9789088900334 - van gijn 2010 - flint in focus - ebook

7/23/2019 9789088900334 - Van Gijn 2010 - Flint in Focus - eBook

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CI LKP L K CDEWUIltfle Jldnrmpflgs lk tfg Kgdiltfle mk`

Jrdkzg Mng

K K G I D W S M K N L O K


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Ul`gstdkg RrgssM kgw ngkgrmtldk dc Rujilsflkn

\du mrg rgm`lkn m cuii vgrsldk dc tfls jdda, cdr crgg!

Pfls jdda ls pmrt dc tfg Ul`gstdkg g-iljrmry wfgrg hdst dc dur

pujilemtldks mrg cuiiy meegssljig cdr crgg. Cdr meegss td hdrg

crgg jddas vlslt? www.sl`gstdkg.edh/iljrmry

@dwkidm` Cuii R@CSlslt tfg Ul`gstdkg g-iljrmry td jrdwsg dur g-jddas. Cdr m hlklhmi

cgg ydu emk purefmsg m cuiiy cuketldkmi R@C mk` jy `dlkn sd, ydu

fgip td aggp dur iljrmry rukklkn.

www.sl`gstdkg.edh/iljrmry


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Ul`gstdkg Rrgss

CI LKP L K CDEWU


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CI LKP L K CDEWUIltfle Jldnrmpflgs lk tfg Kgdiltfle mk`

Jrdkzg Mng

M K K G I D W S M K N L O K


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:2=2 M.I. vmk Nlok

Rujilsfg` jy Ul`gstdkg Rrgss, Igl`gkwww.sl`gstdkg.edh

LUJK 6-


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Edktgkts

Ilst dc tmjigs mk` clnurgs VL

Uyhjdis usg` lk tfg clnurgs VS

Meakdwig`nghgkts VSLL

Rrgcmeg VVL

= Lktrdùetldk =

=.= fg sedpg dc tfg stu`y ==.: fg hmtgrlmilty dc cilkt 5=.5 fg edkegpt dc cuketldk mk` tfg usg dc usg-wgmr mkmiysls 7=.0 Upmtlmi mk` efrdkdidnlemi crmhgwdra >=.7 Zgsgmref djogetlvgs >=.3 Utrueturg dc tfg jdda :.0.= Lktrdùetldk :>:.0.: fg hgtfd`s dc usg-wgmr mk` rgslùg mkmiysls :>:.0.5 Gxpgrlhgkts 52:.0.0 Rrdjighs dc lktgrprgtmtldk 5=

:.7 Edktgxtumilzlkn tfg `mtm 50

5 Lktrdùelkn tfg `mtmjmsgs? sgigetldk, efrdkdidny mk` sdureg

erltlelsh 57

5.= Ugigetldk 57

5.: fg `mtmjmsgs 5>

5.5 Zgprgsgktmtlvlty 025.5.= Lktrdùetldk 02


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5.5.: Cilkt tddis mk` tfg tgefkdidnlemi systgh 0=5.5.5 mpfdkdhlemi prdegssgs mccgetlkn cilkt surcmegs 0:5.5.0 Ultgs stu`lg`? efrdkdidnlemi edktgxt mk` edvgrmng 03

5.0 Edkeiusldk 0:

0.6 Edkeiusldks >5

7 Cilkt mk` ermct >7

7.= Lktrdùetldk >77.=.= Ermcts? sdhg pgrtlkgkt lssugs >77.=.: ddialts >>

7.: Fl`g prdegsslkn >67.:.= Lktrdùetldk >67.:.: Fl`g prdegsslkn stmngs >.5 Cilkt lk Jgii Jgmagr cukgrmry edktgxt =7=

3.6 wd cilkt tgefkdidnlgs? tfg Jrdkzg Mng =75

3.6.= Lktrdùetldk =753.6.: Ugttighgkt cilkt =703.6.5 Cilkt lk Jrdkzg Mng cukgrmry edktgxt =77

3.< Edkeiusldks =733..: fgdrgtlemi jmeanrduk` =35>.:.= Ualiis, ermct mk` tfg supgrkmturmi =35>.:.: fg hmnle dc gxdtle rmw hmtgrlmis =37>.:.5 fg mgstfgtle qumiltlgs dc stdkg =3>

>.5 Zgeurrgkt tfghgs =3.5.= fg idrg dc cmr-mwmy pimegs =3.5.: Nrdwlkn erdps? mk metlvlty surrduk`g` wltf tmjdds mk` rltumis =>2>.5.5 fg `gstruetldk dc djogets mk` tfg lhpdrtmkeg dc clrg =>=>.5.0 Hmrtlmilty =>:

>.0 fg spgelmi jldnrmpflgs dc mnrleuiturmi lhpighgkts =>5

>.7 fg prdilcle usg dc cilkt lk ZJ rltumi ilcg =>0>.7.= Lktrdùetldk =>0>.7.: Zltumi metlvltlgs rgimtg` td tfg hgnmiltfs =>7>.7.5 fg spgelmi `gpdsltldk dc dvgrslzg` mxgs =>>>.7.0. Mk mjuk`mkeg dc rltumi metlvltlgs =65

>.3 Edktlkulty mk` efmkng? tfg l`gdidnlemi slnklclemkeg dc gxdtle cilktcdr Ulknig Nrmvg edhhukltlgs =60

>.3.= Mxg `gpdsltdks =60>.3.: fg Crgkef `mnngrs =63


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>.> fg slnklclemkeg dc kdrtfgrk cilkt =6.>.= fg Uemk`lkmvlmk `mnngrs =6.>.: fg Imtg Jrdkzg Mng mk` Gmriy Lrdk Mng sleaigs =.6 Edkeiusldk =


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I

Ilst dc tmjigs mk` clnurgs

Pmjigs

5.= Dvgrvlgw dc tfg sgttighgkt cilkt tfmt wms stu`lg` cdr trmegs dc usg, tfg `mtm dc wflef ilgmt tfg jmsls dc tfls jdda. 56

3.= ypdhdrpfdidnlemi edhpdsltldk dc tfg hd`lclg` cilkt cduk` lk sgvgrmi ZJ hgnmiltfs. =5=>.= Ulzg lccgrgkegs jgtwggk tfg mxgs crdh tfg hgnmiltfs mk` tfdsg crdh tfg ZJ fdmr s. =65 Slsumi edhpmrlsdk dc mrefmgdidnlemi mk` gxpgrlhgktmiiy djtmlkg` trmegs dc wgmr. :0.3 Gxpgrlhgktmi sleaig-nidss-ilag usg-wgmr pdilsfgs crdh edktmet wltf rgg`s, turvgs, eimy mk`

wgt fl`g wltf defrg. 360.> Mrefmgdidnlemi sleaigs crdh `lccgrgkt Kgdiltfle sltgs. >2

7.= Zgedkstruetldk pimtg dc tfg ermct metlvltlgs tmalkn pimeg lksl`g m IJA fdusg. >77.: Gxpgrlhgktmi fl`g wdralkn tddialt. >67.5 Fl`g wdralkn tddis lk tfg Kgdiltfle mk` Jrdkzg Mng. 6:7.0 Gxpgrlhgktmiiy hm`g djogets dc pimkt hmtgrlmis. 607.7 Rrdegsslkn pimkt cljrgs dc cimx, kgttigs mk` wliidw jmst. 63/6>7.3 Smrlmjlilty lk pimkt wdralkn trmegs lk tfg Kgdiltfle. wd pdilsfg` mxgs crdh fukgjg`@=< lk @rgktfg, mtg` td tfg ZJ pgrld`.


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C C

7.< fg usg dc m` fdecimags cdr jdkg mk` mktigr tddi prdùetldk. 3.> ZJ jurlmi cilkts crdh tfg fukgjg`dc Hmk`gr lk wgktg. =523.6 Zg-sfmrpgklkn dc tfg g`ng dc m usg` mxg crdh ZJ jurlmi edktgxt (fukgjg`@= Jgii Jgmagr aklcg crdh Di`gjddrk, Crlgsimk`. =723.=6 Jurkg` mrrdwfgm`s crdh tfg Jgii Jgmagr cimtnrmvg dc Mkngisidd, @rgktfg. =7:

>.= Zgedkstruetldk dc tfg `gpdsltldk dc dvgrslzg` mxgs lk wgt idemtldks jy tfg ZJ pgdpig. =30>.: Rrg-cmj dc mk mxg dc rg` Fgindimk` cilkt crdh tfg fdmr` dc Ggk =2>.5 Uleaig crdh tfg Hl`ìg Kgdiltfle sltg dc \pgkjurn? slnks cdr jurklkn mk` crmnhgktmtldk. =>3>.0 Zgedkstruetldk dc tfg rltumi metlvltlgs lkvdivlkn cilkt tfmt hmy fmvg surrduk`g` ZJ jur-

lmi prmetlegs. =>6>.7 Gvl`gkeg cdr sermteflkn tfg surcmeg dc cilkt djogets crdh ZJ hgnmiltfs. =>.3 fg fdmr` dc Ggk =.> Cgmturgs djsgrvg` dk ZJ egrghdklmi mxgs. =6:>.6 Kdùig crdh tfg fdmr` dc Ggk =.< Ulknig Nrmvg fdmr` dc tfg Rlgpgrlo, @rgktfg. =6>>.=2 @lstrljutldk hmp dc ZJ mk` Ulknig Nrmvg fdmr`s lk tfg prdvlkeg dc @rgktfg. =66>.== @mnngr dc Nrmk`-Rrgsslnky cilkt crdh tfg imtg Ulknig Nrmvg jmrrdw mt Ggxt-Uefmmps`loawgn

mk` wgmr trmegs djsgrvg`. =6.=: @lstrljutldk hmp dc sdutfgrk mk` kdrtfgrk `mnngrs lk Kgtfgrimk`s. =.=5 Uemk`lkmvlmk typg LLL `mnngr crdh Gxidrvggk. =.=0 wd gxpgrlhgktmi kdrtfgrk `mnngrs wltf `lccgrgkt alk`s dc fmctlkn mrrmknghgkts mk` lc-

cgrgkt typgs dc sfgmtfs. =.=7 @lstrljutldk dc Uemk`lkmvlmk typg L mk` typg LLL mnngrs lk @rgktfg. =.=3 Uleaig crdh gst-Crlgsimk` mk` usg-wgmr djsgrvg`. =.=> @lstrljutldk hmp dc tfg ergsegkt-sfmpg` sleaigs. =


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I

6.= Nrmvg ndd`s crdh tfg Hl``ig Jrdkzg Mng jmrrdw dc @rduwgk, @rgktfg. :2:6.: @mnngr crmnhgkt mk` mrrdwfgm`s crdh Di`gjddrk. :2>6.5 Fgmvliy usg` lhpighgkts crdh Jrdkzg Mng sltgs. :26-


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C C

prdegssgs mk` pmst jgilgc systghs. fg djogetlvg dc tfls jdda tfgrgcdrg ls td uk-`grstmk` wfmt alk` dc rdigs cilkt djogets fm` lk pmst sdelgty mk` fdw tfgsg rdigsefmkng` tfrdunf tlhg.

Ngdnrmpflemiiy L fmvg ilhltg` hysgic td cilkt crdh tfg prgsgkt-`myKgtfgrimk`s, akdwlkn vgry wgii tfmt tfls ls edhpigtgiy mrjltrmry lk tgrhs dcprgflstdrle pmttgrks. Lk tgrhs dc tlhg, tfg `mtm spmk tfg pgrld` crdh e. 7522-322 JE, tfg pgrld` crdh tfg gmrilgst Kgdiltfle td tfg Lrdk Mng. Mitfdunf tflsefdleg dc tlhg mk` pimeg ls imrngiy ndvgrkg` jy hy dwk pmrtleuimr rgsgmref fls-tdry, tfg rgnldk dc tfg Kgtfgrimk`s ls metumiiy vgry rgigvmkt cdr tfg tlhg pgrld`lkvdivg`. Lt ls mk mrgm wfgrg Hgsdiltfle trm`ltldks, m rgilmkeg dk kmturmi cdd`rgsduregs, pgrslstg` cdr m vgry idkn tlhg `gspltg tfg lktrdùetldk dc mnrleuiturg,dkiy td jg cuiiy `lsmppgmrlkn tdwmr`s tfg Hl`ìg Jrdkzg Mng. Lt ls tfus m flnfiyrgigvmkt mrgm td stu`y tfg kgdiltflsmtldk prdegss crdh m iltfle pgrspgetlvg? fdwls cilkt usg` td kgndtlmtg tfls kgw cmrhgr l`gktlty4 Hdrgdvgr, tfg rgnldk dc tfgKgtfgrimk`s ls dc di` `lssgetg` jy tfg `gitm dc Zflkg mk` Hgusg, emuslkn tfg`gvgidphgkt dc euiturmi mrgms wltf `lccgrgkt lktgrmetldk spfgrgs? tfg mrgm sdutfmk` gmst dc tfg rlvgrs mk` tfg dkg kdrtf mk` wgst dc lt. fls prdvl`gs mk gxegi-

igkt dppdrtuklty td gxmhlkg tfg rdig dc cilkt djogets lk tfg gxprgssldk dc tfgrgimtldksflp jgtwggk `lccgrgkt nrdups dc pgdpig.

fls jdda sfdui` jg sggk ms wdra lk prdnrgss. Ms wg edktlkug td stu`y dj-ogets crdh tfg pmst, mk` tmag m kgw idda mt gxlstlkn `mtm wltf m `lccgrgkt pgrspge-tlvg, lt ls pdssljig tfmt sdhg dc tfg edkeiusldks lk tfls jdda hmy wgii fmvg td jgrgvlsg`. Fdwgvgr, L fdpg td sfdw tfmt stu`ylkn tfg dctgk ukmttrmetlvg Kgdiltflemk` Jrdkzg Mng cilkt emk jg wdrtf tfg gccdrt. Cilkt ls hdrg tfmk m huk`mkg mkùtliltmrlmk hmtgrlmi. Hdrg lhpdrtmktiy, L fdpg td edkvgy tfg lhpdrtmkeg dc usg-wgmr mk` rgslùg stu`lgs cdr m jgttgr uk`grstmk`lkn dc tfg euiturmi jldnrmpfydc djogets. fg hlerdsedple `mtm dk tfg wgmr mk` tgmr dc cilkt djogets wlii jgmt tfg fgmrt dc tfls jdda. fgy prdvl`g kgw gvl`gkeg cdr tfg rdig cilkt djogets

pimyg` lk Kgdiltfle mk` Jrdkzg Mng sdelgtlgs, gvl`gkeg tfmt wms fltfgrtd kdtmvmlimjig. Jy lkedrpdrmtlkn cuketldkmi gvl`gkeg mjdut metumi usg, mk` edhjlk-lkn tfls wltf dtfgr ilkgs dc lkcdrhmtldk, wg emk sgmref cdr pmttgrks lk tfg mr-efmgdidnlemi rgedr`, pmttgrks tfmt hmy nlvg m eigmrgr lkslnft lktd tfg hgmklkntfmt cilkt tddis dkeg fm` cdr prgflstdrle sdelgty.


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=L

Efmptgr =

Lktrd`uetldk

Udelmi rgimtldks fmvg kd sujstmktlvg rgmilty wltfdut djogets, slkeg dtfgrwlsg tfgrg ls kdtflkntfrdunf wflef tfgsg rgimtldks emk jg hg`lmtg`. Hdrgdvgr, djogets mrg egktrmi td rgpgtltldkmk` rgprd`uetldk mk` lt tfgrgcdrg cdiidws tfmt tfgy mrg tfg agy td tfg ergmtldk dc trm`ltldk(Udcmgr @grgvgksal/Udrgksgk :22:, p.==>).

=.= Pfg sedpg dc tfg stu`y

Cilkt sdhgtlhgs ls emiig` tfg stggi dc tfg Utdkg Mng (^glsngrjgr gt mi.=).

