8:.9%) 1 (=0.<%)sojt pemgt : (1.2%) < (==.1%) 3 (86.6%)woo` 3 (:.3%) 3 (8:.9%) 3 (86.6%)woo`/hoga/mgtear 0 (<.2%) - -hoga =:(=1. 0%) 1 (=9.8%) :(=3.=%)mgtear : (1.2%) - 8 ( 1.3%)sojt stoga = (=.6%) - -\baee = (=.6%) - -bmr` kmtarime 3 (:.3%) 8 (3.3%) = (8.9%)sojt kmtarime =6 (9.:%) - 0(==.0%)ugngowg =3 (=:.<%) 8 (3.3%) < (2.:%)

totme =60 8: <1

mhout aqume jor mee lmtacorias ìjjaragtimta`.

:.8.1.8 \bmpa oj tba a`ca

M salog` quastiog to msn is wbatbar m raemtiogsbip lmg haàkogstrmta` hatwaag tba sbmpa oj tba a`ca (saa 8.:.8) mg`tba igjarra` kotiog to wbilb tba tooi wms put. Jiva a`ca-lmtacorias wara ìjjaragtimta`4 strmicbt, seicbtey logvax,seicbtey loglmva, poigta` mg` irracuemr. It is leamr tbmt mraemtiogsbip òas igàa` axist> logvax a`cas mra kostey usa`jor slrmpigc mg` ogey salog`mriey jor luttigc. \trmicbt a`cas,jor tba cramtar pmrt, sarva luttigc purposas, wbiea wbitteigcraquira` m loglmva a`ca. Lmrvigc wms parjorka` witb aitbarstrmicbt or loglmva a`cas, speittigc witb m strmicbt a`ca(tmhea <3). Pba rasuets logjirk wbmt wa woue` igtuitivaey

axpalt. Ij wa axmkiga bow tba sbmpa oj tba a`ca raemtas toworna` kmtarime, tba piltura is eass leamr4 strmicbt, logvax,poigta` mg`, to m eassar axtagt, loglmva a`cas ìspemy avi-àgla jor virtumeey mee logtmlt-kmtarimes. Pbara is ogey mraemtiogsbip hatwaag bià mg` logvax a`cas (tmhea <2). Gai-tbar is tbara kulb lorraemtiog hatwaag sbmpa oj tba a`camg` igtagsity oj wamr, witb tba axlaptiog oj tba lmtacory'poigta`'. Pbis lmtacory igleuàs tba horars, kmgy oj wbilbwara igtagtiogmeey koìjia` jor usa ms sulb (tmhea <9).



=81 BANAEIGCAG III

Pmhea <0 Banaeigcag III4 a`ca-mgcea, ìvià` igto lemssas, var

sus igjarra` kotiog hy mltumeeyusa` mram (MQM).

Pmhea <1 Banaeigcag III4 a`ca-mgcea, ìvià` igto lemssas, var

sus igjarra` logtmlt-kmtarime hymltumeey usa` mram (MQM).

Pmhea <: Banaeigcag III4 a`ca-mgcea, ìvià` igto lemssas, var

sus igjarra` igtagsity oj wamr

hy potagtimeey usa` mram (VQM).

586'' 86-<9¶ 06-19¶ :6-39¶ 26-99¶ 7=66¶

slrmpigc 8 8 c 86 cwbitteigc = = 8 8 -luttigc < =0 =3 < -lmrvigc < - : 8 -speittigc - 0 8 - -horigc =3 - - - -

prodaltiea = - - 8 -bmjtigc - - 0 0 0

ugngowg < < 9 =8 :

totme 89 80 09 01 Ic

totme

totme

586¶ 86-<9¶ 06-19¶ :6-39¶ 26-99¶

bià 1 < =0 =0 1sojt pemgt = 3 0 8 8woo` < < == < Iwoo`/hoga/mg tiar = - = 8 -hoga 0 0 =6 3 8

mgtear = - < 8 8sojt stoga = - - - -\baee = - - - -bmr` kmtarime < 1 = - =sojt kmtarime 0 = < 0 8ugngowg = - - 8 -

89 80 09 01 =2

586¶ 86-<9¶ 06-19¶ :6-39¶ 26-99¶

go trmlas 9 =9 89 =9 2

eicbtey worg 8 = 0 : =kaìuk worg 3 3 == 0 =bamviey worg =8 : 2 =6 Irasbmrpaga` - - - : -prohmhey usa` 3 =< =3 =8 1got igtarpratmhea =6 <= 00 09 =3ugsura 2 =6 81 =9 =1

11 23 =<2 =81 02

7I66¶

7=66¶

totme

06:

<3==:

=3

<=8

<<

=:1

totme

0==:8=0

83

2==

=6=088

=:1

totme

21

=0<6<3:

10=1833

011

Pmhea <3 Banaeigcag III4 sbmpaoj tba a`ca varsus igjarra`

kotiog hy mltumeey usa` mram(MQM).

strmicbt logvax loglmva poigta` irracuemr totme

slrmpigc 0 <0 - = = 06wbitteigc 8 = < - - :luttigc =0 =9 8 = = <3lmrvkc : = < = - ==

speittigc 1 = - - - :horigc I - - =: - =3prodaltiea = = - = - <bmjtigc 1 1 = = - =8ugngowg 2 8< = = - <<

totm e 0: 21 =6 88 8 =:1



=8: PBA EMPA GAOEIPBIL ZEMMX@IGCAG \IPA\

Pmhea <2 Banaeigcag III4 sbmpaoj tba a`ca varsus igjarra`worna` kmtarime hy mltumeeyusa` mram (MQM).

totme

strmicbt poigta`

bià 3 83 I 1sojt pemgt 9 1 = =woo` : 3 : 8woo`/hoga/mgtear = 8 - =hoga 9 =< 8 <mgtear 8 : - -

sojt stoga - - -=

\baee - - - =bmr` kmtarime < : - =sojt kmtarime < 2 - <ugngowg : == - 0

0: 21 =6 88

irracuemr

=

totme

0==:8=0

832

===6=088

=:1

Pmhea <9 Banaeigcag III4 sbmpaoj tba a`ca varsus igjarraìgtagsity oj wWamr hy potagtimeeyusa` mram (VQM).

strmicbt logvax loglmva poigta` irracuemr totme

go trmlas 01 <: 8 = = 21eicbtey worg I == - 8 - =0kaìuk worg == =8 8 1 - <6

bamviey worg =6 =8 1 9 = <3rasbmrpaga` - : - - - :prohmhey usa` 8= 8= =6 = = 10got igtrapratmhea :0 30 9 8 < =18

ugsura 8< 00 0 1 = 33

totme =31 8=: <= 8: 3 011

:.8.1< \bmpa oj tba mspalt surjmlas

Mgotbar korpboeocilme mttrihuta ralorà` wms tba sbmpa ojtba surjmlas logstitutigc mg a`ca (saa 8.:.8). It wms mssuka`tbmt mg a`ca witb oga logvax mg` oga strmicbt pemga woue`ha kora suitmhea jor slrmpigc, wbiea mg a`ca strmicbt oghotb mspalts woue` possass coo` luttigc propartias. Jrok

tmhea 06 wa lmg saa tbmt tba raemtiogsbip is got so strmicbt-jorwmr`, metboucb tbara mppamrs to hl m tagàgly jor sokaoj tba a`cas witb oga logvax mspalt (lmtacorias =8, 8= mg`<8) to bmva haag usa` kora ojtag jor slrmpigc purposas.Sbag tbis korpboeocilme mttrihuta is stuìa` jor igjarra`suhstmgla, mg avag cramtar vmrimhieity is aviàgt. Og tbasalokhigmtiogs ollurrigc kost jraquagtey, i.a. == mg` =8 (rasp.G ; <1 mg` G ; 2=), tba agtira rmgca oj logtmlt-kmtarimesis raprasagta`. Pba smka vmrimhieity is prasagt wbag lok-pmrigc igtagsity oj wamr mg` sbmpa oj tba mspalt surjmlas.Logsaquagtey, go tmheas wara proùla`.

:.8.1.0 Pooe typaIg tba prlvious pmrmcrmpbs akpbmsis emy og korpboeocilmemttrihutas oj igìviùme VQ Ms. Ig tba joeeowigc, tba quastiogwiee ha msna` wbatbar tooi typas mra bokocagaous ig tarksoj jugltiog.

Got eass tbmg 88 oj tba <3 MQMs og logvax slrmpars waraigàa` usa` ig m slrmpigc kotiog, wbiea strmicbt a`cas ogratoulba` jemnas wara saealta` jor luttigc purposas (tmhea

0=). Ms kicbt ha axpalta`, horars wara akpeoya` ig horigc

Pmhea 06 Banaeigcag III4 sbmpa oj tba mspalt surjmlas varsusIgjarra` kotiog hy mltumeey usa` mram (MQM).

II =8 =< 8= 88 8< <= <8 mhsagt totme

slrmpkc < 86 I 0 =wbitteigc 8 = = = -

luttkc 2 8< - 8 8lmrvkc 0 1 - I -speittigc < 8 - - -horigc 0 < - - 3prodaltiea - 8 - - =bmjtigc < 3 - - 8ugngowg 2 =2 = = -

- == 06:

<3==:

=3<

=8<<

totme <1 2= =8 =1 =:1

or piarligc. Otbarwisa, kost tooi typas saak to bmva jugl-tioga` ig m gukhar oj kotiogs. Aspalimeey ratoulba` mgùgratoulba` jemnas, kuetipea slrmpars, mg` aglolbas waramppmragtey quita varsmtiea. It sboue` ha gota` tbmt tba racis-

trmtiog systak usa`, witb its akpbmsis og a`cas rmtbar tbmgagtira tooes, kmy rasuet ig soka logjusiog. Ohviousey, mgaglolba lmggot bmva haag usa` jor horigc (saa tmhea 0=).

Bowavar, mpmrt jrok m ratoulba` loglmva a`ca (wbilb ea`to tba tooe's typoeocilme lemssijilmtiog ms aglolba), tba tooipossassa` mgotbar a`ca wbilb wms ugratoulba`, hut suitmheajor horigc. Ig m sagsa, tmheas 0=-0< mra tbarajora sokawbmtkiseamìgc, halmusa got mee tba VQMs raprasagta` wara rl-spogsihea jor tba typa igto wbilb tbay wara lemssijia`. Po ha



=83 BANAEIGCAG III

Pmhea 0= Banaeigcag eie4 raemtiogsbip hatwaag tooi typoeocy mg` igjarra` kotiog hy mltumeey usa` mram (MQM).

slrmpigc wbitteigc luttigc lmrvigc speittigc horigc prodaltiea bmjtigc ugngowg totme

ugratoulba` hemàs -ugratoulba` jemnas <ugratoulba` wmsta -ratoulba` hemàs -ratoulba` jemnas :

ratoulba` wmsta <loras Ilogvax slrmpars 88tbukhgmie slrmpars =kuetipea slmpars Ilokposita tooes =aglolbas -horars 8poigts -hmrha` mrrow bam`s -

0=8

88

=0

- = 8

- 0 =<==

<1

3 08

- <- 8== <3

8 8 18 < =0

- <80 =

380

8 88 - <

totme 06 : <3 == : =3 < =8 << =:1

Pmhea 08 Banaeigcag III4 raemtiogsbip hatwaag tooi typoeocy mg` igjarra` logtmlt-kmtarime hy mltumeey usa` mram (MQM).

, . . sojt . woo`/hoga , ,, sojt , ,, bmr` sojt ,bià , woo` , hoga mgtear , sbaee , . , . . . ugngowg

pemgt mgtear stoga kmtarime kmtarimetotme

ugratoulba` hemàs - = -ugratoulba` jemnas 0 < 8ugratoulba` wmsta - - -ratoulba` hemàs 8 - -ratoulba` jemnas : : 3ratoulba` wmsta = - =loras - - -logvax slrmpars =3 - =tbukhgmie slrmpars < - =kuetipea slrmpars 8 - =lokposita tooes = - -aglolbas - 8 <

horars < 0 1poigts - - -hmrha` mrrow bam`s 8 - -

- 8= 8 =<= - <

- 10 < 08

- <

- 88 : <3= - 1= 1 =0

<= - 3

8 0 80= ==

8<

totme 0= =: 8= 83 =6 =0 88 =:1

kora loglrata, savarme ugratoulba` a`cas wbilb mra prasagtog logvax slrmpars ig m`ìtiog to tba igtagtiogmeey ratoulba`logvax, slrmpigc a`ca mra igleuà` mkogc tba <3 MQMs oglogvax slrmpars. @aspita oj its seicbtey kiseamìgc lbmrmltar,tmhea 0= ieeustrmtas tbmt wa sboue` ha pruàgt mhout tbajugltiogme sicgitilmgla oj tba typas ìjjaragtimta`4 m logvaxslrmpar kmy bmva usmhea a`cas otbar tbmg tba a`ca wbilb

ea` to its typoeocilme lemssijilmtiog.Sblg axmkigigc tba raemtiogsbip hatwaag tooi typa mgìgjarra` logtmlt-kmtarime, tba vmrimhieity is avag kora aviàgt. Metboucb m emrca gukhar oj VQMs og logvax slrmparswlra lkpeoyl` og bià, kora rasistmgt kmtarimes sulb mshoga mg` mgtear wara worna` ms waee. VQMs og otbar tooitypas, kost gotmhey kuetipea slrmpars, ratoulba` jemnas mg`horars, ìspemy wamr-trmlas jrok kmgy ìjjaragt logtmltsuhstmglas (embia 08). Sitb raspalt to àcraa oj wamr it lmg

ha ohsarva` tbmt VQMs og horars mra sicgijilmgtey korabamviey worg tbmg VQMs og otbar tooi typas (tmbia 0<).

:.8.1.1 @islussiog

Jigmeey, I woue` eina to `rmw mttagtiog to tba jmlt tbmt mlartmig gukhar oj ugratoulba` a`cas gavartbaeass axbihittrmlas oj usa (tmhea 00). Metboucb ogey 9% oj tba ug-

koìjia` a`cas loue` ha igtarprata` ms bmvigc haag usa`,tbis smkpea igliuàs soka lrulime igjorkmtiog. \okatikastba hoga-lmrvigc-poeisb, prasukmhey igìlmtiva oj tba kmgu-jmltura oj hoga mwes mg` lbisaes wms ohsarva` og mrtajmltswitbout mgy trmlé oj koìjilmtiog (jic. 1:`). Meso, jour ojtba six ikpeakagts igtarprata` ms bmvigc haag akpioya` igspeittigc pemgts mppamr to ha jemnas emlnigc aitbar ratoulb or'usa-ratoulb' (jic. :6l, :6a-c). Pba aviàgla jor hotb hoga-tooe proùltiog mg` pemgt-wornigc m``s logsiàrmhey to our




Pmhea 0< Banaeigcag III4 raemtiogsbip hatwaag tooi typoeocy mg` igjarra` igtagsity oj wamr hy potagtimeey usa` mram (VQM).

gotrmlas

eicbtey kaìukworg worg

bamvieyworg

rasbmrpaga`prohmhey got

usa` igtarpratmheaugsura totme

ugratoulba` hemàs 1 8 - - < = - ==ugratoulba` jemnas 89 8 0 - - : <8 3 26ugratoulba` wmsta 8 - - - = = < 3ratoulba` hemàs - = 8 - 8 2 = =0ratoulba` jemnas =< 0 2 =< - 2 03 =3 QOratoulba` wmsta 0 = - - = 2 8 =:loras 8 8 - - = - - 1logvax slrmpars =2 0 < 0 1 =0 <= 8= =66tbukhgmie slrmpars = = = - = 8 - 8 2kuetipea slrmpars < = 8 - 2 3 == <8lokposita tooes 8 = = = - = = - 3aglolbas - = 8 0 - 8 0 - =<horars - 1 == - < 8 2 89poigts - - - - - < 8 1hmrha` mrrow bam`s < - - - - = < 3Irmgsvarsa mrrow bam`s - - - - 8 : - 2poeisba` mxas < - - - - - - <

totme 21 =0 <6 <3 : 10 =18 33 011

Pmhea 00 Banaeigcag III4 ig-ratoulb ratoulb ugratoulba` poeisba`

tagsity oj wamr par ohs«pbagokagog.

srva` 7 Ikk 5 Ikk strmicbt jrmckagts poigts totmetagsity oj wamr par ohs«pbagokagog.

go trmlas 83(=0.=%) =3(==.1%) <2 (<0.8%) < - 21usa` <2 (=9.9%) <3 (81.6%) =6 ( 9.6%) - 8 23possihey usa` 8= (==.6%) 86(=<.1%) =< (==.3%) - - 10got igtarpratmhea :< (<<.6%) 1< (<1.2%) <: (<8.0%) - - =18ugsura 08 (88.6%) 8= (=0,8%) =0(=8.:%) - - 33

totme =9= (=6 6%) =02 (=66 %) === (=66%) < 8 011

piltura oj tba sita Banaeigcag III. Ms bms meram`y haagoueeiga` ig lbmptar <, kmgy mltivitias, ij axaluta` ig m snieea`wmy mg` ij suitmhea a`cas mra saealta`, igùla vary eittea, ijmgy, usa-ratoulb og tba tooes. Koraovar, it bms meso haagàkogstrmta` tbmt avag eogc-tark worn òas got galassmrieyproùla poeisb og tba tooes. Pbis ikpeias tbmt mg avag bicbarparlagtmca oj ugratoulba` jemnas tbmg tba 9% àkogstrmta`jor tba Banaeigcag III mssakhemca, kicbt bmva haag usa` huelmggot ha àtalta`.

Jrok tba pralaìgc pmrmcrmpbs it lmg ha logleuà` tbmtsbmpa, aspalimeey a`ca mgcea, wms oj ikportmgla to tba nig`

oj kotiog to wbilb tba mrtajmlts wara put. Avag tboucb tbajeigt talbgoeocy prmltisa` mt Banaeigcag III mppamra` to habmpbmzmr` mg` tba tooi typas got leamrey àjiga` mg` stmg-`mrìza`, a`cas wara mppmragtey lmrajueey slrutigisa` jortbair possihea suitmhieity. Pba àlisiogs tba usars kmà waralogsistagt> bowavar, is wms tba sbmpa oj mgy igìviùme a`catbmt pravmiea` mhova tba mppamrmgla oj tba totme mrtajmlt.Pooe typas wara tbarajora axtrakaey batarocagaous ig tarksoj tba usa to wbilb tbay wara put (:.8.1.0).

:. 8. : @QXMP IOG OJ OLLQVMGLY MP BANAEIGCAG III

Oga oj tba quastiogs rmisa` hy tba axmkigmtiog oj sattea-kagts sulb ms Banaeigcag III, is wbatbar or got tbasa sitasig tba Xbiga/ Kausa àetm wara ollupia` yamrroug` ùrigctba Emta Gaoeitbil mg` tba axtagt to wbilb tbay wara àpag-àgt upog bugtigc mg` cmtbarigc. It mppamrs tbmt paopeaollupia` Banaeigcag III ùrigc vmrious samsogs mg` it woue`tbarajora saak ugiinaey tbmt wa mra àmeigc witb m spalimepurposa lmkp ('stmtiog"), ogey hriajiy visita` to axpeoit ogapmrtiluemr rasourla. \ulb lmkps mra lokkog ig Vmemaoeitbiltikas, hut wara meso prasagt ig jueey Gaoeitbil soliatias mgàvag ùrigc tba Hrogza Mca (lj. Harcslbagboan mg` Oeà-hoorg). Banaeigcag III wms eolmta` ig mg mram wbilb wms, mteamst jrok mg alogokia poigt oj viaw, mttrmltiva ig ìjjaragtsamsogs mg` ojjara` tba opportugity oj axtrmltigc m vmriatyoj rasourlas. Sara tbasa axpeoita` jrok m parkmgagtey igbm-hita` satteakagt og tba spot, or is tba ìvarsity ig jig`s mrajealtiog oj ralurragt sbortar or eogcar visits?



=89 BANAEIGCAG III

:.8.:.= Aviàgla jrok tba usa-wamr mgmeysis

Pbarl is m gukhar oj wmys ig wbilb tba usa-wamr mgmeysis ojtba jiigt lmg logtrihuta to tba ìslussiog mhout ùrmtiog ojollupmgly. It bms haag postuemta` tbmt emhour-igtagsivamltivitias, sulb ms tba prolassigc oj biàs, woo`- mg` hoga-/mgtiar-wornigc, ms waee ms ratooeigc, woue` igìlmta eogc-tark or avag parkmgagt ollupmtiog. It is ogey wbag paopea

sattea jor mg axtagà` pario`, tbmt tbay meeolmta tika joraxalutigc sulb emsns. Me 'stmtiogs", hriajey visita` to axpeoit mspalijil rasourla, mee tba mvmiemhea tika kust ha àvota` tosuhsistagla tmsns.

Bià-prolassigc is ojtag racmrà` ms m tmsn jor wbilb ogabms to ha saàgtmry jor quita soka tika. Pbis is got mgugramsogmhea mssukptiog, ms jmr ms tba tmggigc mg` sojtag-igc stmcas oj bi`l-wornigc is logllrga`. Cmeemcbar (=933),wbo bms stuìa` Atbiopimg tmggars, kagtiogs tbmt it tmnassix bours to slrmpa mg agtira low bià, wornigc witboutigtarruptiogs. Bowavar, leamgigc mg` `ryigc oj jrasb biàs isojtag ògl og tba niee sita. Higjor` àslrihas tba hutlbarigc

ms hligc òga og tba rmw biàs> tbay mra suhsaquagtey `ria`,bae` òwg to tba crmss hy soka stogas (Higjor` =92<4 jic.3=). Pbasa `ria` biàs mra vary eicbt mg` tbarljora amsy totrmgsport, avag ig cramt qumgtitias. Sat biàs og tbalogtrmry mra quita ugkmgmcamhea.

Pba mgmeysis oj tba Banaeigcag III mssakhemca bms igìlmta`tba prasagla oj slrmpars witb m kmtt poeisb mg` logsiàrmheaa`ca-rougìgc, i.a. '`ry bià' wornigc tooes. It is ojtag mssuka`tbmt '`ry bià' slrmpars bmva haag usa` to sojtag tmgga`biàs. Pba ollurragla oj sulb mrtajmlts woue`, tbarljora.succast tbmt tba sita wms igbmhita` jor mg axtagà` pario` ojtika. ]uita mpmrt jrok tba quastiog ms to bow eogc sulb mstmy woue` bmva to emst hajora tbis tmsn wms mllokpeisba` (m

kogtb saaks to ha quita sujjiliîgt), tbara is yat mgotbarramsog wby wa lmggot `rmw tbis logleusiog so amsiey4 jeigeslrmpars lmg ìspemy tba smka a`ca-rougìgc, parpagìluemrslrmtlbas mg` kmtt, roucb poeisb ms m rasuet oj wornigc jrasbbiàs ij mhrmsivas mra m`à`. Sbatbar tbis is galassmryàpag`s og tba prasagla oj jmt ugàr tba snig. Kost jur-hamrigc mgikmes sulb ms hamr. jox mg` hm`car bmva sulb mjmtey emyar, wbiea àar, jor axmkpea, ò got. Sbag sniggigcàar, tba bià lokas ojj leamgey (mpmrt jrok soka skmeeslrmps oj kamt m`barigc to it), mg` lmg ha `ria` or prolassaìkkaìmtaey. Bowavar, m jrasb jox bià is lovara` witb memrca qumgtity oj cramsa. Sbag mttakptigc to slrmpa it ojP,

I gotila` tbmt tbis wms virtumeey ikpossihea witbout m`ìgcjeour or jiga smg` wbilb loue` mhsorh tba jmtty koistura.\ulb m prolaùra woue` meso pravagt tbmt jmt mllukuemtasog tba slrmpigc a`ca, big`rigc its ajjaltiva usa (lj. Hrosa=931). Otbar rasamrlbars bmva meso `rmwg mttagtiog to tbaproheak oj slrmpigc jmtty biàs mg` bmva àslriha` tba wamrjamturas rasuetigc jrok tba m`ìtiog oj wbmt tbay lmee 'mhrmsivas' (Hrign =932h> Kmgsur =92<). Ig lbmptar < I bmvameram`y àslriha` tba ìjjiluetias oj ìjjaragtimtigc tba axpari-

U

kagtme wamr-trmlas oj tba sapmrmta stmcas mg` vmrimtiogs igbià-prolassigc. Bara wa bmva sulb m proheak ig mgmrlbmaoeocilme logtaxt4 ò wa bmva to igtarprat tba '`rybià' slrmpars oj Banaeigcag III ms tooes u.sa` jor tba emhour-igtagsiva sojtagigc mltivitias or ms ikpeakagts jor leamgigcjrasb biàs witb mhrmsivas?

M emrca kmdority oj tba cmka mgikmes iàgtijia` mt Bana

eigcag III logsist oj ra` àar> jor tba leamgigc oj tbair biàsgo mhrmsivas wara gaaà`, so it woue` saak tbmt tba '`rybià' slrmpars wara usa` ig tba sojtagigc prolass. Bowavar,tba mkougt oj slrmpars is raemtivaey skmee, wbarams it iscagarmeey mssuka` tbmt sojtagigc is vary jeigt-logsukigc.Cmeemcbar (=933) stmtas tbmt tba Atbiopimg tmggars gaa` jourslrmpars jor sojtagigc oga low-bià (it kust ha gota` tbmttbis loglargs ohsiìmg slrmpars wbilb kicbt wamr out mt mìjjaragt rmta tbmg jiigt slrmpars). Jurtbarkora. tba usa-wamrmgmeysis oj tba Haan-Koeagstaac jiigt (lj lbmptar 1) bmsravamea` tba prasagla oj m emrca gukhar oj '`ry bià" slrmpars,mee oj tbak kulb kora rougà` mg` axbihitigc kulb korapoeisb tbmg tbosa jrok Banaeigcag III. Pba Haan-Koeagstaactooes wara igtarprata` ms 'rame' `ry bià slrmpars, i.a. usa` igtba sojtagigc stmca oj bià-prolassigc, wbiea tba eassar-worgslrmpigc ikpeakagts jrok Banaeigcag III ò got saak tobmva haag akpeoya` tbmt wmy.

Pba mrlbmaozooeocilme mgmeysis bms sbowg tbmt skmeegukhars oj jur-hamrigc mgikmes wara meso trmppa` or bug-ta`. Pba '`ry bià' slrmpars loue` tbus possihey bmva haagusa` to leamg tba jrasb, jmtty biàs oj hamr mg` piga kmrtag.Pba raemtiva slmrlagass oj '`ry bià' slrmpars mg` tba jmlttbmt tbay wara got axbmusta` woue` support tbis bypotbasis.Oga ohdaltiog to tbis proposme loue` ha tbmt, ig tbis lmsa,oga woue` axpalt to jig` tba slrmpars usa` mg` ìslmrà` mt

tba niee sitas (saa mhova). Bowavar, tbis partmigs kmigey to msitumtiog wbara emrca gukhars oj mgikmes mra nieea` sikuetm-gaousey, sulb ms is tba lmsa witb raigàar (Higjor` =92<).Pba nieeigc oj jur-hamrigc mgikmes, bowavar, is mg isoemtaòllurragla prohmhey tmnigc pemla ig tba viligity oj tba sattea-kagt. Pba leamgigc oj tba jrasb biàs oj jur-hamrigc mgikmesis quita tika-logsukigc mg` it saaks einaey tbmt tba mgikmeswara sikpey bmuea` hmln to tba satteakagt hajora haigchutlbara`. Atbgocrmpbil mllougts oj Mtbmhmslmg Igìmgs,wbo stiee prmltisa trmppigc ig tba jorasts oj gortbargLmgm`m, support tbis mssukptiog (Hro`y =92=). Pologleuà, I succast tbmt tba '`ry bià' slrmpars oj Bana

eigcag III wara usa` ig tba jrasb bià leamgigc stmca oj jmttysnigs. Ij tbis is tba lmsa, tbag tba prasagla oj tbasa tooeslmggot ha logsiàra` ms aviàgla oj m eogc-tark, eat meogaparkmgagt, ollupmtiog oj Banaeigcag III.

Pba salog` mltivity wbilb is ojtag kagtioga` ms haigcvary tika-logsukigc is hoga-wornigc. Atbgocrmpbilmllougts oj Asniko lokkugitias àslriha bow tbay jiee tbaeogc mg` `mrn wigtar kogtbs witb emhour-igtagsiva tmsnssulb ms tba kmgujmlturigc oj hoga mg` mgtear ohdalts. It is



=<6 PBA EMPA GAOEIPBIL ZEMMX@IGCAG \IPA\

jrok sulb axmkpias tbmt tba iàm bms sprmgc jortb mhout,jor igstmgla, hoga-wornigc haigc mssolimta` witb wigtar- orhmsa-lmkps. Qgòuhtaìy tbasa nig`s oj mltivitias ò tmnapemla mt sitas ogey ollupia` ùrigc tba wigtar. Bowavar,hoga- mg` mgtear-wornigc mra got logjiga` to sulb typas ojsatteakagts. Porragla (=92<) bms ricbtey `rmwg mttageiog eotba jmlt tbmt tbasa tmsns mra akigagtey suitmhea to pmss tba

tika witb, wbiea, jor axmkpea, wmitigc jor cmka or jorsuppar. Pba tooes gaaà` to proùla hoga mg` mgtear ohdaltsmra jaw ig gukhar mg` skmee ig siza. Ms eogc ms tba prodal-ta` hoga or mgtear ohdalts mra raimtivaey skmee (eina tba hogamwes mg` lbisaes oj Banaeigcag eie), it is amsy to lmrry tbaagtira tooenit mg` saki-kmgujmltura` proùlts mroug` jorlrmjt mltivitias ùrigc sbort pario`s oj eaisura hatwaag otbartmsns, kora ìraltey raemta` to tba suhsistagla quast. Pologleuà, tba prasagla oj hoga- mg` mgtear-wornigc tooeslmggot ha usa` to àtarkiga tba typa oj satteakagt igvoeva`mt Banaeigcag III.

Xalagtey, Duae Dagsag bms succasta` tbmt tba raemtiva

jraquagly oj woo`-wornigc tooes kmy provià m leua jorastmheisbigc tba ùrmtiog oj ollupmgly oj m sita (Duae Dagsag/Hriglb Vatarsag =921). \ba stmtas tbmt woo`-wornigc is 'gautrme" witb raspalt to samsogmeity (ig logtrmst to bià), mg`tbmt wooàg tooes gaa` rapmir tbroucbout tba yamr. \ba usastbis mrcukagt jor tba igtarpratmtiog oj tba Kasoeitbil satteakagt oj Zmagcat Gor` (@agkmrn), wbara sba wms mhea tojig` ogey m skmee gukhar oj woo`-wornigc tooes. Mssartigctbmt 'woo`-poeisb is oga oj tba leamrar mg` kora amsieyralocgizmhea poeisbas' (Duae Dagsag/ Hriglb Vatarsag =921418), sba logleuàs tbmt tba raemtiva slmrlity oj woo`-wornigctooes is 'rame' mg` jorks m rajealtiog oj tba lbmrmltar ojZmagcat Gor`, i.a. m pemla wbilb wms visita` hriajey mg` jor

spalimeiza` purposas.I woue` succast tbmt tbara is m strogcar mrcukagt jor

woo`-wornigc ms igìlmtor oj ùrmtiog oj ollupmgly, tbmgits meeaca` gautrmeity ig tarks oj samsogmeity. Oga woueàxpalt tbmt tba eogcar m sita is ollupia`, tba kora aemhormtatba `waeeigcs. Ig tbosa mrams wbara woo` logstitutas tbakmig huieìgc kmtarimi, oga sboui` jig` kora woo`-wornigcikpeakagts og parkmgagt satteakagts. Pba proheak witb meeoj tba mhova mrcukagts is, bowavar, tbmt it is got woo`-wornigc par sa wbilb succasts ùrmtiog oj stmy, hut itsraemtiva jraquagly> bow mra wa to ìjjaragtimta hatwaagwoo`-wornigc ikpeakagts proùla` hy parkmgagt igbmhit-

mgts mg` tbosa àposita` hy paopea wbo lmka to visit tbasita jor m jaw waans (bagla, m sbaetar) yamr mjtar yamr?Xaturgigc to Banaeigcag III, it wms saag tbmt, aspalimeeyùrigc ollupmtiog pbmsas 8 mg` <, quita m gukhar oj woo`-wornigc ikpeakagts wara aglougtara`. Sa lmg logleuàtbmt tba sita wms tbarajora got visita` hriajey hut tbmt,igstam`, paopea stmya` jor soka tika. Sbatbar tbis stmyaglokpmssa` m jaw waans ùrigc vmrious samsogs yamr mjtaryamr (i.a. m pmeikpsast oj ollupmtiogs), or wbatbar it log-

larga` yamrroug` satteakagt, is ikpossihea to taie og tbahmsis oj raemtiva jraquaglias.

Mgotbar lritariuk to àtarkiga tba ùrmtiog oj bmhitmtiogmt Banaeigcag III woue` ha tba raemtiva jraquagly oj bmjtigctrmlas. Hmsa` og Yaeeag's (=933) ohsarvmtiog tbmt tba eogcarm sita is ollupia`, tba kora kmigtagmgla mltivitias mra lmr-ria` out, Naaeay (=928) bms proposa` tbmt sulb satteakagts

woue` yiae` m raimtivaey bicb jraquagly oj ogla-bmjta` tooes.Ba mrcuas tbmt it is mt tbosa sitas tbmt paopea woue` rapmirtbair ikpeakagts ig prapmrmtiog oj spalime-purposa trips4wbag coigc out og m bugtigc axpaìtiog it is hattar to bmvaoga's tooenit ram`y ig m`vmgla. Mt tba hmsa-lmkps or parkmgagt satteakagts worg-out or hronag tooes woue` harakova` jrok tbair bmjts, wbiea tba emttar mra 'ratooea`'. Pbahmsil mssukptiog is tbmt tba bmjts raquira m eot oj emhourmg` mra haigc ra-usa` ovar mg` ovar mcmig. Mcmig, wa bmvatba proheak tbmt tbis lritariuk kmy agmhea us to ìjjaragtimta m hriajey ollupia` sita jrok oga igbmhita` jor m eogcarpario`, hut got hatwaag m so-lmeea` hmsa-lmkp mg` m parkm

gagt satteakagt4 ratooeigc mltivitias mra einaey to bmva tmnagpemla mt hotb. Pbara is mg m`ì tiogme ìjjiluety tbmt bmjtigctrmlas mra got ogey jraquagtey mhsagt, hut meso gotoriouseyìjïiluet to igtarprat (lj. \toràur =923). Sitb raspalt toBanaeigcag III. bmjtigc trmlas mra raimtivaey rmra, hut, ùa totba ajjalt oj p`sk, tbis sboui` got ha tmnag ms rajealtigc tba'rame' situmtiog.

Mee ig mee, tba spaltruk oj mltivitias mttasta` jor mt Banaeigcag III og tba hmsis oj wamr-trmlas prasagt, logjirks tbasuccastiog tbmt tba sita lmggot bmva haag m hriajey-visita`'stmtiog'. Aviàgla jor tba parjorkmgla oj m vmriaty oj mltivitias mrcuas mcmigst sulb mg igtarpratmtiog. It saaks quitahayog` òuht tbmt tba sita rajealts m (sarias o] eogcar-tarkstmy(s). Qgjortugmtaey, goga oj tba àkogstrmta` mltivitiasloue` ha ugaquivolmeey mttrihuta` to aitbar m parkmgagtigbmhitmtiog or m 'eogc visit'. Metargmtiva mppromlbastowmr`s soevigc tba proheak wara tbarajora soucbt.