Cilkt ls ngkgrmiiy sggk ms m prdcmkg mk` vgry utliltmrlmk hmtgrlmi mk` hmkyrgsgmrefgrs fmvg mihdst mutdhmtle mssdelmtldks jgtwggk spgelcle tddi typgs mk`tfglr prmetlemi mppilemtldks? mrrdwfgm`s mrg mssdelmtg` wltf fuktlkn mk` wmrcmrg


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: C C

mk` cilkt mxgs mrg jgilgvg` td jg usg` td efdp `dwk trggs. Lk cmet hmky dc tfgtypdidnlemi eimsslclemtldks tfmt mrefmgdidnlsts lhpdsg dk tfg cilkt hmtgrlmi rgcigetdur prgdeeupmtldk wltf sujslstgkeg mk` ermct metlvltlgs lk prgflstdry. fg prg-vmlilkn typdidnlemi mpprdmef, edhjlkg` wltf hmerdsedple djsgrvmtldks dc wfmtls dctgk emiig` usg-rgtduef, ms wgii ms slhpilstle mkmidnlemi rgmsdklkn, fmvg dj-seurg` dur vlgw dc tfg edhpigxlty dc tfg rdig dc cilkt lk tgefkdidnlemi systghsmk` pmst sdelgty lk m wl`gr sgksg. Cilkt djogets crgqugktiy fmvg m cmr hdrg edh-pigx euiturmi jldnrmpfy tfmk wg jgilgvg` pdssljig.

fls fms dkiy jggk jrdunft fdhg td us wltf tfg lktrd`uetldk dc usg-wgmrmk` rgsl`ug mkmiysls (Ljgz/Ndkzigz :2251 Ougi Ogksgk =


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5L

fls jdda mlhs mt m jgttgr uk`grstmk`lkn dc tfg euiturmi slnklclemkeg dccilkt, kdt crdh m euiturmi-flstdrlemi pdlkt dc vlgw, gvmiumtlkn tddi typgs ms spm-tlmi mk` efrdkdidnlemi hmragrs, jut jy gxmhlklkn tfg rdigs cilkt pimyg` lk tfgpmst. ^grg tfgsg rdigs dkiy vgry prmetlemi, rgimtg` td tfg `mliy efdrgs cdr wflef msfmrp euttlkn g`ng wms kgg`g`, ms wg wdui` ngkgrmiiy gxpget crdh tfls hmtgrlmi4Dr `l` cilkt misd fmvg slnklclemkeg lk tfg gxprgssldk dc tfg pmst jgilgc systghs,ghjd`ylkn mk` strueturlkn mspgets dc sdelmi l`gktlty mk` syhjdilslkn mkegstrmiedshdidnlemi kdtldks4 Ls tfgrg gvl`gkeg cdr tfg `gpidyhgkt dc cilkt djogets msledks dc vmst sdelmi mk` l`gdidnlemi kgtwdras lkedrpdrmtlkn mk` ukltlkn pgdpiglk wl`giy sgpmrmtg` mrgms4 ^grg cilkt djogets usg` ms hkghdkle `gvlegs, trmks-imtlkn sdelmi kdtldks mk` vmiugs lk stdkg, m hmtgrlmi tfmt imsts mk` emk tfus ilkapmst mk` cuturg ngkgrmtldks4 Uuef qugstldks wlii jg m``rgssg` lk tfls jdda, us-lkn tfg Kgdiltfle mk` Jrdkzg Mng dc tfg Idwgr Zflkg Jmslk lk tfg Kgtfgrimk`sms m emsg-stu`y. fls mrgm ls dkg dc tfdsg jdr`grimk`s (Jdnueal :226) dc tfgKgdiltfle wdri` lk wflef tfg prdegss dc kgdiltflsmtldk tdda m vgry idkn tlhg(Iduwg Addlohmks =


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0 C C

ls mk lhpdrtmkt hkghdkle `gvleg, mssurlkn tfmt tfg tgefkdidnlemi prdegss, mswgii ms tfg sdelmi mk` euiturmi lktgrmetldk lt ls ghjg``g` lk, ls emrrlg` dut tfgrlnft wmy. fg tddi kdt dkiy rgcigets trm`ltldk, lt misd gksurgs lts edktlkulknprmetleg.

Ugvgrmi slhpig cilkt tddis `lseussg` lk tfls jdda kdt dkiy ghjd`y trm`ltldkmiprmetleg, tfgy hmy gvgk jg rltumilsg` mk` sujogetg` td spgelmi trgmthgkt lc tfgymrg lkvdivg` lk metlvltlgs tfmt mrg edksl`grg` `mkngrdus dr flnfiy slnklclemkt. Ltls tfgrgcdrg kdt pdssljig td sgpmrmtg prdcmkg crdh rltumi tddis jgemusg tfg smhgtddi hmy jg hgmklkncui lk jdtf `dhmlks (Jrm`igy :227). \gt gtfkdnrmpfle rg-sgmref misd nlvgs mhpig liiustrmtldks dc spgelmi djogets dc stdkg, djogets tfmt `dkdt sd huef elreuimtg lk `mliy prmetleg jut tfmt mrg dc spgelmi slnklclemkeg, fmv-lkn m jldnrmpfy tfmt `lvgrngs crdh m slhpig utliltmrlmk dkg crdh tfg hdhgktdc tfglr hmalkn. fg dvgrslzg` mxgs lk Rmpum Kgw Nulkgm mrg m wgii-rgsgmrefg`gxmhpig (Fmhptdk =


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7L

L mh mwmrg tfls mpprdmef emk jg sgvgrgiy erltlelzg`. Fdwgvgr, ms tfg efmkegsdc gvgr fmvlkn m truiy rgprgsgktmtlvg smhpig mrg vlrtumiiy kli, lt ls tlhg td clt tfgplgegs ms wg fmvg tfgh mk` td put cilkt lk m sdelmi pgrspgetlvg.

=.5 Pfg edkegpt dc cuketldk mk` tfg usg dc usg-wgmr

mkmiyslsfg cdeus lk tfls jdda ls dk tfg lkcdrhmtldk djtmlkg` tfrdunf usg-wgmr mkmiy-sls (cln. =.:). Cilkt ls dctgk sggk ms m flnfiy cuketldkmi hmtgrlmi. Fdwgvgr, egr-tmlk cilkt djogets mrg kdt strletiy cuketldkmi lk tfg utliltmrlmk sgksg dc tfg wdr`jut lkstgm` fm` m hdrg syhjdile cuketldk lk pmst sdelgty. fgrgcdrg m jrlgcgvmiumtldk dc tfg edkegpt dc cuketldk ls lk dr`gr fgrg. Cuketldk ms m edkegptls edhhdkiy gqumtg` wltf utlilty. Ms suef lt fms jggk rgignmtg` td tfg strletiyprmnhmtle? cuketldk fms td `d wltf `dlkn tflkns, hdst lhpdrtmktiy pgrcdrhlkntfg kgegssmry tmsas cdr survlvmi. Cuketldk ls tfgrgcdrg sggk ms imrngiy m-sdelmi.Edksgqugktiy, ilttig tfgdrlzlkn fms jggk `lrgetg` mt qugstldks edkegrklkn cuke-tldk. Lk hmky wmys tfls wmy dc tflkalkn ls vgry huef m rgilet dc tfg pmst. Lt wms

idkn jgilgvg` tfmt mrefmgdidnlsts edui` dkiy edhg td nrlps wltf tfg idwgrhdststgp dc Fmwags im``gr dc lkcgrgkeg? tgefkdidny. fls slhpilstle mpprdmef td-wmr`s tfg pmst fms jggk rgogetg` cdr mt igmst m qumrtgr dc m egktury lk ngkgrmimrefmgdidny, hdst kdtmjiy jy tfg tfgdrlgs dc Fd``gr mk` dtfgr pdst-prdegssumi-lsts. fg lktrd`uetldk dc tfg edkegpt dc efmkg dprmtdlrgfms hm`g us mwmrg dctfg sdelmi edktgxt dc tgefkdidnlemi prdegssgs. Fdwgvgr, tfg prmnhmtle mk` slh-pilstle vlgw dc tgefkdidny ms rgimtg` td utlilty mk` survlvmi fms pgrslstg` mrduk`tfg edkegpt cuketldk.

Cln. =.: Cdeus dk lkt? tfg usgdc tfg hgtmiidnrmpfle hlerd-sedpg cdr stu`ylkn pdilsf mk`strlmtldks uk`gr hmnklem-tldks dc up td 732x.


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3 C C

Jgemusg cuketldk ls usumiiy mssdelmtg` wltf prmetlemi `my-td-`my metlvltlgs,cuketldkmi mkmiysls dc prgflstdrle tddis fms edksgqugktiy jggk vgry huef `l-rgetg` mt qugstldks rgnmr`lkn tfg typg dc sltg (gxtrmetldk sltg dr jmsg emhp) mk`tfg `urmtldk dc deeupmkey. Djvldusiy tfgsg qugstldks mrg rgigvmkt jut tfg ilkatd tfgdrgtlemi edkegpts ls ilhltg` td wfmt fms jggk edhhdkiy emiig` hl``ig-rmkng tfgdry (Jlkcdr` =


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>L

syhjdile slnklclemkeg. Lk tfls jdda tfgrgcdrg cuketldk ls kdt sykdkyhdus wltfsujslstgkeg mk` ermct metlvltlgs, jut hmy misd rgcgr td dtfgr, hdrg giuslvg, syh-jdile cuketldks dc cilkt djogets.

=.0 Upmtlmi mk` efrdkdidnlemi crmhgwdra

Cdr tfg pmst :7 ygmrs L fmvg gxmhlkg`, dctgk tdngtfgr wltf stu`gkts mk` huefdc lt lk m edhhgrelmi sgttlkn, hmky Imtg Hgsdiltfle, Kgdiltfle mk` Jrdkzg Mngcilkt djogets crdh tfg Kgtfgrimk`s, gkedhpmsslkn m pgrld` dc mihdst 7222 ygmrs(cln. =.5). fgsg djogets `grlvg crdh sgttighgkts, jurlmis mk` spgelmi `gpdsltldks.fg sltg `mtmjmsg edktmlks e. 07.222 gktrlgs, 5=52 dc wflef wgrg gxmhlkg` lk`gtmli cdr trmegs dc usg (mjig 5.=). Lk tdtmi smhpigs crdh :5 sgttighgkt sltgs mrglkeiu`g`, ms wgii ms e. 722 djogets dc cilkt crdh jurlmi edktgxts mk` spgelmi gpd-sltldks (Mppgk`lx). fg imttgr mrg lkedrpdrmtg` lk m sgpmrmtg husguh `mtmjmsg.fgsg twd `mtmsgts cdrh tfg edrg dc tfls jdda. fg cdeus dk tfg tgrrltdry dc tfgprgsgkt-`my Kgtfgrimk`s fms jggk `letmtg` jy hy dwk rgsgmref flstdry? vlrtu-miiy mii tfg hmtgrlmi L stu`lg` tfg pmst ygmrs edhgs crdh wltflk tfls mrgm (cln.

=.0). Efmptgr 5 nlvgs m `gtmlig` dvgrvlgw dc tfg edhpdsltldk dc tfg smhpig mk`tfg hdtlvmtldks jgflk` tfg sgigetldk.

Lt sfdui` jg strgssg` tfmt tfg `mtmsgt ls edktlkudusiy nrdwlkn ms rgsgmref edk-tlkugs. Zgegktiy tfg cilkt hmtgrlmi crdh tfg sltgs Fgiigvdgtssiuls, Fmttghgrjrdga-Fmkzgilok mk` Fmttghgrjrdga-Jg`rlovgktgrrglk _ul` fms jggk stu`lg`. fgsgsltgs wgrg gxemvmtg` jy Mrefdi, Igl`gk. ^ltflk tfg edktgxt dc tfg K^D prdogetMkegstrmi Hduk`s (`r. @. Cdktlok, prdc. `r. E.E. Jmagis mk` tfg mutfdr) edh-pigtg jurlmi sgts mrg eurrgktiy jglkn gxmhlkg` jy Amrstgk ^gktlka, gkedhpmss-lkn kdt dkiy tfdsg dc cilkt jut misd mii dtfgr mrtgcmets. Mk lhpdrtmkt nmp lk durakdwig`ng, tfg sgttighgkt cilkt crdh tfg Ulknig Nrmvg Euiturg, ls m``rgssg`lk mk D`yssgg-prdoget, gktltig` Wkidealkn Kddr`-Fdiimk`s Imtg Kgdiltfle trgms-

urg efgst, clkmkeg` jy K^D (m ediimjdrmtlvg prdoget dc `r. O.H. Rggtgrs, `r. I.Aujlma-Hmrtgks, prdc. `r. @.E.H. Zmghmgagrs, `r. O. _gligr mk` tfg mutfdr)mk` emrrlg` dut jy Slrnlklm Nmrelm @lmz.

=.7 Zgsgmref djogetlvgs

fg purpdsg dc tfls rgsgmref wms twdcdi`? clrst, td gxpidrg tfg rdigs dc cilkt lkpmst sdelgtlgs mk` fdw tfgsg vmrlg` lk spmeg mk` tlhg, gspgelmiiy lk tfg edktgxtdc tfg kgdiltflsmtldk prdegss, mk` sgedk` td stu`y tfg `geilkg dc cilkt, tfmt ls tfgnrmùmi rgpimeghgkt dc tfls rmw hmtgrlmi jy hgtmi. Utu`ylkn tfg rdigs dc cilktgktmlig` m sgmref cdr pmttgrks lk tfg wmy cilkt cuketldkg` lk `lccgrgkt rgmihs dc

prgflstdrle ilcg? sujslstgkeg, ermct, sdelmi rgimtldks, tfg gxprgssldk dc l`gktlty, tfgrgimtldksflp wltf tfg mkegstdrs mk` tfg hmlktgkmkeg dc idkn-`lstmkeg gxefmkngkgtwdras. Misd, `d wg fmvg mky gvl`gkeg cdr tfg rltumilsmtldk dc cilkt djogets4M agy qugstldk wms fdw cilkt hmy fmvg pimyg` m rdig lk kgndtlmtlkn idkn-tgrhprdegssgs dc efmkng, suef ms tfg nrmùmi edkvgrsldk td m Kgdiltfle gxlstgkeg, mprdegss tfmt tdda wgii dvgr m tfdusmk` ygmrs lk hmky pmrts dc tfg Kgtfgrimk`s.

fg sgedk` hmlk rgsgmref qugstldk m``rgssg` tfg nrmùmi `ghlsg dc cilkttgefkdidny mk` fdw tfls prdegss gvdivg`. Lk tfg edursg dc tfg Kgdiltfle wg sggtfg ghgrngkeg dc twd `lccgrgkt trm`ltldks dc cilkt tgefkdidny? m `dhgstle prd-


32/318

6 C C

ùetldk dc slhpig tddis crgqugktiy hm`g dc idemiiy mvmlimjig, dctgk lkcgrldr, rmwhmtgrlmi vgrsus tfg prdùetldk dc spgelmi djogets, hm`g dc lhpdrt, flnf-qumi-lty cilkt. fg clrst ls cduk` lk sgttighgkt edktgxt, tfg imttgr lk spgelmi edktgxtssuef ms nrmvgs mk` fdmr`s. fls `lefdtdhy fms jggk kdtg` merdss Gurdpg mk`tfg Kgmr Gmst mk` sgghs td deeur gvgrywfgrg mrduk` tfg smhg tlhg, euihlkmt-lkn lk tfg Jrdkzg Mng mk` igm`lkn td tfg clkmi `ghlsg dc cilkt mrduk` tfg ImtgJrdkzg Mng dr Gmriy td Hl`ìg Lrdk Mng (Fnjgrn :2201 Fuhpfrgy/\dukn

:2251 Zdsgk =


33/318

L gxmhlkg tfg rltumilsmtldk dc cilkt mk` tfg rdig lt hmy fmvgpimyg` lk ghjd`ylkn mk` edkvgylkn mspgets dc tfg wdri` vlgw dr edshdidny dcpmst sdelgtlgs. Efmptgr 6 `gmis wltf tfg nrm`umi rgpimeghgkt dc cilkt jy hgtmi,gxmhlklkn tfg rdig dc cilkt lk `dhgstle tmsas mk` lts edktlkug` l`gdidnlemi sln-klclemkeg lk spgelmi edktgxts. Efmptgr < mttghpts td mttrljutg hgmklkn td tfg

efmknlkn rdigs dc cilkt tfrdunf tlhg? crdh m rmtfgr fdhdngkgdus tgefkdidnylk tfg Gmriy Kgdiltfle tdwmr`s tfg `gvgidphgkt dc `lccgrgkt tgefkdidnlgs sl`gjy sl`g, gmef rgcgrrlkn td mk` strueturlkn `lccgrgkt rgmihs dc pmst sdelgty lk tfgedursg dc tfg Imtg Kgdiltfle mk` Jrdkzg Mng.


34/318


35/318

==H

Efmptgr :

fg jldnrmpfy dc cilkt tddis? hgtfd`s

dc stu`y

:.= Lktrd`uetldk

fg ghpfmsls dc tfls jdda ls dk tfg jldnrmpfy dc cilkt tddis mk` tfg rdig tfgsgtddis pimyg` mt vmrldus stmngs dc tfglr ilcg-flstdry lk strueturlkn tfg ilvgs dc tfglrhmagrs mk` usgrs (cln. :.=). fg hgtfd`didnlgs efdsgk mrg lktgk`g` td rgvgmitfls ilcg-flstdry? crdh tfg sgigetldk dc rmw hmtgrlmis (tfg edkegptldk dc tfg dj-

oget), td tfg prd`uetldk (jlrtf dc tfg djoget), td gxefmkng mk` metumi usg (tfgsdelmilzmtldk prdegss), td tfg pfmsg dc `gpdsltldk, jglkn `gstrdyg`, idst dr `ls-emr`g` mk` clkmiiy tfg hdhgkt tfg djoget gk`s up lk tfg nrduk`, tfmt ls td smy,tfg `gmtf dc tfg djoget (liigy =


36/318

=: C C

Lk tfls jdda tfg ghpfmsls wlii ilg dk tfg rgsuits dc tfg usg-wgmr mk` rgslùgmkmiysls, ms suef `mtm prdvl`g lkcdrhmtldk mjdut tfg metumi usgdc tfg djogets.Lt ls tfgsg metumi wgmr trmegs mk` rgslùg tfmt mrg ngkgrmiiy kdt vlsljig td tfgmvgrmng rgsgmrefgr dc cilkt mrtgcmets. Jgemusg dc tfg flnfiy spgelmilzg` kmturg dcusg-wgmr mk` rgslùg stu`lgs, cilkt mssghjimngs mrg rmrgiy stu`lg` crdh tfls pgr-spgetlvg. Fdwgvgr, suef `mtm gkmjig us td uk`grstmk` tfg, usumiiy ukedkseldus,efdlegs hm`g jy prgflstdrle mngkts jgemusg tfgy rgciget wfmt metumiiy fmppgkg`td tfg cilkt tddis jgtwggk tfglr prdùetldk mk` tfg hdhgkt tfgy gk` up lk tfgnrduk`. Lk tfls wmy wg emk djtmlk mk lksl`g vlgw dc tgefkdidny.

fg clrst pfmsg dc m cilkt tddis jldnrmpfy - lts edkegptldk - rgqulrgs `gtgr-hlklkn tfg sdureg dc tfg rmw hmtgrlmi lt ls hm`g dc. fls ls sgvgrgiy fmhpgrg`jy tfg cmet tfmt wg stlii `d kdt fmvg m edhpigtg pleturg dc tfg rmkng dc pdtgktlmisduregs mvmlimjig td tfg prgflstdrle cilkt-akmppgrs lk dur rgnldk (^glsngrjgr gt mi.=


37/318

=5H

tfls hgtfd` fmvg lhpdrtmkt edksgqugkegs cdr tfg sdrt dc qugstldks wg emk msa.Clkmiiy, tfg `gmtf dc tfg djoget wlii jg stu`lg` jy gxmhlklkn tfg wl`gr mrefmgd-idnlemi edktgxt, tfg mssdelmtldks wltf dtfgr djogets mk` tfg spmtlmi `lstrljutldkdc tfg lhpighgkts. Lk tfg cdiidwlkn sgetldk, L wlii `lseuss tfg vmrldus rgsgmrefhgtfd`didnlgs mk` tgefklqugs tfmt uk`grplk tfls stu`y.

:.: Pfg edkegptldk dc tfg tddi? `gtgrhlklkn tfg rmwhmtgrlmi

:.:.= Lktrdùetldk

fg efdleg dc rmw hmtgrlmi cdr tfg prdùetldk dc m tddi ls slnklclemkt kdt dkiycrdh m cuketldkmi pdlkt dc vlgw, jut misd crdh m sdelmi mk` l`gdidnlemi pgrspge-tlvg. fgrg ls m `lstlket `lccgrgkeg wfgtfgr m tddi wms hm`g crdh flnf qumiltygxdtle cilkt, dr wfgtfgr mk lkcgrldr idemi sdureg wms usg`.

fg rgnldk dc tfg Kgtfgrimk`s ls kdt rlef lk flnf qumilty cilkt. Huef dc tfgprgsgkt-`my Kgtfgrimk`s wms jurlg` uk`gr edvgr smk`s mk` gxtgkslvg Fdidegkg

`gpdslts dc eimy mk` pgmt, edvgrlkn huef dc tfg drlnlkmi Riglstdegkg imk`sempg.fls hmags lt vgry `lccleuit td rgedkstruet tfg idemtldks wfgrg cilkt edui` fmvgjggk djtmlkg` lk tfg pmst. Cdr gxmhpig, tfg wgstgrk g`ng dc tfg prdvlkeg dcJrmjmkt edkslsts dc smk` `gpdslts, wflef eurrgktiy cdrh idw eilccs tfmt `gsegk`stggpiy lktd tfg jmslk dc _ggimk`. Lt ls pdssljig tfmt fgrg shmii rdiig` kdùigs dccilkt crdh Hldegkg jgmef `gpdslts wgrg mvmlimjig lk tfg pmst. fg cmet tfmt tfg

Cln :.: Idemtldk dc tfg `lgr-gkt lkt sduregs crdh wflefhmtgrlmi ls prgsgkt lk @utefsltgs.

Igngk`? =. Emp Jimke Kgz1:. Fmlkmuit1 5. Fgsjmyg1 0.Zloeafdit-typg lkt1 7. tgrrmeglkt1 3. hdrmlkg lkt crdhtfg Sgiuwg mk` WtrgeftsgFguvgirun1 >. hdrmlkg lkt lkidmh `gpdslts.

>

>

>

:

5

0

7

=

3

3


38/318

=0 C C

Kgdiltfle lkfmjltmkts dc tfg mrgm mrduk` tfg prgsgkt-`my elty dc Mktwgrp fm`meegss td tfg smhg typg dc rmw hmtgrlmi ms tfg lkfmjltmkts dc tfg Zflkg/Hgusg`gitm curtfgr kdrtf sunngsts tfmt gxtgkslvg cilkt `gpdslts wgrg dkeg prgsgkt lktfls rgnldk. ^g misd `d kdt akdw fdw cmr kdrtf tfg Emp Jimke Kgz cilkt crdhtfg Rms `g Emimls mrgm wms emrrlg` jy tfg tl`mi strgmhs dc tfg Efmkkgi. Zdiig`kdùigs dc tfls hmtgrlmi hmy fmvg jggk trmkspdrtg` kdrtf ms cmr ms tfg jmslk dc_gguws-Simmk`grgk (R. Erdhj, pgrs. edhh.).

Hdst dc tfg sd-emiig` idemi cilkt wms sgedk`mrliy trmkspdrtg`. fg cilkt sdure-gs lk tfg kdrtfgrk fmic dc tfg Kgtfgrimk`s edkslst dc hmtgrlmi dc Uemk`lkmvlmkmk` kdrtfgrk Ngrhmk drlnlk tfmt wms emrrlg` sdutf jy tfg Ummilmk nimelgrs(cln. :.:). Lk tfg sdutfgrk fmic dc tfg eduktry, wltf tfg gxegptldk dc sdutfgrkIlhjurn, rdiig` cilkt kdùigs dc vmrldus drlnlks emk jg cduk`, edhhdkiy rg-cgrrg` td ms Hgusg cilkt. fgsg wgrg trmkspdrtg` kdrtf jy tfg rlvgrs mk` edui`fmvg ediigetg` lk tgrrmeg `gpdslts dc tfg Hgusg ms wgii ms lk nrmvgi `gpdslts midkntfg rlvgr jmkas. Lk tfg hl`ìg dc tfg Kgtfgrimk`s, lk tfg mrgm dc tfg jln rlvgrs,pgdpig fm` meegss td jdtf typgs dc hmtgrlmi. fgy edui` ediiget hdrmlkg cilktlk tfg leg-pusfg` rl`ngs dc tfg Wtrgeftsg Fguvgirun mk` tfg Sgiuwg, ms wgii ms

Hgusg-cilkt lk tfg ciuvlmtlig sg`lhgkts dc tfg Wra `gpdslt.Dkiy lk tfg vgry cmr sdutf dc tfg Kgtfgrimk`s, lk sdutfgrk Ilhjurn, ls lt

pdssljig td clk` cilkt lk prlhmry edktgxt. Fgrg tfg Wppgr Ergtmegdus `gpdsltsedktmlk `lccgrgkt typgs dc cilkt suef ms Zloeafdit, Jmkfdit mk` Ulhpgivgi`. Dcdi` tfls cilkt wms ediigetg` crdh giuvlmi `gpdslts, jut ùrlkn tfg imtgr pfmsgs dctfg Hlefgisjgrn euiturg lt wms misd hlkg`, ms ls tgstlclg` jy tfg spgetmeuimr gx-emvmtldks dc tfg cilkt hlkgs dc Zloeafdit (@g Nrddtf =


39/318

=7H

tgrkmi ermeas. Huef dc tfls cilkt wdui` fmvg imlk gxpdsg` dk tfg surcmeg, sd tfghmtgrlmi dctgk `lspimys sgvgrg nidss mk` edidur pmtlkmtldk. Uuef pfgkdhgkm mrggspgelmiiy sgvgrg jgemusg dc tfg pgrlnimelmi eilhmtle elreuhstmkegs mt tfg gk` dctfg imst nimelmi pgrld`, tfg ^glefsgilmk (Utmpgrt =3).

:.:.:.: Wppgr Ergtmegdus cilkt

Lk tfg cmr sdutf, kgmr Hmmstrleft, wg clk` tfg efmia gpdslts dc Wppgr Ergtmegdusmng (@g Nrddtf lk prgss1 Cgi`gr =


40/318

=3 C C

m j

e `

g c

n f

Cln. :.5 @lgrgkt lkt typgs?m. Zuiigk1 j. Zloeafdit1 e.Smiagkjurn1 `. Uplgkkgs1g. Nrmk`-Rrgsslnky1 c. EmpJimke Kgz1 n. Utgvks Ailkt1 f.Fgindimk` (tmagk wltf m stgr-gdhlerdsedpg mt mpprdx. :,7xhmnklc.).


41/318

=>H

Zloeafdit cilkt wms gxtrghgiy lhpdrtmkt mk` fms jggk cduk` crdh tfg kdrtf-grk Kgtfgrimk`s td sdutfgrk Ngrhmky. Lt wms usg` dk m hmsslvg semig tfrdunf-dut tfg Kgdiltfle mk` gvgk lktd tfg Jrdkzg mk` Lrdk Mng, ms lts prgsgkeg lkJrdkzg mk` Lrdk Mng sltgs crdh tfg kgmrjy Mi`gkfdvgkgr Rimttg sfdws (@gNrddtf =


42/318

=6 C C

:.:.:.5 Pgrrmeg cilkt, Hgusg gnns mk` sgm cilkt

Smrldus sgedk`mry `gpdslts dc rdiig` cilkt emk jg cduk`, gspgelmiiy midkn tfghmodr rlvgrs. ^g emk `lccgrgktlmtg jgtwggk wfmt ls edhhdkiy emiig` tgrrmegcilkt mk` tfg rdiig` pgjjigs tfmt mrg usumiiy emiig` Hgusg gnns. Imst tfgrg lstfg gvgk igss wgii-`gclkg` emtgndry dc vgry `mra edidurg` cilkt tfmt ls rgcgrrg`

td ms sgm cilkt. grrmeg cilkt ls crgqugktiy cduk` lk tfg Hgusg tgrrmegs mk` misddeemsldkmiiy lk tfg hmlk tgrrmegs dc tfg Zflkg lk tfg Klg`grrfglklsefg Jueft(Mrdrm =


43/318

=


44/318

:2 C C

Zdhlnky-Ifry cilkt wgrg lhpdrtg`, hm`g dk idkn jim`gs tfmt wgrg slhlimr lkslzg, mk` prdjmjiy lk prdùetldk tgefklqugs ms wgii, td tfdsg hm`g dc tfg jgt-tgr-akdwk Nrmk`-Rrgsslnky cilkt.

M imst sdureg dc Crgkef cilkt tfmt kgg`s td jg hgktldkg` ls tfmt dc Emp JimkeKgz lk tfg Rms `g Emimls mrgm dc kdrtf-wgstgrk Crmkeg (cln. :.5c). Lk tfg efmiaeilccs, jmk`s dc cilkt kdùigs fmvg jggk gxpdsg` jy tfg sgm. fg cilkt ls clkg-nrmlkg`, dctgk dc m fdhdngkgdus jimea edidur wltf deemsldkmi `mra-nrgy lkeiu-sldks. fg edrtgx ls wfltg mk` efmiay jut mt tfg cddt dc tfg eilccs hmky rdiig`cilkt kdùigs wltf m fmr` wgmtfgrg` edrtgx emk jg cduk` (I.J.H.Sgrfmrt, pgrs.edhh.). Lt ls m hmttgr dc `gjmtg fdw cmr mk` td wfmt slzg kdùigs edui` jgtrmkspdrtg` lk m kdrtfgriy `lrgetldk jy tfg tl`mi strgmhs rukklkn tfrdunf tfgEfmkkgi. Cdr gxmhpig mt Ueflpiul`gk, kgmr fg Fmnug, cilkt kdùigs wgrg edi-igetg` tfmt jgmr m vgry eidsg rgsghjimkeg td tfg Emp Jimke Kgz hmtgrlmi (SmkNlokgt mi.:223).

:.:.5.: Kdrtfgrk cilkt sduregs? Uemk`lkmvlm mk` kdrtfgrk Ngrhmky

fg mrgm dc tfg Kgtfgrimk`s kdrtf dc tfg hmlk rlvgrs `lspimys m `lccgrgkt pleturg.Kdrtf dc tfg ilkg Edgvdr`gk-Wra-gxgi cilkt kdùigs emk jg cduk` lk tfg suj-strmtg dc jdui`gr eimy `gpdslts. Udutf dc tfls ilkg lt edkegrks shmiigr crmnhgktsdc suef hdrmlkg cilkt. Mii dc tfls cilkt ls dc kdrtfgrk drlnlk mk` lt ls, tfgrgcdrg,kdt miwmys gmsy td `lccgrgktlmtg lt crdh kdrtfgrk lhpdrts? kdùig slzg, pdst-`gpdsltldkmi hd`lclemtldks mk` ngkgrmi akmpplkn qumilty mrg tfg `lstlknulsflkncgmturgs. Udhg dc tfg kdrtfgrk hmtgrlmi edkegrks jrydzdmk cilkt.

Lhpdrtg` cilkt lk tfg kdrtf-gmstgrk Kgtfgrimk`s cdr tfg hdst pmrt drlnl-kmtgs crdh kdrtfgrk Ngrhmky dr sdutfgrk Uemk`lkmvlm mk` edkegrks clkg-nrmlkg`, shddtf mk` nimssy Ugkdklmk hmtgrlmi (Fnjgrn/Dimussdk :22>), suefms cduk` mt Utgvks Ailkt (cln. :.5n). Lhpdrts dc tfg hdrg edmrsg-nrmlkg`, ilnft-nrgy @mklmk hmtgrlmi mrg mjsgkt. fgsg lhpdrts emk rmkng crdh ukhd`lclg`kdùigs td clklsfg` prdùets ilag tfg imrng spgetmeuimr egrghdklmi mxgs crdh tfgZJ pgrld` (Efmptgr >). Lt ls kdt gktlrgiy eigmr wfgk cilkt wms clrst jrdunftcrdh Uefigswln Fdistglk mk` sdutfgrk @gkhmra, jut wg mrg egrtmlk tfmt crdhe. 5022 JE, mt tfg stmrt dc tfg Cukkgijgmagr euiturg, suef lhpdrts deeurrg`.fg kdùigs dc tfg Ggk `gpdsltldk mk`, hdrg lhpdrtmktiy, tfg mxg prgcmj dc rg`Fgindimk` cilkt, ukgqulvdemiiy pdlkt td m kdrtfgrk sdureg (Jguagr =.:). fg imst kdrtfgrk lhpdrts edkegrk tfg Imtg Jrdkzg Mng mk` GmriyLrdk Mng sleaigs dc Ugkdklmk cilkt (Efmptgr 6).