:.8.:.8 Metargmtiva aviàgla

M ìjjaragt mppromlb towmr`s astikmtigc tba ùrmtiog ojollupmgly mt tba sita, got ìraltey hmsa` og tba spaltruk ojmltivitias igjarra` jrok tba usa-wamr mgmeysis, is to àtarkigato wbmt axtagt aviàgla axists jor alogokizigc habmviourwitb racmr` to jeigt. Sbag paopea igbmhita` m sita sulb msBanaeigcag III og m parkmgagt hmsis, wbara peagtijue sup-

peias oj rmw kmtarimes mra bmr` to loka hy ig tba ikkaìmtaviligity, wa woue` axpalt tbak to ha lmrajue witb ìslmrìgcjeigt. Pbara mra savarme wmys oj rasoevigc tbis quastiog.Jirstey, wa loue` axmkiga tba àcraa oj wamr axbihita` hytba Banaeigcag III tooes4 21 (=2.9%) oj tba 009 VQMs waraigtarprata` ms ugusa`, wbiea =19 (<1.0%) wara usa` tovmryigc àcraas. Pba aviàgla is got ugaquivolme4 tba jeigtsaaks gaitbar to bmva haag 'lurmta`' gor wmsta`. hut itsboui` ha kagtioga` tbmt tbis rasuet lmg bmva haag ìstorta`



=<= BANAEIGCAG III

hy tba prasagla oj p`sk.Mgotbar mvagua to mppromlb tba proheak oj alogokizigc

habmviour is tba gukhar oj VQMs mg` MQMs par tooi.Sbag rmw kmtarime is slmrla it is mssuka` tbmt kora tbmgoga warnigc a`ca par mrtajmlt woue` ha lramta`, i.a. tbaproùltiog oj lokhigmtiog tooes. Mt Banaiigcag III cag-armeiy ogey oga VQM par tooi wms joug` (G ; 808 or 38%)

Og 32 ikpdakagts (8<%) two VQMs wara prasagt, wbieatbraa VQMs wara ohsarva` ig ogey =3 lmsas (1%). Oj loursatbasa rasuets loue` ha m logsaquagla oj poor talbgoeocy, oroj jmuety smkpeigc og our owg pmrt, hut stiee tba gukhar ojVQMs par mrtajmlt is skmee mg` cagarmeey logjigl` to ogaa`ca, kost jraquagtey oga oj tba emtarme a`cas (8<1 oj tba009 VQMs). It woue` saak tbmt tba igbmhitmgts oj tba sitawara got rameey loglarga` witb tba logsarvmtiog oj tbairjiigt. Pbis woue` saak avag kora so wbag wa axmkiga tbagukhar oj mltumeey usa` mrams (MQM) par VQM4 aviàglajor kuetipea usa-igstmglas og tba smka a`ca wms ogey prasagtig six lmsas. I mk sura tbis mltume ey ollurs kora jraquagteyhut lmggot ha àtalta` hy tba usa-wamr katbo`, ms trmlasjor prikmry usa og a.c. kamt mra kmsna` hy suhsaquagtmltivitias. Pba jraquagly oj bmjtigc trmlas is yat mgotbarigìlmtiog oj alogokizigc habmviour (Naaeay =928), hut wieegot haag usa` bara halmusa oj tba ugàr-raprasagtmtiog ojtbasa trmlas ig tba lmsa oj Banaeigcag III, ùa to tba ollur-ragla oj p`sk (saa :.8.<.8).

Po logleuà, wa possass mt Banaeigcag III, aviàgla jor mrmtbar axpaìîgt wmy oj àmeigc witb tba jeigt. It bms àji-gitaey got haag smva` or usa` up. wbilb is sokawbmt surpri-sigc wbag wa ralmee tbmt mee kmtarime wms ikporta`. Pbapmttarg òas logjork, bowavar, to wbmt kicbt hl axpalta`jor m takpormry bmhitmtiog4 m raemtivaey skmee mkougt oj

jeigt, is tmnag meogc, agoucb to juejiee tba galassmry suhsis-tagla tmsns mg` to prmltisa soka lrmjt mltivitias mpproprimtato tba pemla (a.c. hoga-wornigc, hmsnatry). Sbag tba ohdal-tivas bm` haag mttmiga`, tba jeigt is eajt habig`, avag tboucbkost oj it bm` got haag axbmusta`. Mt Banaeigcag III,prohmhey mee mttagtiog wms jolusa` og tba lmtlb oj sturcaogor cmka mg` bow tbis loue` hl lmrril` hmln to tba kmigsatteakagt> eamvigc usumhea jeigt habig` saaks oj go loglarghalmusa oj mg mgtilipmta` jutura usa oj tba sita. Ms sulb, tbapemla, or hattar tba sbaetars prasagt, jork mg 'mrtajmlt trmp'wbara jeigt mg` otbar ikpeakagts loue` mllukuemta ovar tbayamrs. \tiee usmhea ohdalts wara eajt habig` halmusa tbay wara

amsy to rapemla hmln mt tba parkmgagt satteakagt. I tbarajoratag` to ìsmcraa witb tba iàm tbmt tba aviàgla jor m emrcagukhar oj vassaes logtrmìlts tba igtarpratmtiog oj Banaiigcag III ms m samsogmeey ollupia` pemla (lj. Eouwa Nooid-kmgs =92:).

Pba igtarpratmtiog oj Banaeigcag III ms haigc tba rasuet ojsamsogme visits is lorrohormta` hy tba lbmrmltar oj tba jig`-ìstrihutiogs. Atbgomrlbmaoeocilme aviàgla succasts tbmt igtba lmsa oj parkmgagt ollupmtiog jig` leustars wiee ha eass

ìslrata, halmusa tba eivigc mrams mra leamga` jraquagtey. Pbakora parkmgagt tba satteakagt, tba kora salog`mry rajusa isprasagt. Leamgigc is eass ikportmgt ij m 'tmsn croup' isigbmhitigc m pemla jor dust m eikita` mkougt oj tika (saa meso:.8.0). Ig Banaeigcag III tba jig` kmtarime is leustara`mroug` tba bamrtbs, crmùmeey patarigc out jurtbar mwmyjrok tbasa lagtrme jamturas, m ìstrihutiog wbilb is got so

typilme jor bousas ollupia` og m yamrroug` hmsis4 wa woueàxpalt tbair lagtrme mram to ha kora àvoi` oj jig`s. Ij mleustara` jig`- istrihutiog is kora lbmrmltaristil oj takpormry aglmkpkagts, it kust ha axpemiga` wby mltivitias toonpemla mt kora or eass tba smka spot, samsog mjtar samsog.Pbis is got ikpossihea, ms mppmragtey sbaetars or bousas waraaralta` og tba eavaa, ms tastijia` hy tba prasagla oj postboeas(Eouwa Nooidkmgs =92:). Smees mg` bamrtbs loue` strulturatba igbmhitmgts' habmviour mg` ìslmr` pmttargs (Lrihh=92<). \tiee usmhea ohdalts mra meso einaey to bmva haag eajthabig` witbig tba strulturas. Pba prasagla oj sulb `waeeigcsis got surprisigc wbag it is ralmeea` tbmt oga oj tba kmigramsogs jor lokigc to Banaeigcag wms tba lmtlb oj sturcaog>tbis ikpeias wmitigc mt eamst soka tika jor tba jisbas to mrriva(saa :.8.<.8). Ms tba axpeoitmtiog oj tbis rasourla lmg hamgtilipmta` to ollur avary yamr, bousas lmg ha ra-usa`. Igatbgocrmpbil logtaxt, it is got uglokkog to eamva m takpo-rmriey ollupia` sbaetar kora or eass igtmlt jor soka emtar ra-usa ms aviàgla` hy Gortbwast Lomst Igìmg pemgn bousasor tba jisbigc lmhigs oj tba Burog Igìmgs (Poonar =9:0>Priccar =9:3) (saa meso <.3.=).

:.8.3 LOGLEQ\IOGPba usa-wamr mgmeysis oj tba Banaeigcag III jeigt mssakhemcabms provià` m`ìtiogme igsicbt igto tba mltivitias oj tba

sita's jorkar igbmhitmgts. Lrmjts igleuà` hmsnatry mg` kmttigc, tba kmnigc or rapmir oj wooàg ohdalts, mg` tbahorigc oj sbaee, parbmps to kmna pag`mgts. Oga horar usaòg stoga kicbt bmva haag usa` jor jira-kmnigc. It wmsmeram`y ngowg tbmt hoga mwes mg` lbisaes wara proùlaèolmeey> tba usa-wamr mgmeysis bms sbowg wbilb jeigt tooeswara akpeoya` ig tbis tmsn. Pbara saaka` to ha go aviàglajor tba rmtbar tika-logsukigc sojtagigc oj `ry or tmgga`biàs. Pba bià-slrmpigc tooes prasagt wara igtarprata` msbmvigc haag usa` jor tba rakovme oj jmt witb mhrmsivas jrokjur-hamrigc mgikmes. Pba usa-wamr mgmeysis bms got provià`kulb m`ìtiogme igsicbt igto tba suhsistagla tmsns4 tba bypo

tbasis tbmt larames wara got crowg eolmeey bms got haagjmesijia` (i.a. go silnea-ceoss bms haag ohsarva`). Jisb-prolassigctooes or hutlbarigc ikpeakagts bmva got haag aglougtara`,prohmhey ùa to vmrious post-àpositiogme prolassas.

Mt mee mrlbmaoeocilme ugits tba usa` tooes wara situmta`mroug` tba bamrtbs, irraspaltiva oj tba nig` oj trmlasohsarva` og tbak. Pba ogey axlaptiog is joug` ig ugit HIwbara hoga- mg` woo`-wornigc ikpeakagts wara joug`mroug` tba bamrtbs, witb bià-wornigc tooes eolmta` kora mt




tba paripbary oj tba jig` loglagtrmtiog. Sbag axmkigigclbrogoeocilme trag`s ig tba wamr-spaltruk igjarra`, it lmg hagota` tbmt logtmlt witb hoga, mgtiar mg` bià is kora jraquagt ùrigc pbmsa =, wbiea ùrigc pbmsa < pemgt-wornigcsaaks eo haloka kora prokigagt, mt tba axpagsl oj bià-prolassigc. Blilaiigcag pbmsa 8, raprasagta` soeaey hy ugitB8, ìspemys m bicb jraquagly oj woo`-wornigc.

Sitb raspalt to tba raemtiogsbip hatwaag jork mg` jugl-tiog, tba kost gotawortby mspalt is tba rmtbar bicb jraquagly oj wamr-trmlas og ugkoìjia` a`cas. Aspalimeey trmlasigjarra` ms haigc tba rasuet oj pemgt-speittigc, mg` tbosa ojhoga-lmrvigc, wara ojtag ohsarva` og ugratoulba` mrtajmlts.Mgotbar logleusiog is tbmt typas mra got jugltiogmeeybokocagaous4 mppmragtey tba suitmhieity oj a`cas wms ojkora loglarg tbmg tba totme mppamrmgla oj tba ikpeakagt.Pbis saaks to ha lokkog jor Emta Gaoeitbil jeigt mssakhemcas (saa meso @alnars =921). Pba lboila oj ikpeakagtswms prikmriey àpag`mgt og a`ca mgcea mg`, to m eassaraxtagt, og tba sbmpa oj tba a`ca wbag viawa` jrok mhova.

Pba emst quastiog to ha m``rassa` wms tbmt oj samsogmeity,or tba ùrmtiog oj ollupmgly mt Banaeigcag III4 òas itloglarg m parkmgagtey ollupia` satteakagt or wms tba sitakaraey visita` ùrigc vmrious samsogs? Gaitbar tba aviàglajor hoga-tooe kmgujmlturigc, gor jor woo`-wornigc or bmjtigc,provià` sujjiliîgt croug`s jor astmheisbigc tba lbmrmltar ojtba sita. \ojtagigc `ry or tmgga` biàs is meso jraquagteymssolimta` witb m hmsa lmkp or parkmgagtey ollupia` satteakagt. @aspita tba jmlt tbmt m àkogstrmtiog oj tbis mltivitystiee òas got provià mg mgswar to our quastiog, it wmsmrcua` tbmt tba '`ry bià' slrmpars jrok Banaeigcag III warausa` to rakova tba suhlutmgaous jmt jrok tba bià oj jur-hamrigc mgikmes. Pba ogey leua mhout tba quastiog oj parkm

gagt varsus samsogme bmhitmtiog lokas jrok tba mppmragteyrmtbar lmraeass wmy ig wbilb tba jeigt wms logsuka`, aspalimeey logsiàrigc tba jmlt tbmt mee jeigt wms oj gog-eolmeoricig mg` bm` to ha ikporta`. Bm` tba igbmhitmgts haageivigc ig tba mram og m yamrroug` hmsis, oga woue` axpalttbak to aitbar usa up tba ikporta` jeigt kora tbmg tbaysaak to bmva, or to bmva raeia` kora og gamrhy jeigt sourlas(i.a. roeea` pahheas jrok tba Kausa). Yat mgotbar lorrohorm-tiva mrcukagt, got àriva` jrok tba wamr-trmla mgmeysis,lokas jrok tba jig`-ìstrihutiog mppmragt mt tba vmriousmrlbmaoeocilme ugits4 it wms mrcua` tbmt oga is kora einaey toaglougtar sulb m loglagtrmtiog oj jig`s mroug` bamrtbs ig mtakpormry, rmtbar tbmg ig m parkmgagt, sbaetar. Ig tba emttar

lmsa it saaks tbmt àhris woue` ha leamga` out jrok tbabamrtb mram, supposaèy tba kost jraquagta` pmrt oj tbabousa. Og tba otbar bmg`, tba `waeeigcs prasagt og tba eavaamt Banaeigcag III kicbt bmva logstituta` mg mrtajmlt-trmp4ikpeakagts, eajt habig` ig mgtilipmtiog oj m jutura usa oj tbasita, loue` mllukuemta bara ovar tba yamrs.

Po logleuà, it is mrcua` tbmt tba lmsa jor ralurragtsamsogme visits is tba strogcar oga. Banaeigcag III is igtar-

prata` ms haigc tba rasuet oj m strmtacy oj eocistil kohieityakha`à` ig m systak oj parkmgagt jmrkigc satteakagts.Pba igtroùltiog oj mcriluetura mg` mgikme bushmg`ry, wba-tbar hy m prolass oj loeogismtiog or hy mllaptmgla oj tbaeolme bugtar-cmtbarar croups mt tba gortbwastarg kmrcig ojtba Auropamg pemig (@aggaee =921), wms stiee m raemtivaeyralagt pbagokagog. Logsaquagtey, wa kicbt logsiàr tba

situmtiog to ha tba oga oj m stmtil jrogtiar (Meaxmgàr =932),witb mee tba mssolimta` strass pbagokagm. Pba prika mramsjor jmrkigc bm` haag jueey ollupia` amreiar mg` tba samigbihita` jurtbar axpmgsiog. Pba saakigcey agèass possihiei-tias jor axpmgsiog oj tba pralaaìgc pario` bm` loka eo mgag`, lmusigc tba piogaar-jmrkars to àvaeop m parlaptiog ojtba ìkigisba` proùltivity oj tbair surrougìgcs. Meaxmgàrbms outeiga` m gukhar oj wmys oj meeavimtigc sulb strasslogìtiogs. Oga strmtacy loue` ha wmrjmra, hut m kieàrjork oj tarritorime habmviour saaks kora einaey ig our lmsa.Mgotbar optiog kicbt ha kicrmtigc to gaw raciogs or, metar-gmtivaey, stmrtigc to utieiza kmrcigme mrams jor jmrkigc.M jourtb lboila, wbilb is oj loglarg bara, ikpeias axpeoitigc

lartmig wie` rasourlas. It sboue` ha strassa` tbmt tba mrammroug` Banaeigcag logstitutas mg alotoga yiaeìgc rasourlasjrok ìjjaragt agvirogkagtme zogas. Ms sulb it is, jrok mparspaltiva oj bugtigc-cmtbarigc-jisbigc, mee hut m kmrcigmemram. It is succasta` tbmt Banaeigcag III raprasagts m sitajrok wbara muxieimry wie` rasourlas wara ohtmiga` hy mjmrkigc lokkugity, prasukmhey eolmta` to tba soutb. \ulbm situmtiog kicbt ha sokawbmt mgmeocous to wbmt bms haagàkogstrmta` jor, jor igstmgla, tba @mgisb PXH sita oj\aemcar, eolmta` mt tba lomst wbiea mg mcrilueturme satteakagtbms haag joug` < nk igemg`' (\nmmrup =93<).

I mk mwmra tbmt tbis bypotbasis rakmigs to soka axtagt m

vary spaluemtiva oga. Leamrey, witb gaw `mtm jrok spalimeiza`stuìas halokigc mvmiemhea, or witb m ìjjaragt tbaoratilmeparspaltiva, m logvigligc mrcukagt kmy meso ha prasagta`jor mg igtarpratmtiog oj Banaeigclg III ms m parkmgagtsatteakagt. Ig tbis raspalt, it kicbt ha usajue to hriajey `rmwmttagtiog to tba gamrhy prasagla oj Banaeigcag I, wbara mkulb tbilnar ollupmtiog eavae wms joug`. It bms haag succasta` tbmt Banaeigcag I wms tba parkmgagt satteakagt jrokwbilb mltivitias 'spieea` ovar' igto Banaeigcag III(E.V.Eouwa Nooidkmgs pars.lokk.). Bowavar, ij sulb bm`haag tba lmsa, I woue` axpalt Banaeigcag III to bmva ìs-pemya` aviàgla jor jawar parjorka` mltivitias, ms waee ms mkora aqumeey-spram`, tbiggar jig`-ìstrihutiog. Sbmtavar tbaoutloka oj tbasa àhmtas, otbar sitas bmva posa` jor tbairrasamrlbars sikiemr igtarpratmtiva proheaks ms jor igstmgla\wijtarhmgt (@alnars at me. =926) mg` Histojt (Dobmgssog=92=). It woue` àjigitaey ha wortbwbiea to jurtbar axpeoratba quastiog ms to wbmt axmltey woue` ìjjaragtimta m parkmgagtey igbmhita` satteakagt jrok m sita ralurragtey visita`.Aviàgla jor spalimeiza` suhsistagla is hy itsaej got tba mgswar !



=<< EAI@\LBAG@MK PXAGLB 0

I I

MG@ XI@CA

S MP AXIGC AG-

ZOOX\LBOPAG

Jic. 30 Eolmtiog oj axlmvmtiog traglbas mt Eai`slbag`mk(ra`rmwg metar Cemsharcag at me. =9:34 92).

:< Eai slbag`mk traglb 0

:.<.= IGPXO@QLPIOGPba sita oj Eai`slbag`mk is eolmta` gortbamst oj Pba Bmcuaog m jorkar lomstme ùga ri`ca (jic. 1<). Jiva traglbas waraaxlmvmta` jrok \aptakhar =9:< to Kmrlb =9:0 hy [email protected]. Croagkmg-vmg Smmtarigca oj tba Igstituta jor Vrma-mg` Vrotobistory (IVV) ig Mkstar`mk. Pba topsoie wmsrakova` witb m hmlnboa mg` jig`s wara loeealta` ig = x = ksqumras. Pbis raport wiee ogey àme witb traglb 0, totmeeigc mgmram oj l. 826 kW (jics. 30, 31). Pba usa-wamr mgmeysis oj tbajeigt jrok Eai`slbag`mk wms lmrria` out ig =92< ig tbaloursa oj jraa-emgla worn jor tba rasamrlb oj `rs. H.E. vmgHaan (Zmg Haan =933, ig prap), wbo wms to axmkiga tbabmhitmtiog saquaglls oj Eai`slbag`mk, Zoorslbotag mg`

Zemmrìgcag, hmsa` og tba pottary jrok lartmig traglbasjrok amlb oj tba tbraa sitas. Ig tba lmsa oj Eai`slbag`mk,traglb 0 wms saealta`. Ig wbmt wmy, mg` to wbmt axtagt, tbalogllgtrmtiog og oga traglb ìstorts our piltura oj tbaprabistoria mltivitias is bmr` to taie, meso halmusa tba sita bmsgot haag agtiraey axlmvmta` (ms is tba lmsa jor mee oj tba ZEsatteakagts). It woue` àjigitaey ha wortbwbiea to ò mgmgmeysis oj tba agtira mssakhemcas jrok mee tbraa sitas.

Pba emg`slmpa ùrigc tba igbmhitmtiog oj Eai`slbag`mklmg ha àslriha` ms joeeows4 ugàreyigc tba Oe` @uga smgòg wbilb tba ollupmtiog toon pemla wl jig` àposits oj mlomstme hmrriar. Pba hmrriar wms heowg ovar hy smg`, pro-

hmhey mroug` 0266 HV, jorkigc tba 'Oe` @uga ri`ca'. Pbiswms m plrio` oj lomstme mccrm`mtiog, mg` tba sboraeiga sbijta`8-< nks to tba wast. Bara, tba hamlb jemts wara protalta`jrok kmriga iglursiogs hy gawey-jorka` lomstme hmrriars.Pba jemts, witb ollmsiogme emnas mg` meàr hrusbwoo`, jorka`m gmturme crmzigc mram. Pba smg`y ùga soies, aspalimeeytbosa meogc tba ùga a`cas, wara raemtivaey koist mg` amsyto tiee, mg` ms sulb logstituta` parjalt mrmhea emg`. Pbaollupmtiog rakmigs mra akha`à` ig m l. 86 lk tbiln

M MM Ha LL @O AA I JJ CC , BB DD NN EE I KK GG LR< VV

Jic. 31 Leustars oj postboeas ohsarva` ig Eai`slbag`mk traglbas <,0 mg` 1 (mjtar Cemsharcag at me. =9:34 92).




mgliagt soie, jorka` og top oj tba ùga ri`ca. Meogc tbaa`cas oj tba ùgas, tbis emyar wms suhsaquagtey lovara` hypamt wbilb stmrta` to jork og tba hamlb jemts ms m rasuet oj mstam`y risa oj tba croug`wmtar tmhea.

Pwo W•'L `mtas mra mvmiemhea jor traglb 0, hotb àriva`jrok lbmrlome4 <2=6 ½ :6 HV (CrG-1282) mg` <::6 ½ 26HV (CrG-1689). Pbasa `mtas saak jmr too yougc. Mllorìgc

to tba pottary typoeocy Eai`slbag`mk kust ha pemla` ig ZEpbmsa Ih (Cemsharcag at me. =9:34 ==1> Eouwa Nooidkmgs=930> Emgtigc/ Koon =933).

@urigc tba ollupmtiog tba ùga ri`ca wms lovara` witb màliùous jorast logsistigc oj omn (]uarlus), eika (Pieim)

mg` aek (Loryeus). Bmzae praòkigmta` mt tba paripbary ojtba ri`ca, wbiea og tba a`ca oj tba m`dmlagt hamlb jemts mgmeàr lmrr wms prasagt. Pbara wms go `mgcar oj jeooìgc orcattigc wat jaat4 tba top oj tba ùga ri`ca emy up to l. < kmhova kamg bicb wmtar (Eouwa Nooidkmgs =930).

Pba mgmeysis oj tba zooeocilme kmtarime sbows m raeimglaog mgikme bushmg`ry rmtbar tbmg bugtigc (Croagkmg-vmg

Smmtarigca at me. =9:2), sokawbmt ig logtrmst witb tbasitumtiog mt Banaeigcag III (Vrukkae =923) mg` Zemmrìgcag(Cemsharcag at me. =9:=). @okastil mgikmes igleuà` lmttea,pics mg`, to m eassar axtagt, sbaap or comt. Xa` àar wms tbapravmieigc cmka-mgikme, joeiowa` hy roaàar, cray same mg`hamvar. Zary jaw sturcaog rakmigs wara aglougtara`, par-bmps halmusa oj tba rmtbar ìstmgt eolmtiog oj tba sita witbraspalt to tba Xbiga mg` Kausa astumrias. Mcriluetura wmsprmltisa` og tba ùga ri`ca (Croagkmg-vmg Smmtarigca atme. =9:2). Qgeina mt Tmg`warvag, mr` kmrns bmva got haagohsarva` mt Eai`slbag`mk, gor mt mgy oj tba otbar ZE sitaswitbig tba agvirogkagtme zoga oj tba ùga ri`cas.

Vostboeas wara joug` ig cramt mhug`mgla. Pba axlmvmtors

raport m raltmgcuemr loglagtrmtiog oj postboeas ig traglb 0,oriagta` \\S-GGA mg` kamsurigc =:.31 x 0.31 k, wbilbtbay igtarprat ms m bousa pemg (Cemsharcag at me. =9:34 =66)(jic. 31). Bowavar, avag tboucb tba leustar oj poeas axbihitsm àjigita ìraltiogmeity, tba prasagla oj m ìstiglt bousa pemgsaaks sokawbmt quastiogmhea. Bamrtbs wara mhsagt mg` gootbar jamturas sulb ms mg agtrmgla-wmy wara visihea wbilbloue` civa mg igìlmtiog oj its axmlt pemg. Huieìgc woo`kust bmva haag mvmiemhea ig tba viligity, logtrmry to tbasitumtiog mt tba eavaa sitas.

Pba pottary, mkogcst wbilb soka lemy ìsn jrmckagts,wms kostey qumrtz takpara`. Hotb ZE mg` VJH wmras wara

raprasagta`, igìlmtigc tbmt tba ollurragla oj VJH sbar`s mttba ZE sita oj Tmg`warvag (Zmg Xaciarag Metagm/ Hmnnar=9:=) mg` Zoorslbotag (Cemsharcag at me. =9:3) is got mgisoemta` ollurragla. Otbar jig`s igleuà dat ham`s mg` pialasoj mkhar (Cemsharcag at me. =9:3). Jrok traglb 1, oga hogamwe mg` soka parjormta` hoga ohdalts oricigmta.

:.<.8 PBA JEIGP M\\AKHEMCA

M totme oj =33< jeigt mrtajmlts, got lougtigc speigtars, wms

ralovara` jrok tba jiva traglbas, igleuìgc =<= loras, 1=jemnas witb poeisba` mxa jmlats (== oj wbilb wara koìjiaìgto logvax slrmpars), ==: slrmpars, six horars, jour hemàsmg` savag trmgsvarsa mrrow bam`s (Cemsharcag at me. =9:34==6).

Pba totme gukhar oj jeigt mrtajmlts ralovara` jrok traglb0, mkougts to 989, 8=1 (8<.=%) oj wbilb bm` haag hurgt to

vmryigc àcraas. Pba totme waicbt lokas to l. 8.1 nc, wbilbrasuets ig m kamg mrtajmlt waicbt oj 8.3 c. Pba qumgtity ojratoulba` tooes is 13, igleuìgc tbraa ratoulba` hemàs. Igm`ìtiog savag ikpeakagts sbow 'ùhious ratoulb". Pbisgukhar ìsmcraas witb tba oricigme lougts4 og tba ìstrihu-tiog kmp puheisba` ig tba igitime sita raport, 20 ratoulba`/'usa`' tooes mra kmrna` (Cemsharcag at me. =9:34 =60). Pbisìslrapmgly lmg ha pmrtimeey mttrihuta` to m ìjjaragt parlap-tiog ms to wbmt logstitutas usa-ratoulb, hut meso to tba jmlttbmt ig tba pmst kmtarime bms haag rakova` jor stu`y oraxpositiog. It is vary ugjortugmta tbmt m jaw prika pialas(Cemsharcag at me. =9:34 jic. <0) bmva ìsmppamra`, prohmheygavar to ha trmla` mcmig.

Pba rmw kmtarime mvmiemhea to tba ollupmgts oj Eai`slbag`mk logsista` oj vary skmee-siza` roQa` pahheas oj jigacrmiga` jeigt. Pba pahheas mg` lora-jrmckagts jrok traglb 0(G ; 10) possass m kamg siza oj <.1 x 8.1 x =.: lk. Pbisrmw kmtarime mppamrs to hl oj eolme oricig. Ig logtrmst toBanaeigcag III mg` Zemmrìgcag, kora tbmg bmej oj tbaratoulba` mrtajmlts bm` lortax (1:.8%), igìlmtigc tbmt tbaigbmhitmgts usa` prikmry mg` salog`mry àlortilmtiog jemnasjor tba kmgujmlturigc oj tbair tooes. Ogey 8= (8.<%) mxajrmckagts wara joug`, wbarams mt Banaeigcag III tbay log-stituta` =8% oj tba mssakhemca. M hemà talbgoeocy is vir-tumeey mhsagt> oga hemà bms mekost lartmigey haag ikporta`,

ms it is kmà jrok gortbarg arrmtil jeigt mg` axlaa`s tba siza-rmgca oj tba otbar mrtajmlts (:.1 x <.= lk).

Ms to tba raùltiog saquagla prmltisa`, m hipoemr talb-giqua mppamrs to bmva haag usa` (saa m.o. Bmyàg =926 mg`Lmeembmg =923 jor m ìslussiog oj tbis talbgiqua). Pba pahheas mra vary skmee mg` totmeey rougà`, mg` provià gogmturme pemtjork to stmrt raùltiog. Pba ogey wmy to opagsulb m pahhea woue` ha to bit it witb m stoga bmkkar wbieasupportigc it og mg mgvie. \ulb m prmltila woue` mesoaxpemig tba emln oj huehs oj parlussiog, pemtjorks mg` par-lussiog rigcs. Pba sbmttara` gmtura oj tba àhitmca mesopoigts to hipoemr raùltiog. Koraovar, og soka jemnas walmg ohsarva trmlas oj sbmttarigc og two opposita siàs oj tbatooi.

Pba typoeocilme rmgca axbihita` hy tba Eai`slbag`mktraglb 0 jeigt is eikita`. Logvax slrmpars (G ; 8=) raprasagttba kost jraquagtey ollurrigc tooi typa (jic. 3:l. 3:a)> tbaramra meso == slrmpars oj kora irracuemr sbmpa {jic. 3:j). Igm`ìtiog, six 'tbukhgmi e' slrmpars oj mhout = lk ig ìmkatarwara aglougtara` {jic. 3:c). Mttagtiog kust ha `rmwg tojour slrmpars wbilb ìspemy ratoulb meogc tbair agtira lir-



=<1 EAI@\LBAG@MK PXAGLB 0

/ B I

BeeHO/MG

•k c

Jic. 3: Mrtajmlts ratriava` jrok Eai`sltiag`mk traglti 0. m-l) slrmpars w itb trmlas igjarra` ms haigc jrok bià 4 m) E\@83, h)E\@1, l) E\@=3, ) slrmpar (E\@<) usa` og ugngowg kmtarime, a, j) tooes E\@88 mg` E\@1: igtarpra ta` ms bmvigc haag akpeoya`to slrmpa bià, c) E\@09 witb hoga- or woo`-wornigc trmlas, b) E\@11 prasukmhey usa` og hoga or mgtear, i) E\@3 usa` jorlmrv igc hoga, d) E\@19 usa` jor horigc woo`, n) hemà E\@<9 usa` og mg ugngowg suhstmgla, I) E\@83 witb silnea-ceoss. (=4=)

lukjaragla (jij4,. 3:m, 3:h, 3:`). Pbair a`ca mgcea mkougts to20¶, ms lokpmra` witb 36¶ jor tba rakmigigc slrmpars. Kmgyoj tba slrmpars bmva haag rasbmrpaga` ms aviàgla` hy tbaprasagla oj ovarbmgcigc òrsme a`cas. Pwo horars, twotrmgsvarsa mrrow bam`s mg` oga poigt wara meso ratriava`jrok traglb 0. Pba spmtime ìstrihutiog oj tba tooes is àpiltaìgWc. 32 (lj :.<.<.8).

:.<.< PBA JQGLPIOGME MGMEY\I\

:.<.<.= \mkpeigc mg` katbo`s

Mee igtagtiogmeey ratoulba` tooes mg` tba mrtajmlts sbowigc'usa-ratoulb", i.a. ratoulb 5 = kk, wara stuìa` jor trmlasoj wamr. Ig kmgy lmsas tba 'usa-ratoulb' mltumeey logsistaòj `mkmca igjeilta` og tba a`cas hy puttigc mee tba mrtajmltsjrok amlb squmra katar igto oga pmparhmc. Po kmna kmt-



=<: PBA EMPA GAOEIPBIL ZEMMX@IGCAG \IPA\

Jic. 33 Eai`sljiag`mk traglb 04 kdlrocrmpjis oj ohsarva` wamr-trmlas. Mee slmea hmrs aqume 16g. m) E\@1 (866x)l) E\@3 (066x), `) E\@19 (066x), a) E\@:= usa` og sojt pemgt (866x).

h) E\@1: (866x),



=<3 EAI@\LBAG@MK PXAGLB 0

tars worsa, tba kmtarime wms usa` jor aùlmtiogme purposas,mg` slmttara` ogto tmheas mg` rahmcca` gukarous tikas.Sbag tba mssakhemca wms jirst axmkiga` ig =92<, :0 mrta-jmlts wara saealta`, mee oj tbak ratoulba` (7 = kk mg` 5= kk). Pba igearpratmtiogs wara lbalna` ig =921, mg` jigmeeyagtarl` igto tba lokputar ig =923. @urigc tbis emst pario`tba àhitmca wms slrutigiza` jor mrtajmlts axbihitigc m

strmicbt a`ca oj 7 =.6 lk ig lross-saltiog4 ogey two warajoug`. Pbay wara m`à` to tba smkpea jor usa-wamr mgmeysis,peus sayag pialas ìspemyigc ùhious 'usa-ratoulb', sulb ms mlora jrmckagt witb trmlas oj hmttarigc og hotb ag`s. Pbakamg ilgctb oj tba tooes stuìa` wms 8.1 lk, kamg wi`tb 8.=lk mg` kamg waicbt 0.: c. M totme oj 3< ikpeakagts wmsmgmeyza`, rasuetigc ig =6: VQMs.

Mee tooes wara trlmta` witb BLe, rigsa` ig tmp wmtar hutgot gautrmiisa` witb NOB. Go usa wms kmà oj mg uetrm-sogil leamgigc tmgn. Pba kilroslopa mvmiemhea mt tba IVV igMkstar`mk (wbara tba igitime mgmeysis toon pemla) wms mgOeykpus HKB witb kmcgijilmtiogs rmgcigc hatwaag 16-

066x. Pba suhsaquagt lbalnigc wms òga og Ginog-aquip-kagt (saa 8.0. 8.1).

Pba axmkigmtiog oj tba wamr-trmlas og tba Eai`slbag`mktraglb 0 ikpeakagts wms cramtey bmkpara` hy tba jmlt tbmt mvary bicb parlagtmca oj tba tooes wms got mgmeysmhea ms mrasuet oj mhrmsiog, prohmhey ùa to trmkpeigc oj tba surjmlahy tba igbmhitmgts. Pba kmtrix ig wbilb tba tooes waraakha`à`, logsista` oj smg`, wbilb is m vary ajialtiva mhrm-siva mcagt4 kost 'smg`-sitas' bmva turga` out got to hasuitmhea jor kilrowamr mgmeysis (lj. lbmptar 0). Ig m`ìtiog,tba rahmccigc ùrigc vmrious'stmcas oj stu`y bms meso mjjalta`tba ikpeakagts to soka axtagt. Mt Eai`slbag`mk 19 oj tba=6: VQMs (11.3%) loue` got ha mgmeyza`. Mpmrt jrok tba

proheaks witb raprasagtmtivity rmisa` hy tba axmkigmtiog ojtraglb 0 ogey, tba rasuets prasagta` bara mra savaraey himsa`hy post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs. Pooes wbilb warausa` jor ogey m hriaj pario` oj tika wiee got ha ralocgiza` mssulb halmusa tba wamr-trmlas mra got sujjiliagtey àvaeopa`to stmg` out jrok tba cagarme mhrmsiog. Meso, trmlas lmusa`hy, jor igstmgla, logtmlt witb kamt, craag pemgts mg` jrasbbiàs, wiee ha emlnigc metocatbar. Pba spaltruk oj mltivitiasprasagta` ig tba joeeowigc pmcas lmg got tbarajora ha tmnagmt jmla-vmeua.

:.<.<.8 Mltivitias igjarra`

Pmhea 01 àpilts tba rasuets oj tba wamr mgmeysis. M kara <6VQMs ìspemya` trmlas oj wamr, yiaeìgc <8 MQMs. Pba kostlokkog logtmlt suhstmgla saaks to bmva haag bià (G ;=6> <=.8% or 06.6% ij wa suhstrmlt tba lmtacory ugngowg).Pba vary bamvy a`ca-rougìgc mg` kmtt, roucb poeisb (jics.

33m, 33b) succasts `ry bià ig aicbt lmsas. Pwo tooes axbihiteass a`ca-rougìgc mg` kmy bmva haag usa` og aitbar jrasbor `ry bià. Hoga-wornigc tooes wara meso prasagt (jics. 3:i,

33l). It is mssuka` tbmt tba lbmgla tbmt hoga-wornigc tooes

mra 'hi`àg' (<.=8) is skmee> tba jour hoga-wornigc tooes mg`tbraa hoga-/ mgtear-/ woo`-wornigc tooes kicbt tbusmppromlb tba rame gukhar oj sulb tooes prasagt ig tbasmkpea. Pwo sojt pemgt-wornigc tooes wara mttasta` mg` twomrtajmlts ìspemya` silnea-ceoss (jic. 3:=).

Pba rmgca oj mltivitias parjorka` saaks tbarajora quitahrom`. Vrasagla oj 'silnea-ceoss'* lmg ha saag ms m logjirkm-

tiog oj tba opigiog tbmt mcriluetura wms prmltisa` eolmeey.Kmigtagmgla tmsns sulb ms bià-prolassigc wara lmrria` out>kost prohmhey it loglargs sojtagigc mltivitias oj `ria` orprolassa` biàs. Pba kmgujmltura oj hoga ohdalts bms haagmttasta`. Pba jour hoga-lmrvigc zogas ìspemy m cramtsikiemrity to tbasa jrok Banaeigcag III> parbmps tbay waraakpeoya` jor hoga mwe mg` lbisae proùltiog (lj. Kmmrea-vae` =921).

Go leamr-lut loglagtrmtiogs raprasagtigc m ìstiglt mltivitylmg ha ìstigcuisba`. Pba logjicurmtiog oj usa` tooeslogjorks to tba ìstrihutiog oj tba jeigt mrtajmlts ig cagarme,ms aviàgla` hy tba peot oj totme waicbt par I x = k squmra

(jic. 39). Pooes witb trmlas igjarra` ms haigc tba rasuet ojwornigc biàs mra joug` mlross tba agtira traglb. Hoga-/mgtear-wornigc ikpeakagts mra kmigey eolmta` ig tba gortb-arg pmrt> bowavar, tba gukhar àmet witb bara is ohviouseytoo skmee to mttrihuta mgy habmviorme sicgijilmgla to tbisohsarvmtiog.

:. <. 0 M\VALP\ OJ JOXK MG@ JQGLPIOG

Pba gukhar oj VQMs jor wbilb mg mltivity loue` ha igjarraìs rameey too skmee to logleuà kulb mhout tba raemtiogsbiphatwaag jork mg` jugltiog. Oj tba =8 VQMs wbilb waraakpeoya` jor slrmpigc, == ìspemya` m logvax a`ca-sbmpa.\trmicbt a`cas bm` haag usa` jor m vmriaty oj mltivitias mg`

wara got praòkigmgtey mssolimta` witb luttigc or smwigc4oj tba jour VQMs usa` jor lmrvigc, tbraa mppamra` to hastrmicbt. Ms to tba sbmpa oj tba mspalt surjmlas, tba emrcakmdority oj tba slrmpigc tooes ms waee ms tba two luttigctooes turga` out to ha pemgo-logvax. Aviàgla oj usa jorlmrvigc wms joug` og tooes vmryigc ig sbmpa oj tba logstitu-tigc mspalts. M emst korpboeocilme mttrihuta oj tba VQMs istba jork oj tba a`ca ig lross-saltiog. M vmriaty oj mltivitiaswms parjorka` witb strmicbt lross-saltiogs. Logvax lross-saltiogs wara eikita` to a`cas axbihitigc trmlas oj slrmpigcor lmrvigc. Pba smkpea oj ugkoìjil` jemnas wms skmee,halmusa so jaw pialas axbihita` m strmicbt a`ca 7 =.6 lk.

Gavartbaeass, oj tba jivl saealta` mrtajmlts oga wms possiheyusa` (tmbea 0:).

Pba Eai`slbag`mk traglb 0 civas tba ikprassiog tbmt tbalorraemtiog hatwaag tba korpboeocy oj m tooi mg` its wornigc a`cas, mg` tba kotiog to wbilb it wms put is got soleamr-lut. Oj loursa, kmyha tbis bms to ha mttrihuta` to tbajmlt tbmt so jaw tooes wara igtarpratmhea (ogey <6 VQMs). Ogtba otbar bmg`, tba igjlrior qumeity oj tba rmw kmtarimemvmiemhea to tba igbmhitmgts oj Eai`slbag`mk kicbt bmva ea`




8= MM

MM

• M • M M

86 M M M

=9M

MM • M M

=2 M • M •

=3 M MM M M

=: • M M

=1 M

=0 M •

=< M MM

M

=8 M M

== M

=6M

•M

M

9 •LO

M !

2 • *

• •

3 M

: • M M

1

8= • oo o @ *

86 * o

=9 @•

•

=2 ¥

=3 @ R

-=: •

'kW-

=1

=0 • iWN

=< = * •

=8

==

=6 6W, R

9

2 R

3 '!dd:

W *R

1

< 0 1 : 3 2 9 =6 == =8 =< =0 =1 < 0 1 : 3 2 9 =6 == =8 =< =0 =1

M slrmpar M slrmpar ratoulba` og mee siàs • jemna witb ratoulb

• hemà wItb ratoulb O horar • trmgsvarsa mrrowbam`

Jic. 32 Eai`slbag`mk traglb 04 spmtime logjicurmtiog oj tbaìjjaragt tooi typas (poigt 8/1 lorraspog`s witb @@/=6,16 ojjic. 31).

o hoga/mgtear ú woo` • sojt pemgt sti eà x ugngowg

• o.i -=6.6 cr W H =6.=-<6.6 cr W = 7 <6.= cr

Jic. 39 Eai`slbag`mk traglb 04 spmtime ìstrihutiog oj ikpea-kagts witb ohsarvmhea trmlas oj wamr. Saicbt-lemss ìstrihu-tiogs mra igìlmta` ms waee (par = x = k ugit).

to m eass lritilme axmkigmtiog oj m tooi mg` its a`cas, prior tousa. Pba lboilas kmà mra got so logsistagt.

:.<.1 IGPAXVXAPMPIOG OJ PBA EAI@\LBAG@MK PXAGLB 0

M\\AKHEMCA

Pba Eai`slbag`mk traglb 0 jeigt is got tba kost suitmheakmtarime jrok wbilb to àriva logleusiogs, ms tba post-àpo-sitiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs mra axtagsiva. Gavartbaeass walmg lmtlb m ceikpsa oj `miey eija ig tba satteakagt, metboucbtba àtmie is eass tbmg mt Banaeigcag III. M ìvarsity ojmltivitias wms lmrria` out mt tba sita. @ry bià-wornigc wmsoga oj tba kmig tmsns4 tba bamvy a`ca-rougìgc og tba

slrmpars succasts tbay wara usa` igtagsivaey, possihey ùrigctba sojtagigc stmca oj bià-prolassigc. Pbis nig` oj worn iscagarmeey mssuka` to bmva tmnag pemla mt m hmsa-lmkp orparkmgagt satteakagt. Hoga-wornigc is got prokigagt hut isgavartbaeass raprasagta`. Soo`-wornigc tooes mra vary jawig gukhar. Pba two silnea hemàs provià m`ìtiogme supportjor tba bypotbasis tbmt mcriluetura wms prmltisa` eolmeey.

Leamr-lut mltivity mrams wara got aviàgt, metboucb hoga/mgtear-wornigc ikpeakagts wara logjiga` to tba gortbarg

pmrt oj tba traglb (jic. 39). Xakmrnmhea is tbmt tba ki`èasaltiog oj tba traglb saaks virtumeey àvoi` oj jig`s. \ulb mlogjicurmtiog is succastiva oj m lagtrme mram witbig m raem-tivaey eogc-tark or parkmgagtey igbmhita` `waieigc, wbilbwms supposaèy leamga` racuemrey (lj. :.8.0). Bowavar, mssu-kigc tbmt tba jïg`s mra igìlmtigc tba mpproxikmta eolmtiogoj tba wmees, tba igjarra` bousa woue` bmva m wi`tb oj l. =6k. \ulb m wi`tb is got ogey ìjjiluet to mlbiava talbgilmeey,hut meso òas got lorraspog` witb tbmt oj tba ogey ZEbousa pemg ngowg so jmr, oj Bmmkstaà (Eouwa Nooidkmgs=921> 16). Mg metargmtiva axpemgmtiog woue` ha to postuemtasavarme ovaremppigc huieìgc pbmsas, witb tba bousa sbijtigcig soutbwastarg ìraltiog> ig tbmt lmsa, bowavar, tbarasboue` bmva haag kora jig`s meogc tba gortbamstarg a`ca.Mee ig mee, tba kamgigc oj tbis akpty saltiog ig traglb 0 isgot leamr. It is bopa` tbmt tba mgmeysis oj tba otbar mrtajmltlmtacorias wiee aeuli`mta tbis (Zmg Haan ig prap.).

Pba jeigt wms usa` quita ajjiliagtey4 8< (<=.1%) oj tba 3<tooes axmkiga` possassa` two VQMs. Pba slrmpars wbilbaxbihita` ratoulb mroug` tbair agtira lirlukjaragla waralougta` ms bmvigc oga VQM, hut ohviousey tbis raprasagts



=<9 \IPA @IJJAXAGPIMPIOG SIPBIG PBA ZEMMX@IGCAG-CXOQV

Pmhea 01 Eai`slbag`mk traglb04 igjarra` kotiog mg` logtmlt-kmtarime hy mltumeey usa` mram(MQM).

Pmhea 0: Eai`slbag`mk traglb04 àcraa oj wamr par ohsarva`pbagokagog hy potagtimeeyusa` mram (VQM).

totme

slrmpigc luttigc lmrvigc horigc bmjtigc ugngowg

bià =6sojt pemgt -larames -woo` =hoga/mgtear =ugngowg -

totme

=8

ratoulb7 Ikk

ratoulb5 Ikk

ugratoulba`strmicbt

a`ca

go trmlas 1 c 0usa` =6 8 -possihey usa` =6 < =got igtarpratmhea <6 9 1ugsura 3 =6 -

:8 <8 =6

protruìgcpoigt

totme

= ==8

8 8= <8 3: 3

<8

totme

=3=<=00<=3

=6:

suhstmgtime mltivity ms tba agtira a`ca lmggot bmva haag usa`sikuetmgaousey. Pba gukhar oj MQMs is got cramt4 82 VQMs(8:.0%) bm` oga MQM, wbiea two VQMs ìspemya` twoMQMs (=.9%). Leamrey, tba raemtivaey skmee mkougt oj MQMsis emrcaey ùa to tba jmlt tbmt trmlas oj wamr bmva haagohslura` hy mhrmsiog. Pba àcraa oj usa wms ojtag gotigtarpratmhea ùa to p`sk (G ; 01)> =3 ìspemya` go trmlas,=< VQMs axbihita` vmrious àcraas oj usa, =0 VQMs warapossihey akpeoya` mg` =3 VQMs wara eista` ms ugsura. Pbakost logvigligc mrcukagt jor m tbrijty mttituà towmr`s tbajeigt lokas jrok tba prasagla oj ovarbmgcigc òrsme a`cas, mpbagokagog wbilb lmg ha mslriha` to ralurragt rasbmrpa-

gigc. Pbis korpboeocilme jamtura lmggot ha ohslura` hysalog`mry koìjilmtiogs. Xasbmrpagigc wms ohsarva` og =1slrmpars> tbis igjaragla is supporta` hy tba jmlt tbmt og =2usa` VQMs tba poeisb bm` leamrey haag prasagt hut wmspmrtimeey rakova` hy rasbmrpagigc jemnas. I woue` tbarajoramrcua tbmt tba mkougt oj rmw kmtarime mvmiemhea to tbaigbmhitmgts oj Eai`slbag`mk wms got mhug`mgt mg` tbmtlurmtiva kamsuras sulb ms rasbmrpagigc bm` to ha tmnag.It saaks tbmt tba proheak oj tba sbortmca mg` tba igjariorqumeity oj tba eolmeey mvmiemhea rmw kmtarime loue` got hamieavimta` hy mg oriagtmtiog towmr`s ikporta` jeigt. Ig tbissagsa tba paopea og tba ùga ri`cas mppamr to ha kora

isoemta` tbmg tba ogas eivigc ig or axpeoitigc tba jrasbwmtarti`me zoga. M jaw hemàs mg` jemnas mra mppmragtey ikporta`mg` kmy ha oj gortbarg oricig wbilb loue` succast tbaìraltiog ig wbilb tba igbmhitmgts oj Eai`slbag`mk bm`logtmlt witb tba 'outsià wore`", i.a. possihey witb tbaroucbey logtakpormgaous VJH sitas oj Noeborg, Mmrtswou`mg` tba ZE/VJH sita oj Tmg`warvag. Pbis is supporta` hytba prasagla oj VJH-sblr`s me tba sitas eolmta` og tba ùgari`cas.

:.0 \ita ìjjaragtimtiog witbig tba Zemmrìgcag croupOg tba hmsis oj sikiemritias ig, jor igstmgla, pottary mssakhemcas, m gukhar oj sitas mra mttrihuta` to tba ZE croup ojwbilb wa meram`y ngaw tbmt tbay kicbt ìjjar ig tarks ojtbair suhsistagla strmtacias. \itas haeogcigc to tbis lueturmecroup mra situmta` ig jour ìjjaragt agvirogkagtme zogas.Pba sitas og tba ùga-ri`cas sulb ms Eai`slbag`mk mg`Zoorslbotag, bmva mewmys haag logsiàra` mcrilueturme sitas(Croagkmg-vmg Smmtarigca at me. =9:2). Og tba otbar bmg`,Banaeigcag III, eolmta` og tba a`ca oj tba jrasbwmtar ti`memram mg` tba pamt-zoga, bms, mkogc otbar metargmtivas, haagrajarra` to ms m saki-parkmgagt lmkp jor bugtar-jisbars-

cmtbarars, wbo kmigtmiga` logtmlts witb mcrilueturme sattea-kagts mg` axlbmgca` proùlts witb tbak (Eouwa Nooid-kmgs =9214=6<). Pba Bmzagògn, tba ogey sita wbilb bmshaag igvasticmta` ig tba pamt-mram, loue` ha m parkmgagtsatteakagt oj jisbars mg` bugtars> ig m`ìtiog, tba igbmhitmgts mppmragtey possassa` eivastoln. It is ugiinaey tbmt mcri-luetura wms prmltisa` bara eolmeey (Eouwa Nooidkmgs =9214=81-=8:). Emstey, sitas ig tba rivar-lemy zoga, sulb ms Awidn,wara, parbmps yamrroug`, ollupmtiogs oj mcrilueturme pao-peas (Mskussag/ Koraa =923). Oga oj tba ohdaltivas oj tbajugltiogme mgmeysis oj tba jeigt wms to m``rass tbis ìvarsityig suhsistagla strmtacias mppmragt mkogc tba ZE sitas.

Pba rasuets oj tba prasagt stu`y àkogstrmta tbmt Eai`slbag`mk igàa` sbows aviàgla, mehait got àjigitiva, ojbmvigc haag m parkmgagtey sattea` mcrilueturme lokkugity(sal :.<.1). Pba igbmhitmgts saak to bmva prolassa` biàs,kmgujmltura` hoga or mgtear ohdalts, mg` òga soka woo`-wornigc. Pwo tooes ìspemya` silnea-ceoss, supportigc tbasuccastiog tbmt lroppigc wms òga eolmeey. Qgjortugmtaey,post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs bm` mjjalta` m cramtkmgy ikpeakagts, so tba rasuets oj tba usa-wamr mgmeysis




lmggot ha logsiàra` raprasagtmtiva. M`ìtiogme aviàglamhout tba mttituà oj tba igbmhitmgts towmr`s jeigt loue` haohtmigl` jrok m stu`y oj llrtmig korpboeocilme mttrihutas ojtba ikpilklgts. Qsa wms kmà oj eolmeey mvmiemhea jeigtpahheas oj vary skmee siza. M raemeivaey bicb parlagtmca ojtba tooes turga` out to ha rasbmrpaga`, wbarams tba gukharoj VQ Ms par tooi wms bicb. Pbasa jamturas mra igìlmtiva oj

m raemtiva slmrlity oj (suitmhea) rmw kmtarime. Pbara is vir-tumeey go aviàgla jor ikport kmtarime to meeavimta tbasbortmca oj coo`-qumeity jeigt. Eai`slbag`mk saaks to bmvahaag quita isoemta`, mt eamst jrok m iitbil parspaltiva'. Sbmtaviàgla axists jor outsià logtmlts poigts to tba gortb4 ogahem`l strogcey rasakheas gortbarg kormiga jeigt. \ulb jeigt ismeso prasagt og tba VJH sitas oj Noeborg mg` Mmrtswou`(Zmg Itarsog \lboetag =92=). Mg oriagtmtiog towmr`s tbaVJH sitas ig tba gortb hy tba Eai`slbag`mk ollupmgts, ismeso supporta` hy VJH lueturme aeakagts ig tba pottarymssakhemca (Cemsharcag at me, =9:3).

Pba jugltiogme mgmeysis oj tba Banaeigcag III jeigt mssak

hemca rasueta`, mt jirst cemgla, ig m sikiemr, mehait koraàtmiea`, spaltruk oj igjarra` mltivitias ms Eai`slbag`mk4aviàgla wms prasagt jor tba proùltiog oj hoga mg` mgtearohdalts, bià-prolassigc, mg` woo`-wornigc. Ig m`ìtiog,pemgts wara speitea`, prohmhey jor kmttigc or hmsnatry purposas. It wms meso sbowg wbilb hoga ohdalts wara kmgujml-tura` witb tba jeigt tooes ìspemyigc wamr-trmlas igìlmtiva ojhoga. Go silnea hemàs wara joug`, supportigc tba mssartiog,hmsa` og pmemaohotmgilme aviàgla (lj. Hmnaes =922), tbmtmcriluetura wms got prmltisa` eolmeey. Qgeina tba Eai`slbag`mk slrmplrs. tba Blnaeigcag === bi`l-wornigc ikpeakagtswara igtarprata` ms bmvigc haag igvoeva` ig slrmpigc tbajrasb biàs oj jur-hamrigc mgikmes (lj. :.8.:). Mee jeigt wms

ikporta`, kost prohmhey jrok tba soutb (Zarbmrt =92<).Gavartbaeass, tba kmtarime wms `ljïgitaey got smva` or igtag-sivaey usl` up. Pba gukhar oj VQMs par tooi is eass tbmg mtEai`slbag`mk, gor is tbara kulb aviàgla jor tba rasbmrpa-gigc oj ikpeakagts. Ij Banaeigcag III bm` haag ollupia` ogm parkmgagt hmsis, oga woue` axpalt tba ikporta` jeigt tobmva haag usa` ig m kora tbrijty kmggar, or aesa to bmvakora aviàgla jor tba axpeoitmtiog oj kora gamrhy sourlasoj jeigt.

Metboucb tba igtarpratmtiog oj tba jugltiog oj BanaeigcagIII ig m satteakagt systak rakmigs proheakmtil, I jmvour tbaopeiog tbmt it loglarga` m ralurragtey visiea` pemla jrok

wbara m vmriaty oj wie` rasourlas, sulb ms sturcaog, hir`s,vmrious cmka mg` pemgts, loue` ha ohtmigl`. Xakmigs tbaquastiog wbatblr tba pemla wms usa` hy bugtar-cmtbarars igtbair (yamrey) samsogme roug` or hy jmrkars jor tba mlquisi-tiog oj muxieimry rasourlas. Pba jmlt tbmt Banaeigcag III mesoyiaeà` rakmigs oj òkastil mgikmes, gotmhey lmttea, woue`mrcua jor tba emttar possihieity. Koraovar, hy tba Emta Gao-eitbil mee oj tba Gatbaremg`s sbows aviàgla jor jmrkigc, mesotba gamrhy ZE sitas oj Eai`slbag`mk mg` Zoorslbotag, mg`

tba roucbey logtakpormgaous VJH satteakagts oj Noeborgmg` Mmrtswou` to tba gortb. Pbis kmnas it ugeinaey tbmt mcroup oj bugtar-cmtbarars loue` bmva kmigtmiga` tbair trmìtiogme suhsistagla hmsa, ugmjjalta` hy tba lbmgcas wbilb bm`tmnag pemla mee mroug` tbak> tba mram ig wbilb tbay loue`kmigtmig sulb m wmy oj eija halmka axtrakaey eikita`. Banaeigcag III lmg tbus ha igtarprata` ms bmvigc haag usa` hy

pmstormeists/ mcrilueturmeists wbo prohmhey eiva` sokawbarato tba soutb4 tba typa oj jeigt usa` saaks to poigt ig tbmtìraltiog (Zarbmrt =92<). Jrok m Iitbil parspaltiva tbara isgo aviàgla tbmt, jor igstmgla, tba jmrkars oj tba lomstmeùga ìstrilt wara axpeoitigc Banaeigcag III, halmusa tbatypa oj rmw kmtarime is ìjjaragt jor hotb sitas.

Mgotbar sita witbig tba jrasbwmtar ti`me zoga loglargs tbatypa-sita Zemmrìgcag. M praeikigmry usa-wamr mgmeysis ojtba jeigt jrok traglb == igìlmta` m smka rmgca oj parjorka`mltivitias ms Banaeigcag III mg` Eai`slbag`mk traglb 0 (ZmgCidg =920). Pbis stu`y is lurragtey haigc axtagà`, mg`succasts m praòkigmgla oj bià-wornigc (<= % oj tba

ikpeakagts wara igvoeva` ig tbis mltivity (X.Axmetus, pars.lokk.). Pwo hemà-eina tooes ìspemya` m eustrous sbaag,wbilb loue` bmva haag lmusa` hy luttigc raa`s. Aviàgla jortba kmgujmltura oj hoga mg` mgtear ohdalts is prasagt mswaee. Pba rmw kmtarime usa` is oj soutbarg oricig mg` leosaeyrasakheas croup = oj Banaeigcag III. Pba two jeigt mssakhemcas meso lorraspog` ig otbar raspalts4 tba siza oj tbamrtajmlts is sikiemr, hotb ìspemy m bicb jraquagly oj poeisba`mxa jrmckagts, mg` tba kamg a`ca mgcea jmees mroug` :1¶.It is, bowavar, too amrey to taie wbltbar tba igbmhitmgts ojZemmrìgcag axbihita` m sikiemr lmraeass wmy oj àmbgc witbtba ikporta` jeigt ms tbosa oj Banaeigcag III> tba Zemmrìgcag jeigt mssakhemca is ogey gow haigc racistara` ig tarks

oj VQMs mg` MQMs. @aspita tba jmlt tbmt tba jeigt mssakhemcas oj Banaeigcag III mg` Zemmrìgcag mra sikiemr, tbasitas mra vary ìjjaragt ig otbar raspalts. Mt Zemmrìgcagkulb sturìar `waeeigcs wara aralta` tbmg mt Banaeigcag III,raquirigc m logsiàrmhea igvastkagt oj tika mg` kmtarimes.Meso, aviàgla jor VJH aeakagts, sulb ms m hmttea-mxa, poigtsto logtmlts witb tba gortb. Ms Zemmrìgcag is tba topil oj mìssartmtiog ig procrass mt prasagt (vmg Haan ig prap.), I wieerajrmig jrok civigc m 'jugltiogme' igtarpratmtiog oj tba sita.

Hiagagjae` (=92:) bms stuìa` m skmee smkpea oj tba ZEmssakhemcas jrok Bmzagògn, tba ogey sita igvasticmta` igtba pamt-zoga. Jrok eavae ZE-em tba gukhar oj pialas

axmkiga` wms too skmee to `rmw logleusiogs jrok. JrokZE-eh 0= oj tba 892 mrtajmlts wara stuìa`, i.a. =<.2% oj tbaloeealtiog> =: oj tbak sbowa` go trmlas oj usa. M praòkigmgla oj woo`-wornigc wms mttasta`. witb soka hoga-/mgtear-, sojt pemgt- or bià-wornigc bmvigc haag prmltisa` mswaee. Pba mhsagla oj silnea hemàs supports tba iàm tbmt golroppigc toon pemla og tba ùga.

Jrok tba jourtb agvirogkagtme zoga, tbmt oj tba rivar-lemy àposits, go jeigt mssakhemcas wara axmkiga` jor trmlas



=0= \IPA @IJJAXAGPIMPIOG SIPBIG PBA ZEMMX@IGCAG-CXOQV

oj wamr. Pba kmtarime jrok Awidn prova` ugsuitmhea jorsulb mg mgmeysis. Otbar eigas oj aviàgla igìlmta tbmt mcri-luetura saaka` to bmva haag prmltisa`> wbatbar tba sita wmsollupia` og m yamrroug` hmsis, is stiee opag to quastiog(Mskussag/ Koraa =923). Pba jeigt usa` igleuàs soka Zmenaghurc kmtarime, igìlmtigc logtmlts ig soutbarg ìraltiog,parbmps witb tba \taig-croup.

Sbmt akarcas is m piltura oj cramt vmrimhieity hatwaag tbavmrious sitas suhsuka` ugàr tba ZE croup. Eai`slbag`mk,mg` parbmps meso Zoorslbotag, is igtarprata` ms m parkm-gagtey igbmhita` mcrilueturme sita witb outsià logtmltstowmr`s tba gortb (possihey tba VJH sitas oj Mmrtswou`,Noeborg mg` tba ZE/VJH sita oj Tmg`warvag). BanaiigcagIII, mg` parbmps meso Zemmrìgcag mg` Bmzagògn, lmg hasaag ms takpormry satteakagts. Ms jmr ms Banaeigcag III isloglarga`, it is einaey tbmt tba sita wms usa` hy jmrkarseivigc to tba soutb, parbmps og tba smetkmrsbas oj Taaemg`.Awidn, eolmtl` kulb jurtbar to tba amst is logsiàra` mgmcrilueturme satteakagt, prohmhey ollupia` yamrroug` mg`

witb mg orilgtmtiog towmr`s Eikhurc (i.l. soutbamstargGatbarimg`s). It lmg ha succasta` tbmt, ùrigc tba EmtaGaoeitbil, m kosmil oj jmrkigc satteakagts wms prasagt igtba Xbiga/ Kausa àetm. Pbasa wara eolmta` og tba ùga-ri`cas, hut parbmps meso og tba ti`me jemts. Jurtbar axpmgsiogbm` haag mrrasta` halmusa mee prika mrams wara ollupia`. Pomeeavimta tba parlaiva` raùltiog oj proùltivity', otbar

mvaguas wara soucbt4 oga optiog loue` bmva haag tba log-tigua` axpeoitmtiog oj tba lomstme mrams jor wie` rasourlas.Banaeigcag III, mg` parbmps Bmzagògn mg` Zemmrìgcag mswaee, kicbt raprasagt sitas jrok wblra sulb mltivitias waralmrria` out.

gotas

= Pba jur oj soka mgikmes, bna lmrihou, is hast ùrigc mutukgigstam oj wigtar (\piass =939).

8 Mg axlaptiog jork tbosa lmsas oj bmjtigc ig wbilb usa is kmà ojm kixtura oj rasig kixa` witb lrusba` stoga pmrtileas. Pba emttag ism`à` to stmhieiza tba rasig mg` mppmragtey lmusa soka jriltiog-ceossog tba jeigt surjmla (B.Duae Dagsag, pars.lokk.).

< Igtarastigcey agoucb. eolme kmgujmltura oj hoga ikpeakagts bmshaag àkogstrmta` mt \oemcar (\nmmrup =93<).

0 Pba tark "silnea-ceoss" is cagarmeey usa to rajar to m poeisbleamrey visihea witb tba gmna` ayl. witb soka wi`tb, mg` supposaèyùa to tba rampigc oj larames. It bms haag sbowg, bowavar, tbmt'silnea-ceoss" lmg meso ha lmusa` hy logtmlt-kmtarimes otbar tbmgsieilious pemgts (m.o. Zmg Cidg =922). Mt Eai`slbag`mk it loglargs'rame' silnea-ceoss.

1 Pba mltume proùltiog, wbilb lmg ha mpproxikmta` hy us jrok mgatil parspaltiva, kicbt bmva rakmiga` logstmgt ig tba kamgtika.



=08



Pba igtarpratmtiva possihieitias oj kilrowamr mgmeysis

3.= Igtroùltiog

Katboòeocilme mg` talbgilme issuas bmva praollupia` tba

kmdority oj kilrowamr mgmeysts gamrey jrok tba stmrt. Pbis is

got surprisigc ms tba ìslipBga is raemtivaey gaw, wbiia kmdor

proheaks (lj lbmptars 8 mg` 0) halmka aviàgt quita soog

mjtar its igtroùltiog. Kost rasamrlbars wara yougc mg`

ugaxpariagla`, wornigc ig isoemtiog, mg` cagarmeey witb igsu

jjiliîgt jigmglime hmlnigc. Ig m`ìtiog, mekost avaryoga bm`

to stmrt out witb tba tika-logsukigc tmsn oj lramtigc m

rajaragla loQaltiog. Logsaquagtey, kmgy mgmeysts bmva òga

m eot oj 'gmvae-stmrigc'. Pbis is. I haeiava, oga oj tba kmig

ramsogs wby kilrowamr mgmeysis (hut meso usa-wamr mgmeysis

ig cagarme) bms jmiea` to haloka pmrt oj kmigstramk

mrlbmaoeocy, àspita tba jmlt tbmt, aspalimeey ig tba amrey

pbmsa oj tba ìslipeiga, vary lurragt or botey-àhmta` Ibakas

wara m``rassa`, sulb ms tba 'Koustarimg proheak' (Mgàr-

sog-Carjmu` =92=> Hayrias =923), mg` tba Qppar Vmemao-

eitbil opag-mir sitas oj tba Vmris Hmsig (Koss =92<m> Veissog

=921m> \ykags =92:> Naaeay =923).

Xalagtey, kilrowamr mgmeysts bmva haloka mwmra oj tbair

raemtivaey isoemta` positiog ig tba mrlbmaoeocilme wore` mt

emrca. Ig raspogsa, m logjaragla wms orcmgiza` mt tba Qgi-

varsity oj Qppsmem, \waàg. Pba mtkospbara wms quita opti-

kistil, witb avaryoga logjiàgt oj m jutura jor kilrowamr

mgmeysis, hue kulb oj tba ìslussiog stiee lagtra` og katbo

òeocilme mg` talbgilme issuas. It is haeiava` tbmt, avag

tboucb rajealtiog mg` warn og tbasa kmttars is assagtime jor

tba procrass oj tba ìslipeiga, it is aqumeey ikportmgt to

sariousey stmrt igtacrmtigc tba mppromlb igto cagarme

mrlbmaoeocilme rasamrlb.

Kilrowamr mgmeysis lmg ha m tooi jor soevigc quastiogs

racmrìgc tba jork mg` jugltiog oj ikpeakagts, mg` tba

mltivitias mg` tmsns lmrria` out hy tba igbmhitmgts oj m

satteakagt. Mt mg igtrm-sita eavae, jugltiogme `mtm lmg mssistig tba samrlb jor mltivity mrams, wbarams ig tba lmsa oj igtar

sita stuìas, jugltiogme ìjjaragtimtiog hatwaag satteakagts

kmy ha aeuli`mta`. Mee oj tbasa tbakas bmva meram`y haag

m``rassa` ig lbmptars 1 mg` :, mg` I sbmee got rapamt ig

axtagso tba logleusiogs `rmwg. Ig tbis lbmptar, I woue` ogey

eina to bicbeicbt tba potagtimes oj kilrowamr mgmeysis, mg`

ieeustrmta tbis witb soka axmkpeas `rmwg jrok tba lmsa

stuìas.

3.8 Jork varsus jugltiog

Jork-jugltiog proheaks wara m``rassa` mekost ikkaìmtaey

mjtar tba igtroùltiog oj usa-wamr mgmeysis, hotb jrok m

"kmlro'-parspaltiva (m.o. Oàee =92=) mg` jrok m 'kilro'

poigt oj viaw (m.o. Koss =92<l). Pbis is got so mstogisbigc

ms amlb oga oj tba mppromlbas saaka` to ojjar mg ohdaltiva

katbo` jor mssassigc tba vmeiìty oj (jugltiogme) typoeocias.

Pba emttar bm` usumeey haag mrriva` mt ig m rmtbar suhdaltiva

kmggar.

Duae Dagsag, ig bar raviaw oj Sast-Auropamg rasamrlb ig

kilrowamr mgmeysis, bms axmkiga` tba jugltiogme boko-

cagaity oj two tooi typas lokkogey aglougtara` ig mrlbma

oeocilme mssakhemcas, i.a. tba slrmpar mg` tba hurig (Duae

Dagsag =922m). Sitb raspalt to tba slrmpars, Duae Dagsag

logleuàs tbmt ig tba Qppar mg` Jigme Vmemaoeitbil ag`-

slrmpars mra mekost soeaey usa` og bià. Jrok tba Amrey

Kasoeitbil ogwmr`s, igjarra` logtmlt-kmtarimes m`ìtiogmeey

igleuà woo` mg`, to m eassar axtagt, hoga/ mgtear. Sornigc

a`cas usumeey hamr aviàgla oj m slrmpigc kotiog. Pba

rasuets ohtmiga` jor tba Gaoeitbil mssakhemcas oj Haan-

Koeagstaac, Banaeigcag III mg` Eai`slbag`mk meso sbow

slrmpars to ha mekost axleusivaey usa` ig m trmgsvlrsakotiog. Mt tba Amrey Gaoeitbil sita oj Haan-Koeagstaac tba

mssolimtiog hatwaag ag`slrmpar mg` bià-poeisb is vary

strogc, wbiea mt tba otbar two. Emta Gaoeitbil, sitas kora

vmrimhieity is ìspemya` ig tarks oj tba kmtarime worna`, witb

woo` mg` hoga/ mgtear meso haigc prasagt. Horars mra vir-

tumeey mhsagt mt Haan-Koeagstaac, wbarams go 'suhstituta'

jeigt tooi wms mttasta`. Og tba otbar bmg`, mt Banaeigcag III

horars mppamr to ha m lokkog ollurragla. Pbay turg out to

ha mekost igvmrimhey usa` jor horigc, metboucb otbar

kotiogs mra parjorka` witb tbak ms waee> tba logtmlt-kmta-

rime, bowavar, is axtrakaey vmrimhea.

Yat mgotbar tooi typa sbowa` m vary sicgijilmgt lorraem-tiog hatwaag its jork mg` jugltiog4 tba qumrtiars `'ormgca

jrok Haan-Koeagstaac. Sitbout axlaptiog tbay axbihita` tba

kystarious poeisb '8<" (saa 1.0.8.3). Gavartbaeass, go axleu-

siva lorraemtiog axista` hatwaag tba qumrtiars ms m tooi typa

mg` tbis ugngowg poeisb4 two mrtajmlts witb m jugltiogme

a`ca assagtimeey iàgtilme to tba ogas oj tba qumrtiars ìs

pemya` tba smka trmlas. It sboue` ha gota` tbmt hut jor

kilrowamr mgmeysis tba sicgijilmgla oj tbasa mrtajmlts woue`



=00 PBA IGPAXVXAPMPIZA VO\\IHIEIPIA\ OJ KILXOSAMX MGMEY\I\

got bmva haag ralocgiza`. ]umrtiars `'ormgca wara tboucbt

to ha mhsagt ig @utlb EHN mssakhemcas, mg` tba seicbtey 'm-

typilme' spalikags joug` mt Haan-Koeagstaac woue` proh-

mhey bmva haag lemssijia` ms 'heolns', gavar to ha eoona` mt

mcmig. Pba smka mppeias to tba two ugrltoulba` hemàs

ìspemyigc mg iàgtilme pmttarg oj wamr-trmlas. Gow tbmt it is

leamr wbilb korpboeocilme lbmrmltaristils mra ikportmgt, (i.a.

mg ugrltoulba`, racuemr, strmicbt or seicbtey loglmva a`ca,witb m Ilgctb oj :-9 lk, mg` mg a`ca-mgcea oj 36-96¶), it bms

haloka possihea to mekost praìlt tba prasagla oj poeisb

'8<'. Ms tba poeisb is meso visihea witb tba gmna` aya, tbis

smvas m eot oj bours habig` tba kilroslopa. Metboucb it is,

ugjortugmtaey, got yat ngowg wbilb logtmlt-kmtarime lmusa`

tbasa trmlas (tba kotiog is ugòuhtaèy trmgsvarsa), tba mlti-

vity raspogsihea jor tbak logstitutas mg igtacrme pmrt oj tba

EHN lueturme lokpeax. Pba trmlas wara iàgtijia` ig mekost

avary EHN mssakhemca so jmr stuìa` jor tba prasagla oj

wamr, jrok Biagbaik ig Hmvmrim, Sast-Carkmgy, to @mriog

ig Haeciuk, wbarams tbay bmva, to ky ngowea`ca, gavar haag

raporta` jor otbar pario`s. Bopajueey, tba jugltiogme ri`èa

posa` hy poeisb '8< ' wiee ha soeva` ig tba gamr jutura.

Mee otbar tooi typas oj tba mssakhemcas stuìa` ìspemya`

cramt vmrimhieity witb raspalt to igjarra` usa, metboucb tbara

òas saak to ha soka logsistagly ig tba nig` oj

korpboeocilme mttrihutas lbosag jor spalijil kotiogs (saa

1.1., :.8.1 mg` :.i.0). Aspalimeey a`ca-mgcea mg`, to m eassar

axtagt, sbmpa oj tba a`ca, saak to ha ikportmgt ig tbis

racmr`. Pbis woue` succast tbmt, ij oga is igtarasta` ig

jugltiog, it is cagarmeey kora mpproprimta to eoon mt tba

lbmrmltaristils oj tba igìviùme a`cas, tbmg tba ovarmee sbmpa

oj m tooi, sokatbigc wbilb bms meso haag strassa` ig atbgo-

mrlbmaoeocilme stuìas (Coue` at me. =93=> Sbita at me. =933>

Bmyàg =939). Pbis òas got ikpey tbmt our typoeocilme

gotiogs bmva haloka wortbeass> tbay rakmig m vary vmeumhea

kamgs oj lemssijyigc otbarwisa ugwiae`y mssakhemcas mg`

lmg meso bmva cramt usa ms takporme or spmtime kmrnars.

Bowlvlr, it woue` ha jmeemlious to mutokmtilmeey mssolimta m

lartmig tooi typa witb m spalijil usa.