Mpmrt crdh tfg efmrmetgrlstle rg` Fgindimk` cilkt, tfg gxmet sdureg dc tfgsgkdrtfgrk lhpdrts ls stlii ukeigmr jgemusg tfg flnf-qumilty cilkt midkn tfg edmst dcUefigswln Fdistglk ls lk sgedk`mry pdsltldk, trmkspdrtg` ùrlkn tfg ^glefsgilmk

nimelmtldk crdh tfg prlhmry `gpdslts lk kdrtfgrk @gkhmra (Jguagr :227). flshgmks tfmt tfg sduregs lk @gkhmra mk` Uefigswln Fdistglk mrg dc tfg smhgtypg dc cilkt, misd jgemusg tfgsg @mklsf cilkt kdùigs wgrg trmkspdrtg` jy tfgnimelgrs dvgr m rgimtlvgiy sfdrt `lstmkeg, dkiy m edupig dc fuk`rg` alidhgtrgs,mk` m rgimtlvgiy sfdrt tlhg mnd (tfg ^glefsgilmk). fg kdùigs fmvg tfgrgcdrgimrngiy prgsgrvg` tfglr drlnlkmi slzg mk` strueturg. Jguagr fdwgvgr mrnugs tfmtkdt dkiy tfg cmhdus rg` vmrlgty dc Fgindimk`, jut misd tfg nrgy hdttig` hmtg-rlmi crdh tfls idemtldk emk jg `lstlknulsfg` crdh tfg rgst dc tfg kdrtfgrk cilkt.Fg mssgrts tfmt Fgindimk` hmy metumiiy fmvg jggk mk lhpdrtmkt sdureg dc tfg


45/318

:=H

cilkt trmkspdrtg` td tfg kdrtf dc tfg Kgtfgrimk`s `urlkn tfls pgrld` (Jguagr=


46/318

:: C C

fg vmiug tfmt wms mttrljutg` td tfg lhpdrtg` hmtgrlmi emk jg lkcgrrg`crdh tfg wmy suef djogets wgrg usg` dr trgmtg`. ^g fmvg gxmhpigs dc cilkt mxgstfmt wgrg rgeurrgktiy wrmppg` mk` ukwrmppg`, prgsuhmjiy dk spgelmi deemsldks(^gktlka :2231 ^gktlka/Smk Nlok :226) (Efmptgr >). Dtfgr tddis, suef mssleaigs, fm` jggk edidurg` wltf defrg dr fm` jggk jurkt mt sdhg tlhg lk tfglrgxlstgkeg jgcdrg `gpdsltldk (Efmptgrs 0 mk` >). Uuef jgfmvldur sunngsts tfmttfgsg gxdtle djogets hust fmvg fgi` m spgelmi lhpdrtmkeg cdr tfg rgelplgkts. fgl`gktlclemtldk dc tfg sduregs dc tfg sgigetg` rmw hmtgrlmis ls tfgrgcdrg m vgry lh-pdrtmkt hgmks dc rgedkstruetlkn kdt dkiy tfg lktgrmetldk spfgrg dc prgflstdrlesdelgtlgs, jut misd cdr m jgttgr uk`grstmk`lkn dc pmst l`gdidnlgs.

Mkdtfgr lssug rgimtg` td lhpdrtg` cilkt ls tfmt dc tfg hgmks dc trmkspdrt?wfd cgtefg` dr emrrlg` tfls hmtgrlmi mk` lk wfmt stmtg wms tfg hmtgrlmi trmks-pdrtg` (Iduwg Addlohmks/Sgrfmrt :22>)4 fg imttgr qugstldk emk jg m``rgssg`jy stu`ylkn tfg `gjltmng? tfg prgsgkeg dc prdùetldk wmstg dc m spgelcle rmwhmtgrlmi, suef ms edrgs, `gedrtlemtldk cimags, edrg prgpmrmtldk dr edrg rgouvgkm-tldk plgegs, lk`lemtgs tfmt tfg djoget wms kdt lhpdrtg` lk clklsfg` stmtg. ^fgrgkd suef hmtgrlmi ls cduk`, wg emk mssuhg tfmt tfls hmtgrlmi wms kdt idemiiy

akmppg`. Lc wg `d clk` prdùetldk wmstg, tfg gxdtle rmw hmtgrlmi wms ilagiylhpdrtg` ms kdùigs dr sdhgtlhgs hmyjg ms prgpmrg` edrgs dr jimkas mk` suj-sgqugktiy cimag` idemiiy.

fg clrst qugstldk, jy wfdhg mk` jy wfmt hgmks wms tfg hmtgrlmi trmks-pdrtg`, ls mihdst lhpdssljig td mkswgr.Gvgk tfdunf wg emk sgg tfg gk`-rgsuit dcidkn-`lstmkeg edktmets lk tfg cdrh dc gxdtle cilkt, gstmjilsflkn tfg metumi hmk-kgr lk wflef tfgsg cdrglnk cilkts trmvgiig` merdss m `lstmkeg dc sdhgtlhgs fuk-`rg`s dc alidhgtrgs, ls huef hdrg `lccleuit. Lt ls pdssljig tfmt prgflstdrle nrdupsdr sgnhgkts tfgrgdc (tmsa nrdups), odurkgyg` td dtfgr rgnldks lk dr`gr td gs-tmjilsf mk` hmlktmlk idkn-`lstmkeg sdelmi edktmets. Lk tfg edursg dc tfgsg trmvgismk` lktgrmetldks, rmw hmtgrlmis edui` misd fmvg jggk djtmlkg`. fls ghjg``g`

prdeurghgkt, ms lt emk jg emiig`, fms jggk `deuhgktg` cdr vmrldus gtfkdnrmpfl-emiiy akdwk sdelgtlgs (Jurtdk =


47/318

:5H

dc cilkt, fms prdpdsg` m `gtmlig` sefghg edkegrklkn wflef prd`uets sfg wdui`gxpget td clk` mt `lccgrgkt `lstmkegs crdh tfg cilkt hlkg (@g Nrddtf =


48/318

:0 C C

Cln. :.7 @lgrgkt typg dcedrgs? m. twd jim`g edrgs dc tfggmriy Kgdiltfle Jmkàgrmhlaeuiturg, sgedk`mrliy usg` msfmhhgr stdkg, gxghpilcylknm flnfiy stmk`mr`lzg` rgùe-tldk sgqugkeg1 edrgs crdh tfgJrdkzg Mng sltg dc Plgi-Hg`gi,liiustrmtlkn m hdrg dppdr-tuklstle rgùetldk tgefklqug(semig =?=).

m

j


49/318

:7H

dc tfg edrg jgcdrg metumi prdùetldk emk stmrt. Hlstmags mrg gmsliy hm`g ùrlkntfg prdegss dc edrg prgpmrmtldk mk` lrrgnuimrltlgs lk tfg rmw hmtgrlmi mk` mkyakmpplkn hlstmags hust jg `gmit wltf. fgsg tgefklqugs wgrg ghjg``g` lk tfgakmpplkn trm`ltldk, jut wgrg misd, td sdhg gxtgkt, m`mptg` jy tfg l`ldsykermtlestyigs dc lk`lvlùmi akmppgrs. Mctgr tfg jmsle jim`gs wgrg hm`g, tfg jimkas mswg emii tfgh, wgrg tfgk curtfgr rgtduefg` td prdùeg m vmrlgty dc tddis. Lt lslhpdrtmkt td kdtg tfg edkstmkey mk` gxtgkt dc tfls rgtdueflkn jgemusg tfls lslk`lemtlvg jdtf dc tfg saliis dc tfg akmppgr mk` tfg tlhg lkvgstg` lk tfg djoget.Lc mgstfgtle mspgets mrg dc kd lhpdrtmkeg mk` cuketldkmilty ls tfg hmlk hdtlvm-tldk cdr hmalkn tfg tddi, tfgk wg crgqugktiy clk` tfmt ilttig tlhg, gccdrt mk` saliiwms lkvgstg` lk lts prdùetldk? lkcgrldr rmw hmtgrlmi wms usg` mk` tfg kdùigwms rgùeg` jy, cdr gxmhpig, tfg jlpdimr tgefklqug, m tgefklqug tfmt prdùegsstrmlnft g`ngs lk m sfdrt tlhg mk` wltfdut huef gccdrt.

Egrtmlk tgefkdidnlemi mttrljutgs `gghg` rgigvmkt wltf rgspget td mgstfgtlesmk` tfg tlhg mk` saliis lkvgstg`, wgrg rgedr`g` systghmtlemiiy lk dur rgsgmref.fgsg lkeiu`g` tfg alk` mk` mhdukt dc edrtgx mk` tfg gvl`gkeg cdr fmctlkn.Dtfgr tgefkdidnlemi mttrljutgs suef ms tfg typg dc pgreussldk (fmr`, sdct, dr

jlpdimr), tfg rgnuimrlty dc tfg djoget mk` tfg qumilty dc tfg rgtduef wgrg dkiystu`lg` dk smhpigs dc tfg tddis dr wgrg kdtg` lk mk lhprgssldklstle hmkkgr.

:.5.: Pypd-hdrpfdidny

ypdidny ls gssgktlmi td stmk`mr` mrefmgdidnlemi prmetleg? wg mii akdw dur rgim-tlvg `mtlkn sgqugkegs jmsg` dk tfg styig dc m sgrlgs dc tddis `gghg` efmrmetgrlstlecdr m spgelcle pgrld` dr mrefmgdidnlemi euiturg. Utyig ls tfus jgilgvg` td rgcigeteuiturmi l`gktlty, mk lssug tfmt wlii jg `lseussg` hdrg cuiiy lk Efmptgr 3. L wliikdt `wgii gxtgkslvgiy dk tfg lssug dc typdidny fgrg jgemusg lt ls kdt tfg cdeus dctfls jdda mk` jgemusg hmky typdidnlgs mrg edkstruets dc lk`lvlùmi mrefmgdid-

nlsts tfmt hmy fmvg fm` ilttig rgigvmkeg td tfg hmagrs mk` usgrs dc tfg djogets (sgg^fltg gt mi.=>1 ^flttmagrgt mi.=


50/318

:3 C C

JZ

JZJZ

JZ

Cln. :.3 Pfg vmrldus typgs dclhpighgkts dk wflef wgmrtrmegs crdh m usg ms strlag-

m-ilnfts wgrg sggk, mii crdhtfg Hl``ig Kgdiltfle sltg dc

Ueflpiul`gk. Pfls liiustrmtgstfg crletldk jgtwggk m cuke-tldkmi mk` m strletiy typdhdr-pfdidnlemi eimsslemt ldk. Pflsprdjigh pgrtmlks gspgelmiiy tdtddi typgs wltf m cuketldkmilhpilemtldk ilag sleaig jim`gsmk` strlag-m-ilnfts (semig =?=).

JZ

JZJZ

JZ

JZ JZ

JZ

JZ

JZJZ

JZ


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:>H

mk` wgrg tfus flnfiy vlsljig. Kdt dkiy wgrg tfgy hm`g dc mgstfgtlemiiy pigmslknrmw hmtgrlmis dr stdkgs wltf gxdtle drlnlks, tfgy misd `lspimy m flnf igvgi dc tgef-klemi saliis mk` akdwig`ng. Lk edktrmst, tddi typgs tfmt prg`dhlkmktiy rgimtg`td `dhgstle tmsas, suef ms sermpgrs mk` rgtduefg` cimags, wgrg crgqugktiy hm`gcrdh idemi rmw hmtgrlmis dc lkcgrldr qumilty, wgrg prdùeg` lk mk m` fdecmsfldk,mk` imeag` m stmk`mr`lzg` sfmpg. fls lssug ls `wgit updk huef hdrg lk tflsjdda, jut tfg mjdvg hmags eigmr wfy mii tddis tfmt wgrg gxmhlkg` cdr trmegs dcwgmr mk` rgslùg misd wgrg typdidnlemiiy eimsslclg`.

:.0 Pfg ilcg dc tfg djoget? cuketldkmi mkmiysls

:.0.= Lktrdùetldk

fg rgsuits crdh tfg cuketldkmi mkmiysls dc cilkt tddis edkstltutg tfg jmeajdkgdc tfls jdda mk` metumiiy prdvl`g gssgktlmi `mtm td uk`grstmk` tfg rdig dc cilkttddis lk Kgdiltfle mk` Jrdkzg Mng sdelgty. Wktli tfg gmriy =2s, tfgrg wmsilttig lktgrgst lk tfg cuketldk dc tddis. Crdh tfg pgrspgetlvg dc tfg `dhlkmkt

euiturg-flstdrlemi mpprdmef mrtgcmets wgrg edksl`grg` ms lk`gx cdsslis, usg` tdgstmjilsf tfg efrdkdidnlemi sgqugkeg mk` td `gclkg mrefmgdidnlemi euiturgs. Rmstfuhmk jgfmvldur wms dkiy dc sgedk`mry lktgrgst uktli tfg m`vgkt dc tfg KgwMrefmgdidny lk tfg =


52/318

:6 C C

emsldkmiiy m =2% FEi sdiutldk, cdiidwg` jy m =2% ADF sdiutldk wms usg` tdrghdvg rgslùgs tfmt lktgrcgrg` wltf tfg `gserlptldk mk` lktgrprgtmtldk dc pdilsfmk` strlmtldks. Cdr tfg hdst pmrt, fdwgvgr, lhpighgkts wgrg dkiy eigmkg` wltfmiedfdi lk dr`gr td rghdvg clkngr nrgmsg.

:.0.:.: Zgslùg mkmiysls

fg `gtgetldk dc mky rghkmkts dc edktmet hmtgrlmi wms edksl`grg` gxtrghgiylhpdrtmkt mk` mii tddis wgrg stu`lg` cdr tfg prgsgkeg dc suef rgslùgs. Zgslùgscduk` dk tfg cilkt lhpighgkts lkeiu`g trmegs dc (jlref jmra) tmr, defrg, sdhg-tlhgs shmii crmnhgkts dc pyrltg mk` dtfgr hlkgrmi hmtgrlmis. Drnmkle rghmlks,ilag jidd` dr dtfgr mklhmi tlssugs wgrg kdt cduk`. Utmlks suspgetg` dc jglkntrmegs dc jidd` wgrg tgstg` jy hgmks dc Fmghmstlx strlps. Hdrgdvgr, tfg rgslùgdk m `dzgk tddis wms tgstg` jy lhhukdidnlemi hgtfd`s td efgea cdr prdtglk(^miils/DEdkkdr =


53/318

: M vlsumi edhpmrlsdkdc mrefmgdidnlemi mk` gxpgrl-

hgktmiiy djtmlkg` trmegs dcwgmr ilgs mt tfg jmsls dc durlkcgrgkegs dk tddi cuketldk?m. gxpgrlhgkt wltf emrvlknjdkg1 j. gxpgrlhgktmi trmegscrdh edktmet wltf jdkg (:22x)1e. trmegs dk m mag crdh tfgSimmr`lkngk sltg dc FgagilkngkLLL (:22x).

m

72 uh

72 uh


54/318

52 C C

fypdtfgtlemi gxpimkmtldks mk` lkel`gkt ilnft hlerdsedpy mk` stgrgdhlerdsedpgmkmiysls. Lk tfls wmy lt wms pdssljig td rgimtg twd dr hdrg zdkgs wltf usg-wgmrmk` rgsl`ug mk` td mrrlvg mt stmtghgkts mjdut tfg `lccgrgkt stmngs dc tfg usg-ilcg dc cilkt djogets. fls ls m sdhgwfmt `lccgrgkt mpprdmef crdh tfg trm`ltldkmidkg wflef wms vgry huef jmsg` dk `gtgrhlklkn tfg kuhjgr dc usg` zdkgs, tfgrmkng dc edktmet hmtgrlmis (metlvltlgs) rgprgsgktg` mk` tfg rgimtldksflp td tdditypdidny (Smk Nlok =


55/318

5=H

mk` prmetleg edui` hgmk tfmt wg mrg lkciletlkn cmr hdrg `mhmng dk dur gx-pgrlhgktmi tddis tfmk dur saliig` prgflstdrle mngkts wdui` gvgr fmvg `dkg. flswms jrdunft fdhg td hg vgry cdregcuiiy wfgk wdralkn tdngtfgr wltf mk gxpg-rlgkeg` jutefgr wfd edui` jutefgr mk gktlrg `ggr wltf dkg cilkt jim`g wfligfmr`iy `mhmnlkn lt, wfgrgms hy jutefgrlkn jim`g wms `uii mk` vlrtumiiy usgigssmctgr dkiy fmic m `ggr (Smk Nlok =


56/318

5: C C

rgnmr`g` ms lktgrprgtmtldks, mk` kdt ms egrtmlktlgs. Ms suef, stmtghgkts mjduttfg cuketldk dc mkelgkt lhpighgkts mrg vgry slhlimr td hmky dtfgr mrefmgdidnl-emi lktgrprgtmtldks ilag tfg rgedkstruetldk dc m fdusg pimk dk tfg jmsls dc tfgsfmpg, clii mk` hgtrlemi efmrmetgrlstles dc tfg pdstfdigs. fgy mii rgqulrg m igmpdc cmltf.