Pba jugltiogme mgmeysis bms got ogey quastioga` tba jugl

tiogme bokocagaity oj savarme tooi typas. It bms meso

àkogstrmta` tbmt kmgy ugrltoulba` a`cas wara akpeoya`

jor vmrious purposas. Pbis mppeias hotb to tba hemàs jrok

Haan-Koeagstaac mg` to tba kora irracuemr jemnas jrok

Banaeigcag III. Ig tba lmsa oj Haan-Koeagstaac, mltivitias

igleuà tba luttigc oj bià mg` sojt pemgt, mg` tba slrmpigcoj tba logtmlt-kmtarime haigc raspogsihea jor poeisb '8<'. Mt

Banaeigcag III, ugrltoulba` jemnas wara usa` jor speittigc

pemgts jor kmttigc or hmsnatry. It wms meso sbowg tbmt sulb

jemnas wara logsiàra` mpproprimta jor àapagigc tba gmturme

croova oj tba katmpoìm oj àar> tbis prolaùra jorka` pmrt

oj tba tmsn oj hoga mwe mg` lbisae kmgujmltura (saa :.8.<.8).

Pba Igjorkmtiog ohtmiga` hy meso axmkigigc ugrltoulba`

jemnas mg` hemàs bms tbarajora logtrihuta` logsiàrmhey to m

hattar ugàrstmgìgc oj tba `miey mltivitias lmrria` out mt tba

vmrious sitas.

\igla tbis stu`y wms ìralta` mt jugltiog, tba quastiog oj

styea gaa`s to ha m``rassa`, hut wiee ogey ha toulba` upog.

Leosa (=932) logsiàrs styea to ha igàpagàgt oj jugltiog

mg` mrcuas tbmt styea lmg ogey ha igjarra` hy m prolass oj

aeikigmtiog, oj mee tba mspalts tbmt ò got bmva m jugltiogme

ramsog> @alnars (=921) tmnas m sikiemr positiog. Otbar

rasamrlbars bmva proposa` prolaùras to sapmrmta styea jrok

jugltiog (a.c. Kaetzar =92=). Ij wa joeeow tbak, usa-wamr

mgmeysis woue` ha mg igìspagsmhea katbo` to ìstigcuisb

jugltiogme jrok styeistil trmits. Pba ugàreyigc mssukptiog is

tbmt styea is m`à` to tba tooi, bmvigc go otbar ohdaltiva

tbmg to sicgme atbgility or croup mjjieimtiog. Mg metargmtiva

mppromlb, tbmt mppamrs kora lraìhea mt eamst jor eitbil stu`

ias, bms haag succasta` hy \mlnatt ig m sarias oj mrtileas (m.o.

=928, =92:). \mlnatt viaws styea

'got ms m ìstiglt ramek oj jork hut igstam` ms m emtagt qumeity tbmt

mt eamst potagtimeey rasiàs ig mee jorkme vmrimtiog tbmt bms ig oga

wmy or mgotbar pmssa` tbroucb m luetura's kmtrix' (\mlnatt =92:4

8:2).

Pbis woue` kamg tbmt usa-wamr mgmeysis proviàs go baep ig

sapmrmtigc styea jrok jugltiog. Bowavlr, halmusa tbara mra

usumeey savarme metargmtivas to soeva m spalijil (jugltiogme)

proheak, lboilas kust ha kmà, wbilb mra, to soka axtagt,

houg` hy trmìtiog. It kicbt ha possihea jor usa-wamr mgmeysts

to trmln tbasa logsistagt lboilas. Mg axmkpea, prasagta` ig

tbis stu`y, mra tba staap-mgcea` qumrtiars `'ormgca, wbilb

logsistagtey ìspemy tba smka usa, mg` mekost saak to 'bmee

kmrn' tba EHN eitbil mssakhemcas> bowavlr, it is mekost

ikpossihea to àtarkiga wbilb mspalts oj tbasa tooes lmg ha

logsiàra` jugltiogme mg` wbilb ogas styeistil.

3.< Xalogstrultiog oj mltivitias mg` tmsns

Ig lbmptars 8 mg` < tba wmy oj mrrivigc mt m jugltiogme

igtarpratmtiog oj igìviùme wornigc a`cas mg` agtira tooes

wms ìslussa` (lj. 8.3.8). Ig m`ìtiog, it wms outeiga` bow it

wms sokatikas possihea to igjar, got ogey tba mltivity (i.a.

tba kotiog mg` logtmlt-kmtarime), hut meso tba tmsn ig wbilb

mg ikpeakage wms igvoeva` (saa <.=.8). Xakmigs tba quastiog

wbilb kamgigc wa lmg mttrihuta to tbasa rasuets. Ig tba

pralaìgc pmcas it bms jraquagtey haag strassa` tbmt tba

outloka oj m kilrowlmr mgmeysis lmg ha himsa` hy tba

prasagla oj post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs og tbasurjmlas oj tba tooes. Pbasa trmlas kmy bmva oheitarmta` tba

eass waee-àvaeopa` poeisbas, sulb ms tbosa jrok logtmlt witb

kamt, jrasb craag pemgts or jrasb biàs, ms waee ms tba avi-

àgla jor sbort-tark usas og otbar logtmlt-kmtarimes. \ulb

kicbt meso ha tba lmsa wbag tba jeigt tba mrtajmlts mra

proùla` oj, is lomrsl-crmiga`. Avag ij mee logìtiogs saak

jmvourmhea, witb go p`sk prasagt, wbiea tba ikpeakagts mra

kmà oj jiga-crmiga` jeigt, tbara wiee stiee ha mg ugàr-astikm-



=01 XALOG\PXQLPIOG OJ MLPIZIPIA\ MG@ PM\N\/PBA \AMXLB JOX MLPIZIPY EOLI

tiog oj tba mltivitias igvoevigc tba mhova-kagtioga` logtmlt-

kmtarimes (lj <.=8). Mee tbasa jmltors bmva to ha tmnag igto

mllougt wbag mttrihutigc habmviourme sicgijilmgla to tba

rasuets oj tba mgmeysis.

Ig m`ìtiog, tbara mra savarme tmpbogokil prolassas tbmt

kust ha logsiàra` wbag tryigc to ralogstrult tba mltivitias

ikportmgt mt tba sita haigc stuìa`. Jirst oj mee, tooes mra

haigc lmrria` mroug`. Mt lartmig eolmtiogs (prasukmhey igtba lmsa oj eogcar-tark ollupmtiogs), tooenits mra prapmra`

ig mgtilipmtiog oj tmsns to ha parjorka` mt otbar sitas, or

kmigtagmgla mg` rapmir mltivitias tmna pemla. Pbis rasuets ig

tba àpositiog oj mrtajmlts wbilb wara mltumeey usa` aesa-

wblrl. Ohviousey, it is vary ìjjiluet to `rmw m eiga ms to

wbilb ojj-sita mltivitias stiee haeogc to tba mltivity pmttarg oj

m sita> bià-slrmpigc haigc òga duse outsià m satteakagt

leamrey is pmrt oj tbis. so woue` ha bmrvastigc ig tba gamrhy

jiae`s. Hue wbmt mhout jisbigc-camr usa` m nieokatra mwmy

jrok tba sita mg` hroucbt boka? It is aviàgt tbmt sulb

quastiogs gaa` to ha hok ig kig`, aspalimeey wbag tbara is

aviàgla jor lurmt iog (Higjor` =939), or jor bmjtigc mg`

ratooeigc mltivitias (Naaeay =928) (saa meso haeow).

Mpmrt jrok tba possihieity tbmt tooes usa` ojj-sita mra

àposita` mt tba sita, it lmg meso ollur tbmt tooes, akpeoya`

ig suhsistagla tmsns jorkigc pmrt oj tba mltivity pmttarg oj

tba igbmhitmgts, hut lmrria` out soka ìstmgla jrok tba

satteakagt. wara eost or ìslmrà` ùrigc usa, rasuitigc ig

tbosa eow-àgsity sitas wbilb mra so rmraey m``rassa` ig

mrlbmaoeocilme igvasticmtiogs (Xoahroans =929). Mhsagla oj

lartmig wamr-trmlas lmg tbarajorl got ha tmnag mt jmla-vmeua.

Ohviousey, gacmtiva aviàgla lmggot logstituta prooj> mt

kost it lmg ha logsiàra` 'lirlukstmgtime aviàgla'. Gavar-

tbaeass, wbag it loglargs trmlas wbilb mra got amsiey oheitar-

mta`, I woue` succast tbmt tba mhsagla oj wamr-trmlas igìlm-

tiva oj m lartmig mltivity kmy eam` to tba logleusiog tbmt tba

mltivity ig quastiog wms got pmrt oj tba pmttarg oj tmsns oj

tba satteakagt. \ulb trmlas woue` igleuà tbosa jrok wor-

nigc hoga mg` jrok larame-rampigc. Mt Haan-Koeagstaac tba

mhsagla oj hoga-wornigc trmlas wms tmnag ms rajealtigc tba

'rame' situmtiog> salog`mry koìjilmtiogs wara kigikme mg`

hoga-wornigc is mg og-sita mltivity, witb àpositiog oj tba

usa` mrtajmlts einaey to bmva tmnag pemla witbig tba sattea`

mram. Mt Banaeigcag III tba mhsagla oj larame-bmrvastigc

ikpeakagts wms tmnag jor 'rame' ms waee, mg` ms m logjirkm-

tiog oj tba pmemaohotmgilme igtarpratmtiog (Hmnaes =92:,

=922). metboucb it wms rameiza` tbmt tbis mhsagla kicbt mesoha axpemiga` hy eoss oj silnea hemà-jrmckagts ig tba jiae`s.

Og tba otbar bmg`, tba mhsagla oj wamr-trmlas mttrihutmhea

to jisb-prolassigc is prohmhey got rajealtiva oj tba 'rame'

situmtiog (lj. :.8.<.8).

Yat mgotbar proheak is tba jmlt tbmt wa lmg ha àmeigc

witb m pmeikpsast oj ollupmtiogs. Higjor` (=928) bms

àkogstrmta` tbmt tba jugltiog oj spalijil sitas kmy vmry

jrok oga yamr to tba gaxt. witb sitas 'lbmgcigc positiogs' so

to spamn. Pbis posits ikkagsa proheaks wbag tryigc to

ralogstrult tba tmsns lmrria` out> sapmrmtigc tbasa vmrious

usa-igstmglas oj m sita is mekost ikpossihea. Ogey wbag

logtaxtume aviàgla is prasagt, ig tba jork oj otbar mrtajmlt

lmtacorias, is tbis jamsihea, hut tba raemtiogsbip hatwaag tba

mrtajmlt lmtacorias gaa`s jirst to ha àkogstrmta`. Sbag

mrtajmlt lmtacorias mra joug` mt tba smka spot or m`dmlagt to

amlb otbar, mg` ig tba smka vartilme positiog (i.a. ig'mrlbmaoeocilme mssolimtiog'), it is usumeey tmnag jor crmgta`

tbmt tbay raprasagt oga mltivity. Ohviousey, tbis òas got

galassmriey bmva to ha tba lmsa, ms sulb m logjicurmtiog

loue` meso ha tba rasuet oj m pmeikpsast oj savarme usa-

igstmglas oj m pmrtiluemr eolmtiog. Qsa-wamr mgmeysis ojjars m

rmtbar ìralt possihieity to axmkiga wbatbar m 'rame' mssolim

tiog axists. Mg axmkpea lokas jrok tba Ki`èa Vmemaoeitbil

Haevé`âra sita C (tba Gatbaremg`s), wbara m emrca hmlna`-

hemà wms joug` mki`st m loglagtrmtiog oj hogas oj yougc

rbigolaros. Pba hmlna`-hemà ìspemya` wamr strogcey

rasakheigc axparikagtme trmlas jrok hutlbarigc aeapbmgt, i.a.

m pmlbyàrkmtous mgikme, kmnigc it vary einaey tbmt tbis

tooi wms usa` jor tba hutlbarigc oj tba yougc rbigos (Xoa

hroans at me. =92:> Zmg Cidg =929).

Sitb raspalt to tba stuìas prasagta` ig tbis voeuka, it

lmg ha mrcua` tbmt tba kilrowamr mgmeysis bms m`à` kora

àtmie to our piltura oj `miey eija mt tba sitas, pmrt oj wbilb

loue` got bmva haag mttmiga` mgy otbar wmy. Axmkpeas

igleuà tba pemgt-speittigc, bià-wornigc, mg` stoga-horigc

mltivitias mt Banaeigcag III, mg` tba bià-prolassigc, jiga

woo`-wornigc, mg` tba tmsn habig` poeisb '8<' mt Haan-

Koeagstaac. Xacmrìgc tbis emst sita, tba mhsagla oj hoga-

wornigc tooes jrok jeigt kmy meso ha sicgijilmgt.

3.0 Pba samrlb jor mltivity eol!

Sbag igtroùla` ms m glw katbo`, kilrowamr mgmeysis bae`

cramt prokisas jor tbosa igtarasta` ig ralogstrultigc pmst

habmviour. It potagtimeey ojjara` tba possihieity oj igjarrigc

mltivity mrams witbig sitas, got og tba hmsis oj bypotbatilme

jugltiogs oj spalijil tooi typas (jor axmkpea hurig ; hoga-/

mgtear-wornigc), hut hmsa` og ohdaltiva `mtm. Ig soka ig-

stmglas, sulb ms mt Zarharia (\ykags =92:4 886-88=) mg` mt

Kaar (Lmbag at me. =939), tbasa axpaltmtiogs bmva loka trua,

ig tbmt hoga-/ mgtear-wornigc mrams loue` ha iàgtijia`

mroug` bamrtb mrams. Mt Banaeigcag III wa lmtlb m ceikpsa

oj tbak ig mrlbmaoeocilme ugits Me, Ke mg` B8 (saa :.8.0),

wbiea mt Zmagcat Gor` bià-wornigc saaks to bmva ollurra`mwmy jrok tba lagtrme mram oj tba sita (Duae Dagsag/ Hriglb

Vatarsag =9214 09). Pba logjicurmtiog oj hogas oj yougc

rbigolaros mg` m hmlna`-hemà witb hutlbarigc trmlas mt

Haevé`âra sita C (àslriha` mhova), jorks m coo` axmkpea oj

mg mltivity eolus ms waee.

Qgjortugmtaey, it is got mewmys leamr wbilb kamgigc wa

sboue` mttrihuta to sulb spmtime logjicurmtiogs. Naaeay, ig

wbmt wms mltumeey tba jirst tbaoratilme mrtilea to mppamr



=0: PBA IGPAXVXAPMPIZA VO\\IHIEIPIA\ OJ KILXOSAMX MGMEY\I\

witbig tba suhdalt oj kilrowamr mgmeysis, `rmws mttagtiog to

tba ajjalt oj 'ratooeigc' mltivitias (Naaiay =928). Ba mssarts

tbmt bmjta` tooes mra hroucbt 'boka', wbara gaw jeigt ikpea-

kagts mra igsarta` igto tba bmjts. Pba kmgujmltura oj bmjts

is m tika-logsukigc tmsil, so tbay mra ra-utibza`, wbiea tba

worg-out jeigt tooes mra ìslmrà`, jmr mwmy jrok tba eolm-

tiog oj tbair mltume usa, ig tba bamrtb mrams oj tba satteakagt

(wbatbar it ha m parkmgagt or takpormry oga). Pbis woueìkpey tbmt tba igtarpratmtiog oj mltivity eoai halokas m vary

trilny husigass jor tbosa mssakhemcas witb aviàgla oj bmj-

tigc. @iseolmtiog oj mrtajmlts got ogey ollurs jrok ratooeigc>

mltumeey it tmnas pemla wbagavar tooes mra trmgsporta` jrok

tba satteakagt to tbair eolmtiog oj mltume usa mg` hmln, i.a.

ig tba lmsa oj mee tba ikpeakagts usa` outsià tba satteakagt

mram. Sa tbarajora kust jirst tmna tba kohieity oj tooes igto

mllougt, prior to kmnigc mgy stmtakagts mhout logjicurm-

tiogs haigc mltivity mrams.

M salog` situmtiog ig wbilb mltivity mrams mra ìjjiluet to

igtarprat, is axakpeijia` hy tba Eigamrhmg`narmkin sitas. It

loglargs parkmgagt satteakagts wbara mppmragtey m emrcapmrt oj tba ruhhisb proùla` hy tba igbmhitmgts wms loeealta`

to ha ùkpa` ig pits m`dmlagt to tba bousas. Pba smkpeas

stuìa` so jmr igleuà @mriog (Lmspmr =922), Aeseoo

(\lbraurs =929) mg` Haan-Koeagstaac (tbis voeuka). @aspita

tba jmlt tbmt kost oj tba mssakhemca oj tba gamrey lok-

peataey axlmvmta` satteakagt oj @mriog wms stuìa`, go ìssi-

kiemritias ig tba logtagt oj tbasa pits wbilb kmy igìlmta

alogokia/ tmsn ìjjaragtimeiog hatwaag bousaboe`s wara

ohsarva`. Ig Aeseoo, tba smkpea wms àvisa` to igleuà tba

pits oj bousas wbilb sbowa` vmrimtiogs ig lartmig (parbmps

solimeey àjiga`) raspalts, hut meso ig tbis lmsa jugltiogme

ìstigltiogs wara got aviàgt (\lbraurs =929). Sbatbar tbasa

ohsarvmtiogs mra 'rame', i.a. bmva solime ikpeilmtiogs, isìjjiluet to taie. It is aqumeey possihea tbmt tba pits emy opag

jor mgyoga to ùkp cmrhmca igto, mg` tbmt tbair logtagts ò

got galassmriey soeaey rajealt tba mltivitias lmrria` out ig tba

bousas situmta` m`dmlagt to tbak.

Yat mgotblr situmtiog ig wbilb tmpbogokil prolassas bmva

to ha tmnag igto mllougt wbag igleiga` to igtarprat mg

mrtajmlt loglagtrmtiog ms mg mltivity mram, is tba possihieity

tbmt ig parkmgagtey (or eogc-tark) igbmhita` bousas tba

kora jraquagta` mrams oj tba `waeeigc mra leamga` og m

racuemr hmsis. Ig atbgocrmpbil logtaxt it bms haag ohsarva`

tbmt tba mrams wbilb mra kost igtagsivaey usa` mra virtumeey

àvoi` oj cmrhmca or ugusa` tooes, wbiea spmlas wbilb mra

saeòk jraquagta` mhoug` witb dugn> wbag tba paopea kova

out, tba emttar kmtarime is ojtag got rakova`, halokigc pmrt

oj tba mrlbmaoeocilme ralor` ig ùa tika (Zmg Cidg =92:h).

It wiee ha leamr tbmt tba igtarpratmtiog oj m civag spmtime

ìstrihutiog, sulb ms mg mltivity mram, sboue` ha mppromlba`

witb logsiàrmhel lmutiog. Lartmigey, usa-wamr mgmeysis m``s

mg axtrm ìkagsiog to tba ralogstrultiog oj pmst habmviour

mt m sita, hut tba smka ramsogigc mhout lueturme mg` gmturme

àpositiogme jmltors gow halokigc so lokkog ig cagarme

mrlbmaoeocilme prmltila gaa`s to ha mppeia` to kilrowamr

mgmeysis. Pba `mtm lmggot mutokmtilmeey ha tmnag mt jmla-

vmeua.

3.1 Prmligc jugltiogme ìjjaragtimtiog hatwaag sitas

Joeeowigc Higjor`'s igtarpratmtiog oj Koustarimg vmrimhieity

haigc raemta` to ìjjaragt 'strulturme posas' oj tba smka croupoj paopea, tba potagtime oj usa-wamr mgmeysis to logtrihuta to

tba quastiog oj 'sita-typoeocy' wms ralocgiza`. Ig jmlt, ig tba

amrey `mys oj kilrowamr mgmeysis two tbasas bmva haag

m``rassa` to tbis vary proheak (Mgàrsog-Carjmu` =92=>

Hayrias =923). Pba cramtar pmrt oj tba kora ralagt stuìas,

bowavar, bms haag rmtbar sita-oriagta`, metboucb tba tbaka,

mssassigc tba lbmrmltar or jugltiog oj tba satteakagt ig quas

tiog, bms logtigua` to ha ikportmgt (lj. Duae Dagsag/ Hriglb

Vatarsag =921> @ukogt =922). Pbis akpbmsis og sigcea sitas

is got so surprisigc logsiàrigc tba tika igvoeva` ig tba

mgmeysis oj mg mssakhemca. Mg m`ìtiogme proheak is tbmt

skmeear (i.a. kora kmgmcamhea) loeealtiogs bmva cagarmeey

haag saealta` jor stu`y (sal meso Duae Dagsag =9224 :0-:1),

prasagtey rasuetigc ig m savara ugàr-raprasagtmtiog oj tba

emrcar sitas. It is ogey wbag wa wiee bmva `mtm jrok tba totme

logtiguõk oj satteakagt sizas witbig m civag (kilro-)raciog,

tbmt wa kicbt ha mhea to logleuà sokatbigc mhout tba

'kovakagt oj paopea tbroucb tika' (Lmrestaig =928). Bow

avar, hajora sulb hrom`-slmea stuìas mra possihea, kora

ajjaltiva smkpeigc prolaùras kust ha àvisa`, igvoevigc jor

igstmgla tba usa oj staraokilroslopas (saa gaxt pmrmcrmpb).

Pba stu`y oj tba Zemmrìgcag sitas, prasagta` ig lbmptar :,

jorks mg mttakpt mt astmheisbigc sulb m lorpus jor tba

@utlb lomstme mrams.

Ig pmrmcrmpb 3.< it bms haag `lkogstrmta` tbmt kmgyìjjaragt jmltors kust ha tmnag igto mllougt hajora wl lmg

mttrihuta m kamgigc to tba igjarra` kotiogs mg` logtmlt-

kmtarimes. Pba gaxt stap is to mssicg m spaliõl jugltiog to tba

sita4 òas it loglarg m parkmgagtey ollupia` satteakagt, m

wigtar hmsa-lmkp, m bugtigc stmtiog or m cmka-wmtlbigc

stmg`? Higjor` (=932m> =932h> =928) bms haag igstrukagtme

ig outeigigc tba cramt vmriaty possihea ig typas oj sitas. Ms

bms haag mrcua` hajora, wa ugjortugmtaey bmva vary eittea

crip og tba quastiog wbilb mltivitias or tooes mra 'typilme' jor

wbilb typa oj satteakagt (Zmg Cidg ig prass m). Duae Dagsag

(=92:4 <=) bms succasta` tbmt ugratoulba` usa` hemàs

sboue` ha akpeoya` ms igìlmtors jor jugltiogme ìjjaraglas

hatwaag sitas, rmtbar tbmg igtagtiogmeey ratoulba` tooes, ms

tba emttar mra kora einaey to bmva haag rapmira` or rasbmrpaga`.

Atbgocrmpbil Igjorkmtiog is saeòk oj kulb baep (saa lbmp-

tar <).

Ohviousey, tbara mra soka igstmglas wbilb mra saej-aviàgt,

sulb ms tba hutlbarigc mram oj Haevé`âra sita C (Xoahroans

at me. =92:), or, mt tba otbar axtraka, tba emrca, parkmgagtey

igbmhita`, mcrilueturme EHN satteakagts. Bowavar, ig cagarme



=03 PXMLIGO JQGLPIOGME @IJJAXAGPIMPIOG/PBA JQPQXA OJ KILXOSAMX MGMEY\I\

wa mra àmeigc witb kigor vmrimtiogs meogc tbis logtiguõk,

wbilb gogatbaeass bmva sicgijilmgla witb raspalt to pmst

bukmg habmviour. It is vary bnaey tbmt lartmig satteakagts,

mltumeey ìjjaragt ig tarks oj sita typoeocy, wiee ìspemy vir-

tumeey tba smka spaltruk oj igjlrrl` tooi usls. Pbis wms, jor

igstmgla, tba lmsa mt Bailaeigcag III mg` Eai`slbag`mk

traglb 0 (lbmptar :). Ig tbosa igstmglas I woue` succast wa

sboue` mltivaey samrlb jor possihia vmrimtiog mg` its kamgigc(Zmg Cidg ig prass m), iglorpormtigc ms kulb aviàgla igto

our mrcukagts ms possihia. Avag ij wa bmva ogey tba eitbil

lokpogagt mvmiemhea, go otbar rakmigs haigc prasarva`, =

woue` kmigtmig tbmt usa-wamr `mtm sboue` ha lokhiga` witb

igjorkmtiog partmigigc to tba typoeocilme rmgca oj tooes,

talbgoeocilme jamturas, mvmiemhieity mg` lbmrmltar oj tba rmw

kmtarime mg` so jortb. Sitb raspalt to Banaeigcag III mg`

Eai`slbag`mk, aviàgla jor m ìjjaragt habmviour towmr`s

tba jeigt provià` mg ikportmgt leua jor tba igjaragla tbmt

tba sitas bm` m ìjjaragt jugltiog. Pba paopea mt Banaeigcag

III bm` sujjiliîgt mkougts oj axotil rmw kmtarime mt tbair

ìsposmi, wbilb wms tramta` ig m rmtbar lmraeass jmsbiog (saa

:.8.:.8). Mt tba otbar bmg`, mt Eai`slbag`mk ogey eolme jeigt

oj skmee siza wms mvmiemhea, wbilb wms usa` ig m kora tbrijty

kmggar (saa :.<.1). Pbasa ohsarvmtiogs, mkogc otbars, ea` to

tba logleusiog tbmt Eai`slbag`mk wms ollupia` og m yamr-

roug` hmsis, wbarams tba sita oj Banaeigcag III wms igtar-

prata` to rajialt kuetipea visits oj parbmps ìjjaragt ùrmtiog,

mika` mt tba axpeoitmtiog oj wie` rasourlas sulb ms sturcaog

mg` cmka (lj :.8.:). Bagla, hy mltivaey lokhigigc mg`

logjrogtigc sulb m emrca vmriaty oj eiebil `mtm wa wiee loka m

eogc wmy towmr`s ugàrstmgìgc sita jugltiog, aspalimeey

wbag kora satteakagts mra lokpmra`.

Sa gow mrriva mt tba jigme proheak partmigigc to tba

suhdalt oj sita typoeocy, tba quastiog oj atbgil/ solime croup

bokocagaity. Avag ij it is `lkogstrmta` tbmt oga satteakagt

wms ollupia` ùrigc sukkar, mg` mgoebar ùrigc wigtar,

bow lartmig lmg wa ha tbmt hotb wara usa` hy tba smka

croup oj paopea? Ogla kora wa saak to mrriva mt tba

'Koustarimg proheak'. Leosa bms mrcua` tbmt ogey hy axmki-

gigc styeistil vmrimheas is it possihia to àtarkiga wbatbar

sitas witb m àkogstrmhey ìjjaragt jugltiog wara ollupia`

hy tba smka croup oj paopea (Leosa =9324 8<0). Oga `rmw

hmln to tbis mppromlb is tbmt, aspalimeey ig eitbils, styeistil

mg` jugltiogme vmrimheas mra mekost ikpossihea to sapmrmta

(\mlnatt =928, =92:). Otbar jig` lmtacorias, aspalimeey

larmkils, kicbt ha oj baep, hut soka lmutiog is wmrrmgta`.Jor axmkpea, Banaeigclg III mg` Eai`slbag`mk traglb 0

bmva sikiemr pottary, hut saak isoemta` jrok amlb otbar jrok

tba poigt oj viaw oj eitbils> òas it loglarg tba smka croup

oj paopea or got? Leamrey, tba eiga oj ramsogigc wiee ha

ìjjaragt jor avary situmtiog mg` wiee cramtey àpag` og tba

mrlbmaoeocilme kmtarime mt bmg`.

3.: Pba jutura oj kilrowamr mgmeysis

Kilrowamr mgmeysis bms coga tbroucb m bistorilme àvaeop-

kagt assagtimeey sikiemr to otbar raemtivaey gaw ìslipeigas,

sulb ms poeeag mgmeysis mg` W'•L-`mtigc. Sbag igtroùla` hy

Naaeay ig tba ki`-savagtias (Naaeay =930), axpaltmtiogs wara

vary bicb. Pba katbo` smtisjia` tba lurragt gaa` jor sliag-

tijil mppromlbas mg` saaka` to ojjar m vary ìralt leua to

savarme mspalts oj prabistoria habmviour. Mjtar tba igitimeaemtiog lmka m pbmsa ùrigc wbilb kmgy rasamrlbars wara

logjrogta` witb m vmriaty oj proheaks4 poeisbas wara got

mewmys ìmcgostil, post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs

ollurra` jraquagtey, mg` tba igjaragtime eamp jrok wamr-

trmlas to stmtakagts mhout prabistoria habmviour turga` out

to ha trakagòus. @urigc tbis pario` oj 'àprassiog' savarme

bicbey saej-lritilme mrtileas mppamra` mg` tba wore` oj kilro

wamr mgmeysts wms rmtbar saej-lagtra`. Xalagtey, it saaks tbmt

tba ìslipeiga is crmùmeey kovigc igto m tbir` pbmsa, lbmrml-

tariza` hy m kora kmtura, mwmra mttituà.

Qgamsigass witb tba katbo` mg` its potagtimes gavartbaeass

stiee rakmigs. Kilrowamr mgmeysis wms tboucbt to boe` cramtprokisas to haloka m sliagtijil (ram`4 igjmeeihea) mppromlb.

Ig lokpeimgla witb tbis iàm vmrious 'bicb-tllb" prolaùras

wara àvaeopa`, kostey ìralta` mt qumgtijyigc poeisbas (m.o.

Crmla at me. =92:). Ms Duae Dagsag bms strassa`, bowavar,

sulb mttakpts mra houg` to jmie ms eogc ms tba hmsil issua,

tba oricig oj poeisb jorkmtiog, bms got yat haag lemrijia`

(Duae Dagsag =922m4 2=). \oevigc tbis emttar issua raquiras

ngowea`ca kost mrlbmaoeocists ò got possass, mg` it is

ugeinaey tbmt m surjmla-lbakist, spalimeiza` ig sieilm, wiee ha

wieeigc to soeva tba proheak jor us. It is tbus to ha axpalta`

tbmt it wiee ha soka tika hajora sulb rasuets wiee mppamr. Ig

tba kamgtika, m jorkmeizmtiog oj tba wmy igtarpratmtiogs mra

ohtmiga` rakmigs m bicbey ralokkag`mhea agàmvour (Crmla

at me. =922).

Mgotbar `rmwhmln oj kilrowamr mgmeysis is tba jmlt tbmt

so kmgy mssakhemcas mra haigc radalta` halmusa tbay mra

àaka` ugsuitmhea. It bms haag succasta` ig lbmptar 0 tbmt

wa sboue` mhmgòg tba ìstigltiog hatwaag kilrowamr

(bicb-powar) mgmeysis og tba oga bmg`, mg` kmlrowamr

(eow-powar) mgmeysis og tba otbar, mg`, igstam`, mppey m

lokhigmtiog oj hotb mppromlbas, lmeea` usa-wamr mgmeysis.

Pba ìslipeiga oj usa-wamr mgmeysis woue` aglokpmss m wià

rmgca oj talbgiquas, suitmhea jor m vmriaty oj mppromlbas, tba

spalijil usa oj wbilb àpagìgc og tba siza mg` àcraa oj

logsarvmtiog oj tba mssakhemca, tba quastiogs msna`, mg` tbatika mvmiemhea. Jor igstmgla, m staraokilroslopa loue` ha

akpeoya` jor tba axmkigmtiog oj lokpeata mssakhemcas> tba

rasuets ohtmiga` loue` jork m hmsis jor tmnigc smkpeas witb

raspalt to m kora àtmiea` mgmeysis witb mg igliàgt eicbt

kilroslopa. Metboucb tba àcraa oj rasoeutiog ohtmiga` witb

eow kmcgijilmtiogs is got vary bicb. sulb mgmeysas bmva tba

m`vmgtmca oj haigc mhea to lopa witb emrca qumgtitias oj

ikpeakagts, wbilb, ig m`ìtiog, ò got galassmriey bmva to



-D‐-

=02 PBA IGPAXVXAPMPIZA VO\\IHIEIPIA\ OJ KILXOSAMX MGMEY\I\

ha ig kigt logìtiog. @aspita eowar-eavae igjaraglas (rastrilta`

to stmtakagts mhout 'usa`' varsus 'ugusa`', rmtbar tbmg

mhout tba spalijil gmtura oj tba logtmle-kmtarime), tbis

mppromlb woue` eassag tba hims tbmt axists ig raciogme sita

jugltiog stuìas.

Sbag jirst igtroùla`, kilrowamr mgmeysis wms logsiàra`

to ha m vimhea metargmtiva jor pmemaohotmgilme or mrlbmao-

zooeocilme stuìas mt sitas witb poor orcmgil prasarvmtiog. It

wms tboucbt tbmt mt satteakagts witb ogey jeigt eajt, it woue`

stiee ha possihea to ohtmig igjorkmtiog mhout tba roea oj

pemgts mg` mgikmes. Bowavar, it bms haag sbowg tbmt usa-

wamr mgmeysis is meso mhea to proùla ugiqua igjorkmtiog jor

sitas witb mhug`mgt orcmgil rakmigs (lj. lbmptars 1 mg` :).

Eakoggiar (=92:4 =10) bms ralagtey put jorwmr` tba succas-

tiog tbmt wa sboue` stu`y tba igtarraemtiogsbips mg` igtar-

àpagàglias oj tba vmrious talbgiquas oj m lueturme systak.

Ig tbis kmggar it sboue` ha possihea to àtarkiga racuemritias

ig tba sort oj lboilas kmà, wbilb ig turg woue` rajealt

solime raprasagtmtiogs. Qsa-wamr mgmeysis oj jeigt tooes is

potagtimeey m vary coo` katbo` jor tba igvasticmtiog oj sulb

igtaràpagàglias hatwaag talbgiquas, ms it eigns two (or

kora) 'mrtajmlt' lmtacorias mg` ojjars us ceikpsas oj vmrious

'lbmigas `'opérmtoira'. Pbis is igàa` m vary axlitigc prospalt,

mg` m lbmeeagca tbmt gaa`s to ha logjrogta`, to ha mhea to

logtrihuta to tba suhdalt oj 'tba mgtbropoeocy oj talbgiquas'.

Ig sulb m wmy it kicbt avagtumeey ha possihea to kova

hayog` m puraey jugltiogme mppromlb oj tba jugltiogme

mgmeysis oj jeigt.

gota

= M logjaragla ugàr tba smka titea wms ralagtey bae ig Qppsmem,\waàg, orcmgiza hy Ndae Ngutssog mg Dmlnia Pmjjigàr(Jahrumry =1-=2, =929).



=09

rajaraglas

Mbear, \.M. =939 Jugltiogm e mgmeysis oj gog ohsiìmg lbippa` stoga mrtijmlts4 tarks, vmrimheas, mg` qumgt i-

jilmtiog. Ig4 H. Bmyàg (a`.), Eitbil usa-wamr mgmeysis, Gaw Yorn, <6=-<82.

Meaxmgàr, D. =932 Jrogtiar stuìas mg` tba amìast jmrkars ig Auropa. Ig4 @. Craag/L. Bmsaecrova /K. \priccs(a`s.), \olime orcmgizmtiog mg` satteakagI, Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., 03), =<-89.

Mgàrsag, B.B.B.D. Sbiteow

=92< Samr trmlas mg` pmtigmt iog og @mgisb jeigt mrtijmlts, Guleamr Igstrukagts mg` Katbo`s ig

Vbvsils Xasamrlb 8=2, 0:2-030.

Mgàrsog, V.L. =926 M tastikogy oj prabistoria tmsns4 ìmcgostil rasiùas og stoga tooi wornigc a`cas, Sore`

Mrlbmaoeocy =8, =2=-=90.

Mgàrsog-Carjmu`, V.L. =92= Logtrihutiog kétboòeociqua m imgmeysa às kilrotrmlas `'utieismtiog sur eas outies prébiseori-

quas. Horàmux (tbasis).

=928 Lokkagt préaisar Putieismtiog mcriloea às outies prébistoriquas? Lmbiars à e'Aupbrmta <,

=09-=:0.

=92< M logsiàrmtiog oj tba usas oj lartmig hmlna` mg` eustra` stoga tooes jrok tba emtaKasoeitbil mg` Gmtujimg eavaes oj Mhu Burayrm mg` Kurayhat (\yrim). Ig4 K.-L. Lmuvig

(a`.). Prmlas `'utieismtiog sur eas outies ag piarras géoeitbiquas ù Vrolba Oriîgt, Eyog(Prmvamux à em Kmisog à POriagt. 1), 33-=61.

=922 Qsigc prabistoria stoga tooes to bmrvast luetivmta` wie larames4 praeikigmry ohsarvmtiogs ojtrmlas mg` ikpmlt. Ig4 \. Hayrias (a`.). Igùstrias eitbiquas> trmléoeocia at talbgoeocia, Oxjor`

(HMX Igt. \ar., 0==, voe. =), =31-=9:.

Mgàrsog-Carjmu`. V.L.B. Veissog

=92: Eas outies akkmglbés às emls \uissa. Vmpar prasagta` mt tba kaatigc4 Igùstrias eitbiquas4trmléoeocia at talbgoeocia. Zmehogga.

Mskussag, V.\.C.

D. Koraa

=923 @a Awidnsa vaeàg. Eaiàg (igtargme raport IVE).

Muòuza, J.

@. Lmbag

E.B. Naaeay

H. \lbkiàr

=92= Ea sita Kmc`meégiag ù Huissog Lmkpig m Zarharia (Oisa), Cmeeim Vrébiseoira 80, 99-=0<.

Hmnaes, L.L. =932 Jour Eigamrhmg`narmkin satteakagts mg` tbair agvirogkagt. M pmemaoaloeocilme stu`y oj

\ittmr`, \taig. Aeseoo mg` Biagbaik, Mgmealtm Vrmabistorilm Eaiàgsim ==.

=928 Pba satteakagt systak oj tba @utlb Eigamrhmg`narmkin, Mgmealtm prmabistorilm Eaiàgsim

=1, <=-<0.=92: Mnnarhouw ig bat koarms? Ig4 K.L. vmg Pria ruk/B .A. Bagnas (a`s) . Xottar`mk Vmpars Z,

Xottar`mk, =-:.

=923 Og tba m`zas oj tba Gortbwastarg Eigamr hmg`narmkin, Mgmealtm Vrmabistorilm Eaiàgsim 86,

1<-2:.

=922 Banaeigcag, m Gaoeitbil sita ig tba swmkps oj tba Kmm s astumry. Ig4 @ar pr`bistorislba

Kagslb ug` saiga Qkwaet. Jastslbrijt jõr Qàecmr` Núrbar-Crobga, \tuttcmrt, =11-=:8.

Hmnaes, L.L.

X. Xoussaeea

=921 Xastas hotmgiquas at mcriluetura ù géoeitbiqua mgliag ag Haeciqua at mux Vmys-Hms,

Baeigiuk 81, <3-13.



=16 XAJAXAGLA\

Hmeinli, M.

Hmkjortb. @.H.

Hamceaboea, A.

Hames, X.E.

Haan, H.E. vmg

Hattisog, LM.

Haunar, D.X.

Hayrias, \.

Hayrias, \.

J. @aemkmraD.-L. ]umgtig

Hiagagjae`, V.J.

=936

=922

=9<:

=9<0

=933

Pba Gatsiein Asniko, Gaw Yorn.

Igvasticmtigc kilrowamr poeisbas witb heig` tasts4 tba igstituta rasuets ig logtaxt, Dourgme oj

Mrlbmaoeocilme \liagla =1, ==-80.

Bopi bugtigc mg`bugtigc riiume, Gaw Bmvag (Ymea Qgivarsity Vuheilmtiogs ig Mgtbropoeocy,

0).

Atbgoeocy oj tba Gisamg, QL-VMMA <=, <<1-0=<.

Vottary oj tba Zemmrìgcag luetura. Ig4 H.E. vmg Haan/X.S. Hrmg`t/S. Croagkmg-vmgSmmtarigca (a`s.). Ax Borrao, Mkstar`mk (Ligcuem, IZ), 2:-=66.

ig prap. \taagtid` ta Zemmrìgcag> emmt Gaoeitbislba gaàrzattigc mmg aag catidànraan ig bat Boeemg`sa nustcahia`.

=921

=92<

=923

=922

=922

=921

=92:

=922

Mg axparikagtme mppromlb to silnea sbaag àpositiog mg` mrlbmaoeocilme igtarpratmtiog, Eitbil Palbgoeocy =0, 8:-<8.

Zmnkmgslbmp ig vuurseaag, Mssag.

Zmrimhieité à Pigùstria eitbiqua mu Kouseériag, Oxjor` (HMX Igt.\ar., <82).

Atuà trmléoeociqua às rmleoirs ù givamu IIM. Ig4 M. Pujjramu/D. \okké (a`s.), Eacisakagt pmeéoeitbiqua koyag à Himlba-\migt-Zmmst (Vms-à-Lmemis), Zoeuka I, Kékoiras

à em \oliété Vrébistoriqua Jrmgjmisa 8=, 8=1-8<6.

Prmléoeocia at rucisikétria triìkagsioggaeea. Ig4 \. Hayrias (a`.) Igùstrias eitbiquas4

trmléoeocia ae talbgoeocia, Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., 0==, voe.8.), ==1-=<8.

Vraeikigmry rasuets jrok m eitbil usa-wamr stu`y oj \wijtarhmgt sitas \-1=, \-0 mg` \-8, Baeigiuk 81, =90-8==.\toga toot usa mt jiva Gaoeitbil sitas ig tba Gaebaremg`s4 m eitbil usa-wamr mgmeysis, Higcbmk-

tog (tbasis).\toga tooi usa mg` tba orcmgizmtiog oj talbgoeocy ig tba @utlb Gaoeitbil. Ig4 \. Hayrias(a`.). Igùstrias eitbiquas4 trmléoeocia at talbgoeocia, Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., 0==, voe. =), 8=9-

8<6.

Higjor`, E.X.

Ho`àna, X.

Hoàcrmvag, G.

Hobkars, M.M. Hruidg

=932m Gugmkiut atbgomrlbmaoeocy, Gaw Yorn.=932h @ikagsiogme mgmeysis oj habmvior mg` sita strultura, Mkarilmg Mgtiquity 0<, <<6-<:=.

=939 Orcmgismtiog mg` jorkmtiog prolassas4 eoonigc mt lurmta` talbgoeocias, Dourgme oj Mgtbro-

poeocilme Xasamrlb <1, 811-83<.=928 Pba mrlbmaoeocy oj pemla, Dourgme oj Mgtbropoeocilme Mrlbmaoeocy =, 1-<=.

=92< Ig pursuie oj tba pmst, Eogòg.

=93= Zissag ag vissag, Mkstar`mk.

=92: Banaeigcag <4 cawai. Eaiàg (igtargme raport IVE).

=912/19 \tmtistislba ug` crmpbislba Katboàg zur Qgtarsulbugc vog Jeigtnokpeaxag IZ.

@ms eitbislba Kmtarime mus àg hmg`narmkislbag \iaèugcag ig àg Giaàremgàg, Vmemao-

biseorim`-e, =2<-8=<.

Hrign, D. =932m Gotas og tba ollurragla oj spogtmga ous ratoulb, Eitbil Palbgoeocy 3, <=-<0.=932h Pba roea oj mhrmsivas ig tba jorkmtiog oj eitbil usa-wamr, Dourgme oj Mrlbmaoeocilme \liagla

1, <:<-<3=.

Hro`y, B. =92= Kmps mg` `ramks, Ki`èasax.



=1= XAJAXAGLA\

Hroana, VS. vmg àg =92< Gaoeitbil hoga mg` mgtear ohdalts jrok tba Bmzagògn gamr Koeagmmrscrmmj (prov. \outb

Boeemg`), Ou`bai`nugìca Kaààeigcag vmg bat Xidnskusauk voor Ou`baàg ta Eaiàg :0,

=:<-=91.

Hrosa, @.\,

Hruidg, M.

Lmbag, @.

Lmbag, @.

V.-E. vmg Harc

Lmbag, @.D. Cysaes

Lmbag, @.

E.B. Naaeay

Lmbag, @.D.V. LmspmrK. Otta

Lmbag, @.E.B. NaaeayJ. vmg Gotag

=931 Jugltiogme mgmeysis oj stoga tooes 4 m lmutiogmry gota og tba roea oj mgikme jmts, Mkarilmg

Mgtiquity 06, 2:-90.

=912/19 Palbgian ug` Cahrmulb àr hmg`narmkislbag Jauarstaigcarmta, Vmemaobistorim :-3, 8=<-

880.

=920 Orcmgismtiog ù vieemca ruhmiié à @mriog (provigla à Eiâca, Haeciqua), Hueeatig à em

\oliété Xoymea Haica Mgtbropoeociqua ae Vrébistoriqua 91, <1-01.

=939 Qg bmhitmt @mguhiag m Heilquy, Mrlbmaoeocilm Haecilm 88=.

=92< Palbgiquas at jogltiogs `mgs ='igùstria btbiqua ù croupa à Heilquy (Haeciqua). Ig4K.-L. Lmuvig (a`.). Prmlas `'utieismtiog sur eas outies géoeitbiquas ù Vrolba Oriîgt, Eyog(Prmvamux à em Kmisog à POriagt, 1), <3-18.

=926 Got eass tbmg two, got kora tbmg tbraa, Sore` Mrlbmaoeocy =8, =::-=26.

=92: Igùstrias eitbiquas `mguhiaggas à Haeciqua, Eiâca (AXMQE, 8=).

=939 \toga tooes, tooenits mg` bukmg habmvior ig prabistory, Lurragt Mgtbropoeocy 86, ::=-:2<.

Lmeembmg, A,

Lmeeay, \.

X. Crmla

Lmrestaig, P.

Lmspmr, D.-V.

Lmspmr, D.-V.

D. Cysaes

Lmuvig, K.-L. (a`.)

Lemrn, D.C.@.

Leosa, M.A.

Lobag, K.G.

Loeas, D.

=923 Mg avmeumtiog oj tba eitbil talbgoeocy ig Ki`èa \waàg ùrigc tba Kasoeitbil mg` Gaoeitbil,

Qppsmem.

=922 Palbgoeocy mg` jugltiog oj kilro-horars jrok Nukmrtapa (Purnay). Ig4 \. Hayrias (a`.).

Igùstrias eitbiquas4 trmléoeocia at talbgoeocia, Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., 0==, voe. =), :9-28.

=928 Pika rasourlas, soliaty mg` aloeocy Zoe.=. Vraigùstrime soliatias, Eogòg.

=921 Atuà trmlaoeociqua à ='igùstria à sieax ù vieemca ruhmgé à @mriog, Hueeatig à em \oliété

Xoymea Haica Mgtbropoeociqua at Vrébistoriqua 9:, 09-30.=922 Logtributiog m em trmléoeocia à iigùstria Btbiqua ù géoeitbiqua mgliag `mgs e'Auropa Gor`-

Olliàgtmea, Eouvmig-em-Gauva (tbasis).

=920 Atuà às trmlas `'usura à ='igùstria ruhmgéa à em pemla \migt-Emkhart4 rmpportpréeikigmira. Ig4 K. Otta (a`.), Eas jouieeas à em pemla \migt-Emkhart ` Eiéca, voe. I, Eiâca(AXMQE, =2), =99-8=6.

=92< Prmlas `'utieismtiog sur eas outies géoeitbiquas ù Vrolba Criagt, Eyog (Prmvmux à em Kmisogà rOriagt, 1).

=910 Axlmvmtiogs mt \tmr Lmrr Kasoeitbil sita mt \amkar gamr \lmrhoroucb, Yornsbira, Lmkhri`ca.

=932 Pba iàgtijelmtiog oj styea ig eitbil mrtajmlts, Sore` Mrlbmaoeocy =6, 88<-8<3.

=933 Pba joo` lrisis ig prabistory, Gaw Bmvag.

=93< Mrlbmaoeocy hy axparikagt, Gaw Yorn.



=18

Loeeigs, K.H.

Lou`mrt, M.

Lrmhtraa, @.A.

Lrmhtraa, @.A.

A. @mvis

XAJAXAGLA\

=931 Eitbil talbgoeocy ms m kamgs oj prolassume igjaragla. Ig4 A.B. \wmgsog (a`.), Eiebil

talbgoeocy4 kmnigc mg` usigc stoga eooes, Pba Bmcua, =1-<1.

=923 \pmtime orcmgism tiog, mrlbital turme styea mg` raemtiogsbips hatwaag òkastil ugits ig m skmee-

slmea saàgemry acmeitmrimg soliaty (Vmpar prasagta` mt tba 9tb Pbaoratilme MrlbmaoeocyCroup logjaragla, Hrm`jor`).

=938 Mg igeroùltiog to jeigtwornigc, Volmtaeeo (Ollmsiogme Vmpars oj tba I`mbo \tmta QgivarsityKusauk, 82).

=930 Crigìgc mg` skootbigc oj stoga mrtajmlts, Pahiwm =3, =-:.

=9:2 Axparikagtm e kmgujmltura oj wooàg ikpeakagts witb tooes oj jimna` stoga, \liagla =19,08:-082.

Lrihh, X.

Lurwag, A.L.

Lsziasem, A.

=92< Og-sita atbgomrlbmaoeocy, Mrlbmaoeocilme Xaviaw jrok Lmkhri`ca 8, 0-=:.

=9<6 Vrabis toria jeigt silneas, Mgtiquity 9. :8-::.

=92: Qhar `ms Tusmkkagpmssag vog caslbemcagar \taigmrtajmlta, Mrlbmoeocislbas Nogaspog-

àgzhemtt =:, 81=-8:1.

@alnars, V.B.

@alnars, V.B.D.V. à XoavarD.@. vmg àr Smmes

@aeHaga, P.M.

@aggaee, X.

@agskora, J.

@imkog`, C.

@ihhea, B.E.K.L. Hargmr`

=921 Loà` luetura, stuìas ig gaoeitbil jeigt pmrt =4 logstrult igc tba àslript iva systak,Vmemaobistorim 83, =<=-=20.

=926 Dmcars, vissars ag hoarag ig aag prabis torislb catidàgcahia` hid \wijtarhmg`, TSO

Dmmrhoan, ===-=01.

=939 Ogla upog m strimt iog4 lurragt koàes oj strimtiog mg` poeisb jorkmtiog. Ig4 H. Bmyàg

(a`.), Eitbil usa-wamr mgmeysis, Gaw Yorn, =:3-=32.

=921 Pba bugtar-cmtbarar mcrilueturme jrogtiar ig prabistoria takparmta Auropa. Ig4 \. Craag/\.K. Varekmg (a`s.), Pba mrlbmaoeocy oj jrogtiars mg` houg`mrias, Gaw Yorn, ==<-=06.

=982 Qsas oj pemgt s hy tba Lbippawm Igìmgs, Jorty-jourtb mggume raport oj tba Huramu oj

Mkarilmg Atbgoeocy =98:-=983, 82=-<93.

=939 Pba gmtura oj so-lmeea` poeisba` surjmlas og stoga mrtijmlts. Ig4 H. Bmyàg (a`.), Eitbil usa-

wamr mgmeysis, Gaw Yorn, =19-=::.

=926 M lokpmrmtiva stu`y oj hmsil a`ca mgcea kamsurakagt talbgiquas, Mkarilmg Mgtiquity 01,

213-2:1.

@obrg-Ibkic, K.

@ogmbua, X.

@rohgiawilz, H.

@ukogt, D.Z.

=939/26 Qhareacugcag zur Zarwagùgc hmg`narmkislbar @albsae muj Crug` àr Cahrmulbsspurag,

Jug`barilbtag mus Bassag =9-86, :9-32.

=921 Igtarpratigc sita juglt iog4 kilrowamr mgmeysis oj mg apicrmvatt img eavae mt Vmceilli Lmva,Itmey (Vmpar prasagta` mt tba 16tb Mggume Kaatigc oj tba \oliaty jor Mkarilmg Mrlbmaoeo-

cists. @agvar).

=922 Qsa-wamr mgmeysis oj sboa-emst ikpeakagts mg` mxas jrok amrey Gaoei tbil (EVL) Lrmlow-

Gowm Butm satteakagt ig Sast Eittea Voemg`. Ig4 \. Hayrias (a`.). Igùstrias eitbiquas>

trmléoeocia at talbgoeocia, Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., 0==, voe. =), <<-0:.

=928 Pba qumgtijilmtiog oj kilrowamr trmlas4 m gaw usa jor igtarjarokatry, Sore` Mrlbmaoeocy

=0, 86:-8=3.=922 M kilrowamr mgmeysis oj saealta` mrtajmlt typas jrok tba Kasoeitbil sitas oj \tmr Lmrr mg`

Kougt \mgàe, Oxjor` (HMX Hrit. \ar., =23).



=1<

Ja`da, @.

Jaeàr, S.K.

Jislbar, M.

V.Z. Bmgsag

V. Xmskussag

Jeagginag, D.D.

D.L. Bmccarty

Jrmka, B.

Jrmgn, P.

Jrisog, C.L.

Jueemcmr, X.

Cmeemcbar, D.V.

Cagàe, V.

E. Virgmy

Caro, D.K.

CijPor`. A.S.

Cidg, M.E. vmg

XAJAXAGLA\

=939 \lmggigc aealtrog kilroslopy mgmeysis oj usa-strima . Ig4 H. Bmyàg (a`.), Eiibil usa-wamr

mgmeysis, Gaw Yorn, =39-=22.

=931 @a Zmenaghurc-vuurstaagigùstria ig Tui`-Eikhurc, \tmrigcim <, 2=-20.

=920 Kmlro mg` kilrowamr trmlas og eitbil prodaltiea poigts. Axparikagtme rasuets mg` prabistoria

smkpeas, Dourgme oj @mgisb Mrlbmaoeocy <, =9-0:.

=939 Prmkpeigc ms mg mcagly ig tba jorkmtiog oj a`ca `mkmca, Gorib IZase Mgebropoeocilme

Xasamrlb Gotas =<, 862-8=0.

=92: Kilroslopil usa-wamr trmlas. Ig4 V. Lmeeow/D .K. Lorgjor` (a`s.). Em Loeta Da \i. Hraemà

=9:=-=932. Gorwilb, <1<-<:8.

=92<

=932

=939

Mrlbmoeocislba Zarsulba zu Barstaeeugc ug` Cahrmulb Hmg`narmkislbar Argtacarmta,

Loeocga (igtargme raport).

Vrabistoria bugears oj iba Bicb Vemigs, Gaw Yorn.

Ohsarvmtiogs og tba usa oj stoga tooes4 ùeeigc oj wornigc a`cls oj soka lbippa` stogatooes ig hisog hutlbarigc. Ig4 H. Bmyàg (a`.), Eitbil usa- wamr mgmeysis, Gaw Yorn, 819-

8:2.

=922 Xalagt àvaeopkagts ig Mustrmeimg usa-wamr mg` rasiùa stuìas. Ig4 \. Hlyrias (a`.). Igùstrias eiebiquas4 trmléoeocia at talbgoeocia, Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., 0==, voe. 8), =<<-=0:.

=933 Logtakpormry stoga tooes ig Atbiopim4 ikpeilmtiogs jor mrlbmaoeocy, Dourgme oj Jiae`

Mrlbmaoeocy 0, 063-0=1.

=928 Kilrowamr mgmeysis oj axparikagtme stoga tooes> jurtbar tast rasuets, \tuìm Vrmabiseurilm

Haecilme, 81=-8::.

=932 \ukkmry oj axparikagts to ùpeilmta post-axlmvmtiogme `mkmca to tooi a`cas, Eitbil

Palbgoeocy 3, <0.

=9<0 Pba Lolopm, Qgivarsity oj Lmeijorgim Vuheilmtiogs ig Mkarilmg Mrlbmaoeocy mg` Atbgoeocy<= (=9<=-<<), 813-<<0.

=92< Mg axtrmltiog lmkp mt Oeàhoorg4 m stu`y oj tba jeigt mssakhemca, Crogigcag (igtargmeraport HMI).

=920 Vraeikigmry raport oj tba kilrowamr mgmeysis oj tba jeige oj Zemmrìgcag ==, Eai`slbag`mk 0mg` Zoorslbotag =3, Mkstar`mk (igtargme raport IVV).

=92:m Jisb poeisb, jmlt mg` jiltiog. Ig4 E.X. Owag/C. Qgrm tb (a`s.), Palbgilme mspalts oj

kilrowamr og stoga tooes, Põhigcag, =<-82.=92:h Bmhitmtiog ig @daggé, Kmei4 usa oj spmla ig m Sast-Mjrilmg towg. Ig4 B. Jonnags /V.

Hmgcm/K. Hiarkm (a`s). Op zoan gmmr kags ag kmtariîea luetuur. Crogigcag, =:<-=20.=922 Pba usa oj Hrogza mca jeigt silneas ig tba Gatbaremg`s4 m praeikigmry raport. Ig. \. Hayrias

(a`.). Igùstrias eiebiquas4 trmléoeocia at talbgoeocia, Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., 0==, voe. I), =93-8=2.

=929 M jugltiogme mgmeysis oj tba Haevé`âra jeigts. Ig4 S.Xoahroans , Jrokjig` slmttars to amrey

bokigi` babmviour. M stu`y oj Ki`ìa Vmeaoeiebil rivarsià saeteakagts mt Kmmstrilbt-Haevé-

`âra (Pba Gatbaremg`s), Eaiàg (tbasis) (to mppamr ms Mgmealtm Vrmabistorilm Eai`lgsim, 8=,=996), =81-=<8.

ig prass m Jugltiogme ìjjaragtimtiog oj Emta Gaoeitbil satteakagts ig tba @utlblomstme mram. Ig4 H. Crmseug` (a`), Pba igtarprativa possibieitias oj kilrowamr mgmeysis,

Qppsmem.ig prass h Pba igtarpratmtiog oj's ilnea s'. M lmutiogmry tmea. Ig4 V.L. Mgàrsog-Carjmu` (a`.), Pba

prabistory oj mcriluttura4 gaw axparikagtme mg` atbgocrmpbil mppromlbas. Vmris.



=10 XAJAXAGLA\

Cemsharcag. S.

D.M. Hmnnar

A.L.E. @urigc Lmspars

S.M. Attakm

V.D. vmg àr Jaag at me.

=9:= @a gaoeitbislba gaàrzattigcag ta Zemmrìgcag. Ig4 S. Cemsharcag/S. Croagkmg-vmgSmmtarigca (a`s.), Ig bat voatspoor vmg M.A. vmg Cijjag, Crogigcag, 0=-:1.

Cemsharcag. S.

S. Croagkmg-vmg Smmtarigca

C.K. Bmràgharc-Kueàr

=9:3 \atteakagts oj tba Zemmrìgcag luetura mt Zoorslbotag mg` Eai`slbag`mk I. Baeigiuk 3,

<-<=.

Coue`, X.M.@M. Nostar

M.B.E. \ogtz

=93= Pba eitbil mssakhemcas oj tba wastarg àsart Mhoricigas oj Mustrmeim , Mkarilmg Mgtiquiey

<:, =09-=:9.

Coue`. X.M.

V.D.Smtsog

=928 M ìmeocua og tba kamgigc mg` usa oj mgmeocy ig atbgomrlbmaoeocilme ramsogigc,

Dourgme oj Mgtbropoeocilme Mrlbmaoeocy =, <11-<2=.

Crmla, X. =929 Igtarpratigc tba jugleiog ojstoga tooes. Pba qumkijilmtiog mg` lokputarismtiog oj kilrowamr

mgmeysis, Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., 030).

Crmla, X.

[email protected]. CrmbmkK.B. Gawlokar

=921 Pba qumkijilmtiog oj kilrowamr pobsbas, Sore` Mrlbmaoeocy =3, ==8-=86.

=923 Vraeikigmry igvasticmtiogs igto tba kmtbakmtilme lbmrmlta rismtiog oj wamr trmlas og Bigttooes. Ig4 C. à C. \iavanigc/K.B. Gawlokar (a`s.), Pba bukmg usas ojjeigi mg` lbart,

Lmkhri`ca, :<-:9.

Crmla, X.N. MtmkmgX. JmhracmsL.K.H. Bmccrag

Crmkeay, X.K.

Croagagìdn, B.

=922 M kuetivmrimta mppromlb to tba jugltiogme mgmeysis ojsto ga tooes. Ig4 \. Hayrias (a`.).

Igùstrias eitbiquas4 irmléoeocia at talbgoeocia. Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., 0==, voe. 8), 8=3-8<6.

=926 Xmw kmtarime sourla mrams mg` 'lurmta`" tooi mssakhemcas, Mkarilmg Mgtiquity 01, 28<-2<<.

=926 Zooreopic varsemc vmg à hmg`narmkislba opcrmvigc Haan-Koeagstaac, Mrlbaoeocia ig

Eikhurc 3, <-:.=929 Jeitsag uit aag hmg`narmkislb òr p4 bat ogàrzoan Haan-Koeagstaac =939 (I), Halbm <, 09-

1<.

Croagagìdn, B.

M.E. vmg Cidg

ig prap. Pba Eigamrhmg`narmkin sita oj Haan-Koeagstaac.

Croagkmg-vmg Smmtarigca, S. =9:2M. ZoorripsE.B. vmg Sidgcmmràg-Hmnnar

Crogaghor g, @. =929

\atteakagts oj tba Zemmrìgcag luetura mt Zoorslbotag mg` Eai`slbag`mk (Aloeocy),

Baeigiuk 2, =6<-=<6.

Gaua Õhareacugcag zur Jugntiog vog \lbeitzcruhag. Mrlbmoeocislbas Norraspogàgzhemtt

=9, <<9-<0<.

Crootb, K.A.Pb, à =92: Zuurstaaghawarnigc ag vuurstaagwarnars ig à Eikhurcsa Hmg`narmkian. Ig4 V.D.B.Qhmlbs (a`.). Kugstars ig à Kmmscouw, jaasthugàe voor pmtar M.D. Kugstars, Kmmstrilbt,

=3-<9.=923m Pba orcmgismtiog oj jeigt tooi kmgujmltura ig tba @utlb Hmg`narmkin, Mgmealtm Vrmabisto-

rilm Eaiàgsim 86, 83-18.

=923h Pba jeigt igùstry oj tba @utlb Eigamrhmg`narmkin. Ig4 D. Nozeowsni (a `) , Lbippa` stoga

igùstrias oj tba amrey jmrkigc lueturas ig Auropa, Smrsmw, 86<-880.

Curjignea, @.K.K. Jrmgnbg

=922 M stu`y oj tba jamsihieity oj àtalt igc heoo` rasiùa og mrti jmlts , Dourgme oj Mrlbmaoeocilme

\liagla =1, 2<-93.



=11 XAJAXAGLA\

Cysaes, D.

@. Lmbag

Bmwnas, L.J.L.

Bmyàg, H.

=92= Vrakiars résuetmts à ='mgmeysa às trmlas kilroslopiquas `'usura à quaequas outies àKasvig IZ, Goema Vrmabistorilm =, 31-28.

=928 Ea eustra às jmulieeas at eas mutr as trmlas `'usmca às outies ag sieax, Hueeatig à em \oliaté

Vrébiseoriqua Jrmgjmisa 39, 88=-880.

=910 Mrlbmaoeocilme tbaory mg` katbo`4 soka succastiogs jrok tba oe` wore`, Mkarilmg

Mgtbropoeocist 1:, =11-=:2.

=932 \gmrns ig mrlbmaoeocy4 or igtarmssakhemca vmrimhieity ig eitbils (m viaw jrok tba mgtipoàs).Ig4 @.@. @mvis (a`.), Eiebils ig subsistagla4 Pba mgmeysis oj seoga eooi usa ig prabistoria

alogokias, Gmsbvieea, =39-=92.

=939 Vmemaoeiebil rajealtiogs, Gaw Darsay.

=926 Logjusiog ig tba hipoemr wore` 4 hmsba` pahheas mg` speigtara` pialas, Eitbil talbgoeocy 9, 8-

Bmyàg, H. (a`.)

Bmyàg, H.

M. Lmggog

Bieekmg, L.

Bo`àr, I.

Boocemg`, K.E.V.

Burlokha, E.

earsae, K.L. vmg

Ieatt, K.L. LogstmgtigM. Lou`mrtD.-V. @akouea

=939 Eitbil usa-wamr mgmeysis. Gaw Yorn.

=92< Sbara tba cmrhmca coas4 rajusa ìsposme ig tba Kmym bicbemg`s. Dourgme oD Mgtbropoeocilme

Mrlbmaoeocy 8, ==3-=:<.

=92= Xalogstrultigc arop bushmg`ry prmltilas jrok lbmrra` rakmigs oj lrops . Ig4 X. Karlar

(a`.), Jmrkigc prmleila ig Hrieisb prabistory, Aìghurcb, I8.Z=:8.

=928 Pba prasagt pmst. Lmkhri`ca.

=921 Jysislb-mgtropoeocislb ogàrzoan vmg bat snaeatkmtarimme vmg à opcrmvigc Banaeigcag III,

Eaiàg (igtargme raport IVE).

=922 \oka lritilisks mg` succastiogs ig raspogsa to Gawlokar at me. (=92:), Dourgme oj

Mrlbmaoeocilme \liagla =1, =-=6.

=921 Bmg`warn ig à Neaiga Kaidarid rog` =966. @ag Bmmc.

=928 Pba emta Hmg`narmkin oj tba Misga Zmeeay4 agvirogkagt mg` spmtime orcmg ismt iog, Mgmealtm

Vrmabistorilm Eaiàgsim =1, 01-:8.

Igcarsoee, @.S. Kmlògme`

=933 Igtroùltiog. Ig4 @. Igcarsoee/D.A. Yaeeag/S. Kmlògme` (a`s.), Axparikagtmemrlbmaoeocy,

Gaw Yorn, xi-xvii.

Itarsog \lboetag, J.X.

Dmcarkmg, KV.

Daggass, @.

Dappasag, D.

Dobmgssog, EM.

Dogas, V.

=92= Emta Gaoeitbil jeigt trmgspor t ig tba Gatbaremg`s, \emrigcim :, ==1-==3.

=928 Zarsemc vmg aag caoeocislba nmrtar igc ig à poeàrs Zriasemg` ag \ikogsbmvag (Zoorga-Vuttag), Mkstar`mk (igtargme raport).

=936 Pba eija oj tba Loppar Asniko, Vmrt M oj voeuka =84 M raport oj tba Lmgmìmg Mrltil

axpaìtiog =9=<-=9=2. Gaw Yorn.

=920 Jugntiogshastakkaesa mj jeigtra`snmhar. \b`sporsmgmeysa mj snrmhara jrm \mrup (witb

sukkmry), Nuke =928-<, <=-:6.

=92= Histojt EM ==. \iaèugcs- ug` Sirtslbmjtsjorkag ik jrõbag Gaoeitbinuk Gor`àutslbemg`sug` \õ`snmgìgmviîgs, Ojjm <2, 9=-=89.

=926 Axparikagtme hutlbarigc witb koàrg stoga tooes mg` its raeavmgla jor pmemaoei tbil mrlbmao

eocy, Sore` Mrlbmaoeocy =8, =1<-=:1.



=1:

Duae Dagsag, B.

XAJAXAGLA\

=928

Duae Dagsag. B.

A. Hriglb Vatarsag

Nmkkigcm, D.

Naaeay. E.B.

Naaeay, E.B.

K.B. Gawlokar

Naaeay, E.B.G. Potb

Naeey, EP.

Ngu`sog, X.

Ngutssog, N.

Nooy, C. vmg àr

Norohnovm, C.J.

Nrmkar, L.

Emgtigc. D.G.

S.C. Koon

M praeikigmry mgmeysis oj hemà slrmpars jrok Xigcneostar, m @mgisb emta Kasoeitbil sita,\tuìm Vrmabiseorilm Haecilm 8, <8<-<83.

=920 M kilrowamr mgmeysis oj ugratoulba` hemàs jrok Mcaro` Z. Ig4 E.Emrssog (a`), Mcaro` Z.

Mg Mtemgtil hoc sita ig lagtrme \lmgim, Eug` (Mltm Mrlbmaoeocilm Eugàgsim, \arias ig 26,go. =8), =00-=18.

=92: Qgratoulba` hemàs ig tba emta Kasoeitbil oj \outb \lmgìgmvim. M jugltiogme stu`y,Oxjor` Dourgme oj Mrlbmaoeocy 1, =9-<<.

=922m Juglt iogme mgmeysis oj prabis toria jeigt tooes hy bicb-powar kilroslopy4 m raviaw oj Sast-Auropamg rasamrlb, Dourgme oj Sore` Vrabistory 8, 1<-22.=922h Kilroàgtiluemtas ig tba @mgisb \toga Mca4 m jugltiogme puzzea. Ig4 \. Hayrias (a`.).

Igùstrias eitbiquas> Irmléoeocia at talbgoeocia, Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., 0==, voe. I), 8<=-818.ig prass Vemgt bmrvastigc mg` prolassigc witb jeigt tooes ig tba @mgisb \toga Mca. M viaw jrok tba

kilroslopa, Mltm Mrlbmaoeocilm.

=921 M jugltiogme stu`y oj eitbils jrok Zmagcat Gor `, m Kasoeitbil sita jrok Za`hman, G.A.

\dmaeemg`. Dourgme oj @mgisb Mrlbmaoeocy 0, 06-1=.

=939 Pba gmtura oj usa-poeisb mg` mhrmsiva skootbigc og stoga tooes. Ig4 H. Bmyàg (a`.), Eitbil

usa-wamr mgmeysis, Gaw Yorn, =0<-=12.

=930 Palbgiquas mg` katboòeocy ig kilro-wamr stuìas4 m lritilme raviaw, Sore` Mrlbmaoeocy 1,

<8<-<<:.=933 Haohmlbtugcag õhar Kinro-Mhgõtzugcsspurag mg =0 Neigcag vog Biagbaik, Mgmealtm

Vrmabiseorilm Eaiàgsim =9, 3=-38.

=932 Vraeikigmry kilrowamr mgmeysis oj tba Kaar mssakhemca. Ig4 J. vmg Gotag (a .). Eas

Lbmssaurs à Kaar, Hrucca, 3<-2:.

=926 Axparikagtme àtarkigmtiog oj stoga tooi usas. M kilrowamr mgmeysis, Lbilmco.

=928 Bmjtigc mg` ratooe igc4 ajjalts og tba mrlbmaoeocilme ralor`, Mkarilmg Mgtiquity 03, 392-269.

=92< Gaoeitbil govaetias4 tba viaw jrok atbgocrmpby mg` kilrowamr mgmeysis. Ig4 K.-L. Lmuvig

(a`.). Prmlas `'utieismtiog sur eas outies géoeitbiquas ù Vrolba Oriîgt, Eyog (Prmvamux à emKmisog à e'Oriagt, 1), 81=-81:.

=923 Bmjtigc mg` ratooeigc mt Zarharia. Ig4 @. \toràur (a`,). Em kmig at e'outie, Eyog (Prmvamuxà em Kmisog à e'Oriagt , =1), 29-9:.

=933 Kilrowamr mgmeysis oj axparikagtme jeigt tooes4 m tast lmsa, Dourgme oj Mrlbmaoeocilme \liagla

0, 89-:8.

=92= Kilrowamr poeisbas og amrey stoga tooes jrok Nooh i-Jo rm, Nagym, Gmtura 89<, 0:0-0:1.

=9<0 Atbgocrmpby oj tba \urprisa Zmeeay Vmiuta, Qgivarsity oj Lmeijorgim Vuheilmtiogs ig Mkarilmg

Mrlbmaoeocy mg` Atbgoeocy <= (=9<=-=9<<), :3-8=6.

=939 Igjaragla mg` ikpositiog ig eitbil mgmeysis . Ig4 H. Bmyàg (a`.) , Eitbil usa-wamr mgmeysis,

Gaw Yorn, 8:9-82=.

=922 Vmttargs oj tooi usa. \lmggigc aealirog kilroslopy oj axparikagtme qumrtz tooes, Qppsmem.

=93: Gotitias ovar agnaea òrpag gmhid à Dahae Mru`m, Eai ag (igtargme raport) .=92= Mgliagt rampigc tooes mg` tbair proùl tivity ig tba eicbt oj axparikagtme trmlawamr mgmeysis.

Ig4 Vb.E. Nobe (a`.), Pba Hrogza Mca livieismtiog oj Lagtrme Msim, Gaw Yorn, <81-<09.

=928 Zieemca atbgomrlbmaoeocy, Gaw Yorn.

=933 Pba pra- mg` protobistory oj tba Gatbaremg`s ig tarks oj rmìolmrhog `mtas, Crogigcag.



=13 XAJAXAGLA\

Eaa, X.H.I. @aZora (a`s.)

Eakoggiar, V.

Earoi-Courbmg, M.

K. Hrézieeog

Eavi \mem, I.

Eúbr, B.M. TikkarkmggD. Bmbg

=9:2 Kmg tba bugear, Lbilmco.

=92: Pba stu`y oj kmtarime luetura to`my 4 towmr` mg mgtbropoeocy oj talbgilme systaks, Dourgme

oj Mgibropoeocilme Mrlbmaoeocy 1, =03-=2:.

=938 JouiQas à Viglavage> assmi `'mgmeysa atbgocrmpbiqua `'ug bmhitmt kmc`meégiag (em

saltiog <:). Vmris (3tb suppeakagt Cmeeim Vrébistoira, LGX\).

=92: Qsa wamr mg` post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiog4 m wor` oj lmut iog, Dourgme oj

Mrlbmaoeocilme \liagla =<, 889-800.=922 Vrolassas oj poeisb jorkmtiog og jeigt tooi surjmla. Ig4 \. Hayrias (a`.) . Igùstrias eitbiquas>

trmléoeocia at talbgoeocia, Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., 0==, voe. 8), 2<-92.

=933 Jauarstaigmrtajmnta. Ig4 Nupar at me.. @ar hmg`narmkislba \iaèugcspemtz Emgcwaiear 9,Cak Meàgbovag, Nr. @urag, Xbaigislba Muscrmhugcag =2, =<=-8::.

Eouwa Nooidkmgs, E.V.

Eouwa Nooidkmgs, E.V.

V. vmg à Zaeà

Eowia, X.B.

Eoy, P.B.

Eõgigc, D.

=930 Pba Xbiga/Kausa @aetm. Jour stuìas og its prabistoria ollupmtiog mg` boeolaga caoeocy, Mgmealtm Vrmabistorilm Eaiàgsim =.