Udhgtlhgs tfgrg mrg eigmr trmegs dc usg-wgmr dk mrefmgdidnlemi cilkt lhpig-hgkts, jut wg fmvg kdt jggk mjig td ergmtg mk gxpgrlhgktmi hmtef (ygt). fghdst cmhdus gxmhpig ls pdilsf :5, m typg dc trmeg tfmt wg crgqugktiy gkeduktgrlk tfg edktgxt dc Ilkgmr Jmk`agrmhla mssghjimngs. Lk cmet mky lhpighgkts wltfmk djtusgiy mknig` stur`y g`ng dc m igkntf idkngr tfmk 5-0 eh sggh lkvmrlmjiytd `lspimy tfgsg trmegs. ^g akdw tfg emusmi hdtldk lkvdivg` ls m trmksvgrsg dkgmk` wg misd akdw sdhg dc tfg prdpgrtlgs tfg edktmet hmtgrlmi hust fmvg fm`,jut wg stlii fmvg kd l`gm wfmt gxmetiy emusg` tfgsg typlemi trmegs dc wgmr, `gspltggxtgkslvg gxpidrmtlvg gxpgrlhgktmtldk (Uilvm/Aggigy =


57/318

55H

Lk tfls jdda mk mttghpt ls hm`g td `lccgrgktlmtg jgtwggk cilkt tddis usg` cdrsujslstgkeg metlvltlgs mk` tfdsg rgimtg` td ermcts. Djvldusiy tfls ls kdt miwmyspdssljig. Fdwgvgr, jy edhjlklkn tfg efmrmetgr mk` pdsltldk dc tfg wgmr trmegswltf gtfkdnrmpfle mk` gxpgrlhgktmi lkcdrhmtldk ms wgii ms akdwig`ng dc tfgedktgxt lk wflef tfg tddis wgrg cduk`, lt wms dctgk pdssljig td hmag tfg `lstlke-tldk jgtwggk ermct mk` sujslstgkeg tddis.

:.0.0.5 Pwd dr hdrg usg` zdkgs dk dkg tddi? m tddis jldnrmpfy

Lc twd dr hdrg usg` zdkgs, `lspimylkn `lccgrgkt mttrljutgs, wgrg sggk dk dkgmk` tfg smhg lhpighgkt, wg kgg` td ukrmvgi tfglr rgimtldksflp. Cdur `lccgrgktemtgndrlgs emk jg `lstlknulsfg`? =. tfg tddi wms fmctg`1 :. tfg tddi wms usg` cdrhdrg tfmk dkg metlvlty1 5. tfg `lccgrgkt usg` zdkgs wgrg tfg rgsuit dc m slknigjut edhpigx metlvlty1 0. tfg tddi fm` jggk sujogetg` td spgelmi trgmthgkt mctgrlts usg. Djvldusiy, tfg cdur `lccgrgkt sltumtldks mrg kdt hutumiiy gxeiuslvg. Cdrgxmhpig, jgemusg dc tfg tlhg, gccdrt mk` hmtgrlmis lkvgstg` lktd lt, m fmctg` tddils hdrg ilagiy td fmvg jggk usg` dk hdrg tfmk dkg edktmet hmtgrlmi, mk` lt edui`

misd fmvg jggk sujogetg` td spgelmi trgmthgkt updk `lsemr`. ^g kgg` td emrgcuiiystu`y tfg `lccgrgkt usg` zdkgs `lspimylkn trmegs mk`/dr rgslùg lk rgimtldk td tfgdvgrmii hdrpfdidny dc tfg tddi. ^fgrg pdssljig wg hust idda cdr strmtlnrmpflelkcdrhmtldk tfmt emk prdvl`g us wltf eiugs mjdut tfg sgqugkeg dc trmegs mk`rgslùg. ^g misd kgg` td tmag lktd meedukt tfg edktgxt lk wflef tfg tddi wms`gpdsltg`? lc mk djoget wms pimeg` lk m fdmr` dr lk m nrmvg lt ls hdrg ilagiy tdfmvg jggk sujogetg` td spgelmi trgmthgkt. Lk m``ltldk td selgktlcle rgmsdklkn, wgmisd kgg` td usg dur lhmnlkmtldk, cugiig` jy gtfkdnrmpfle meedukts mk` gvgkdur dwk gxpgrlgkegs. Lk tfls wmy, wg mrg mjig td nd jgydk` m slhpig tmjuimtldkdc edktmet hmtgrlmis mk` hdtldks. mjigs dc ghplrlemi `mtm kgg` td jg trmksimtg`lktd stmtghgkts mjdut fuhmk jgfmvldur.

:.0.0.0 Lktgrprgtlkn tmjigs dc rgsuits

Dkeg tfg mkmiysgs fmvg jggk pgrcdrhg` mk` tfg lk`lvlùmi tddis fmvg jggk lk-tgrprgtg` lk tgrhs dc tfglr usg-ilcg, tfg kgxt stgp ls td mssgss tfg usg-wgmr rgsuitscrdh mk gktlrg sltg. M hmodr hgtfd`didnlemi lssug ls tfg gxtgkt td wflef wg emkmttrljutg slnklclemkeg td tfg mjsgkeg dc spgelcle trmegs. Eruelmi cdr tfls lssug lstfg `gnrgg dc prgsgrvmtldk. ^g fmvg td gstlhmtg wflef typgs dc trmegs mrg ilagiytd jg idst edksl`grlkn tfg gxtgkt dc tfg pdst-`gpdsltldkmi surcmeg hd`lclemtldksprgsgkt. Cdr gxmhpig, trmegs crdh edktmet wltf nrggk pimkts mk` crdh euttlknhgmt hmy kdt miwmys jg prgsgrvg` mk` mrg ilagiy td jg uk`gr-rgprgsgktg` (Smk`gk @rlgs/Smk Nlok =


58/318

50 C C

:.7 Edktgxtumilzlkn tfg `mtm

fg imst stgp ls, dc edursg, td put tfg `mtm edkegrklkn tfg ilcg-flstdry dc tfgsglhpighgkts lk tfglr mrefmgdidnlemi edktgxt. Dkiy jy `dlkn sd emk wg djtmlklkslnft lktd tfg imst pfmsg dc tfg djogets jldnrmpfy? lts idss, `gpdsltldk dr `ls-emr`. Idss ls uklktgktldkmi mk` edui` wgii gxpimlk tfg ujlqultdus prgsgkeg dc cdr

gxmhpig slknig mrrdwfgm`s merdss tfg imk`sempg. Jut idss emk misd deeur wltflktfg `wgiilkn? djogets hmy jg meel`gktmiiy `lspimeg` dr swgpt mwmy kgvgr td jgcduk` mnmlk. Djvldusiy wg hmy misd fmvg td `gmi wltf djogets tfmt mrg slhpiyigct jgflk` lk tfglr idemtldk dc usg? tfg prlhmry rgcusg lk Ueflccgrs tgrhs. flsls cdr gxmhpig tfg emsg wltf tfg sltg dc Fgagilkngk LLL wfgrg cilkt tddis mrg miiedkegktrmtg` mrduk` tfg fgmrtf mrgms (Smk Nlok =


59/318

57L

Efmptgr 5

Lktrdùelkn tfg `mtmjmsgs? sgigetldk,

efrdkdidny mk` sdureg erltlelsh

5.= Ugigetldk

Lk dr`gr td m``rgss tfg qugstldk dc tfg `lmefrdkle efmkngs lk tfg wmy pgdpig`gmit wltf cilkt mk` tfg hgmklkn tfls hmtgrlmi fm` cdr pmst pgdpigs, L kgg`g` tdsmhpig kdt dkiy sltgs `mtg` crdh `lccgrgkt pgrld`s mk` rgnldks, jut misd `grlv-lkn crdh `lccgrgkt edktgxts? sgttighgkt sltgs, jurlmi edktgxts mk` `gpdsltldks.

Mk lhpdrtmkt erltgrldk cdr sgigetldk wms tfg lkfgrgkt lkcdrhmtldkmi vmiug dc msltg dr clk`, tfmt ls, wfgtfgr lt wms sgeurgiy `mtg` mk` fm` pdtgktlmi lk tgrhs dcgxpgetg` lkcdrhmtldk.

Djvldusiy, lk metumi prmetleg tfgsg erltgrlm wgrg kdt tfg dkiy dkgs `letmt-lkn tfg sgigetldk dc sltgs. Gvgk tfdunf pmilhpsgst sltgs wgrg kdt prgcgrrg` cdrstu`y, sdhg wgrg lkeiu`g` jgemusg tfgy wgrg prgvldusiy stu`lg` lk tfg edktgxtdc edhhgrelmi prdogets. @ug td imrng-semig edkstruetldk metlvltlgs mk` rgeimhm-tldk dc gktlrg imk`sempgs @utef clgi` mrefmgdidny lk tfg imst tgk ygmrs fms jggk`dhlkmtg` jy rgseug gxemvmtldks. Ugvgrmi gxemvmtldk prdogets dc Hgsdiltfle mk`Kgdiltfle sgttighgkt sltgs wgrg uk`grtmagk lk wflef usg-wgmr mkmiysls dc mrtg-cmets wms m pmrt. Djvldusiy tfgsg `mtm wgrg lkeiu`g` lk tfg `mtmjmsg jut tfg

sgigetldk dc tfgsg sltgs wms kdt `letmtg` jy selgktlcle hdtlvmtldks jut jy tfgedkstruetldk metlvltlgs dc idemi, rgnldkmi dr kmtldkmi mutfdrltlgs. fg rgsuit lstfmt sdhg mrgms mk` pgrld`s mrg jgttgr rgprgsgktg` tfmk dtfgrs.

fg sgigetldk dc cilkt djogets crdh jurlmis mk` `gpdsltldks wms misd tfg rgsuitdc hdrg rgmsdks tfmk oust selgktlcle dkgs. L`gmiiy, L lktgk`g` td fmvg m efrdkd-idnlemi mk` ngdnrmpflemi edvgrmng jut, dc edursg, jurlmis mk` `gpdsltldks mrgkdt akdwk crdh hmky mrgms. Jdtf jurlmis mk` `gpdsltldks mrg qultg rmrg lk tfgwgtimk`s, wflig tfgy mrg hdrg prdhlkgkt lk tfg upimk`s. fls ls eigmriy tfg rg-suit dc vlsljlilty? ùg td gxtgkslvg Fdidegkg sg`lhgktmtldk lk tfg idwgr-iylknwgstgrk mk` kdrtfgrk fmic dc tfg eduktry, rgedkkmlssmkeg metlvltlgs mrg rgstrletg`td edrlkn. Hdrgdvgr, jgemusg dc tfls imea dc vlsljlilty mhmtgur mrefmgdidnlsts mrg

huef igss metlvg lk tfg Fdidegkg sg`lhgktmtldk mrgm. Lt ls dkiy wfgrg imrng-semig rgeimhmtldks fmvg tmagk pimeg, suef ms lk tfg mrgm dc ^gst-Crlgsimk` lk tfgprdvlkeg dc Kddr`-Fdiimk`, tfmt wg akdw dc kdt dkiy sgttighgkts jut misd dc`gpdsltldks mk` jurlmi edktgxts. Cdr gxmhpig tfg imrng edkegktrmtldk dc ergsegktsfmpg` sleaigs lk ^gst-Crlgsimk` hust jg sggk lk tfls ilnft (Efmptgr 6).

Lk edktrmst, dur akdwig`ng dc tfg cilkt crdh tfg upimk`s ls imrngiy ùg tdtfg metlvltlgs dc idemi ediigetdrs. Lk cmet, ms fms jggk sfdwk cdr tfg rgnldk dcCrlgsimk`, lt ls crgqugktiy pdssljig td rgimtg m edkegktrmtldk dc clk`s td tfg me-tldk rm`lus dc dkg pmrtleuimr metlvg mhmtgur mrefmgdidnlst (Cdaagks =


60/318

53 C C

Cln. 5.= Uurcmeg k` dc mUemk`lkmvlmk `mnngr crdh^gstgkgs, @rgktfg (igkntf:6,5 eh). Kdtg tfg rghkmkt dcedrtgx dk tfg ju gk`.


61/318

5>L

Rgmt `lnnlkn lk tfg =


62/318

56 C C

Ultg Rgrld` / EuiturgKd. dk hmp

n. 5.5m

Pdtmi lk

@mtmjmsg

Pdtmi W M

`dkg

tdtmi wltf

trmegs

Fmr`lkxvgi`-Nlgssgk`mh - @g Jrulk (pfmsg =) Hgsdiltfle = 560 => =:

Fmr`lkxvgi`-Nlgssgk`mh - Rdi`grwgn (pfmsg =) Hgsdiltfle = =>:77 =27 36

Fmr`lkxvgi`-Nlgssgk`mh - Rdi`grwgn (pfmsg =/:) Hgsdiltfle = =23: := =3

Jgga-Hdigkstggn IJA : =>20 535 ==3

Gisidd IJA 5 020 020 :5>

Gisidd - Zlvlusstrmmt IJA 5 :>3 2 =>2 =72

Hmmstrleft - Zmk`wloea Zssgk 7 >2 >2 0>

Jrmk`wloa (pfmsg =) Uwlctgrjmkt = 3 5: > 5

Fmr`lkxvgi`-Nlgssgk`mh - @g Jrulk (pfmsg :) Uwlctgrjmkt = = =2>

Fmzgk`dka (pfmsg :) Uwlctgrjmkt : > = = =

Uwlctgrjmkt - sltg : Uwlctgrjmkt : 6 =6<

Uwlctgrjmkt - sltg 5 Uwlctgrjmkt : 6 6:6 72 :5

Uwlctgrjmkt - sltg 7= Uwlctgrjmkt : 6 5 5 5

Nmssgi Fmzgk`dka < = = =

Fmzgk`dka (pfmsg 5) Fmzgk`dka > =7 =7 =:

Zloswloa - M0 Fmzgk`dka =2 0 0 5

Ueflpiul`gk - Fmrkmsefpdi`gr Fmzgk`dka == 7=23 5>5 =50

^mtgrlkngk 0 Fmzgk`dka =: =237 =>< 63

Zloswloa - \pgkjurn - Ultg 0 Fmzgk`dka =5 =0= =0= >=

Jmrgk`rgeft - _ul`pdi`gr (SI) Simmr`lkngk =0 0 0 :

Fgagilkngk LLL Simmr`lkngk =7 55> 55> =53

Igl`sefgk`mh Simmr`lkngk =3 >5 >5 :>

Nrdklkngk - Ddstgrslkngi PZJ => 36 36 5: 50 :>

@g Jdngk - sltg 52 Imtg Kgdiltfle / Hl`ìg Jrdkzg Mng =< 7:0 :2 =7

@g Jdngk - sltg 07 Imtg Kgdiltfle / Hl`ìg Jrdkzg Mng =< 0:= :2 =5

Jddn E-Kddr` Gmriy Jrdkzg Mng :2 65 65 7:

@g Jdngk - sltg :6-: Gmriy Jrdkzg Mng / Hl`ìg Jrdkzg Mng =< :3 7 5

@g Jdngk - sltg :6-0 Gmriy Jrdkzg Mng / Hl`ìg Jrdkzg Mng =< :5 5 5

Sdgtmaagr Gmriy Jrdkzg Mng / Hl`ìg Jrdkzg Mng := =5=: 03 55

@g Jdngk - sltg :6-5 Hl`ìg Jrdkzg Mng =< => 0 5

Ilgk`gk Hl`ìg Jrdkzg Mng :: => => ==

Jmrgk`rgeft - _ul`pdi`gr (JM) Jrdkzg Mng =0 7> 7> :=

Fmzgk`dka (JM) Jrdkzg Mng > = = =

Imng Jida Hl`ìg Lrdk Mng :5 =2 =2 3

00


63/318

5


64/318

02 C C

(Smk Nlossgigt mi.:22:). Jgcdrg stmrtlkn hy Rf@ prdoget lk =


65/318

0=L

tfls wms lk kd wmy edhpmrmjig td tfg tdtmi kuhjgr dc clk`s crdh tfgsg sltgs(lk tfg tfdusmk`s). fg smhpigs usumiiy lkeiu`g` ms hmky hd`lclg` tddis mk`ukhd`lclg` jim`gs ms pdssljig, suppighgktg` jy m shmii smhpig dc ukrgtduefg`cimags. Dkiy tfg sltgs gxmhlkg` lk tfg edursg dc hy tfgsls prdoget (Smk Nlok=


66/318

0: C C

5.5.5 Pmpfdkdhlemi prdegs sgs mccgetlkn cilkt surcmegs

Smrldus tmpfdkdhlemi prdegssgs fmvg mccgetg` cilkt tddis mctgr tfglr `gpdsltldkdr idss, rgsuitlkn lk mk mrrmy dc sd-emiig` pdst-`gpdsltldkmi surcmeg hd`lclem-tldks (fgrgmctgr crgqugktiy mjjrgvlmtg` td p`sh ) (cln. 5.:). fls lkvdivgs jdtfhgefmklemi mk` efghlemi surcmeg mitgrmtldks. Hgefmklemi mitgrmtldks lkeiu`g

suef pfgkdhgkm ms mjrmsldk, crdst `mhmng mk` sermtefgs crdh tfg pmsslkn dc mpidunf. fls `mhmng deeurs mctgr tfg djoget gk`s up lk tfg nrduk`. Gxemvmtldkmk` pdst-gxemvmtldk `mhmng emk jg vgry prdhlkgkt ms wgii (cln. 5.5). fls lk-eiu`gs trmegs dc hgtmi crdh slgvlkn, trdwgi hmras, mk` spilktgrlkn mk` rduk`lkn`ug td idkn-tgrh stdrmng mk` fmk`ilkn. Hdrgdvgr, gspgelmiiy husguh plgegscrgqugktiy `lspimy mk mrrmy dc imrng rgnlstrmtldk kuhjgrs, trmegs dc efmia mk`nrmpfltg tfmt wgrg mppilg` td cmeliltmtg `rmwlkn clkgiy rgtduefg` lhpighgkts,niug, pimstlelkg, Smsgilkg, imequgr, wfltg pmlkt, stleagrs mk` tmpg. Deemsldkmiiy ltgktmlis m vgrltmjig gxemvmtldk td mrrlvg mt tfg drlnlkmi surcmeg dc tfg djoget.

^fgtfgr wg sfdui` sgg jurklkn ms m pdst-`gpdslt ldkmi hd`lclemtldk `gpgk`sdk tfg edktgxt? wg wlii sgg imtgr lk tfls jdda tfmt tfgrg ls mhpig gvl`gkeg dc tfg

lktgktldkmi jurklkn dc cilkt djogets lk tfg edktgxt dc rltumi prmetlegs ilag tfdsgsurrduk`lkn jurlmis (Efmptgrs 3 mk` >). Cilkt tddis hmy misd jg gxpdsg` td clrg

m

e

g

j

`

c

Cln. 5.: Smrldus pdst-`gpdsl-tldkmi surcmeg hd`lemtldks? m.edidur pmtlkm (=22x)1 j. wfltgpmtlkm (=22x)1 e. jimea pmtlkm(:22x)1 `. nidss pmtlkm (=22x)1g. mjrmsldk trmegs crdh trmh-pilkn (:22x)1 c. pimkt-rddtnidss (=22x).

=22 uh

72 uh


67/318

05L

lk tfg edursg dc rgtddilkn mk` fmctlkn prmetlegs (Aggigy =


68/318

00 C C

tgr gxpdsurg td sukilnft (Smk Nlok =


69/318

07L

fliis ;522 h

Simmr`lkngk nrdup

PZJ euiturg

Utglk nrdup

Uglkg Dlsg Hmrkg euiturg

fliis ;522 h

Jmk`agrmhlaeuiturg

sykefrdkdus Hgsdiltfle

fliis ;522 h

Zssgk euiturg

Jilequy nrdup

Uwlctgrjmkt = mk` :

fliis ;522 h

Uwlctgrjmkt 5 mk` 0

Hlefgisjgrn euiturg

Fmzgk`dka nrdup

cilkt hlkg

fliis ;522 h

Cln. 5.0 @lstrljutldk hmps dctfg vmrldus mrefmgdidnlemi eui-turgs rgprgsgktg` lk tfls jdda?m. Gmriy Kgdiltfle M (7522-0


70/318

03 C C

Mrtgcmets crdh jurlmi edktgxt mrg tfgrgcdrg crgqugktiy lk rgmsdkmjig edk`ltldkgvgk lc tfgy fm` jggk ghjg``g` lk m smk`y hmtrlx.

5.5.0 Ultgs stu`lg`? efrdkdidnlemi edktgxt mk` edvgrmng

Crdh tfg pgrld` dc tfg gmrilgst cmrhgrs, tfdsg dc tfg Ilkgmr Jmk`agrmhla eui-

turg (IJA), m kuhjgr dc sgttighgkt sltgs wgrg stu`lg` tfrdunf tfg ygmrs. fgsglkeiu`g Jgga-Hdigkstggn (Smk Nlok =


71/318

0>L

fg Hl``ig Kgdiltfle M (0522-5022 JE) ls efmrmetgrlzg` jy tfg prgsgkegdc Hlefgisjgrn sltgs dk tfg smk`y upimk`s dc tfg sdutf-gmstgrk pmrt dc tfgKgtfgrimk`s mk` tfg Fmzgk`dka-nrdup lk tfg Zflkg/Hgusg `gitm (cln. 5.0e).Lk tfg kdrtf wg clk` sltgs crdh tfg imtgr Uwlctgrjmkt pgrld`. Hlefgisjgrn sltgsmrg rgimtlvgiy rmrg lk tfg Kgtfgrimk`s. Lk tfg Zflkg/Hgusg `gitm vmrldus wgt-imk` sltgs dc tfg Fmzgk`dka-nrdup wgrg lkeiu`g`? tfg typg sltg Fmzgk`dka(Jlgkgkcgi` =


72/318


73/318

0


74/318

72 C C

dus pgrld`s rgprgsgktg` lk tfls stu`y emkkdt jg `dkg jy dkg pgrsdk lk m sfdrttlhg pgrld` mk` L fm` td edktgkt hysgic wltf m supgrclelmi dvgrvlgw dc cilkt usglk tfg imtgr prgflstdry.

Cdr sdhg pgrld`s, suef ms tfg Zssgk mk` Hlefgisjgrn pgrld` ùrlkn wfleftlhg tfg mrgm dc tfg prgsgkt-`my Kgtfgrimk`s edkstltutg` dkiy tfg crlkng dc tfgsgeuiturmi nrdups, wg fmvg vgry ilttig lkcdrhmtldk. fg IJA pgrld`, lk edktrmst,ls wgii-rgprgsgktg` wltf jdtf sgttighgkt mk` cukgrmry `mtm. fg smhg pgrtmlkstd tfg Fmzgk`dka-nrdup. Crdh tfg jgnlkklkn dc tfg ZJ pgrld` dkwmr`s durakdwig`ng ls imrngiy jmsg` dk tfg jurlmi edktgxt, wfgrgms tfg lkcdrhmtldk crdhsgttighgkts ls igss `gtmlig`. Lk tfg imst `gem`g hdrg sgttighgkts crdh tfg Jgmagrtlhgs fmvg jggk gxemvmtg` jut dur akdwig`ng ls stlii vgry ru`lhgktmry mkìlhltg` td sdhg wgii-lkvgstlnmtg` mrgms. Curtfgrhdrg, tfg sgttighgkts wgrg gx-emvmtg` lk tfg edktgxt dc smivmng dpgrmtldks, sd tfgy mrg edkegktrmtg` lk mrgmswfgrg imrng-semig juli`lkn dr rgeimhmtldk prdogets wgrg uk`grtmagk. Lk ngkgrmi,hmky dc tfg sltgs tfmt mrg idemtg` dk tfg smk`y upimk`s mrg kdt vgry lkcdrhmtlvgjgemusg dc tfglr pmilhpsgst kmturg. ^fgrgms eigmk sgttighgkt `mtm crdh tfgupimk`s mrg imealkn, wg `d fmvg m huef jgttgr akdwig`ng dc jurlmi edktgxts lk

tfls mrgm. Gxmetiy tfg dppdsltg ls tfg emsg cdr tfg wgtimk`s? wg fmvg wgii gxem-vmtg` strmtlclg` sltgs wltf ndd` efrdkdidnlemi rgsdiutldk jut huef igss gvl`gkegcdr jurlmi prmetlegs mk` `gpdsltldks. Lt ls tfgrgcdrg `lccleuit td edhpmrg tfgsgtwd mrgms.

fgrg mrg, fdwgvgr, m cgw wlk`dws td tfg pmst tfrdunf wflef wg emk nmlk milttig hdrg tfmk m ru`lhgktmry pleturg. Cdr gxmhpig, qultg m jlt ls akdwk mjduttfg IJA fmjltmtldk dc tfg Nrmgtfgl`g Rimtgmu. Mkdtfgr wgii-rgsgmrefg` mrgm ls@gicimk` wfgrg wg fmvg m kuhjgr dc sltgs dc tfg Fmzgk`dka-nrdup, lkeiu`lknm eghgtgry, wflef wgrg stu`lg` lk `gtmli. fg ZJ deeupmtldk dc tfg @rgktfgpimtgmu lk tfg kdrtfgrk Kgtfgrimk`s ls ygt mkdtfgr gxmhpig.

Lk tfg edursg dc tfg tfghmtle efmptgrs tfmt cdiidw, lssugs dc tmpfdkdhy,

`mtlkn mk` edhpmrmjlilty wlii jg tduefg` updk lk curtfgr `gtmli. Lt ls lktgr-gstlkn td kdtg fdwgvgr, tfmt tfg wgii-rgsgmrefg` Fmzgk`dka hlerd-rgnldk lk@gicimk` fms metumiiy rmlsg` mihdst ms hmky qugstldks ms lt fms mkswgrg` (IduwgAddlohmks :226). Cdrghdst tfls rgsgmref fms hm`g eigmr tfmt mk gkdrhdusmhdukt dc vmrlmtldk emk gxlst jgtwggk sltgs tfmt mrg rdunfiy edktghpdrmkgdusmk` idemtg` wltflk m cgw alidhgtrgs dc gmef dtfgr. fls pgrtmlks td tfg sgigetldkdc rmw hmtgrlmis, tfg prdùetldk dc djogets jut misd td efdlegs hm`g rgnmr`lknsujslstgkeg. Uurprlslkniy, `gspltg tfg gkdrhdus mhdukt dc rgsgmref put lktd tfg@gicimk` sltgs, tfg rgmsdk cdr tfls vmrlmjlilty ls kdt miwmys eigmr. fls sfdws tfmtgvgk wfgk m hlerd-rgnldk ls lktgkslvgiy stu`lg` lt ls stlii vgry `lccleuit td edhgtd nrlps wltf tfg vmrlmjlilty djsgrvg` lk tfg mrefmgdidnlemi rgedr`. Ud, `gspltg

tfg sfdrt-edhlkns dc tfg `mtmjmsg tfmt ilgs mt tfg jmsls dc tfls jdda, tfg `mtmdjtmlkg` mrg kgvgrtfgigss liiuhlkmtlvg mk` mt tlhgs gvgk strlalkn. Gspgelmiiyjgemusg dc tfg m``g` vmiug jrdunft lk jy tfg usg-wgmr mk` rgslùg mkmiysls dc mvgry imrng kuhjgr dc cilkt lhpighgkts crdh m vmrlgty dc edktgxts, tfls rgsgmrefedktrljutgs td m hdrg `gtmlig` pleturg dc tfg sdelmi slnklclemkeg dc cilkt djogetscdr prgflstdrle mngkts.


75/318

7=C

Efmptgr 0

Cilkt mk` cdd`

0.= Lktrdùetldk

Cilkt tddis mrg dctgk sggk ms jglkn eidsgiy ilkag` td sujslstgkeg, gspgelmiiy ùrlkntfg Utdkg Mng. fls hmy jg pmrtlmiiy ùg td tfg cmet tfmt, uktli rgimtlvgiy rgegkt-iy, gxpimkmtdry hd`gis cdr tfls pgrld` dc prgflstdry wgrg imrngiy edkegrkg` wltftgefkdidny mk` sujslstgkeg mk` huef igss wltf sdelmi drnmklzmtldk mk` l`gdi-dny. Mitfdunf tfls fms djvldusiy efmkng` ùrlkn tfg pmst `gem`gs, L wlii stmrthy gxmhlkmtldk dc tfg rdig dc cilkt lk Kgdiltfle mk` Jrdkzg Mng edhhukltlgswltf lts pimeg lk vmrldus sujslstgkeg metlvltlgs.

0.=.= Cdd` ms m sdelmi lssug

Mktfrdpdidnlsts fmvg idkn akdwk tfmt tfg efdleg dc cdd`s vmrlgs nrgmtiy jg-twggk sdelgtlgs. ^fmt dkg sdelgty edksl`grs m `gilemey hmy jg rgnmr`g` ms ut-tgriy lkg`ljig jy mkdtfgr. Lt ls kdt dkiy tfg efdleg dc cdd`, jut misd tfg wmy cdd`ls prdegssg` mk` prgpmrg` tfmt hmy vmry jgtwggk nrdups dc pgdpig. Dkg dc tfgjgst gxmhpigs dc tfls ls tfg `lccgrgkeg jgtwggk tfg wmy tfg Eflkgsg pgdpig efdpup m efleagk, mk` tfg wmy hdst wgstgrk sdelgtlgs `lssget tfglr pduitry. Uuef eui-turmi `lccgrgkegs lk cdd` prdeurghgkt mk` prdegsslkn hmy tfus jg vlsljig lk m

wl`g rmkng dc metlvltlgs, crdh jutefgrlkn td fmrvgstlkn, mk` sfdui` jg rgcigetg`lk tfg tddis usg`.fg euiturmi ghjg`hgkt dc cdd` ndgs gvgk curtfgr tfmk tfg hgrg `lccgrgkegs

lk tfg efdleg dc cdd`s mk` tfg `lccgrgkt wmys lk wflef tfgsg mrg djtmlkg`, prg-pmrg` mk` edksuhg`. Lt ls misd tfg cdd`stuccs tfghsgivgs tfmt mrg crgqugktiy dcnrgmt euiturmi slnklclemkeg (Clsefgr :22:1 Ndd`y =


76/318


77/318

75C

wfgrgms crdh tfg mrefmgdidnlemi rgedr` wg akdw dc wdd`gk spgmrs, wdd`gk mk`jdkg iglstgr prdkns mk` jdkg mk` mktigr fmrpddks (Mk`grsgk =1 Eimra =71Iduwg Addlohmks/Addlstrm :223). fg jdkg pdlkts cduk` lk tfg jurlmi vmuit dcUtglk cdrh mkdtfgr strlalkn gxmhpig (Hd``grhmk =), ms `d cimags dc `lccgrgkt fmr` stdkgs mk`misd jdkg aklvgs (Magrhmk =


78/318

70 C C

edkstltutgs m sujslstgkeg dr m ermct lhpighgkt, gmef emsg kgg`s td jg trgmtg`sgpmrmtgiy, tmalkn lktd meedukt gvl`gkeg crdh gtfkdnrmpfy, gxpgrlhgktmtldkmk` tfg mrefmgdidnlemi edkclnurmtldk lk wflef tfg tddi ls cduk`. Udhg typgs dctddis mrg prgtty strmlnftcdrwmr`. Rdlkts mrg ngkgrmiiy edksl`grg` td jg rgcigetlvgdc fuktlkn metlvltlgs mitfdunf L mh wgii mwmrg tfmt tfgy hmy fmvg pimyg` m rdiglk wmrcmrg mk` misd fm` m rltumi mk` sdelmi slnklclemkeg. Lk cmet, sgvgrmi lkstmkegsmrg akdwk wltflk tfg edkclkgs dc tfg Kgtfgrimk`s dc pdlkts ghjg``g` lk sagi-gtdks, lk`lemtlkn tfglr usg lk vldigkt lktgrmetldk jgtwggk lk`lvlùmis dr nrdups.fg hdst kdtgwdrtfy ls tfg pdlkt cduk` lk m sagigtdk lk tfg Hl`ìg Jrdkzg Mngediigetlvg jurlmi mt ^mssgkmmr (Iduwg Addlohmks :227j). Fdwgvgr, lc cduk` lksgttighgkts, pdlkts mrg edksl`grg` td jg fuktlkn gqulphgkt mk` tfglr prgsgkegls jgilgvg` td jg ùg td fmctlkn mk` rgtddilkn metlvltlgs (Aggigy =


79/318

77C

pdlkts mk` mrrdwfgm`s lktgrefmkngmjiy lk tfls jdda jgemusg tfg shmii slzg dchdst Kgdiltfle mk` Jrdkzg Mng pdlkts hmags lt ilagiy tfmt hdst dc tfgh wgrgmrrdwfgm`s.