=93: Eolme àvaeopkagts ig m horàremg`. M survay oj tba Gaoeitbil mt tba Eowar Xbiga,

Ou`bai`nugìca Kaààeigcag vmg bat Xidnskusauk voor Ou`baàg ta Eaiàg 13, 839-896.=92<m Pussag \OK ag PXH, agica ca`mlbtag ovar bat Emmt-Gaoeitbiluk ig Gaàremg` ag Haeciî,

Hueeatig vmg à Nogigneidna Kusam voor Nugst ag Caslbiaàgis 10, 11-:3.=92<h @a mutbaurag àr mgtiquitaitag. Eaiàg (igmucurme ealtura).

=921 \porag ig bat emg`. @a Gaàremg`sa àetm ig à prabistoria, Mkstar`mk.=92: Bat eoza vissartda oj hoarna Gmms? Ig4 K.L. vmg Priaruk/B.A . Bagnas (a`s.), Xottar`mk

Vmpars Z, Xottar`mk, 3-8:.=923 Gaoeitbil satteakagt mg` suhsistagla ig tba watemg`s oj tba Xbiga/Kausa àetm oj tba

Gatbaremg`s, Ig4 D.K. Loeas/M.D. Emwsog (a`s.), Auropamg watemg`s ig prabistory, Oxjor`,883-81=.

ig prap. @mtigc mg` strmticrmpby. Ig4 E.V. Eouwa Nooidkmgs/V. vmg à Zaeà (a`s.). @a Zemmrìgcagsita Banaekcag III.

=926 @a opcrmvigc Banaeigcag III, cakaagta \pidnagissa, voordmmr ag zokar =926, Eaiàg

(igtargme raport XKO).ig prap. Jamturas. Ig4 E.V. Eouwa Nooidkmgs/V. vmg a Zae a (a`s.). @a Zemmr igcag

sita Banaeigcag III.

=910 Igìmgs oj tba Vemigs, Gaw Yorn.

=92< Vrabistoria heoo` rasiùas4 àtaltiog og tooi surjmlas mg` Iàgtijilmtiog oj spalias oj oricig,\liagla 886, =8:9-=83=.

=928 Xasamrlb igto tba Hmg`narmkin satteakagt oj tba Meàgbovagar Vemtta ig tba Xbaigemg`, Mgmealtm Vrmabistorilm Eaiàgsim =1, =-89.

Kmmreavae`. Pb.D.

Kmgsur, K.A.

Kmgsur-Jrmglbokka, K.A.

=921 Haag ag tmg` mes crog`stoj ig à Zemmrìgcag-luetuur, Eai ag (igtargme raport IVE).

=928 Kilrowamr mgmeysis oj gmturme mg` usa strimtiogs4 gaw leuas to tba kalbmgisk oj strim tiogjorkmtiog, \euìm Vrmabistorilm Haecilm 8. 8=<-8<0.

=92< \lmggigc aealtrog kilroslopy oj `ry-bià-wornigc tooes4 tba roea oj mhrmsivas mg` bukiìtyig kilrowamr poeisb jorkmtiog, Dourgme oj Mrlbmaoeocilme \liagla =6, 88<-8<6.

=92< Prmlas `'ueieismeiog ae talbgoeocia eitbiqua4 axmkpeas à em Vmtmcogia, Horàmux (tbasis).=920 Vrébistoira à Vmtmcogia4 e'igùstria 'Givae ==' à em Vrovigla à \mgtm Lruz (Mrcagtiga)4

talbgoeocia eitbiqua ae irmlas `'utieismtiog, Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., 8=:).



=12

Kmrilbme, B.

Kaans, [email protected]. à C. \iavanigc

K.\. PitaD. Loon

XAJAXAGLA\

=92< @a axpeoi tmtia , à varsprai` igc ag bat cahruin vmg Zmenaghurc vuurstaag tidàgs bat

Gaoeitbiluk ig Tui`-Eikhurc, Gaàremg`, Mrlbaoeocia ig Eikhurc =2, :-8<.

=928 Ceoss mg` usa-wamr trmlas og jeigt silneas mg` sikiemr pbagokagm, Dourgme oj Mrlbmaoeocilme

\liagla 9, <=3-<06.

Kaetzar, @.D.

Ko`àrkmg, V.D.X.

Koss, A.B.

=92=

=91<

M stu`y oj styea mg` jugltiog ig m lemss oj tooes, Dourgme oj Jiae` Mrlbmaoeocy 2, <=<-<8:.

Aag gaoeitbislba woogpemmts ig à poeàr Zriasemg` ogàr Banaeigcag (aiemg` Vuttag) (Tui`-

Boeemg`), Harilbtag vmg à Xidnsìagst voor bat Ou`bai`nugìc Hoàkogàrzoan 0, =-8:.

=912/19 @ia hmg`narmkislba \iaèugc vog \ittmr`, Vmemaobiseorim :-3, <<-=86.

=936 Eigamrhmg`narmkin mus Aeseoo ug` \taig, Mgmealtm Vrmabistorilm Eaiàgsim <.

@ia Hmg`narmkin ik Crmatbaiàcahiat, Giaàremgìslb-Eikhurc, Harilbt àr Xúkislb-Car-

kmgislbag Nokkissiog ::, 81-=88.

@ia gaoeitbislba Hasiaèugc hai Biagbaik, E`nr. Naebaik. II. @ia Muscrmhugcag 'mkSaigharc' =93=-=930. Mgmealtm Vrmabistorilm Eaiàgsim =9.

=921

=92:

=92:m

=92:h

=923m

=923h

=922

Gaesog, X.N. =93<

Gawlokar , K.B. =92:

X. CrmlaX. Qgcar-Bmkietog =922

Gawaee, X.X. =936

Oàee, C.B. =931

Oàee. C.B.J. Lowmg

=92<m Pba jugltiogme mgmeysis oj jeigt ikpeakagts, Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar., =33).

=92<h \oka lokkagts og a`ca `mkmca ms m jmltor ig jugltiogme mgmeysis oj stoga mrtijmlts, Dourgme

oj Mrlbmaoeocilme \liagla =6, 8<=-808.=92<l Pba jugltiogs oj hurigs mg` tmgca` poigts jrok Paie Mhu Burayrm (\yrim). Ig4 K.-L.

Lmuvig (a`.). Prmlas `'utieismtiog sur eas outies Géoeitbiquas ù Vrolba Oriîgt, Eyog

(Prmvamux à em Kmisog à e'Oriagt, 1), =0<-=:=.

Sbmt kilrowamr mgmeysts eoon mt. Ig4 E.X. Owag/C. Qgrmtb (a`s.), Palbgilme mspalts oj

kilrowamr stuìas og stoga tooes, Põhigcag, 9=-9:.

Mspalts oj sita lokpmrisog4 àhitmca smkpeas, talbgoeocy mg` jugltiog, Sore` Mrlbmaoeocy

=2. ==:-=<<.

M raviaw oj'Igvasticmtigc kilrowamr poeisbas witb heig` tasts', Dourgme oj Mrlbmaoeocilme

\liagla =0, 03<-02=.

Voeisb C mg` tba quastiog oj bmjtigc. Ig4 @. \toràur (a`.). Em kmig at e'outie, Eyog(Prmvmux à em Kmisog à e'Oriagt, =1), 93-=68.Palbgo-jugltiogme stuìas oj tba Bmkhurcimg jrok Oeàboetwoeà. Jriasemg`, Pba Gatbar-

emg`s. Ig4 K. Otta (a`.). @a em Eoira m eOàr, Oxjor` (HMX Igt . \ar. 000, voe. 8), <99-0==.

Kugtars oj tba gortbarg jorast, Lbilmco.

Igvasticmtigc kilrowamr poeisbas witb heig` tasts, Dourgme oj Mrlbmaoeocilme \liagla =<,

86<-8=2.

Kilrowamr katboòeocy4 m rapey to Koss, Burlokha mg` Hmkjortb, Dourgme oj Mrlbma

oeocilme \liagla =1, 81-<0.

Pba jeigt igùstry oj tba @utlb eigamrhmg`narmkin, Mgmealtm Vrmabistorilm Eaiàgsim <, =00-

=2<.

Kilrowamr ig parspaltiva4 m sykpmtbatil raspogsa to Emwragla B. Naaeay, Sore` Mrlbmao

eocy 3, 88:-806.=933 Pba mppeilmeiog oj kilrowamr mgmeysis to tba eitbil lokpogagt oj mg agtira prabistoria

saeeeakagt4 katbo`s, prohtaks mg` jugltiogme ralogstrultiogs, Bmrvmr` (tbasis).=926 Hutlbarigc witb stoga tooes4 soka axparikagtme rasuets, Gawseattar oj Eitbil Palbgoeocy 9,

<9-02.=92= Pba korpboeocilme axprass mt jugltiog duglti og> samrlbigc jor kamgigc ig eitbil tooi typas,

Dourgme oj Mgtbropotocilme Xasamrlb <3, <=9-<08.

=92: Axparikagts witb spamrs mg` mrrows og mgikme tmrcats, Dourgme oj Jiae` Mrlbmaoeocy =<,=91-8=8.



=19 XAJAXAGLA\

Oàee, C.B,J. Oàee-Zaraalnag

Oscoo`,L.

Oswmet, B.S.

Oswmet, S.B.D.S. Zmgstoga

=926 Zarijyigc tba raeimhieity oj eitbil usa wamr mssasskagts hy heig` tasts4 tba eow-powar

mppromlb, Dourgme oj Jiae` Mrlbmaoeocy 3, 23-=86.

=9<3 Pba aebgocrmpby oj tba Pmgmigm, Gaw Bmvag (Ymea Qgivarsity Vuheilmtiogs ig Mgtbropo-

eocy, =:).

=93: Mg mgtbropoeocilme mgmeysis oj joo`-cattigc ealbgoeocy, Gaw Yorn.

=9:3 Pba atbgomrlbmaoeocy oj Lrow vieemca, Memsnm (Huramu oj Mkarilmg Atbgoeocy Hueeatig,

=99).

Vmis, D.-V. =92< Vemgt rakmigs jrok Mmrtswou`, m Gaoeitbil satteakagt ig tba lomstme mram. Ig4 S. vmg Taist/

S.M. Lmspmria (a`s.), Vemgts mg` mgliagt kmg4 stuìas ig pmemaoatbgohotmgy, Xottar`mk,

<=<-<8=.

Vmttarsog, E.S.

Veaw, K.C.

D.L. Soo`s

Velw, K.C.

D.L. Soo`s

=931

=93:

=92=

=92\

=92\

Eitbil wamr pmttargs ig àar hutlbarigc, Gawseattar oj tba Paxms Mrlbmaoeocilme \oliaty =9,

=6-==.

@aar sniggigc witb m hijmlime tooi, Gawseattar oj tba Paxms Mrlbmaoeocilme \oliaty 86, 2-=6.Lokkagts og wamr rmtas oj eitbil tooi a`cas, Eitbil Palbgoeocy =6, ==-=<.

Ohsarvmtiog oj a`ca `mkmca mg` talbgoeocilme ajjalts og prassura-jemna` stoga tooes.

Ig4 K.C. Veaw/D.L. Soo`s/K.C. Vmvasil (a`s), \toga eooi mgmeysis. Assmys ig bogor oj @ogL. Lrmhtraa, Mehuquarqua, 8==-882.

\toga tooi mgmeysis. Assmys ig bogor oj @og A. Lrmhtraa. Mehuquarqua. K.C. Vmvasil (a`s.)

Veissog, B. =928 Mgmeysa jogltioggaeea à 91 kilro-crmttoirs 'Pourmssiags", \tuìm Vrmabistorilm Haecilm 8,839-822.

=92< @a em logsarvmtiog às kilro-poeis `'utieismt iog. Hueeatig à em \oliaté Vrébistoriqua Jrmg-

5,mi.sa 2, 30-33.

=921m Atuà jogltioggaeea `'outieemcas eitbiquas prébistoriquas pmr e'mgmeysa às kilro-usuras4

ralbarlba kétboòeociqua at mrlbéoeociqua, Vmris (tbasis).=921h ]uaes soigs prag`ra às outieemcas eitbiquas pour e'mgmeysa jogltiogaeea. Hueeatig à em \oliaté

Vrébistoriqua Jrmgjmi.sa 28, 99-=6=.

=92: Metargmtiogs às kilropoeis `'usmcl4 quaequas axpariaglas lokpeakagtmiras. Ig4 EX . Owag/C. Qgrmtb (a`s.), Palbgilme mspalts oj kilrowamr stuìas og stoga tooes, Põhigcag. ===-==:.

Veissog, B.

K. Kmucar

Veissog, B.M.E. vmg Cidg

=922 Lbakilme mg` kalbmgilme metarmtiog oj kilrowamr poeisbas4 mg axparikagtme mppromlb, Baeigiuk 82, <-=:.

ig prass Em trmléoeocia> koà `'akpeoi, E'Mgtbropoeocia.

Vrukkae, S. =923

Xactarag Metagm, D.J. vmg =9:=

D.M. Hmnnar

Xactarag Metagm, D.J. vmg =9:8/:<D.M. Hmnnar =9:0M.P. LemsogS. CemsharcagS. Croagkmg-vmg Smmtarigca at me

Pba jmugme rakmigs oj tba Gaoeitbil sita oj Banaeigcag <, Baeigiuk 83.

@a Gaoeitbislba woogpemmts ta Tmg`warvag. (G-B), Ig. S. Cemsharcag/S. Croagkmg-vmgSmmtarigca (a`s), Ig bat voatspoor vmg M.A. vmg Cijjag, Crogigcag, <<-06.

Pba Zemmrìgcag luetura (e-IIe), Baeigiuk 8, =-0=, 93-=6<, 8=1-8<1.Pba Zemmrìgcag luetura (IZ-Z), Baeigiuk <, <9-13, 93-==9.

Xaygoe`s, V.D. =92= @am`stoln mg` eivastoln. Ig4 X. Karlar (a` ), Jmrkigc prmltila ig Hritisb Vrabiseory,

Aìghurcb, 93-=88.

http://franfai.se/

http://franfai.se/

http://franfai.se/



=:6

Xoahroans, S.

Xoahroans, S.A. XagsignM.E. vmg Cidg

Xoahroans, S.D. NoeagA. Xagsign

Xoahroans, S,

V. Bagganags

Xosteug`, A.

Xottemgàr, X.

\mlnatt, D.X.

\lbiejar, K.H.

\lbkmez, X.J.

\lbraurs, D.

\lbueta ik Smeà, P.Q. \trzo`m

\akagov, \.M.

\bam, D.D.

\bapbar`, S.

\iacae, V.A.

V.C. Xoa

\nmmrup, D.

\piar, E.

\piass, M.A.

\purraee, J.L.D.

\tmkhoeov, P.

XAJAXAGLA\

=929 Jrok jig` slmttars to amrey bokigi` habmviour, M stu`y oj Ki`èa Vmeaoeiebil rivarsià

saettakagts mt Kmmsirilbe-Haevé`âra (Pba Gatbaremg`s), Eaiàg (tbasis) (to mppamr msMgmealtm Vrmabistorilm Eaiàgsim, 8=, =996).

=92: Kmmstrilbt-Haevé`âra, Vubeilmtiogs à em \oliéeé Bistoriqua at Mrlbéoeiqua à

Eikhourc =88, 86<-863.

=922 Vemggigc àptb, mgtilipmtiog mg` tba orcmgismtiog oj Ki`èa Vmemaoeitbil talbgoeocy4 tba'mrlbmil gmtivas' kaat Ava's àslag`mgts, Baeigiuk 82, =3-<0.

ig prass Prmgsport oj eitbils ig tba Ki`èa Vmemaoeitbil4 logdoigigc aviàgla jrok Kmms trilbt-Haevé`âra (tba Gatbaremg`s). Ig4 G. Mrts/A. Lziasem/@. Sigtar (a`s), Pba hic puzzia, Oxjor`(HMX Igt. \ar.).

=918 Jrasbwmear jisb mg` jisbigc ig gmtiva Gorib Mkarilm.

=931m Pba jorkmtiog oj pmtigm og jeigt, Mrlbmaokatry =3, =6:-==6.

=931h \oka mspalts oj pmtigmt iog oj jeigt, \emrigcim <, 10-1:.

=928 Mppromlbas to styea ig eitbil mrlbmaoeocy, Dourgme oj Mgibropoeocilmt Mrlbmaoeocy =, 19-==8.

=92: Isolbrast isk mg` styea4 m lemrijilmtiog, Dourgme oj Mgibropoeocilme Mrlbmaoeocy 1, 8::-833.

=921 Ig tbara m 'Vokpaii prakisa" ig mrlbmaoeocy? Dourgme oj Mgibropoeocilme Xasamrlb 0 =, =2-0=.

=9:6 Jeigt mg` tba pmtigmtiog oj jeigt mrtijmlts, Vrolaaìgcs oj tba Vrabistoria \oliaty 8:, 00-09.

=929 Aag cahruinssporag mgmeysa vmg à vuurstaag mrtajmltag uit à Hmg`narmkislba gaàrzattigc

ta Aeseoo, Eaiàg (igtargme raport IVE).

=921 Tur Jugn tiog às koìjiziartag Neigcag mus \iccagahag-\õ`4 aig Haispiae jõr ibragCahrmulb ik Jrõbgaoeitbinuk, Ojjm 08, 80<-8:6.

=9:0 Vrabistoria talbgoeocy, Eogòg.

=922 Katboòeocilme logsiàrmtiogs ig mjjaltigc tba lboila oj mgmeytilme talbgiquas ig eitbil usa-wamr mgmeysis4 tasts, rasuets mg` mppeilmtiog. Ig4 \. Hayrias (a`.). Igùstrias eitbiquas4

trmléoeocia at talbgoeocia, Oxjor` (HMX. Igt. \ar., 0==, voe. 8), :1-28.

=938 Jeigt. ets oricig. propartias mg` usas, Eogòg.

=92: \bipiho mrlbmao-atbgocrmpby4 sita jorkmtiog prolassas mg` mrlbmaoeocilme igtarpratmtiog ,

Sore` mrlbmaoeocy =2, 9:-==1.

=93< Bassaeo-\oemcar. Dmc`stmtiogag àr \õsnmgìgmvislbag Prilbtarhalbarnuetur, Lopagbmcag

(Mrnzaoeocisna stuìar, =).

=9<6 Nemkmtb Atbgocrmpby, Harnaeay.

=939 Xaigàar mg` lmrihou bugtars. Mg mrlbmaoeocilme stu`y, Gaw Yorn.

=298 Gotas og amrey silneas, Mrlbmaoeocilme Dourgme 09, 1<-:9.

=9:9 Kmgujmltura, àtariormtiog mg` pra.jarvmtiog oj eamtbar. M eitarmtura survay oj tbaoratilme

mspalts mg` mgliagt talbgiquas, Mkstar`mk.

\tmpart, @. =93: \oka gmturme surjmla koìjilmtiogs og jeigt ig tba Gatbaremg`s, Vmemaobistorim =2, 3-08.



=:= XAJAXAGLA\

\tawmrt, B.

\toràur, @.

\usskmg. L.

\ykags, G.

Pmigtar, D.M.

Paxiar, V.D.

Pixiar. D.K.E. IgizmgB. Xolba

=933 Igìmg jisbigc. Amrey katbo`s og tba Gortbwast Lomst, Zmglouvar.

=923 Kmglbas at akkmglbakagts prébistoriquas4 quaequas propositiogs préeikigmiras. Ig4 @.

\toràur (a`.). Em kmig at e'outie, Eyog (Prmvmux à em Kmisog à ='Oriagt, =1), ==-<0.

=922 M kilroslopil mgmeysis ojusa-wamr mg` poeisb jorkmtiog og axparikagtme qumrtz tooes, Oxjor`(HMX Igt. \ar.. <91).

=92: M jugltiogme mgmeysis oj saealta` stoga mrtijmlts jrok tba Kmc`meagimg sita oj Zarharia,Jrmgla, Dourgme oj Jiae` Mrlbmaoeocy =<, 8=<-888.

=939 Pba Kougtmigmir eitbil slmttars 4 satteakagt pmttargs mg` sicgijilmgla avmeumtiog oj eow

àgsity surjmla sitas, Dourgme oj Jiae` Mrlbmoeocy :, 0:<-0:9.

=92= @ésieijilmtiog às sieax tmieeas, ]umtargmrim 8<, =19-=:9.

=926 Vrébiseoira à em piarra tmieeéa, Zmehogga.

Poonar, A.

Porragla, X.

Priccar, H.C.

Prigcbmk, X.C. LooparC. OàeeH. ZoytanM. Sbitkmg

=9:0 Mg atbgocrmpby oj tba Burog Igìmgs =:=1-=:09 (Huramu oj Mkarilmg Atbgoeocy Hueeatig,

=96).

=92< Pika hu`catigc mg` bugtar cmtbarar talbgoeocy. Ig4 C. Hmieay (a` ), Bugtar-cmtbarar

alogoky ig prabistory, Lmkhri`ca. ==-88.

=9:9 Pba Burog jmrkars oj tba Goreb, Gaw Yorn.

=930 Axparikagtmtiog ig tba jorkmtiog oj a`ca `mkmca4 m gaw mppromlb to eitbil mgmeysis,

Dourgme oj Jiae` Mrlbmaoeocy =, =3=-=9:.

Qarpkmg, K.

Qerix-Leossat, K.X. Xoussaeea

=93: Tur Palbgoeocia ug` Pypoeocia gaoeitbislbar Jauarseaigcarmea, Põhigcag (Põhigcar Kogo-

crmpbiag zur Qrcaslbilbta, 8).

=928 E'igùstria eitbiqua ù sita Xuhmgé ù \tmharc m Xoskaar, Mrlbmaoeocilm Haecilm 809.

Qgcar-Bmkietog, X.

Qgrmtb, C.

EX. OwagM.E. vmg CidgA.B. KossB. Veissog at me.

=920 Pba jorkmtiog ojusa-wamr poeisb og jeigt4 hayog` tba àposit varsus mhrmsiog logtrovarsy, Dourgme oj Mrlbmaoeocilme \liagla ==, 9=-92.

=921 Kilroslopil strimtiogs og jeigt silnea-hemàs ms mg igìlmtiog oj pemgt luetivmtiog 4 praeiki-gmry rasuets, Sore` Mrlbmaoeocy =3, =8=-=8:.

=922 Katbo` ig kilrowamr mgmeysis. Vrabistoria silneas mg` otbar stoga tooes jrok Mrdouga, \yrim,

Oxjor` (HMX. Igt. \ar., 0<1).

=92: Mg avmeumtiog oj kilrowamr stuìas4 m kueti-mgmeyst mppromlb. Ig4 E.X. Owag/C. Qgrmtb

(a`s.), Palbgilme mspalts oj kilrowamr stuìas og stoga tooes, Põhigcag, ==3-=3:.

Zmucbmg, V. =92= Eitbil kilrowamr axparikagtmtiog mg` tba jugltiogme mgmeysis oj m eowar Kmc`meagimg stoga

mssakhemca, Vbiemàpbim (tbasis).=921m Q.sa-wamr mgmeysis oj jemna` stoga tooes, Pulsog.

=921h Jugntiogshastikkugc vog \taigcarmta mgbmg` kinrosnopislbar Cahrmulbsspurag, Carkm-

gim :<, <69-<89.



=:8 XAJAXAGLA\

Zmucbmg, V.

B. Veissog

Zaag, K.K.M.

Zaeà, V. vmg à

Zarbmrt, E.H.K.

Zarpoorta, M.

M.E. vmg Cidg

Smenar, V.E.

Smtarhoen, B.P.

Sbita, D.V.

G. Ko`dasnmI. Bipuym

Tvaeahie, K.

Tvaeahie, K.V. Xoweay-Logwy

=92:

=929

=93<

Lokkagt prélisar eas òggéas trmléoeociquas? Ig4 E.X. Owag/C. Qgrmtb a`s.),

Palbgilme mspalts oj kilrowamr stuìas og seoga eooes, Põhigcag, =33-=28.

Zoorslbotag-@a @ogn, Eaiàg (igtargme raport IVE).

Sieà, H. à =920

Sieksag, A.G. =9:2

Sittbojt, D. =912

=9:3

Syeia, M. =928

=921

Syeia, B C . =931

Yaeeag, D.A. =933

Taa, \.A.M.P.K. vmg àr =92:

Xitumes, snigs mg` Bokar4 tba @mguhimg 'tmg-pits', Mgmealim Vrmabistorilm Eaiàgsim :, 16-

19.

=939 Og Hmg`narmkin solime strultura, Mgmealim Vrmabistorilm Eaiàgsim =8.ig prap. Pba àjigitiog oj mrlbmaoeocilmeey raeavmgt ugits. Ig4 E.V. Eouwa Nooidkmgs/V. vmg àZaeà (a`s.), @a Zemmrìgcag sita Banaeigcag III.

=92< Bat vuurstaag uit à opcrmvigc Banaeigcag <, Eaiàg (igtargme raport XKO)

ig prass Xajittigc mg` tba proheaks oj sikuetmgaous bmhitmt iog4 tba Banaeigcag

axmkpea. Ig4 G. Mrts/A. Lziasem/@. Sigtar (a`s.), Pba bic puzzea. Oxjor` (HMX Igt. \ar.).

ig prap. Pba orcmgismtiog oj jeigt prolurakagt mt Eogc Isemg`, Mgticum, Sast-Igìas.

=932 Hutlbarigc mg` stoga tooi jugltiog, Mkarilmg Mgeiquiey 0<, 3=6-3=1.

=912/19 @ia hmg`narmkislba \iaèugc vog Caeaag. Vmemaobiseorim :-3, =8=-=:8.

=933 Cro up àjigitiogs mg` kagtme takpemtas4 mg atbgocrmpbil axparikagt. Ig4 X.Z.\. Sricbt

(a`.), \toga tooes ms lueeurme kmrnars4 lbmgca, avoeutiog mg` lokpeaxity, Gaw Darsay, <26-<96.

Pwigtic aauwag vems ig Zemmgàrag, Hussuk.

Jugltiogme mgmeysis oj jemna` stoga mrtijmlts, Mkarilmg Mgtiquity <<, =1:-=:=.

Igìmg katbo`s oj snig `rassigc mg` tmggigc, Obio Mrlbmaoeocist 2, 90-99.

Cemza` poeisb og jeigt tooes, Mkarilmg Mgtiquity <8. <2<-<22.

Mg mgmeocy hy mgy otbar gmka is dust ms mgmeocilme, Dourgme oj Mgtbropoeocilme Mrlbmaoeocy

=, <28-06=.

Pba ramltiog mcmigst mgmeocy. Ig4 K.H. \lbijjar (a`.) M`vmglas ig mrlbmaoeocilme katbo` mg`

tbaory, voe. 2, Gaw Yorn, :<-===.

Mrtijmlt prolassigc mg` stormca prolaùras4 m gota oj lmutiog, Eitbil Palbgoeocy 0, =3-=9.

Mrlbmaoeocilme mppromlbas to tba prasagt. Koàes jor ralogstrultigc tba pmst. Gaw Yorn.

Pika slmea oj V àlokpositiog mg` sorptiog to soie. Ig4 E.X. Owag/C. Qgrmtb (a`s.),Palbgilme mspalts oj kilrowamr stuìas og stoga tooes, Põhigcag (Mppagìx to M.E. vmg Cidg.Jisb poeisb. jmlt mg` jiltiog). 80-81.

=92: Kasoeitbil praeuà mg` gaoeitbil ravoeutiog. Ig4 K. Tvaeahie (a`.) Kugtars ig trmgsitiog,

Lmkhri`ca, 1-=1.

=920 Prmgsitiog to jmrkigc ig gortbarg Auropa4 m bugtar-cm tbarar parspaltiva, Gorwacimg

Mrlbmaoeocilme Xaviaw =3, =60-=82.



=:<

mppagìx I

GO ZMXIMHEA LMPACOXY \LOXA GO ZMXIMHEA LMPAC OXY \LOXA

\IPA JIEAkuetipea slrmpar og hemà =:6

= \ita Banaeigcag III I lokposi ta tooi og hemà =36

Eai`slbag`mk 8 ag`slrmpar og hemà =3=

Haan-Koeagstaac < jemna (8..)

Eaiemg 0 ugratoulba` (8.6)

Haevé`âra 1 strmicbt

logvax

8=6

8868 Igìviùme 6-9999 loglmva 8<6

< G\ loorìgmtas/bousa 6-99

ratoulb 7 = kk (8.=)

strmicbt 8==

0 AS loorìgmtas/pit 6-999 logvax

loglmva

88=

8<=1 Emyar/baicbt 6-9 ratoulb 5 = kk (8.8)

: Eagctb 6-999.9 kkstrmicbt

logvax

8=8

888

3 Si`tb 6-999.9 kk loglmva

tbukhgmie slrmpar

8<8

8802 Pbilngass 6-999.9 kk kuetipea slrmpar og jemna 8:6

9 Saicbt 6-999.9 crmklokposita tooi og jemna

ag`slrmpar og jemna

836

83=

=6 Vrikmry lemssijilmtiog jemna = lora (<..)

hemà 8 ugratoulba` (<.6)

lora < strmicbt <=6

wmsta 0 logvax <86

speigtar 1 loglmva <<6lora jrmckagt : ratoulb 7 = kk (<.=)

otbar 2 strmicbt <==

ugsura 9 logvax <8=

raduvagmtiog pemtjork4 loglmva <<=

tmhuemr, jmlatta` =6 ratoulb 5 = kk (<.8)

tmhu emr, got jmlatta` == strmicbt <=8

raduvagmt iog lorajmla4 logvax <88

pmrmeeae =8 loglmva <<8

parpagìluemr =< poeyba`rme hemà lora <1=

lrasta` hemà =0 hemà lora witb two pemtjorks <18

àlortilmtiog jemna =1 ìsloi`me

jemna lora<1<<10

== Pypoeocy hemà (=..) axbmusta` jemna lora <11ugratoulba` (=.6) ugsura <19strmicbt ==6

wmsta (0..)logvax =86 ugratoulba` (0.6)loglmva =<6 strmicbt 0=6ratoulb 7 = kk (=.=) logvax 086strmicbt === loglmva 0<6logvax =8= ratoulb 7 = kk (0.=)loglmva =<= strmicbt 0==ratoulb 5 = kk (=.8) logvax 08=strmicbt ==8 loglmva 0<=logvax =88 ratoulb 5 = kk (0.8)loglmva =<8 strmicbt 0=8



=:0 MVVAG@IR I

GO ZMXIMHEA LMPACOXY \LOXA

=8 Lortax

=< 'Vmtigm'

=0 Voeisba` jrmckagt

=1 Hurga`

=: Xmw kmtlrime

logvax 088

loglmva 0<8

kuetip ea slrmpar og wmsta 0:6

trmgsvarsa mrrowbam` 1=6

truglmta` hemà 186

hmlna` hemà 1<6

emglaoemta poigt 116M-poigt :=6

H-poigt :86

mxa 3=6

trmglbat mxa 3==

hmrha` mrrow bam` 386

eamjsbmpa` mrrow bam` 3<6

`mccar 306

horar 316

poigt 3:6

EHN-poigt 336

got mppeilmhea 266

qumrtiar `'ormgca 216

lraslagt-sbmpa` silnea 296

ugsura 966

goga =

agtira 8

òrsmi 7 16% <

òrsmi 5 16% 0

og pemtjork 1

vagtrme :

vagtrme +òr smi ¾ 16% 3

vagtrme + òrsmi 5 16% 2

òrsmi 7 16% + og pemtjork =6

òrsmi 5 16% + og pemtjork 9

vagtrme + òrsmi 5 16% + og ==

pemtjork

got pmtigmta` =

eicbtey pmtigmta` 8

bamvy ceoss pmtigm <ugsura 9

got =

òrsmi 7 16% 8

òrsmi 5 16% <

got hurga` =

ceossy 8

ra` spots <

lrmquaea 0

ugsura 9

Banaeigcag croup = =

croup 8 8

croup < <

Xidlnboet 0roeea` kmtarime 1

gortbarg, kormiga jeigt :

Banaeigcag croup 0 3

otbar 2

ugsura 9

eicbt-cray Haecimg =6

Zmenaghurc ==

Lmp Hemgl Gaz =8

Gor tb \am jeigt =<

Nristimgsstm` =0

GO ZMXIMHEA LMPACOXY \LOXA

=3 Crmig-siza lomrsa =

kaìuk 8

jiga <

cemss-eina 0

ugsura 9

=2 Jrmckagt lokpeata =ìstme 8

kaìme <

proxikme 0

meogc eagctb 1

poteitta` :

got mppeilmhea 2

ugsura 9

=9 Bmjtigc mhsagt =

ratoulb 8

gotlb <

hitukag 0

witb eamtbar (axparikagts 1

ogey)

witb hoga/woo` (axparikagts :

ogey)got axmkiga` 3

got igtarpra tmhea 2

ugsura 9

86 Varlussiog bmr` bmkkar I

sojt bmkkar 8

got mppeilmhea 2

ugsura 9

8! \tmta istme ag` jamtbar I

bigca 8

ravarsa bigca <

witb ìstme ag` lora 0

witb lortax og ìstme ag` 1

stap :

got mppeilmhea (hronag) 2

ugsura 9

88 \urjmla pemtjork skootb =

jmlatta` 8

lortax <

hmttara` 0

got mppeilmhea 2

ugsura 9

8< @orsmi jmla prapmrmtiog mhrmà` =

kilroratoulba` 8

got mppeilmhea 2

ugsura 9

80 Gukhar oj gacmtivas =-99

81 Gukhar oj VQMs 6-=6

KMLXO-JIEA

8: VQM go.