Gxpgrlhgkts wltf tfg usg dc mrrdwfgm`s (cln. 0.:) fmvg sfdwk tfmt wgmrtrmegs mrg qultg `lmnkdstle mk` `gvgidp lk rdunfiy twd dc tfg tfrgg sfddtlkn lk-stmkegs (m.d. Clsefgrgt mi.=


80/318

73 C C

0.:.: Pfg mrefmgdidnlemi gvl`gkeg cdr fuktlkn wltf cilkt pdlkts lktfg wgtimk`s

Mrefmgdzddidnlemi gvl`gkeg fms sfdwk tfmt fuktlkn edktrljutg` sujstmktlmiiy tdtfg sujslstgkeg systgh dc wgtimk` edhhukltlgs cmr lktd tfg Kgdiltfle (Jmagis/_gligr :227). Fdwgvgr, tfg kuhjgr dc pdlkts wltf slnks dc wgmr crdh tfg ImtgHgsdiltfle igvgis dc tfg wgtimk` sltgs dc Rdi`grwgn mk` @g Jrulk ls rgimtlvgiyshmii. Lt hmy jg tfmt usg` pdlkts wgrg idst dcc-sltg mk` tfmt wg mrg `gmilkn fgrghdstiy wltf spgelhgks tfmt wgrg usg` td rgpmlr mk` rgtddi mrrdws. Lk edktrmst,tfg sltg dc Fdng Smmrt, `mtg` td tfg vgry gmriy Uwlctgrjmkt euiturg, fms prd`ueg`m imrng kuhjgr dc pdlkts, hdstiy trmpgzgs, hmky dc wflef wltf trmegs dc usg.Dc tfg === pdlkts tfmt wgrg stu`lg` 03 sfdw wgmr trmegs lk`lemtlvg dc m usg msprdogetlig (Rggtgrsgt mi.:22=, p.05). Dtfgr Uwlctgrjmkt sltgs crdh wflef pdlktsfmvg jggk gxmhlkg` `d kdt prd`ueg suef flnf clnurgs fdwgvgr. fg kdrtf-

grk Uwlctgrjmkt euiturg ls efmrmetgrlzg` jy tfg prgsgkeg dc trmpgzgs (@geagrs=


81/318

7>C

gvl`gkeg tfmt tfg typg dc mklhmis fuktg` ls mky `lccgrgkt jgtwggk tfg kdrtfgrkmk` tfg sdutfgrk vmrlmkt dc tfg Uwlctgrjmkt euiturg (Jmagis/_gligr :227). Cdurdc tfg sgvgk Jrmk`wloa pfmsg : pdlkts `lspimyg` lhpmet trmegs.

Rdlkts mrg mjuk`mkt mt tfg Fmzgk`dka sltgs dc tfg hlerd-rgnldk dc @gicimk`mk` tfgy mrg misd crgqugktiy usg`. Cdr gxmhpig mt Ueflpiul`gk mihdst m fuk`rg`,hdstiy trlmknuimr, pdlkts wgrg cduk`, ms wgii ms 0= fmic-prd`uets dc pdlkts. flsmhdukts td =0% dc tfg hd`lclg` tddis. Dc tfg 0= gxmhlkg` cdr trmegs dc usg,=> `lspimyg` trmegs dc wgmr mk` hmky sfdwg` trmegs dc fmctlkn (Smk Nlok gtmi.:223). Mt tfg kgmrjy sltg dc ^mtgrlkngk 0 m edksl`grmjig kuhjgr dc pdlktswms gkeduktgrg` ms wgii mk` fmic dc tfg 52 suef lhpighgkts fm` jggk usg`(Zmghmgagrs gt mi.=


82/318

76 C C

ls kdt eigmr. Lt hmy jg tfmt tfls wms `dkg td cmeliltmtg fmctlkn, td hlklhlzg tfgefmkegs dc tfg jmrjs jrgmalkn updk lhpmet dr td cmeliltmtg pgkgtrmtldk. Hl``igJrdkzg Mng pdlkts cduk` mt tfg sltg dc Di`gjddrk lk Crlgsimk` mii fmvg lhpmetcrmeturgs crdh sfddtlkn. fg idemtldk dc tfls sltg, kgmr tfg rlvgr Jddrkg, hmagslt mk gxegiigkt pimeg crdh wflef td fukt, jgemusg mklhmis emk jg surprlsg` wfgk`rlkalkn. L wdui` tfgrgcdrg lktgrprgt tfgsg pdlkts ms fmvlkn jggk usg` cdr fukt-lkn, rmtfgr tfmk cdr wmrcmrg (Smk Nlok =) mk` _lo`grvgi` lk tfg rlvgrlkg mrgm (fguklssgk/Fuist =


83/318

7


84/318

32 C C

Nrdklkngk-Ddstgrslkngi idemtg` mt tfg g`ng dc tfg Riglstdegkg smk`s, mjsdiutgedukts dc cilkts mrg kdt mvmlimjig ygt. Dc tfg cdur mrrdwfgm`s crdh tfls sltg tfmtwgrg stu`lg` cdr trmegs dc wgmr, dkiy dkg `lspimyg` lhpmet trmegs crdh sfddtlkn.Jgemusg jdkgs fmvg kdt jggk prgsgrvg` lk tfg sltgs idemtg` dk tfg Riglstdegkgupimk`s lt ls `lccleuit td mssgss tfg edktrljutldk dc fuktlkn lk tfg sujslstgkegsystgh.

0.:.0 Cilkt pdlkts mk` fuktlkn

Crdh tfg prgeg`lkn dvgrvlgw wg hmy edkeiu`g tfmt lk hdst Kgdiltfle mk`Jrdkzg Mng cilkt mssghjimngs tfmt wgrg gxmhlkg` pdlkts dkiy edkstltutg m shmiipgregktmng. fg Fmzgk`dka sltgs cdrh mk gxegptldk? fgrg imrng kuhjgrs dc usg`pdlkts wgrg gkeduktgrg`, edrrgspdk`lkn wltf m ilagwlsg fgmvy rgilmkeg dk nmhgms `ghdkstrmtg` jy tfg mrefmgdzddidnlemi clk`lkns (_gligr :223). Lc pdlkts `ddeeur mk` usg-wgmr mkmiysls fms jggk emrrlg` dut, surprlslkniy cgw pdlkts sfdweigmr trmegs dc usg. Emk tfg kuhjgr dc pdlkts mk` gspgelmiiy dc usg` dkgs, jgsggk ms m rgcigetldk dc tfg lhpdrtmkeg dc fuktlkn4 Lc tfls wgrg sd, tfgk fuktlkn

wms kdt lhpdrtmkt cdr tfg edhhukltlgs dk tfg Riglstdegkg upimk`s kdr cdr tfgUlknig Nrmvg sgttighgkts dk tfg edmst. fls ls ilagiy td jg mk lkedrrget edkeiu-sldk. Cilkt pdlkts hmy gk` tfglr usg-ilvgs mt mkdtfgr idemtldk tfmk tfg sgttig-hgkt? tfgy emk jg idst lk metldk, sdhgtflkn tfmt hust fmvg deeurrg` rgnuimriyedksl`grlkn tfg imrng kuhjgr dc surcmeg clk`s gkeduktgrg` gvgrywfgrg dk tfgsmk`y upimk`s. fgrg mrg misd vmrldus rgmsdks wfy cilkt pdlkts hmy imea trmegsdc usg. Cdrghdst tfls emk jg mttrljutg` td tfg cmet tfmt lhpmet `dgs kdt miwmysrgsuit lk lktgrprgtmjig trmegs dc wgmr. Mkdtfgr rgmsdk cdr tfg imea dc usg` pdlktsemk jg sdunft lk tfglr jldnrmpfy. Lt hmy wgii jg tfmt tfg pdlkts wg clk` lk sgt-tighgkt edktgxt stlii fm` td jg fmctg` mk` usg`.

Kgvgrtfgigss, tfg edkeiusldk ls wmrrmktg` tfmt fuktlkn pimyg` dkiy m suj-

sl`lmry rdig lk tfg sujslstgkeg systgh dc tfg mnrleuiturmi edhhukltlgs dc tfgIJA, Zssgk mk` Hlefgisjgrn euiturg (Jmagis/_gligr :227). Fdwgvgr, tfg imeadc pdlkts lk tfg Ulknig Nrmvg sltgs dc Kddr`-Fdiimk` ls pgeuilmr jgemusg wm-tgrcdwi wms eigmriy dk tfg hgku (Uefkltngr =). fg smhg hmy mppiy td tfgprgsgkeg dc pdlkts lk tfg jurlmi vmuit dc Utglk. Ulhlimriy, tfg cilkt mrrdwfgm`slk Jgii Jgmagr jurlmi edktgxts `d kdt fmvg td jg lk`lemtdrs dc tfg lhpdrtmkegdc fuktlkn. Lkstgm`, tfgy hmy jg rgcigetlvg dc tfg wdrsflp dc hmrtlmi qumiltlgslk Jgii Jgmagr sdelgty (Efmptgr >). fls misd pgrtmlks td tfg Jrdkzg Mng. fgmrefmgdzddidnlemi lkcdrhmtldk lk`lemtgs tfg nrgmtiy `lhlklsfg` edktrljutldk dcfuktlkn lk tfg `lgt lk tfg Jrdkzg Mng? wli` mklhmi jdkgs edkstltutg igss tfmk


85/318

3=C

=% dc tfg tdtmi (Jrlkaaghpgr/Smk ^loknmmr`gk-Jmaagr :227). Hdrgdvgr, tfgmppgmrmkeg lk nrmvgs dc edhpigtg sgts dc mrefgry gqulphgkt mk` tfg nrgmt lk-vgsthgkt lk tfg styig dc Jgii Jgmagr mk` Jrdkzg Mng mrrdwfgm`s lk`lemtg tfmttfg pdlkts wgrg kdt sd huef lhpdrtmkt ms m fuktlkn tddi, jut rmtfgr tfmt jdwsmk` mrrdws wgrg rgprgsgktlkn mk` rglkcdrelkn hmrtlmi vmiugs (Cdaagks =). Lt ls ilagiy tfmt cilkt lhpighgkts wdui` fmvgsgrvg` gqumiiy wgii cdr tfls tmsa mk` wgrg lkvdivg` wfgk imrng qumktltlgs dc clsfwgrg prdegssg` cdr stdrmng. Fdwgvgr, tfgrg mrg hmky gtfkdnrmpfle lkstmkegs lkwflef tfg clsf wgrg kdt eigmkg` prldr td edksuhptldk. fg mkmlkm cdr gxmh-pig jurlg` slivgr smihdk lk tfg pgrhmcrdst, mitgrkmtlkn imygrs dc clsf, clsf-gnns(edktmlklkn m flnf pgregktmng dc smit, pdssljiy metlkn ms m prgsgrvmtlvg) mk` nrmss(Dsndd` =). fg Furdk jurlg` clsf lk hu` dr fukn lt up, wltfdut rghdv-lkn tfg vlsegrm1 tfg rgsuitlkn prd`uet wms edksl`grg` td jg m ndd` sgmsdklkn

(Zdstiuk` =


86/318

3: C C

(ddagr =


87/318

35C

0.0 Jutefgrlkn

fgrg ls ilttig gtfkdnrmpfle lkcdrhmtldk dk tfg usg dc cilkt cdr jutefgrlkn. Hdstgtfkdnrmpflemiiy `deuhgktg` pgdpig fm` edkvgrtg` td tfg usg dc stggi aklvgs jytfg tlhg rgsgmrefgrs stmrtg` td jgedhg lktgrgstg` lk tgefkdidnlemi prdegssgs suefms jutefgrlkn. Lk Mustrmilm, sgvgrmi gtfkdnrmpfle gxpgrlhgkts wgrg pgrcdrhg`,

lk wflef Mjdrlnlkmi pgdpig wgrg msag` td usg trm`ltldkmi stdkg lhpighgkts tdjutefgr m amknmrdd (Jlkcdr` =


88/318


89/318

37C

eut tfgh. Djvldusiy ediigetlkn crults mk` kuts ls mk metlvlty cdr wflef kd cilkttddis mrg kgegssmry. Cilkt tddis mrg misd vlrtumiiy usgigss cdr ediigetlkn tujgrs1lt ls cmr gmslgr td `ln tfgsg up wltf m wdd`gk stlea. Hdrgdvgr, wltf tfg gxegp-tldk dc kgttigs (m pimkt spgelgs edktmlklkn m shmii mhdukt dc slilem emuslkn tfgefmrmetgrlstle slilegdus pimkt pdilsf), ediigetlkn nrggk pimkts `dgs kdt prd`ueg`lstlknulsfmjig pdilsfgs dr dtfgr mttrljutgs dc wgmr. Lt hmy jg tfmt tfg mjuk`mktpimkt oulegs prgvgkt tfg surcmeg dc tfg tddi td plea up mky pdilsf. Nrggk pimktsmisd `d kdt emusg tfg deeurrgkeg dc g`ng rghdvmis. fls hgmks tfmt tfg edktrl-jutldk dc wli` pimkt rgsduregs lk pmst `lgts emkkdt jg mpprdmefg` crdh m cilkttddi pgrspgetlvg.

Kdtwltfstmk`lkn, hmky dc tfg Imtg Hgsdiltfle mk` Gmriy Kgdiltfle jim`gs`lspimy m efmrmetgrlstle slilegdus pimkt pdilsf wltf trmksvgrsg `lrgetldkmilty tfmtls ngkgrmiiy mssdelmtg` wltf prdegsslkn wli` pimkts (Jgunklgr :22>1 Jlgkgkcgi`=


90/318

33 C C

wli` nrmssgs (Ougi Ogksgk =


91/318

3>C

Cln. 0.7 Fmrvgstlkn egrgmis?m. fmrvgstlkn jmrigy wltf mergsegkt-sfmpg` jlcmelmi sleaig1j. skmpplkn d tfg fgm`s dcjmrigy1 e. pdilsf mk` strlm-tldks dk mk gxpgrlhgktmi sleaigjim`g usg` cdr 0,7 fdurs tdrgmp jmrigy (=22x).

m

j

e

=22 uh


92/318

36 C C

Kgdiltfle mk` Jrdkzg Mng sltgs lk tfg Kgmr Gmst fmvg prd`ueg` nidssg` jim`gs,sdhgtlhgs misd `lspimylkn jltuhgk rghmlks crdh fmctlkn, tfmt hdst rgsgmref-grs mssuhg td jg prdpgr fmrvgstlkn tddis (Zdsgk =


93/318

3


94/318

>2 C C

Cln. 0.> Mrefmgdidnlemi sleaigscrdh `lgrgkt sltgs (semig =?=)wltf tfg usg-wgmr trmegs dj-sgrvg` dk tfgh? m. tfg IJA sltgdc Jgga-Hdigkstggn (=22x)1 j.tfg fukgjg` dc Hmk`gr (PZJ)(=22x)1 e. tfg Fmzgk`dka sltgdc Ueflpiul`gk (Fmzgk`dka-nrdup) (:22x).

x

ULRI

EGEG

ULRI/EG ULRI/

EG

ULRI

m

j

e

EG

EGEG

=22 uh


95/318

>=C

Cgw sleaig jim`gs fmvg jggk cduk` lk ZJ sgttighgkts, gvgk tfdunf tfg mr`hmras cduk` mt tfg sltg dc Nrdklkngk-Ddstgrslkngi pmy ukgqulvdemi tgstlhdkytd tfg prmetleg dc mnrleuiturg (Jmagis/_gligr :227, cln. =0.=7). fls sltg ylgi`g`dkiy dkg tddi tfmt wms usg` cdr egrgmi fmrvgstlkn. Mr` hmras mrg misd akdwkcrdh tfg imtg ZJ sltg dc Jdrkwlr`, m sltg tfmt, ilag Nrdklkngk-Ddstgrslkngi,ls idemtg` mt tfg g`ng dc tfg Riglstdegkg (Cdaagks =


96/318

>: C C

idemi erdpplkn fms jggk cduk` dk tfg igvgg sltgs ilag Fgagilkngk LLL dr tfg sltgslk tfg pgmt ilag tfg Fmzgk`dka, mitfdunf Fgagilkngk LLL fms egrgmi pdiigk (Dut:22


97/318

>5C

pdlkt dc vlgw wg fmvg gvl`gkeg cdr cdd` prdegsslkn lk tfg cdrh dc fgmtg` smk`-stdkg gighgkts dc dpgk fgmrtfs mk` fgmtg` qumrtzltgs tfmt wgrg hdst prdjmjiyeddalkn stdkgs (Smk Nlok/Fduags :223).

fg prgsgkeg dc cilkt strlag-m-ilnfts lk`lemtgs tfg rdig dc clrg lk ngkgrmi mk`,djvldusiy, clrgs wgrg hm`g lk dr`gr td prgpmrg cdd`. Cilkt tddis hmy misd fmvgsgrvg` td eut up vmrldus lknrg`lgkts. fg ngkgrmilzg` jim`gs suef ms fmvg jggkcduk` lk tfg IJA edktgxt, lk`gg` `lspimy m rmkng dc wgmr trmegs, lk`lemtlkntfglr cuketldk ms m sdrt dc prgflstdrle Uwlss aklcg. Fdwgvgr, mt tfls stmng, tfgrdig dc cilkt lk cdd` prgpmrmtldk metlvltlgs ls lhpdssljig td rgedkstruet mk` hmylk`gg` fmvg jggk rmtfgr ilhltg`.