83 Eolmtiog VQM

82 Ohsarva` pbagokagog

6-=6

poemr loúrìgmtas =-=3

ratoulb W = kk

ratoulb 5 = kk



=:1 MVVAG@IR I

GO ZMXIMHEA LMPACOXY \LOXA GO ZMXIMHEA

89 A`ca mgcea 6-<:6

<6 \bmpa surjmlas strmicbt II

logvax 88loglmva <<

(jirst lagtrme tbmg òrsme)

<= \bmpa a`ca strmicbt =

logvax 8loglmva <

irracuemr 0

hronag 1

sbcbtey logvax :

sbcbtey loglmva 3

poigta` 2

<8 Outeiga a`ca got mppblmhea

sarrmta`

6

=

àgtiluemta` 8

aglolba <

lrmg 0apmueakagt 1

kusam u :emgcuatta 3

paògluea 2

soia 9

<< Jork lross-saltiog strmicbt =

logvax 8

loglmva <

wmvy 0

irracuemr 1

seicbtey loglmva :

ugsura 9

<0 Eolmtiog ratoulb vagtrme ogey =

òrsme ogey 8

òrsme + vagtrme metargmtigc <

òrsme + vagtrme hijmlime 0

<1 @istrihutiog ratoulb ovaremppigc =

leosa/racuemr 8

leosa/irracuemr <

wià/racuemr 0

wià/irracuemr 1

got mppeilmhea 2

<: Si`tb ratoulb 6-99.9 kk

<3 Jork ratoulb = slmemr waee-àjiga` =

slmemr vmcua 8

emkaeemr <

bmej koog 0

trmpazoi`me/squmra 1

otbar 2

ugsura 9

poeisb <

strmicbt lross-saltiog 0

croug`-mxa jrmckagt 1

protruìgc poigt :

<2 J ork ratoulb 8

<9 Parkigmtiog ratoulb I

06 Parkigmtiog ratoulb 8

0= \alog`mry koìjilmtiogs

08 @acraa oj wmmr

0< Gukhar oj MQMs

KILXO-JIEA

LMPACOXY \LOXA

slmemr waee-àjiga =

slmemr vmcua

emkaeemr

8

<

bmej koog 0

trmpazoi`me/squmra

otbar

1

2

ugsura 9

stap

bigca

jamtbar

=

8

<

sgmp

otbar

0

2

ugsura 9

stap

bigca

jamtbar

=

8

<

sgmp

otbar

0

2

ugsura 9

go =eicbt

kaìuk

8

<

bamvy

hurga`

0

1

igtarpratmhea ; 6

got igtarprmhea ; 9

go trmlas =

eicbtey worg

kaìuk worg

8

<bamviey worg 0

eicbtey-t-possihey rasbmrpaga` 1

prohmhey usl` :

parbmps bmjtigc 3

got igtarpratmhea 2

ugsura 9

6-9

00 VQM go.

01 MQMgo.

0: Eolmtiog MQM

03 'Qsa-ratoulb' eolmtiog

6-99

6-9

poemr loúrìgmtas O-=3

vagtrme

òrsme

òrsme -e- vagtrme metargmtigc

òrsme + vagtrme hijmlime

02 'Qsa-ra toulb' ìstrihutiog ovaremppigcleosa/racuemr

leosa/irracuemr

wià/racuemr

wià/irracuemr

oga ikpmlt slmr



=:: MVVAG@IR I

GO ZMXIMHEA LMPACOXY \LOXA GO ZMXIMHEA LMPACOXY \LOXA

09 'Qsa-ratoulb' wi`tb 6-999 kk 12 Voeisb topocrmpby òka`

jemt

=

816 'Qsa-ratoulb ' jork slmemr waee-àjiga` = lorrucmta` <

slmemr vmcua 8 lrmtara` 0emkaeemr < pitta` 1bmej koog 0 huhhey :

trmpazoi`me/squmra 1 lorgat tmies 3otbar 2 got mppeilmhea 2ugsura 9 pitta` mg` lorgat tmies 9

1= 'Qsa-ratoulb' tarkigmtiog stap = havaea` =6

bigca 8 19 Voeisb wi`tb 6-9999 Uijamtbar <sgmp 0 :6 Voeisb ìraltiogmeity mhsagt =

otbar 2 eigamr parpagìluemr 8

ugsura 9 bgamr pmrmeeae

bgamr ìmcogme<

018 A`ca-rougìgc sbmrp

seicbtey rougà`==88

rmgòk 1

vary rougà` << := Logtmlt-kmtarim e igjarra hoga =

gihhea` 00 sojt pemgt 8

(jirst vagtrme tbmg òrsme) woo`

silnea-ceoss

<

01< Voeisb eolmtiog òrsme + vagtrme, hut òrsme

kora

= 'silnea-ceoss'-eina

`ry bià

1

:òrsme-(-vagtrme, hut vagtrme 8 jrasb bià 3kora bià ugspalijia` 2òrsme -=- vagtrme aqume < mgtear 9ogey òrsme 0 hoga/mgtear =6ogey vagtrme 1 kamt ==

10 Voeisb ìstr ihutiog sligtieemtiog = \baee =8

og protruìgc poigts 8 jisb =<

ratiluemta` < jira` potta ry =0

sgowemg`slmpa 0 lemy/pottary =1

isoemta` spots 1 sojt stoga =:

tbig eiga meogc a`ca : bmr` kmtarime =3

hmg` meogc a`ca 3 sojt kmtarime =2

hmg` mwmy jrok a`ca 2sojt mgikme kmtarime =9

otbar 9 bmr` mgikme kmtarime 86

spram`

cramsy eustra

stramns oj poeisb

=6

==

=8

tootb

hoga/woo`

poeisb '8<'

8=

88

8<

isoemta` spots-=-stramns =< ugngowg 99

11 Voeisb logtrmst cramt =:8 @acraa oj lartmigty 'lartmig' igjaragla =

kaìuk 8 'uglar tmig' igjaragla 8

eittea < got mppeilmhea 2

1: Voeisb taxtura skootb

skootb mg` cramsy

=

8

:< \trimtiogs eolmtiog òrsme + vartrme, hut òrsme

kora=

skootb mg` kmtt < òrsme-(-vagtrme, hut vagtrme 8

roucb 0 kora

roucb mg` cramsy

roucb mg` kmtt

1

:

òrsme-=-vagtrme aqume

ogey òrsme

<

0

got mppeilmhea 2 ogey vagtrm e 1

13 Voeisb hricbtgass vary hricbt =:0 \trimtiogs àjigitiog àap/sbort/gmrrow =

hricbt 8 àap/sbort/wià 8

ùee < àap/eogc/gmrrow <

got mppeilmhea 2àap/eogc/wià

sbmeeow/sbort/gmrrow

0

1



=:3 MVVAG@IR I

GO ZMXIMHEA LMPACOXY \LOXA GO ZMXIMHEA LMPACOXY \LOXA

:< \trimtiogs ìraltiog

:: Kotiog igjarra`

sbmeeow/sbort/wià

sbmeeow/eogc/gmrrov

sbmeeow/eogc/wià

tieea` ig

pmrmeeae

parpagìluemr

ìmcogmermgòk

slrmpigc

luttigc/smwigc

horigc

lmrvigc/agcrmvigc

prodaltiea

bmjtigc

sbmvigc

pemgigc

ugsura

wbitteigc

m`zigc

eogcituìgme

:

3

2

9

=

8

<0

9

=

8

<

0

1

:

3

2

9

=6

II

=8

:3 @acraa oj lartm igty

JOX ARVAXIKAGP\ OGEY

trmgsvarsa =<

speittigc =0piarligc =1wa`cigc =:

'lartmig' igjaragla ='uglartmig' igjaragla 8got mppeilmhea 2

:2 Logtmlt oj surjmla

:9 Ajjaltivagass

36 Axbmustiog

vagtrme + òrsme

vagtrme

òrsme

vary

kéìolra

igmpproprimta

stiee ajjaltiva

axbmusta`

got mppeilmhea



=:2

mppag ix II

tmhea = Bià-wornigc axparikagts (G ; 09)

igìv typa logtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrmt. L\Q bmj rk cs am L\ \\ sa ajj axb a`r rì rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r ptosàs`rseo

=60.6 316 jrasb joxbià horigc < =8 8 = =8 2 = II

90.6 316 `ry eamtbar horigc =6 =8 < I =8 2 = II

86.= 316 `ry eamtbar horigc =6 : < I == 2 = II

882.6 ==6 `ry eamtbar horigc 89 : < = II 2 = 88 1 866 = < < 8 < 1 = 2

0:.6 316 `ry eamtbar horigc 01 : < I II 2 I ==

816.6 316 buki` àarbià horigc

eOOx

=1 : < = II 2 I II

889.6 ==6 jrasb àarbià luttigc : : < <9 = == : = 88 < I < 1 16 I 2

=38.6 8=6 `ry eamtbar luttigc 2 : < 00 = == : = == < I < : =66 = 2

8:0.8 ==6 jrasb aeapbmgt lutt igc =6 : < 18 = == I = 88

=61.8 8=6 jrasb bmrabià lutt igc =6 =8 < =1 I == 0 = ==

86.8 316 `ry eamtbar luttigc =6 : < 11 I II : I ==

=1<.6 ==6 jrasb joxbià luttigc =0 0 < 02 0 II : I ==

=:<.6 8=6 `ry eamtbar luttigc =1 0 8 << = II = I == < = < 1 =66 = 2<86.6 ==6 `ry àarbià luttigc =2 : < 89 I II : I == = 866 = 8 < =8 8 : 016 < 1 8 = <

8:0.= ==6 jrasb aeapbmgt luttigc 86 : < 82 I II : I 88 < 16 = < < 3 8 1 166 < 0

80<.6 ==6 `ry àarbià luttigc <6 : = 83 = == I I 88 < 866 1 8 < =8 I : 8666 < 2

881.6 8=6 `ry eamtbar luttigc <9 : < <1 = == I = 88 0 3 < 1 16 I 2

896.6 ==6 jrasb àarbià lutt igc 06 : < <3 = == I = 88 < 3 8 1 36 I 2

8:<.6 ==6 jrasb aeapbmgt luttigc 01 : < 81 = == 0 = 88 < =16 I < = 3 8 1 =166 < 0

8:8.6 88= wat bmrabià àpiemtigc 2 8 : < 3< = =8 8 = ==

809.6 88= buki` àarbià olbra +

eivar

<6 < : < 31 = == 8 = << = 3 < : =31 8 1

92.6 88= jrasb joxbià slrmpigc =6 8 =8 8 32 = =8 8 8 = I I

88:.6 88= jrasb àarbià slrmpigc =6 8 : < 26 = =8 8 = <= 1 3 < 1 =66 8 0

9<.6 88= wat eamtbar slrmpigc =8 8 =8 < 36 8 =8 8 I =8

883.6 88= jrasb bmrabià slrmpigc =1 8 (< 0 8 :1 I =8 8 = << = 3 8 : 016 8 0

=66.6 88= jrasb bmrabià slrmpigc =2 8 =8 8 :9 I =8 8 = 88 8 3 8 1 =81 8 0

21.6 88= jrasb àarbià slrmpigc 86 I 0 8 33 I =8 8 = 88 8 3 = : =86 8 093.6 88= jrasb àarbià slrmpigc 86 8 =8 8 21 = == 8 I <8 < 3 I : 866 8 0

98.6 88= jrasb bmrabià slrmpigc 89 8 =8 < :: = =8 8 I 88 < 3 8 : =16 8 0

<=.6 88= `ry eamtbar slrmpigc <6 8 : < :6 8 <8 8 8 = =8 0 == < 1 866 I 2

838.6 88= jrasb àarbià slrmpigc <6 < : < 31 8 == 8 = 8< = 3 8 1 =116 8 0

8<6.6 88= jrasb àarbià slrmpigc <6 = : < :< 8 <= 8 = << = 3 < 1 016 8 1

=61.= 8=6 jrasb bmrabià slrmpigc <6 8 =8 < 0< II I = =8 0 : < 1 31 I 0

8<<.6 88= jrasb àarbià slrmpigc <6 = : < 36 II 8 = << = 3 < 1 366 8 0

=0.6 88= `ry eamtbar slrmpigc 02 = : < :2 8 =8 8 = 88

=6=.6 88= jrasb joxbià slrmpigc 16 I =8 8 3: =8 8 = 88

=93.6 88= jrasb bmrabià slrmpigc :6 8 : < :: =8 8 = 88 < 3 8 1 31 I 0

89<.6 =3= `ry àarbià slrmpigc :6 8 =< < :1 =8 8 I 8= 8 8 8 1 =66 = 2

8:1.6 88= jrasb aenbià slrmpigc :6 8 : < 06 8 II 8 I 88 8 3 8 1 066 8 18::.6 88= jrasb aenbià slrmpigc :6 8 : < 36 II 8 I == < : < 1 =66 = 2

89.6 88= jrasb lowbià slrmpigc 31 8 : < :6 =8 8 8 I ==

829.6 88= jrasb àarbià slrmpigc =16 8 =< 8 :6 =8 8 = 88 < 3 8 1 16 8 281<.6 88= buki` àarbià slr.w.

hrmig<6 < : < 2: =8 : I ==

836.6 88= `ry aenbià slr.w.jmt 86 < =< < 38 =8 8 I =< 0 8 8 1 =666 1 0

83=.6 88= `ry aenbià slr.w.jmt 86 < : < 38 =8 8 I =< 0 8 8 1 8666 1 0

8:9.6 88= `ry aenbià slr.w.jmt 86 < : < 30 =8 8 I =8 0 8 8 1 866 1 2

808.6 88= `ry àarbià slr.w.jmt :6 = 0 8 :9 =8 8 I 8< = 8 8 1 8666 8 0 8 8 0

802.6 88= buki` àarbià slr.w.

eivar

<6 < : < 36 == 8 = == 0 8 < : 066 8 2

1=.6 8=6 jrasb àarbià sniggigc 81 = =8 < << = II : I = ==



=:9 MVVAG@IR II

tmhea 8 Soo`-wornigc axparikagts (G ; :8)

igìv typa logtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrmt L\Q bmj rk cs am L\ \\ sa ajj axb a`r r` rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r ptosàs`rseo

20.6 316 somna` wieeow horigc 3 = = =8 8 = II 8 = 88 < 1 8 < = =

22.6 316 somna` bmzae horigc 3 = =8 8 = == = = == 1 1 8 < 8 =

=<.= 316 `ry àme horigc <6 = : < = == 2 8 8 == < 1 8 < I =

800.6 3== sojt jrasb wool lboppigc = 1 : < 11 0 == I = = 88 < =6 I < 1666 8 = 8 8 <

18.8 88= somna` bmzae àhmrn. 3 8 =8 < 31 8 <8 8 8 = II 1 == < 2 =66 2

<<.6 88= jrasb lbarry àhmrn. =6 8 0 8 =: 0 == : < 2 II

18.= 88= somna` bmzae àhmrn. =8 8 =8 < 16 < =< I = = II < == < 2 866 2

=1:.6 8<= jrasb wieeow àhmrn. =< 8 : < 26 = =< < = = 88 < < = < =66 8 =

891.6 88= jrasb piga àhmrn. =1 8 =< 8 :3 = =8 8 = = II

8=3.6 ==6 jrasb omn àhmrn. 86 8 1 : < =1 = == 8 I = 8= I <16 0 0 8 =6 = < :666 8 = 8 8 1

:=.6 88= jrasb kmpea àhmrn. 88 8 0 8 06 8 <8 8 = = 88 = < = < :66 8 =

82:.6 88= sojt jrasb wool àhmrn. <6 8 =< 8 :8 = =8 8 = I 88 8 < 8 < 366 < 2

820.6 =<= jrasb wieeow àhmrn. <6 8 : < 36 = =8 < = I 88 < 3 8 < <6 I =

00.6 88= `ry pruga àhmrn. <1 8 0 8 3= = =8 8 I = 8= 1 < 8 < =66 = =

832.8 ==6 jrasb wieeow àhmrn. <3 8 : < 01 = == = I = == 1 3 8 < =866 8 2

86<.6 8<6 jrasb wieeow àhmrn. 01 8 : < 06 = == < = = == 1 866 I 8 0 1 8 8 =66 8 2

:6.6 88= jrasb wieeow àhmrn. 18 8 =8 < 31 = =8 8 = I =8 8 : I < 31 = =

862.6 ==6 jrasb hirlb àhmrn. 11 8 : < <3 = == = I = 8= 1 166 = < 8 < = < =866 8 =

<6:.6 =<= jrasb wieeow àhmrn. :6 8 : < 1< = =8 < = = 88 8 36 = 8 8 : = < 16 8 I 8 8 889:.6 ==6 jrasb piga eogcit. 0 : < 08 = == 3 = I 88 < 166 = 8 < 3 = < =666 < = 1 8 <

=:=.8 8<6 `ry àme eogcit. 1 0 8 <6 = == I = = == < 866 I 8 8 3 I < :16 < = 8 = <<6.= 88= jrasb pruga eogcit. : 0 8 06 = == = 8 = II

30.6 886 somna` popemr eogcit. 3 0 8 01 < == : I = 00 0 166 = < 1 == 8 8 16 I 2

1.6 886 `ry àme eogcit. 2 0 8 =1 = == : 8 = == < 866 1 8 < 1 = < =16 < = 8 = <19.6 ==6 `ry wieeow eogcit. =3 =8 < 81 = == = = = 8= 1 =66 I < 8 1 8 < =66 < =

=<.8 316 `ry àme eogcit. =3 : < 08 = II = = = 88 1 =16 = 8 = I 8 < 166 < = 8 = =

2=.6 8=6 somna` kmpea eogcit. =2 =8 < <: = == : = = == 8 = < : 066 < 2

31.6 8=6 jrasb wieeow eogcit. 86 0 8 <1 = == I = = 88 8 166 = < = 1 8 < <16 = 2

01.6 ==6 jrasb lbarry eogcit. 86 : < <6 = == 0 = I 88 1 166 I 8 < 3 = < 166 < = 8 = <

83.6 ==6 `ry wieeow eogcit. 88 d : < <8 = == = I = II 1 16 = < 1 8 8 < 16 = =

11.6 8=6 `ry omn eogcit. 81 0 8 06 = == = = 8 II < 366 = 8 < 1 = < 366 < = 8 = <

8:6.6 8=6 somna` kmpea eogcit. <6 ) : < <1 = II = = = 88 < 166 = 8 < =6 I < 8666 < = 8 8 <03.6 ==6 `ry pruga eogcit. <6 0 8 06 = == = I I 8= < 866 I 8 < 3 I < 866 < = 8 I <

826.8 ==6 jrasb wieeow eogcit. <6 : < =1 = == : I = II I 866 = 8 8 3 = < =666 < =

890.8 ==6 sojt jrasb woo` eogcit. 01 =< < <1 = == = = = 88 < 166 = 8 8 3 = < 866 < =

860.6 8=6 jrasb kmpea eogcit. 31 : 8 06 = == = 8 = 88 < 166 = < = < I < 8666 < =<1.6 88= jrasb pruga slrmpigc 2 8 : < 36 8 <8 8 = = 8= 8 < I < 866 8 =

<2.6 88= `ry àme slrmpigc == 8 i U : < 18 I =8 8 = = ==

<6.8 88= jrasb pruga slrmpigc =0 8 0 8 :1 8 <= 8 8 = = =

<81.6 88= jrasb omn slrmpigc 86 = 0 8 33 0 <8 8 I = 88 8 3 8 < 866 = 2

869.6 8== jrasb omn slrmpigc <6 8 : < 11 = =8 = I = 8= 8 < = < 866 8 =

=:=.= 8<6 `ry àme sbmvigc =1 8 0 8 01 < II < = = 88 1 =66 0 8 8 < = < <16 8 = 8 8 <890.= ==6 sojt jrasb woo` sbmvigc 01 8 =< < <1 = II I = = 88 8 =66 I < 8 3 = < =666 8 =

<80.6 ==6 jrasb wieeow speittigc 1 : 8 <8 = == = 8 = II

=3<.6 ==6 somn.la`mr hmrn speittigc =6 : < 18 = == 2 I = II = : 8 < 86 = =

8==.6 ==6 jrasb wieeow speittigc =6 : = <= = == = = I I I

898.6 ==6 sojt woo` speitt igc <6 : < 86 = == I = = II 8 =8 = < 166 < 3

8=8.6 ==6 jrasb wieeow spei ttigc 0= : < <8 = == 2 = = == = < = < 8666 0 =

=92.6 ==6 jrasb wieeow spei ttigc 11 : < 11 = == 2 I I == 0 1 = < 066 0 =

<=3.6 216 jrasb hrmkheas trmgsv. 01 8 =< < 32 = == = = = 88 8 3 8 < 16 = =

33.6 8=6 `ry popemr wbitteigc 1 8 0 8 0= = == : = I I I88=.6 8<6 somna` hirlb wbitteigc : < : = <8 = II I I = == 8 =66 = = 1 3 = : 866 8 <

8=0.6 ==6 jrasb wieeow wbitteigc 3 8 : < =8 = == 0 = II < = < 2 =66 = 2

39.6 8=6 jrasb kmpea wbitteigc =6 = 0 8 86 = =< I = = II 1 = < 2 166 I 2

=:2.6 8=6 `ry kmpea wbitteigc =6 = : < 16 = == 3 I = =8 0 1 8 < 86 I 2

813.6 8=6 somna` kmpea wbitteigc =1 < j 0 8 <8 = II : I = == 8 <66 0 0 = 1 I < =866 8 =

3:.6 8=6 jrasb aek wbitt eigc 89 < = 0 8 <1 = == = = II

16.6 ==6 somna` omn wbitteigc <6 < = 0 = <6 = == = = 88 8 816 8 < I 1 = < 966 0 = 8 < =

<8=.6 ==6 jrasb kmpea wbitteigc <3 < : =0 8 <3 = == = = 88 < : I < 16 8 3

821.6 8=6 jrasb wieeow wbitteigc 01 8 : < 06 < II = I = II 0 066 = 8 < 1 < 2 81 = 2

868.6 =<6 jrasb kmpea wbitteigc 16 8 = : < <1 = == 3 8 II 1 <66 0 8 8 < = 8 =666 8 2



=36 MVVAG@IR II

tmhea < Hoga-wornigc axparikagts (G ; 1<)

igìv typa logtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrmt. lsu bmj rk cs am as ss sa ajj axb a`r rì rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r ptosàs`rseo

=:.6 316 jrasb hoga horigc =6 = : < I =8 2 I = == 0 1 < : =6 = 2

8=1.6 316 jrasb hoga horigc =8 = : < = =8 2 I 8 =8 I 1 8 < 8 2

861.6 316 jrasb hoga horigc =1 = : < = == 2 8 8 ==

09.6 316 jrasb hoga horigc <6 = 0 8 = =8 2 8 = II < 1 = < 8 9

38.6 8=6 jrasb hoga lmrvigc < 0 8 <8 = =8 = = I == <66 = 8 8 1 8 : =66 0 93=.6 316 jrasb hoga lmrvigc < I 0 8 31 = =8 = = 8 II 166 = = < 1 8 : 866 0 9

8=<.= 8=6 somna` hoga lmrvigc 1 = : < 06 = == 2 = = II < = 8 : =66 0 2

:9.6 8=8 jrasb hoga lmrvigc 9 0 8 <1 = II I = 8 II 266 = 8 < 1 = : =86 0 9

::.6 === jrasb hoga lmrvigc 9 0 8 06 = 88 I = 8 II 166 = = < 1 8 : 866 0 9

28.= 316 jrasb hoga lmrvigc =6 =8 < 03 I =8 I I = == <66 = 8 = 1 I < =16 0 9

36.6 === jrasb hoga lmrvigc =6 0 8 08 I =8 I = 8 == =866 = 8 I 1 8 : 16 0 9

:3.6 8=8 jrasb hoga lmrvigc =6 0 < 16 I =8 I I 8 == 166 = I I 1 I : <66 0 9

:<.6 88= jrasb hoga lmrvigc =6 0 8 <8 = 88 = I 8 II =666 = 8 8 1 8 : 866 0 9

:0.6 ==8 jrasb hoga lmrvigc =6 0 8 16 = 88 = I 8 II 266 I 8 < 1 8 : 866 0 9

819.6 8=6 jrasb hoga lmrvigc =6 : < 83 = == = I I II 1 <66 I 8 I 1 8 : <66 0 2

:1.6 ==6 jrasb hoga lmrvigc == 0 8 06 = 88 = I 8 8= <66 = 8 < 1 8 : 866 0 9

:2.6 316 jrasb hoga lmrvigc =: 0 8 16 = =8 2 I 8 == <66 = I < 1 : 31 0 9

==6.6 ==6 somna` hoga lmrvigc 8: 0 < <1 = == I = = 88 < 266 = 8 < 3 < =666 < 9

812.6 8=6 jrasb hoga lmrvigc <6 0 < <8 = II I = = II 1 <66 = 8 < 1 8 : 866 0 2

1:.6 316 jrasb hoga lmrvigc <1 0 8 16 = II I = = II < 266 = 8 < =6 : 166 0 9===.6 ==6 somna` hoga lmrvigc <1 0 8 06 I == 8 I = =8 1 <66 I 8 8 8 < :66 < 9

839.6 ==6 jrasb hoga lmrvigc 01 : < 01 = == 2 I 8 == < 3 < =66 8 9

86:.= 8=6 jrasb hoga lmrvigc 01 : < <1 = II : I I == < 366 I 8 = 1 < =666 0 9

=9.6 88= jr.hoga w.kamt à-kamt- 86 : < 33 = =8 8 I I 8= 8 1 < =6 I =6

<8.6 ==6 jr.hoga w.kamtigc

à-kamt-06 0 < 08 0 == 8 < I II

832.= ==6 jrasb hogaigceogcit.

0 : < <8 < II = = 8 II < 166 1 = = 8 8 : 26 < 2

28.8 316 jrasb hoga eogcit. 1 =8 < << = == I I I == < 366 = 8 = 83 I < =66 < 9

<88.6 ==6 jrasb hoga eogcit. 2 : < 06 < II = = = == < =<66 I 8 8 8 = < 266 < 9

8=<.8 8=6 somna` hoga eogcit. 9 : < =1 = II 8 = I == 1 =666 = 8 < 1 8 < =666 < 2

<:.6 ==6 jrasb hoga eogcit. =6 : < <9 = II I = = II 8 366 = 8 < 1 I < =66 < 3

899.6 ==6 jrasb hoga eogcit. =6 : 8 81 I == : 8 8 == I I < : 16 = 2

<68.6 ==6 jrasb hoga eogcit. =8 : < <1 = II = I = == < 166 I < I 8 8 < <66 < 2

82=.= 8=6 jrasb hoga eogcit. =8 : < <8 = == = I 8 II < 166 1 = I 8 < : 16 < 2

==8.6 ==6 somna` hoga eogcit. =< 0 8 06 = II I = = II 1 :66 1 8 = 1 8 < =666 < 2

=1.6 ==6 jrasb hoga eogcit. =1 0 8 06 0 II : < 8 == < 366 I I < 1 I < 866 < 9 0 <

863.= 88= jrasb hoga eogcit. =1 : < 16 = == I I = == = =866 = I < =6 = < =666 < 2 3 <

8=2.6 ==6 jrasb hoga eogcit. =1 : < <8 = II = I = II < :66 = 8 = 1 8 : 866 < 2

=69.6 ==6 somna` hoga eogcit. 86 0 < <1 = == I = I 88 I 266 = 8 < 3 I : =666 < 1 2 <

8=9.6 ==6 jrasb hoga eogcit. <6 : 8 08 I == = 8 = II < =666 = 8 = 1 = : 16 < 9

02.6 8<6 jrasb hoga eogcit. <6 0 8 11 = =< < 8 = II < 866 = 8 = 1 I < 31 < 9

<6<.8 ==6 jrasb hoga poeisbigc =6 8 =< < =61 = == = I I 8= 8 3 = < 16 8 =6

<62.6 88= jrasb hoga slrmpigc =6 8 0 8 11 = =8 8 = I 8= 8 1 = < 16 8 =6

863.8 88= jrasb hoga slrmpigc =8 8 : < 3< I =8 8 = = 88 < 8 = < =66 8 2

13.6 8== jrasb hoga slrmpigc =2 < 0 8 11 < 8< = I = =8 = =866 = I 0 1 8 : =66 8 8 2 8 0

886.6 8=6 loona` hoga slrmpigc 86 8 : < 88 = II 8 I = 8= 1 <66 I < 1 3 = < 866 8 =6

892.6 88= jrasb hoga slrmpigc 86 8 = 0 8 :0 = =8 8 = = 88 < 8 < : 16 = 2

8=.6 88= `ry hoga slrmpigc 81 8 M : < :< I =8 8 I = ==

811.6 83= jrasb hoga slrmpigc 01 8 0 8 2: = =8 8 I = 88 8 1 = < 866 8 1

<6<.= BO jrasb hoga slrmpigc :6 8 =< < ==6 = II = I = 88 8 3 = < 16 8 =683:.6 88= jrasb hoga slrmpigc :6 8 = : < :3 = =8 8 = = 8= 8 3 = < =66 8 =6

0<.6 88= loona` hoga slrmpigc 31 8 = =8 < 32 I =8 8 = = 8= 8 3 I < =66 8 =6

82=.8 8=6 jrasb hoga sbmvigc <1 < : < 01 = II : = 8 =8 < 266 I < I 8 8 : =66 8 8

86:.8 8=6 jrasb hoga wbitteigc 01 = = : = <8 0 II = = 8 == < 266 1 8 = 1 = < =666 0 2



=3= MVVAG@IR II

tmhea 0 Mgtear-wornigc axparikagts ( G ; =2)

igìv typa aogtmat kmt. kotiog ùrmt. lsu bmj rk cs am as ss sa ajj axb a`r rì rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r pto sà s`r seo

=6<.6 316 somna` raigàar horigc 3

=6:.6 316 somna` raigàar horigc =1

8=:.6 316 somna` roaàar horigc 81

866.= 316 somna` roaàar horigc <6

<69.6 316 somna` roaàar horigc ::866.8 316 somna` roaàar agcrmvigc <

888.6 8=6 somna` roaàar eogcit. =6

88<.6 ==6 somna` roaàar eogcit. =:

=36.6 8=6 somna` raigàar eogcit. =2

833.6 ==6 somna` roaàar eogcit. 86

80.6 =66 `ry raigàar eogcit. <6

9=,6 88= somna` raigàar slrmpigc =6

9:.6 88= somna` raigàar slrmpigc =1

81.6 88= `ry raigàar slrmpigc 86

82.6 88= somna` raigàar slrmpigc 81

86=.6 88= somna` roaàar slrmpigc <1

810.6 88= somna` roaàar slrmpigc 01

866.< 316 somna` roaàar wbitteigc =6

=8

=8

:

:

:

:

0

:

:

:

:

0

=8

:

:

:

0

:

08

<3

18

< :6

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< 06

8 38

8 32

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8 91

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= == 2

I II 2 < 8

I II 2

I II :

I II =

I II I

I == I 8 =

I =8 8

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==

== < 1 = < 8 =

88 < =6 8 < 8 2

==

II < 1 = < < =II

II 1 066 8 < = 1 8 1 =66 = 2

II < 166 = 8 8 1 I < <66 < 2

88 1 866 = < I 3 I < 866 < 8

8< < 866 = < I 3 I : =066 < 8

== < 066 = 8 < 1 8 < =86 = I

== 1 1 = < =66 = 1

88 8 1 = < =16 8 2

== 1 : 8 < 86 = =

=8 < I 8 < =66 I 2

8= 1 3 = < =66 8 1

== 1 3 = < 16 8 1

== 8 366 I 8

tmhea 1 \ojt pemgt axparikagts (G ; <1)

igìv typa logtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrmt. lsu bmj rk cs am as ss sa ajj axb a`r rì rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r pto sà s`r seo

<=0.6 ==6 lmt"s-tmie luttigc 83 = = 0 = =3 = 8 I II < 8666 0 0 = 1 = < =666 < 3<=1.6 ==6 lmt"s-tmie luttigc <8 = I : < 86 = 8 I II < 266 0 0 I =8 = < 266 0 3

0.6 ==6 laeary lutt igc 81 = I 0 < :0 < I 0 8 I 88 < =6 8 : 3666 < 8=16.6 8=6 laeary stmens lutt igc =1 I I =8 0 =8 I I ==

=2.6 ==6 lbigasa lmhhmca luttigc 81 I = : < <= I = II

=2:.6 8=6 `ry crmss luttigc <6 I = : < 03 I =8 : I 88 1 16 = < < 3 = < 166 < I=21.6 8=6 `ry crmss luttigc <6 I = : < 08 = =8 : I 88 < 3 I < <66 < I

=96.6 88= `ry crmss luttigc :6 = I : < 08 = I 88 8 3 I < =666 < 8

08.6 IIO `ry pmst.crmss luttigc =6 I I : < 83 I = II 8 8 < 16 < 2

=68.6 ==6 `ry raa` luttigc 3 I I =8 8 <= I I II = 3 8 < =66 < I0=.6 ==6 `ry raa` luttigc =6 = I : < <8 = I 88 1 =16 = < = =6 I < 8666 I I8:.6 ==6 `ry raa` luttigc 88 I I 0 8 16 = I : = 88 I 3 I < 0666 I <

822.6 ==6 `ry raa` luttigc <6 I I : < 0< I = 88 < 166 = < 8 3 = < <666 < =823.6 ==6 `ry raa` luttigc <6 I I : < 01 I I 88 I 3 = < 1666 < =826.6 ==6 `ry raa` lutt igc 06 = I : < <1 = I 88 < 866 I < < 3 I < 066 < I<8:.6 216 jemx trmgsv. :1 8 I =< 8 31 I = 88 8 866 I 8 8 =8 = < 266 8 ==98.6 ==6 jrasb raa` luttigc =6 = = : < <8 I = II = =6 8 < 1666 < 2

3.6 ==6 jrasb raa` luttigc 88 I I : < <3 = I 88 1 866 = < = =6 = < =166 < I=29.6 ==6 jrasb raa` spei ttigc <6 = I : < 06 I I 88 8 =6 I < 1666 0 8=2<.6 ==6 jrasb raa` luttigc :6 I I : < <2 I = 88 I =6 = < 3666 < =91.6 ==6 craag pmst.crmss lutt igc : I = =8 < <6 I = I = II

8:=.6 ==6 craag pemgts luttigc =1 = I : < 88 = I II=26.6 8=6 craag pemgts luttigc <6 I I : < <2 I I ==

<==.6 ==6 borsa-tmie luttigc <6 I = 0 8 <6 I = 88 3 = < :666 < =<=8.6 ==6 borsa-tmie luttigc <6 I I : < <8 I I 88 3 = < 8666 < I

<=<.6 ==6 borsa-tmie luttigc 0< = I =0 < <: = I 88 3 = < 8666 < I828.6 ==6 koor crmss luttigc 81 = 1 : < 06 = I : I == : I < <6 = I

82<.6 ==6 koor crmss luttigc <6 = = =8 < <3 = = 0 = II : I < <6 I =

=22.6 8=6 stigcigc gattea luttigc =6 I I : < <: I I II : < : =66 I 2

=32.6 ==6 stigcigc gattea luttigc <1 = I : < 0= = I =8 =6 = < 0666 < I

8.6 ==6 turg ip lutt igc 86 = I 0 < 06 = I : = 88 < <66 = 8 < =6 = < :666 < 8

831.6 ==6 turgip lutt igc 81 8 = : < <6 I = 0 = 88 8 =6 I < 1666 = 8

=.6 8=6 turgip lutt igc 06 I = 0 < <8 I I II < <66 I < < =6 8 < 1666 I =

<.6 8=6 turgip luttigc 26 I I 0 8 0= = I 88 < =6 I < 1666 < 8

<=6.6 ==6 wmtar bakeoln lutt igc =2 = I : < <3 = I : = == = 16 = < 1 3 < 0 16 = 2



=38 MVVAG@IR g

tmhea : Larame-rampigc axparikagts (G ; 8=)

igìv typa logtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrmt. lsu bmj rk cs am as ss sa ajj axb a`r rì rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r pto s a s`r se

==:.6 ==6 hmreay rampigc <6 0 8 02 0 = = << 1 866 = < =6 = < 3666 < 8

==3.6 8=6 hmreay rampigc <6 0 8 <3 I I = =8 =6 8 < =666 < 2

==9.6 ==6 hmreay rampkc <1 : < <= I I I = =8 =6 8 1 8666 < 2

==2.6 ==6 hmreay rampkc :6 : 0 01 = = = 88 =6 = < 1666 < 8

=8=.6 886 hmreay rampigc 31 : < 0= < : I =8 3 8 1 <666 < 2

==0.6 8=6 hmreay rampigc 96 0 < <1 = : I 88 < <66 = < =6 = < 2666 < 8

=88.6 ==6 hmreay rampigc 92 : < << < 0 = 88 3 = < =666 < 8

8<3.6 ==6 hmreay rampigc =06 : : < << = I << 1 =16 = < 8 =6 = < 9666 < 8

8<2.6 ==6 hmreay rampigc 8:1 : : < <1 = = << 1 866 = < = =6 = < 3666 < 8 1 <

8<0.6 296 hmreay rampigc <66 : : < 18 = 88 < = << < =6 = < =666 < 8 3 <

8<9.6 296 hmreay rampigc <66 1 : < 02 = 88 = << < =6 I < =6666 < 8 3 <

<=:.6 ==6 hmreay-amrs pianigc 866 = =0 8 <0 I = II < 1 I < 86 = 2

<=2.= ==6 hmreay/waa`s rampigc =<1 : =0 < 8: = = << = 3 I < =66 <

<=2.8 ==6 hmreay/waa`s rampkc =<1 : 0 8 =1 = = 8< I 3 = < =86 <

<=2.0 ==6 hmreay/waa`s rampkc =<1 : =0 8 <2 = = 88 = 3 = < 066 <

<=2.< ==6 hmreay/waa`s rampigc =<1 : 0 8 06 = = 88 = 3 = < 866 <

<=9.6 ==6 hmreay/waa`s rampkc =11 : =0 8 <6 = = 88 1 866 = < 8 =6 = < <666 <

8<1.6 296 hram` wbamt rampigc <66 : : < 1< = 88 < = << = =6 = < 0666 < 8 3 <

=86.6 ==6 akkar rampigc <6 I : < 06 = = 88 < =6 = < <666 < 8 8 <

==1.6 ==6 akkar rampigc <6 I 0 8 << < = 88 = =6 = < 1666 < 883<.6 ==6 omts rampigc :6 : =0 8 0= = = 88 1 =66 = < = 3 I < 8666 0 I

tmhea 3 Kamt-luttigc mg` hutlbarigc axparikagts (G ; =8)

igìv typa logtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrmt. lsu bmj rk cs am as ss sa ajj axb a`r rì rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r pto s a s`r seo

=12.6 ==6 jrasb hm`car hutlbar. =0 I = : < <3 = = = I = == 1 == < 2 <66 I 2

10.6 8=6 jrasb roaàar hutlbar . =1 I = 0 8 <6 = = = 8 8 =8

1<.6 8=6 jrasb roaàar hutlbar . =1 = = 0 8 08 = = : = 8 =8 < 066 < = < = < 1 <16 < 2

=1=.6 ==6 jrasb jox hutlbar. =3 I = : < <1 = = = = ==

=13.6 ==6 jrasb roaàar hutlbar. <6 = I : < 0= = = = = II 1 866 = < < == < 2 <66 = 2

=18.6 8=6 jrasb jox hutlbar. 06 = = 0 8 <1 = = : = II < <66 = < 8 == < 1 816 = 2

880.6 ==6 jrasb roaàar hutlbar. 01 = 0 : < <3 = = = = == 1 866 I 8 < == < 1 =66 I 2

12.6 88= jrasb roaàar hutlbar. :6 = = =8 < =8 = = = 8 8 8= 1 : 8 1 26 = 2

=:8.6 8=6 jrasb porn jmt lut tigc 2 = = 0 8 <= = = : I ==

=:0.6 8=6 porn kamt w.hoga lut tigc =6 = = 0 8 <8 = = : I == < 166 = 8 0 1 I < 31 < 2

96.6 8=6 jrasb emkh kamt lutt igc =0 = = 0 8 <1 = = : = II

=3=.6 ==6 porn kamt w.jmt lutt igc 01 = I : < <1 = = : = 88 1 =66 = < = 3 8 1 =16 < 2

tmhea 2 Jisb-prolassigc axparikagts (G ; 83)

igìv typa logtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrmt. L\Q bmj rk cs am L\ \\ sa ajj axb a`r rì rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r pto sà s r seo

=39.6 ==6 sturcaog lut. kamt =6 = = : < <1 = II = = = = = 8 81 8 <

=20.6 ==6 sturcaog lut. snig =1 = I : < <0 I II I = I 88 < =16 = < < =< 8 : =66 < 3 1 <

=23.6 8=6 sturcaog lut. kamt =6 = = : < <1 I II I = = = = 1 =16 8 < I == < 1 <66 I 2

=9=.6 8=6 sturcaog lut. kamt 86 = = : < <6 I == I I I == 1 216 I < I =< 8 : 966 < 2 = =

=3:.6 8=6 wbitigc àlmpi t. =6 I = : < :6 = == = I I I I 1 81 I < < 8 < : 866 < 2

=91.6 8=6 ru`` àampi t. =1 = = : < <3 = II : I I == 1 166 I < I =< = < 366 < 3

2.6 ==6 wbitigc jieeatigc <1 I I 0 8 <1 = =< I I I 88 < =66 0 8

=62.= ==6 cray kueeat jieeatigc 2 = = : < 08 I II I = = 8= 8 =66 = <

=11.6 ==6 ru`` jieeatigc =< = = : < 18 = == : I = 8= 8 1 = : =36 I 3 1 8

8<.6 ==6 hramk cuttigc =1 I = 0 < <6 I == I I I 8= 1 866 1 8 < 8 8 < =66 I 3 = <

2<.6 8=6 wbitigc cuttigc 86 I I 0 < 16 = == : I I 88 < <66 I < < : 8 < =16 < 3

=62.8 ==6 cray kueeat cuttigc : I I : < <2 = == = = I 8= 8 =86 = 8



=3< MVVAG@IR II

igìv typa aogtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrmt. lsu bmj rk cs am as \\ sa ajj axb a`r rì rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r pto sà s`r seo

=9:.6 8=6 ru`` cuttigc <1 = : < <: = == = = = == < 066 = 8 8 =< 8 < 866 < 3 1 I 8

893.6 ==6 ru`` cuttigc <1 = : < <6 = == = = = =8 1 066 I 8 = 8 8 : =16 = 3

=33,6 8=6 wbitigc lut. tmies 0 = : < 83 = == = I == 8 816 = < < 8 = : 16 < 3 1 = <

=90.6 8=6 ru`` lut. tmies =1 = : < 0= = == = = 88 < <66 = 8 I 8 I < <66 < 3

:.6 ==6 romlb slmeigc =01 8 0 8 <2 = I I I = = 8= 1 3 8 1 166 = 2

88.6 ==6 hramk slmeigc 01 8 : < <9 = =< = = 8= 1 =66 8 < 8 3 8 1 016 I 2

26.6 88= cray kueeat sameigc 2 8 : < 32 = =8 8 I ==

=10.6 ==6 ru`` sameigc 88 < : < 16 = == = = II 8 =66 = < < =8 < : =66 1 <

=9<.6 8=6 ru`` slmeigc 06 < : < <8 = == I I =8 < <66 = 8 0 =8 < :=666 81 2 = 8 0

=6.6 ==6 àjrosta` pina slm e+ cut =6 : < <8 = == = I ==

==.6 ==6 pina same + cut 3 0 8 02 = Ie = = II

=8.6 ==6 hramk slme + cut =1 0 8 82 = == = = 8= < =16 1 8 < =8 < : 016 1 2 I = 0

2:.6 8=6 cray kueeat slme + cut =1 0 < 16 = 8= I I 8= 8 =66 0 0 = 8 8 < =16 < 3 = = 0

=63.6 ==6 pina slme + cut 1 =8 8 02 = Ie = = ==

=31.6 8=6 wbitigc slme + cut =1 : < <3 = == 0 = II

tmhea 9 Vrodaltiea axparikagts (G ; 9)

igìv typa logtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrm t. lsu bmj rk cs am as ss sa ajj axb a`r rì rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r pto sà s`r seo

=<1.6 1=6 roaàar sbootigc I 0 : < <2 = = I 8 = = II 1 26 = < I =8 8 : 8 2

=00.6 1=6 roaàar sbootigc = 0 : < 89 I I = 8 I I == 1 066 I < 0 =8 8 : 8 2

=08.6 1=6 roaàar sbootigc I 0 : < <8 < = = 8 = = == 1 26 = < I =8 8 : 8 2

=09.6 1=6 roaàar sbootigc I 0 0 8 06 = =

=83.6 1=6 roaàar sbootigc = 0 : < <= < = I = == 1 <66 = < < =8 = : 8 2

=<6.6 1=6 roaàar sbootigc I 0 : < 08 < = = = == 1 <66 I <

=03.6 1=6 roaàar sbootigc = 0 0 8 <6 = I

=82.6 1=6 roaàar/smg` sbootigc I 0 : < 89 = = = = II < 866 1 8 < =8 I : 8 2

=89.6 1=6 roaàar/smg` sbootigc = 0 : < <= I I = I II < 366 1 8 < =8 = : 8 2

tmhea =6 Axparikagts witb pottary (G ; 2)

igìv typa aogtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrm t. lsu bmj rk cs am as ss sa ajj axb a`r r i rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r pto sà s`r seo

=:3.6 316 lbmk.takp/hmna` hor igc

99.6 88= lbmk.takp/`ry slrmpigc

8=6.6 88= lbmk.takp/`ry slrmpigc

<0.6 ==6 qumr tz takp/`ry slrmpigc

:8.6 88= qumrtz takp/`ry slrmpigc

=99.6 ==6 qumr tz takp/`ry slrmpigc

=::.6 316 ugtakp/hmna` horigc

<3.6 BO ugtakp/`ry slrmpigc

3 I : < =8 2 8 = == < 066 I 8 8 1 8 : 8 <

=2 8 =8 < 21 = =8 8 = = << = 3 : 8666 8 <

06 < : < 26 8 =8 8 I I << = 3 : 1666 8 < 0 8 0

81 < : < :6 = == = = = << < 3 : =666 8 <

06 < =8 < 9: I =8 8 = I << = =6 : =6666 8 < 0 8 0

<6 < : < 06 I II = I = << 1 <66 = < I 3 : <666 8 < 0 8 0

=6 I : < =8 2 = I =8 8 1 8 : 8 <

=1 < : < 06 I II 3 = I << = 3 I : 8666 8 <

tmhea II Axparikagts witb sbaee, stoga mg` tootb ( G ; e e )

igìv typa logtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrmt. lsu bmj rk cs am as ss sa ajj axb a`r rì rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r pto sà s`r seo

= = = =

=:9.6 316 àar lmgiga horigc :6 I = : <

32.6 ==6 eikastoga eogcit. 8 = I 0 8 <8

==<.6 ==6 ostrilb sbaee eogcit. 3 I = 0 = 01

89=.6 316 sbaee horigc :6 = I : <

81:.6 316 sbaee horigc <9 = I : <

<63.6 316 sbaee horigc 1 I = : <

<9.6 316 sbaee horigc 1 = = 0 8

=30.6 316 sbaee horigc < = I : <

= == 2

I II =

=

I

= == I

I II 2

=

I

I II 2 8

I II 2 8 88

I =8 2 I 88

= == 2 8 II

I 866 1 = 1 8 8 : 866 8

< 166 = < I 8 8 < 066 <

< 166 I 8

I 166 1 8 1 1 8 : 8

I 816 1 =

< 1 < 2 8

8 =8 8 : =66 8

I <66 1 =



=30 MVVAG@IR II

ig iv typa logtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrmt.lsu bmj rk cs am as ss sa ajj axb a`r rì rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r ptosàs`rseo

06.= ==6 \baee06.8 QO \baee

<8<.6 316 \baee

horigceogcit.horigc

:8

81

= =I I= =

=06 =

= 2= =

<=

8 === ==

= c = 8 <<< 066 I

< 1 8 :

tmhea =8 Axparikagts witb soie (G ; 1)

igìv typa logtmlt kmt. kotiog ùrmt. lsu bmj rk cs am as ss sa ajj axb a`r rì rwi rjo rta peo pì phr pta pwi p`r ptosàs`rseo

=2=.6 ==6 so`s luttigc <6 = : < 08 == : 8 << = =6 = : =8666 < 8 3 = <=28.6 ==6 so`s luttigc <1 1 : < 11 == : 8 << 8 =6 = : 86666 < 8 < = <8<:.6 296 so`s luttigc :6 = : < 16 88 < I << < =6 = : 80666 1 8 < 0 <80:.6 ==6 so`s luttigc :6 = : < :6 == : 8 << 8 =6 = : <6666 < 8 3 = <830.6 296 soie boaigc <1 : : < 16 88 < = << < =6 = : =2666 1 8 < 0 <

Mhhravimtiogs usa` ig mppagìx II rì

rwi

igìv igìviùme gukhar rjo

logtmlt logtmlt-kmtarimi rta

kmt peo

ùrmt ùrmtiog oj tba axparikagt ig kigutas pì

L\Q logtmlt-surjmla(s) phr

bmj bmjtigc (wmy oj prabagsiog) pta

rk rmw kmtarime pwi

cs crmig-siza oj tba jeigt p`r

am a`ca mgcea pto

L\ jork lross-saltiog sà

\\ sbmpa oj tba mspalt surjmlas s`r

sa sbmpa oj tba a`ca seo

ajj ajjaltivagassaxb

a`r

àcraa oj axbmustiog mjtar lokpeatiog oj tba

axparikagt

a`ca-rougìgc

Jor

raja

ìstrihutiog 'usa-ratoulb'

wi`tb 'usa-ratoulb'

jork 'usa-ratoulb'

tarkigmtiog 'usa-ratoulb'

poeisb eolmtiog

poeisb ìstrihutiog

poeisb hricbtgass

poeisb taxtura

poeisb wi`tb

poeisb ìraltiogmeity

poeisb topocrmpby

àjigitiog oj strimtiogs

ìraltiogmeity oj strimtiogs

eolmtiog oj strimtiogs

Jor jurtbar igjorkmtiog og tbasa vmrimheas tba ramàr is

rajarra` to 8.:.



=31 @QPLB \QKKMXY

\mkagvmttigc

Pba wamr mg` tamr oj jeigt4 priglipeas ojjugltiogme mgmeysis mppeia` to @utlbGaoeitbil mssakhemcas

@a seidtmca-semc vmg vuurstaag4 priglipasvmg cahruinssporag- mgmeysa ag à toapmssigc op Gaàremg`sa gaoeitbislbavog`stlokpeaxag

Cahruinssporag-mgmeysa vmg vuurstaag is aag vrid dogca tmn

vmg watagslbmp, waena ig Gaàremg` tot voor nort giat war`

haoajag`. Bat biar caprasagtaarà ogàrzoan nmg haslbouw`

woràg mes aag mmgzat tag aigà ig àza eaakta ta voorziag.

Mmgcaziag bat tot op baàg capuheilaarà cahruinssporag-ogàrzoan aag waigic systakmtislb haae` vartoogt kat

hatrannigc tot cavoecà prolaùras ag igtarpratmtias vmg à

rasuetmtag, havmt à ogàrbmvica stuìa aag uitcahraià var

bmgàeigc mmgcmmgà katboàg ag talbgianag (booj`stun 8).

Nort smkagcavmt bou`t cahruinssporag-mgmeysa bat voecagà

ig. Pag cavoeca vmg cahruin ogtstmmt seidtmca op vuurstagag

warntuicag. @aza seidtmca nmg viar vorkag mmggakag4

cahruinsratoulba. mjrogìgc vmg à warnrmg`, cemgs ag nrms

das. Higgag à cahruinssporag-mgmeysa zidg twaa ogàrzoans

rilbtigcag ta ogàrslbaiàg4 à kmlro-mgmeysa ìa zilb voor

gmkaeidn hazic bou`t kat cahruinsratoulba, ag à kilro

mgmeysa ìa zilb loglagtraart op bat hastuàrag vmg cemgs ag

nrmsdas. Hid àza emmtsta ogàrzoansrilbtigc spaeag à jmltorag cahruinsratoulba ag mjrogìgc avagzaar aag roe, zid bat

vmg ogàrcaslbinta hatanagis. Aag kmlro-mgmeysa eavart aag

igìlmtia vmg à raemtiava bmr`bai` vmg bat hawarnta kmta

rimme, tarwide kat à kilro-mgmeysa aag gmàra pralisarigc

vmg à mmr` `mmrvmg kocaeidn is. @a buiìca stuìa is cahm

saar` op à kilro-mgmeytislba hagmàrigcswidza> à mgmeysas

waràg varrilbt kat habuep vmg aag opvmeeag`-eilbt kilros

loop (varcrotigcag4 16-1:6x).

Mmgvmgnaeidn baarsta tag mmgziag vmg cahruinssporag-

ogàrzoan aag croot optikiska4 kag `mlbt aag ohdaltiava

kmgiar ta bahhag cavogàg ok à jugntia vmg warntuicag ta

nuggag iàgtijilarag. Baemms waràg gm norta tid` aag crootmmgtme proheakag ùiàeidn, ìa ìt optikiska bahhag òag

takparag. Hid axparikagtaae ogàrzoan eavart giat aen

logtmlt-kmtarimme aag nmrmntaristiana cemgs op4 ig vaae cavme

eag is sprmna vmg aag mmgziageidna kmta vmg ovaremp. @mmr

gmmst rasuetarag hapmmeà mntivitaitag, zomes bat sgidàg vmg

veaas, ig giat- oj gmuwaeidns wmmrgaakhmra seidtmca, zo`mt zid

op crog` vmg à cahruinssporag-mgmeysa cawoogeidn giat ta

trmlarag zidg. Pagseotta warnag salug`mira opparvemntavarmg

àrigcag, zomes pmtigarigc oj slburag, vaae vmnar varseuiarag`

`mg mmgvmgnaeidn war` mmgcagokag. Bat varìagt `mg oon

mmghavaeigc giat emgcar ta spranag vmg aag iàgtijilmtia, kmmr

vmg aag igtarpratmtia vmg cahruinssporag.

Hid à mgmeysa vmg à ig àza stuìa haspronag vig`pemmt

sag woràg `ria givamu's vmg igtarpratmtia ogàrslbaiàg4 I)

à igìviùaea warnrmg` ('potagtimeey usa` mram' ojwae VQM),

8) bat warntuic mes cabaae, <) bat spaltruk vmg mmgcatoogà

mntivitaitag ag tmnag. Igìag cahruinssporag woràg wmmrca

gokag op à warnrmg` (à 'potagtimeey usa` mram' wor`t aag

'mltumeey usa` mram' ojwae MQM). okvmt à igtarpratmtia

`mmrvmg `ria stmìm. Meearaarst wor`t op hmsis vmg à ha

slbridvigc vmg cemgs ag nrmsdas aag bypotbasa cajorkueaar`

ovar à warnrilbtigc ag bat cahruinta logtmlt-kmtarimme.

@aza bypotbasa wor`t catoatst mmg à mmr` vmg à cahruins

ratoulba. Pagseotta wor`t gmcacmmg ig boavarra à varog

àrstaeà jugntia stroont kat à korjoeocislba nagkarnag

vmg à warnrmg`.

Op bat twaaà givamu vmg igtarpratmtia, tag mmgziag vmg

bat warntuic mes cabaae, wor`t catrmlbt à varslbieeagàcahruinssporag kat aenmmr ig varhmg` ta hragcag. Hid aagkm

eic cahruin vmg aag mrtajmlt nokt à jugltia vmg warnrmg`

ag warntuic ovaraag. Hid kaaràra soortag seidtmca is giat

metid` ùiàeidn waena hatanagis koat woràg toacanag` mmg

à ìvarsa lokhigmtias vmg logtmltkmtarimme varsus rilbtigc

vmg cahruin> àza nuggag bat cavoec zidg vmg slbmlbtigc,

kaarkmeic cahruin, oj zaejs vmg éég ag àzaejà tmmn. Ig aag

agnae cavme haslbinnag wl ovar logtaxtuaea mrlbmloeocislbl

igjorkmtia, wmmròor bat kocaeidn is giat meeaag à uitca

voarà mntivitait ta hapmeag (hidv. 'bat narvag vmg hot'), kmmr

tavags, kat aag zanara kmta vmg wmmrslbidgeidnbai`, à spa

lijiana tmmn (hidv. 'bat narvag vmg hot ok à gmtuureidna

croava vmg aag katmpoìuk ta varìapag tag haboava vmg àjmhrilmca vmg hagag priakag' (zia booj`stun :).

Bat àrà ag emmtsta givamu vmg igtarpratmtia hatrajt à

wmmrà ìa nmg woràg toacanag` mmg bat mmgcatoogà

spaltruk vmg mntivitaitag oj tmnag `mt ig aag gaàrzattigc

war` varrilbt. Aag starna vartacagwoorìcigc vmg hapmmeà

seidtmcasporag boajt giat par sa ta hatanagag `mt à

hatrajjagà mntivitait vmg croot haemgc wms voor à prabisto

rislba cakaagslbmp. Bat nmg oon zidg `mt salug`mira oppar

vemntavarmgàrigcag oj hapmmeà tmpbogokislba prolassag

à sporag vmg mgàra mntivitaitag ogzilbthmmr bahhag

cakmmnt.

Cahruinssporag-mgmeysa vmg vuurstagag warntuicag is giatkocaeidn zogàr aag axparikagtaea varcaeidnigcs-loeealtia. Ig

booj`stun < wor`t ìt mspalt vmg bat ogàrzoan habmgàe`.

Ogàrslbai` wor`t cakmmnt tussag mecakaga ag proheaak

carilbta axparikagtag. Mecakaga axparikagtag okvmttag

mntivitaitag, wmmrhid aag zo hraa` kocaeidn slmem vmg vmrim

haeag (tag mmgziag vmg logtmlt-kmtarimme, warnrilbtigc, ùur

vmg bat axparikagt ag mmr` vmg bat ruw kmtarimme) wor`t

hatronnag. Vroheaakcarilbta axparikagtag woràg varrilbt



=3: @QPLB \QKKMXY

wmggaar igjorkmtia goìc is oktragt hapmmeà mrlbaoeo

cislba seidtmcasporag wmmrvoor caag aquivmeagt mmgwazic is

ig à hastmmgà varcaeidnigcs-loeealtia. @a mrlbaoeocislba

logtaxt varkmc ig aag àrcaeidn cavme succararag waena mnti-

vitaitag kocaeidnarwids ig mmgkarnigc nokag, tarwide atbgo-

crmjislba ag atbgobistorislba hroggag iàaîg nuggag mmg

`rmcag ovar à widza vmg uitvoarag vmg àrcaeidna mntivitai-

tag.

Ig batzaejà booj`stun nokt à raprasagtmtivitait vmg à

rasuetmtag vmg cahruinssporag-mgmeysa mmg à orà. Bat is me

caruika tid` hanag` `mt kat gmka bat hawarnag vmg veaas,

varsa bui` ag hapmmeà pemgtag waigic seidtmca varoorzmmnt

ag àrbmeva ig mrlbaoeocislb varhmg` koaieidn vmet mmg ta

togag. Pagaigà ìt jagokaag qumgtitmtiaj ta ogàrhouwag,

waràg seidtmca-mttrihutag catae`.

Bat voecagà àae vmg à stuìa is cawid` mmg salug`mira

opparvemntavarmgàrigcag (booj`stun 0). @it varslbidgsae

vorkt aag vaae crotar proheaak `mg mmgvmgnaeidn war` mmg

cagokag, voor zowae à kilro- mes à kmlro-mgmeysa. Ar

hastmmt goc staa`s waigic ùiàeidnbai` ovar à vrmmc ogàrwaena okstmgìcbaàg aag mssakhemca coaà parspaltiavag

hia`t voor cahruinssporag-ogàrzoan. Boawae me vaae axpari

kagtag tag mmgziag vmg bat ajjalt vmg ìvarsa lbakislba ag

kalbmgislba jmltorag zidg uitcavoar`, is bat goc staa`s giat

kocaeidn ok ta voorspaeeag oj aag mssakhemca me `mg giat

'vars' zme heidnag ta zidg. Haseotag war` ok raa`s varrilbt

kilro-mgmeytislb ogàrzoan (ig Sast-Auropm à kaast

cahruinta katboà) ta igvagtmrisarag ag varvoecags gm ta

cmmg oj hapmmeà trag`s zilbthmmr wmrag. Zroac- ag ki`àg-

pmeaoeitbislba vog`stlokpeaxag vartogag metid` salug`mira

opparvemntavarmgàrigcag. Zmgmj bat emmt-pmeaoeitiluk is ìt

giat emgcar systakmtislb bat cavme, batcaag mmgcaajt `mt à

ouàròk vmg aag vog`stlokpeax sealbts tot op zanaraboocta aag roe spaaet. Opvmeeag` is `mt à emmt-pmeaoeitbislba

vig`pemmtsag vmg bat Vmridsa Hannag ag à hmg`narmkislba

gaàrzattigcag ovar bat mecakaag coa` calogsarvaar` kmta

rimme bahhag opcaeavar`. Bat hatrajt ig haià cavmeeag 'àpo-

sitiogme logtaxts", wmmrhid bat vuurstaag me vrid sgae huitag à

igveoa`ssjaar vmg axtarga jmltorag (kagsaeidn oj gmtuureidn)

carmmnta, `mmr bat raspaltiavaeidn òor saìkagtag war`

mjcaànt oj ig mjvmenuieag wms caàpogaar`.

Ig booj`stunnag 1 ag : wor`t à toapmssigc vmg à

kilro-mgmeytislba katboà op Gaàremg`sa vuurstaag-mssak-

hemcas uit bat gaoeitbiluk haslbravag. Booj`stun 1 habmg

àet à eigamirhmg`narmkislba vig`pemmts Haan-Koeagstaac.Ig bat opcacrmvag mramme, haborag` tot aag wmmrslbidgeidn

tmkaeidn crota gaàrzattigc, waràg aag jrmckagt vmg aag

buis ag aag mjvmenuie ogtànt. Bat vuurstaag-ogàrzoan emmt

ziag `mt, wmt hatrajt à cahruinta talbgoeocia ag bat vor-

kagspaltruk, Haan-Koeagstaac ovaraagnokt kat à mgàra

EHN-vig`pemmtsag ig Tui`-Eikhurc ag okrigcagà cahia

àg. Pot op baàg war` mmgcagokag `mt aag hapmme` warn

tuictypa, à zc. qumrtiar `'ormgca, nmrmntaristian wms voor à

Haecislba vmrimgt vmg à EHN, bat Okmeiag. Gu albtar is

mmgcatoog` `mt ìt typa avagaags ig Haan-Koeagstaac ag

Aeseoo voornokt, zid bat, typoeocislb caziag, ig aag iats

kigàr uitcaspronag vork (jicuur 02). @aza warntuicag var

togag ogvarmgàreidn àzaejà sporag vmg aag kokagtaae

goc oghanagà mntivitait. @it succaraart `mt à hatrajjagà

mntivitait aag igtacrmme ogàràae vmg bat EHN lokpeax

vorkà. @a cahruinssporag-mgmeysa kmmnt voorts ùiàeidn`mt bui`hawarnigc aag vaaevoornokagà hazicbai` wms. @a

cemgs ìa war` mmgcatrojjag op à sinnaekasdas òat varkoa

àg `mt kat àza warntuicag crmmg war` caoocst ig vaeàg

wmmrig tavags gocme wmt ognrui` voornwmk. Aag mmgtme wmt

crotara warntuicag wms cahruint voor bat varvmmrìcag ag

rapmrarag vmg boutag voorwarpag. Opvmeeag` is à mjwazic

bai` vmg haaghawarnigcssporag. Ig bat Haan-Koeagstaac

mssakhemca zidg à ogàrslbaiàg warntuictypag vrid boko

caag wmt hatrajt bug jugltia4 bat ovarcrota àae vmg à

aig`slbrmhhars, hidvoorhaae`, ìagà voor bui`hawarnigc.

Opkarnaeidn wms `mt sealbts aag carigc mmgtme vmg à opca

crmvag mrtajmltag sporag vmg cahruin vartoogt> ìt cae`t ig

bat hidzogàr voor warntuicag varvmmrìct uit Zmenaghurc-

vuurstaag. @mmragtacag is bat axotislba 'eicbt cray Haecimg'

vuurstaag barbmmeàeidn ag voor varslbieeagà òaeaigàg

mmgcawag`.

Ig booj`stun : wor`t à mgmeysa vmg à gaàrzattigcag

Banaeigcag III ag Eai`slbag`mk (put 0) habmgàe`, haià

toa ta slbridvag mmg à Zemmrìgcag-croap. @a voorgmmksta

vrmmcstaeeigc mmgcmmgà bat kmtarimme vmg Banaeigcag III

hatroj à mmr` vmg à hawogigc, spalimme kat hatrannigc tot

bat ogàrslbai` tussag parkmgagta ag saizoagshawogigc.

Bat Eai`slbag`mk ogàrzoan ìagà booj`zmnaeidn aag var

caeidnag` òae, ok`mt vmg àza vig`pemmts raa`s kig oj kaar

vmststog` `mt bat cigc ok aag parkmgagt hawoogà, mcrmrislba gaàrzattigc. @a cahruinssporag-mgmeysa eavarà voor

àza twaa vig`pemmtsag aag ovaraagnokstic spaltruk vmg

mntivitaitag op. Ig haià gaàrzattigcag zidg hagag voorwar

pag varvmmrìc`, buiàg caslbrmmpt ag baajt bouthawarnigc

pemmtscavogàg. @mmrgmmst war` ig Banaeigcag III pemgtmmr

ìc kmtarimme caspeatag (wmmrslbidgeidn voor vealbtwarn) ag

hastmmg ar mmgwidzigcag voor bae hawarnag vmg cawai,

slbaep ag staag. Aag vmg à waigica ig bae ooc sprigcagà

varslbieeag wor`t cavork` òor à mmgwazicbai` ig Eai`

slbag`mk vmg mreajmneag kat sinnaecemgs, tarwide ìt typa

warntuic ig Banaeigcag III giat voornwmk. @aza ohsarvmtia

eidnt aag havasticigc ta vorkag voor à varogàrstaeeigc `mt

caag emg`houw war` ha`ravag op à oavarwme wmmrop à

emmtsta gaàrzattigc caeacag wms. @it cacavag eavart albtar

goc caag uitseuitsae oktragt à ùur vmg à hawogigc ta

Banaeigcag III. Kaar bouvmst ig ìt opzilbt hia`t à kmgiar

wmmrop ig haià gaàrzattigcag kat bat vuurstaag war`

okcacmmg. Ig Eai`slbag`mk haslbinta kag sealbts ovar

pemmtsaeidn voornokag` caroe` vuurstaag vmg carigca mjka

tigcag. @it vuurstaag war` igtagsiaj ag voor varslbieeagà



=33 @QPLB \QKKMXY

òaeaigàg cahruint. Bat kmtarimme vmg Banaeigcag III

`mmragtacag vartoogà aag cabaae mgàr haae`. Bat biar

mmgcatrojjag vuurstaag nagà aag zuiàeidna barnokst, ìa

kocaeidn cazolbt koat woràg ig zui`-wast Haeciî. @asog

`mgns war` bat vaae axtagsiavar cahruint `mg bat eolmea

kmtarimme ta Eai`slbag`mk. Calogleuàar` wor`t `mt

Banaeigcag III caag parkmgagt hawoogà gaàrzattigc var

tacagwoorìct, òlb vaaeaar aag pemmts ìa kag ig hapmmeàsaizoagag hazolbt voor bat axpeoitarag vmg spalijiana voa`

saehroggag, kat gmka staur ag paesìarag. Ok`mt kag

varwmlbtta taenags waar taruc ta narag, vorkà bat caag

hazwmmr giat opcahruint vuurstaag mlbtar ta emtag. @aza

igtarpratmtia varnemmrt oon bat raemtiaj crota mmgtme vog`stag,

op zilb ogcawoog voor aag tidàeidn hawoogà gaàrzattigc.

@a ogàrnokags ìa kag. catuica à mmgwazicbai` vmg

pmmecmtag ag bmmràg, op à oavarwme bm` opcatronnag,

zouàg mes aag 'mrtajmlt t rmp' bahhag cajugcaar .

Opvmeeag` is `mt tot éég lueturaea aagbai`, à Zemmrìgcag-

croap, twaa ig mrlbaoeocislb opzilbt zo varslbieeagà vig`

pemmtsag haborag. Giat meeaag bat nmrmntar vmg Eai`slbag`mk ag Banaeigcag III is mjwidnag`, aag parkmgagt

hawoogà mcrmrislba gaàrzattigc varsus aag eoutar ig

hapmmeà saizoagag hawoogà eolmtia, kmmr oon bug axtarga

logtmltag nokag giat ovaraag. Eai`slbag`mk is, caziag

vmguit aag eitbislb parspaltiaj, gocme mutmrnislb> à mmgwa

zicbai` vmg neaiga boavaaebaàg koraga-vuurstaag widst op

(sukkiara) logtmltag ig gooràeidna rilbtigc, kocaeidn kat

gaàrzattigcag vmg \tmg`voathanar-sicgmtuur. @mmragtacag

is Banaeigcag III ùiàeidn caoriîgtaar` op kaar zuiàeidna

stranag.Ig bat emmtsta booj`stun tagseotta wor`t igcacmmg op à

hid`rmcag ìa bat cahruinssporag-ogàrzoan nmg eavarag tag

mmgziag vmg hapmmeà mrlbaoeocislba vrmmcstaeeigcag, zomes

à raemtia tussag korjoeocia ag typoeocia agarzid`s ag jugltia

mgàrzid`s. Zoorts nmg à katboà op igtrm-sita givamu uit

seuitsae cavag oktragt bat mntivitaitag-pmtroog vmg à hawo

gars vmg aag gaàrzattigc, hagavags à mmgwazicbai` vmg

mntivitaits-pemmtsag. Op igtar-sita givamu hia`t à ìslipeiga

à kocaeidnbai` aag avagtuaea jugltiogaea ìjjaragtimtia vmg

à vig`pemmtsag higgag aag racio ta ogàrzoanag. Boawae à

katboà giat à pmgmlaa is wmmrvoor àza oorsprognaeidn

òorcigc, zou zid, spalimme òor bmmr 'nruispugt'- jugltia,

tolb aag igtacrmme ogàràae koatag vorkag vmg mrlbaoeo

cislb ogàrzoan.



=32



=39

eist oj mhhravimtiogs

MQM mltumeey usa` mram

HMI Hioeocislb-Mrlbmaoeocislb Igstituut (Crogigcag)

HH Haee Hamnar luetura

HV hajora prasagt

A@MR agarcy ìsparsiog mgmeysis

IVE Igstituut voor Vrabistoria Eaiàg

IVV Igstituut voor Vrma- ag Vrotobis toria (Mkstar

`mk)

EHN Eigamrhmg`narmkin

KEIP\ kilroslopil eigamr ikpmlt trmlas

GSO Gatbaremg`s Orcmgizmtiog jor \liagtijil Xasamrlb

p`sk post-àpositiogme surjmla koìjilmtiogs

VJH Vrotruìgc Joot Hamnar luetura

VQM potagtimeey usa` mram

XKO Xidnskusauk vmg Ou`baàg (Eaiàg)

\AK slmggigc aealtrog kilroslopa

\OK \aiga-Oisa-Kmrga luetura

PXH Juggae Hamnar lueturaZE Zemmrìgcag-croup

eist oj sykhoes

@B ; `ry bià

Be ; biàSO ; woo`

VE ; sojt pemgt

\I ; larames

KA ; kamt

HO ; hoga

MG ; mgtear

\P ; sojt stoga

\B ; \baee

•8<' ; poeisb '8<'

QG ; ugngowg

t ; ìraltiog oj kotiog

t ; luttigc/smwigc

; horigc

; bmjtigc

• ; eicbtey worg

• ; kaìuk worg

• ; bamviey worg

; uglartmig igjaragla



=26



=2=

mlngowea`cakagts

Kmgy paopea, mrlbmaoeocists mg` 'otbars', bmva haag oj baep

to ka ovar tba pmst yamrs. Jorakost I wmgt to tbmgn Eaagàrt

Eouwa Nooidkmgs jor bis lglourmclkagt mg` bis lritilme

ramìgc oj tba taxt. @islussiogs witb Baeea Duae Dagsag (Mmr-

bus) bmva haag igstrukagtme to ka ms waee.I owa kulb to otbar 'stoga-kigà`' paopea ig tba Gatbar-

emg`s. I tbmgn Vatar @alnars (Gidnarn), Baggia Croagagìdn

(Crogigcag). Kmrdoria à Crootb (Kmmstrilbt), Sie Xoa-

hroans (Eaiàg) mg` Eao Zarbmrt (Eaiàg) jor sbmrigc tbair

ngowia`ca mg` `mtm witb ka.

Kaatigcs witb ky ìsparsa` loeeamcuas ig tba jiae` oj usa-

wamr mgmeysis bmva cramtey logtrihuta` to ky ugàrstmgìgc.

Ig pmrtiluemr. I woue` eina to kagtiog Vmtrilim Mgàrsog

(Eyog), Vmuem Hiagagjae` (Smsbigctog), Damg-Vmue Cmspmr

(Eouvmig-em-Gauva), Baeea Duae Dagsag (Mmrbus), Emwragla

Naaeay (Lbilmco), Lristigm Eakorigi (Xoka), Akiey Koss

(Hostog), Caorca Oàee (Puesm) mg` Bucuas Veissog (Hor

àmux). Leosar to boka I tbmgn Pmna Mehars, Xilbmr` Axme-

tus, Daroag Jemkkmg, Dos à CrmmjP mg` Dosé \lbraurs jor

tbair igtarast ig tbis rmtbar rakota hrmglb oj mrlbmaoeocy.

Ms rasamrlb-mssistagt Dosé \lbraurs loà` soka oj tba kmta-

rime jrok Haan-Koeagstaac.

Qsa-wamr mgmeysis oj jeigt tooes raquiras m wià rmgca oj

sniees mg` ngowia`ca, kulb oj wbilb is hayog` ky jiae` oj

lokpatagla. Kmgy outsià axparts bmva tbarajora logtrihuta`

ig vmrious wmys. Jorakost, I tbmgn Dmmp Haunar (Mssag) jor

kmnigc kost oj tba axparikagtme tooes> Ho Km`sag (Eadra)

mg` Bmrk Vmuesag (\lbeaswic) meso proùla` savarme ikpea-

kagts. Bagn Gidemg` (Mrgbak) ì` kmgy oj tba hutlbarigc

axparikagts mg` provià` mg mkpea suppey oj àm` mgikmes.

Dmg Zeoctkmg (Xidswidn) wms oj cramt baep ùrigc tba \AK

mg` A@MR mgmeysas. Dat vmg Cidg (Eaiàg) ì` savarme pB

àtarkigmtiogs, wbiea \doar` vmg àr Taa (Smcagigcag)

igvasticmta` m`sorptiog-prolassas oj rasiùas ig soies.M.L. Tavag, B. vmg Smgigcag (hotb Smcagigcag), S.

Nugstkmg (Orvaeta) mg` Ho Km`sag (Eadra) wara so nig` to

meeow ka to bmrvast lrops og tbair axparikagtme jiae`s. @iln

Hrignbuizag (Crogigcag) prolassa` sturcaog witb jeigt tooes.

Emstey, Bmgs vmg Aauwag mg` bis tamk (Eaiàg) wara mewmys

wieeigc to provià emrca qumgtitias oj woo` jor axparikagtm-

tiog. I tbmgn tbak mee. I tbmgn Dosapbiga \my (Eaiàg) jor

lorraltigc ky (Mkarilmg-) Agceisb.

Mt tba Igstituta oj Vrabistory ig Eaiàg, Kielo Smgseaahag,

Bmgs Nmkarkmgs mg` Bmrry Jonnags bmva haag oj cramt

baep ig ky ajjorts to àme witb lokputars. Pba emst-kagtioga`

meso toon lmra oj tba lokputarizmtiog oj tba hiheiocrmpby,

jor wbilb I mk kost crmtajue. Lorria Hmnaes mg` Sik

Nuidpar lomlba` ka ig kmttars loglargigc 'pemgts'. Dmg

Vmuptit prigta` tba pbotocrmpbs, wbiea Bagn à Eork got

ogey kmà mee oj tba `rmwigcs (ugeass otbarwisa stmta`), hut

meso toon lmra oj tba emy-out. Kmrdm Bospars mg` Kmrimgga

Smgàrs typa` vmrious varseogs oj tba taxt mg` napt ky

spirits up. Pba emttar meso ì` kulb oj tba aìtigc.

Outsià oj mrlbmaoeocy, I wmgt to tbmgn ky jmkiey mg`

jriag`s jor racuemrey ìstrmltigc ka.



=28

loeojog

aìtors4 M.E. vmg Cidg mg` K. Smgàrs

pbotocrmpby4 D. Vmuptit mg` M.E. vmg Cidg

àsicg, emy-out, lovar mg` `rmwigcs4 B.M. à Eork

typasattigc mg` prigtigc4 Oriagtmeista, Eauvag

van gijn 1989 - the wear and tear of flint. principles of functional analysis applied to dutch...

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