0.6 Edkeiusldks

Cilkt tddis wgrg lk`gg` lkvdivg` lk djtmlklkn cdd`. Hmyjg silnftiy edktrmry tddur lktultldks, fdwgvgr, lt fms misd jgedhg gvl`gkt tfmt cilkt lhpighgkts edk-stltutg dkiy m shmii pmrt dc pmst sujslstgkeg tgefkdidnlgs, lk wflef jdkg, mkt-igr mk` wdd`gk tddis wgrg prdjmjiy gqumiiy lhpdrtmkt. fg usg-wgmr mkmiysls

sfdwg` tfmt cilkt fms jggk usg` td eut sdct mklhmi tlssug, tddis tfmt wgrg ilagiyrgimtg` td jutefgrlkn mklhmis. Clsf prdegsslkn edui` dkiy jg `ghdkstrmtg` lkdkg lkstmkeg1 cdr vmrldus rgmsdks wg mrg hlsslkn tfgsg tddis lk tfg mrefmgdidnlemirgedr`, `gspltg tfg cmet tfmt semilkn clsf rgsuits lk `lstlketlvg wgmr trmegs. Cilkttddis misd clnurg` lk fuktlkn mk` egrgmi fmrvgstlkn. Cilkt sleaigs, fdwgvgr, sgghtd jg surprlslkniy rmrg lk tfg mrefmgdidnlemi rgedr`. Lt ls stlii kdt eigmr wfgtfgrtfls mjsgkeg ls `ug td tmpfdkdhlemi rgmsdks (tfgy mrg idst dcc sltg), wfgtfgr fmr-vgstlkn wms `dkg jy hgmks dc kdk-cilkt lhpighgkts (ilag hgsdrlms) dr hgtfd`skdt rgqulrlkn mky tddis mt mii (uprddtlkn), dr wfgtfgr wg hust sgga tfg gxpimkm-tldk lk, cdr lkstmkeg, tfg rltumi spfgrg. Lt sfdui` jg kdtg` tfmt usg-wgmr trmegscrdh euttlkn pimkts emk jg mhjlnudus? cdr gxmhpig, mhdknst tfg emtgndry slil-

egdus pimkts ukspgelclg` hdrg egrgmi fmrvgstlkn lhpighgkts hmy jg prgsgkt.Rdlkts mrg mhjlnudus tdd jgemusg tfgy misd cuketldk lk wmrcmrg mk` hmy fmvgjggk m syhjdi dc hmig prdwgss mk` hmrtlmilty. Utlii, L mssuhg tfmt tfg pdlktscduk` lk Gmriy mk` Hl``ig Kgdiltfle sgttighgkt edktgxts wgrg hdst ilagiy lk-vdivg` lk fuktlkn. fg smhg prdjmjiy pgrtmlks td tfg pdlkts crdh Simmr`lkngkedktgxt. Rdlkts crdh Jgmagr mk` Jrdkzg Mng sgttighgkts hmy fmvg jggk gltfgrcdr fuktlkn dr cdr wmrcmrg.

Ms m rgsuit dc `lccgrgkt gxemvmtldk mk` smhpilkn strmtgnlgs mk` cdr tmpfdkdh-lemi rgmsdks qumktlcylkn tfg lhpdrtmkeg dc vmrldus sujslstgkeg tmsas dk tfg jmslsdc `mtm djtmlkg` crdh usg-wgmr mkmiysls ls lhpdssljig. Utlii, tfg nrgmt kuhjgr dcpdlkts lk tfg Fmzgk`dka sltgs dc @gicimk` sunngsts tfmt fuktlkn edkstltutg` mk

lhpdrtmkt pmrt dc tfg sujslstgkeg gedkdhy tfgrg.Lt fms misd jggk sfdwk tfmt twd lhpdrtmkt sujslstgkeg tddis dc cilkt, mrrdw-fgm`s mk` sleaigs, `lspimyg` m spgelmi jldnrmpfy lk sdhg dc tfg pgrld`s `lseussg`lk tfls jdda. fg gxmhpig liiustrmtlkn tfg mppmrgkt spgelmi slnklclemkeg dc mr-rdwfgm`s `grlvgs crdh tfg ZJ euiturg. Mitfdunf pdlkts mrg imrngiy mjsgkt lksgttighgkts dc tfls euiturmi nrdup, tfgy mrg mjuk`mkt lk tfg hgnmiltfle jurlmis.Lc wg rgemii tfmt tfg ZJ pgdpig sggh td fmvg jggk tfg clrst rgmi mnrleuiturmilstslk tfgsg upimk` mrgms, prmetlslkn m simsf-mk`-jurk typg dc mnrleuiturg tfmt hmyfmvg jggk pgreglvg` ms vgry `lccgrgkt crdh (mk` mihdst fdstlig td) tfg prgvldus


98/318

>0 C C

fuktlkn-nmtfgrlkn wmy dc ilcg, tfgk tfg `gpdsltldk dc pdlkts hmy metumiiy fmvgtd jg lktgrprgtg` lk m `lccgrgkt wmy? rmtfgr tfmk jglkn rgcigetlvg dc tfg lhpdr-tmkeg dc fuktlkn lk tfg metumi sujslstgkeg pmttgrk, lt hmy fmvg jggk m wmy td mp-pgmsg tfg splrlts dc tfg cdrgst, m wmy td rgedkelig tfg kgw wmys dc ilcg, `lrgetg` mttfg sujounmtldk dc kmturg, wltf tfg di`, trm`ltldkmi jgilgcs mjdut ilvlkn wltf mk`wltflk kmturg. Crdh tfls pgrspgetlvg fuktlkn wms edksl`grg` lhpdrtmkt, hmyjgkdt sd huef ms m sdureg dc cdd`, jut ms m wmy dc ilcg tfmt wms eidsg td kmturg? tfgmkegstrmi wmy dc ilcg. fls gxmhpig wlii jg curtfgr `lseussg` lk Efmptgr >.

Uleaigs tdd sdhgtlhgs `lspimy m spgelmi jldnrmpfy. Lk tfg hmrsfimk`s dc tfgwgstgrk Kgtfgrimk`s, lk tfg sltgs dc Ueflpiul`gk, \pgkjurn mk` ^mtgrlkngk 0tfg sleaigs wgrg prd`ueg` crdh gxdtle cilkt, lhpdrtg` crdh sdutfgrk Jginluh.Udhg dc tfgsg sleaigs wgrg lktgktldkmiiy `gstrdyg` mctgr tfglr usg-ilcg gk`g`.fg kgw mnrleuiturmi metlvltlgs, sd `lccgrgkt crdh tfg nmtfgrlkn wmy dc ilcg tfmthust stlii fmvg jggk pmrt dc tfg ediigetlvg hghdry, hmy fmvg jggk pgreglvg` ms`mkngrdus td tfg jmimkeg dc kmturg. Umerlclelkn tfg tddis hmy fmvg jggk m wmy dcrgstdrlkn tfls jmimkeg (Efmptgr >). Lk tfg ZJ pgrld` sleaigs wgrg misd trgmtg`ms spgelmi. ^g dkiy clk` tfgh lk tfg ediigetlvg jurlmi efmhjgrs, kgvgr lk tfg

sgttighgkts. Zgtddilkn metlvltlgs wdui` fmvg rgsuitg` lk mt igmst m shmii rgprg-sgktmtldk dc tfgsg tddis lk sgttighgkts. Lkstgm` lt sgghs tfmt tfgy wgrg emrgcuiiyediigetg` td jg `gpdsltg` midkn wltf tfg `gm` (Efmptgr >).

Lk tfls efmptgr L mttghptg` td uk`grstmk` tfg rdig dc cilkt lk cdd` ngttlknmetlvltlgs `urlkn tfg Kgdiltfle mk` Jrdkzg Mng. Lt wms sfdwk tfmt lt ls `lccleuittd mpprdmef sujslstgkeg crdh tfg pdlkt dc vlgw dc tfg cilkt tddis lkvdivg`. MsDut (Dut :22).


99/318

>7C

Efmptgr 7

Cilkt mk` ermct

7.= Lktrdùetldk

7.=.= Ermcts? sdhg pgrtlkgkt lssugs

Ermct metlvltlgs mrg dctgk cdrndttgk dr dvgriddag` jgemusg lk hdst sltgs ermctprdùets mrg rmrgiy prgsgrvg` mk` jgemusg, lk stdkg mng rgsgmref mt igmst, wg tgk`td cdeus dk sujslstgkeg. Utlii, ermct metlvltlgs tgii us m nrgmt `gmi mjdut tfg efmr-metgr dc tfg sltg mk` tfg edhpdsltldk dc tfg nrdup lk tgrhs dc ngk`gr mk` mng.Akdwlkn hdrg mjdut ermct metlvltlgs gkmjigs us td jgttgr uk`grstmk` `mliy ilcg,tfg djogets tfmt clnurg` lk `dhgstle edktgxt mk` tfg hgmklkn tfgsg djogets hmyfmvg fm`. Uuef lkcdrhmtldk miidws us td hmag hdrg `gtmlig` rgedkstruetldkpimtgs tfmt cdeus dk pgdpig mk` tfglr tmsas (cln. 7.=), lkstgm` dc tfg usumi jlr`sgyg vlgws dc fdusgs mk` clgi`s. Wsg-wgmr mkmiysls ls mk gccgetlvg, mijglt lk`lrgethgtfd` td djtmlk akdwig`ng mjdut ermct metlvltlgs lk tfg mjsgkeg dc tfg metumiprdùets.

Cln. 7.= Zgedkstruetldk pimtgdc tfg lktgrldr dc m IJA fdusg,ilkg` wltf fl`gs td ergmtg edh-pmrthgkts. Dkg dc tfg wdhgkls prgpmrlkn mx jrgs uslknm qumrtlgr `drmkng. Pfg dtfgrls splkklkn m tfrgm` wltf tfgjrgs uslkn m cdrag` stlea .


100/318

>3 C C

fg `lstlketldk jgtwggk ermct mk` sujslstgkeg metlvltlgs ls djvldusiy mk mem-`ghle dkg, prdjmjiy kdt gxpgrlgkeg` ms suef jy prgflstdrle pgdpig. Smrldus suj-slstgkeg ndd`s, ilag dilvg dli, rgqulrg m sujstmktlmi lkvgsthgkt dc akdwig`ng mk`saliis malk td tfdsg mssdelmtg` wltf tfg metlvltlgs wg trm`ltldkmiiy tgk` td imjgi msermct suef ms fl`g wdralkn mk` tgxtlig prdùetldk. Hdrgdvgr, sdhg dc tfgsg cdd`stuccs hmy fmvg jggk edksl`grg` spgelmi jgemusg tfgy wgrg edksuhg` dk rltumideemsldks mk` fgkeg wgrg prgpmrg` wltf gxtrm emrg mk` mttgktldk, meedr`lkn tdtrm`ltldkmi akdwig`ng. Dk tfg dtfgr fmk`, hmky dc tfg metlvltlgs tfmt wg wduiìmjgi ms ermct, suef ms tfg hmkucmeturg dc jmsagts, clsf trmps dr spgmrs, mrg djvl-dusiy hgmkt td jg usg` gltfgr td djtmlk cdd` dr td prdegss, stdrg dr trmkspdrtlt. Misd, tfg rmw hmtgrlmis rgqulrg` cdr ermct prdùets mrg crgqugktiy djtmlkg` msmk lktgnrmi pmrt dc cdd` ngttlkn metlvltlgs (Smk Nlok =


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>>C

dc hdrg lkcdrhmi spgelmilzmtldk ls ilagiy. fgrg ls stlii `lseussldk wfgtfgr tfg gx-pidltmtldk dc tfg Zloeafdit cilkt hlkg wms `dkg jy spgelmilsts wfd sujsgqugktiycurklsfg` dtfgr edhhukltlgs wltf jimkas dr gvgk clklsfg` prdùets, dr wfgtfgrsgvgrmi nrdups fm` meegss td tfg cilkt hlkgs. Lkcdrhmi, m` fdespgelmilzmtldk fmsjggk prdpdsg` cdr tfg prdùetldk dc iltfle lhpighgkts lk tfg IJA euiturg (@gNrddtf =). Hdst dc tfg imrng egrghdklmi mxgs dc tfg ZJ euiturg hust fmvgjggk hm`g jy flnfiy saliig` cilktakmppgrs mk` tfg smhg pgrtmlks td tfg `mnngrsmk` sleaigs dc imtgr `mtg (Efmptgr >). ^fgtfgr tfls edkegrks fdusgfdi` prdùe-tldk ls ukilagiy. Dimussdk fms prdpdsg` cdr sdutfgrk Uemk`lkmvlm tfmt tfgsg dj-ogets wgrg hm`g jy spgelmi lsts mttmefg` td mk mnnrmk`lzgr wfd wlsfg` td meflgvgdr edksdil`mtg m hdrg prgstlnldus pdsltldk lk sdelgty (Dimussdk :222).

Eigmriy, egrtmlk metlvltlgs rgimtg` td tfg hmalkn dc djogets wgrg lk tfg fmk`sdc spgelmilsts, lc dkiy jgemusg mii ermcts rgqulrg akdwig`ng, akdw-fdw mk` saliismk` tfgrgcdrg m pgrld` dc mpprgktlegsflp. fls lhpilgs tfmt kdt gvgryjd`y mt mnlvgk tlhg mk` spmeg wdui` fmvg jggk mjig td pgrcdrh tfg ermct. fg qugstldksujsgqugktiy ls fdw meegss td tfls akdwig`ng wms strueturg` mk` tfus wfgtfgrtfg ermct wms drnmklzg` dk mk m` fdejmsls dr wfgtfgr lt edkegrkg` m hdrg cdr-

hmilzg` spgelmilsmtldk. Cilkt tddi prdùetldk lk tfg Kgdiltfle mk` Jrdkzg Mngemk hdst ilagiy jg edksl`grg` m fdusgfdi` prdùetldk dr fdusgfdi` lkùstry(Dimussdk = mk` 6).

7.=.: Pddialts

fg lssug dc tddialts ls gspgelmiiy pgrtlkgkt td ermct metlvltlgs. ^fgrgms rgmplknegrgmis ngkgrmiiy lkvdivgs dkiy dkg tddi, m sleaig, hmyjg deemsldkmiiy suppig-hgktg` jy cdras dr dtfgr lkstruhgkts td nmtfgr tfg stghs lk jukìgs, hdst ermctmetlvltlgs rgiy dk mk gktlrg sgt dc cuketldkmiiy rgimtg` lhpighgkts (cln. 7.:). ^gmii akdw tfmt m emrpgktgrs wdrasfdp ls cliig` wltf m huitltu`g dc djogets tfmthdst dc us `d kdt gvgk akdw tfg cuketldk dc. Mii dc tfgsg djogets mrg rgimtg` tddkg ermct metlvlty? wdd` wdralkn. Mitfdunf emrpgktgrs hmy spgelmilzg lk hmalknspgelcle djogets, hdst wlii jg mjig td usg tfglr emrpgktry saliis td hmag m imrngvmrlgty dc wdd`gk tflkns mk` sd tfg edktgkts dc tfglr wdrasfdp emk jg edk-sl`grg` dkg tddialt? cdr wdd` wdralkn. Djvldusiy suef m ngkgrmi `gslnkmtldkdc tddialt emk jg curtfgr suj`lvl`g`? m tddialt cdr hmalkn wdd`gk sfdgs wliilkvdivg `lccgrgkt lhpighgkts tfmk dkg cdr hmalkn jmrrgis.

Rmst tgefkdidnlemi empmeltlgs mk` tfg edhpigxlty dc tfg tgefkdidnlemi prde-gssgs mrg dctgk uk`grgstlhmtg` (Lkndi` :22>). Wsg-wgmr mk` rgslùg mkmiysls fmsjggk qultg lkstruhgktmi lk `rmwlkn dur mttgktldk td tfls edhpigxlty, mitfdunfstlii, hdst dc lt wlii rghmlk lkvlsljig td us. L fmvg mrnug` jgcdrg tfmt wg rgiy tddhuef dk tfg ujlqultdus cilkt cdr `rmwlkn lkcgrgkegs mjdut pmst tgefkdidnlgs?


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cilkt ls dkiy m shmii pmrt dc m huef hdrg vmrlg` mk` edhpigx tgefkdidnlemi sys-tgh. Cilkt lhpighgkts cdrh pmrt dc edhpdsltg tddis dr edkstltutg dkiy dkg dc tfghmky tddis edhpdslkn m tddialt. Lt ls dkiy rgegktiy tfmt wg fmvg jgnuk td idda

mt tddialts jgemusg usg-wgmr mkmiysls dk hmtgrlmis dtfgr tfmk cilkt ls m rgimtlvgiyrgegkt `gvgidphgkt. fg gxmhpig dc tfg fl`g sermpgrs dc jdkg mk` mktigr crdhFmr`lkxvgi`-Rdi`grwgn fms jggk hgktldkg` jgcdrg, mk` tfg usg-wgmr mkmiyslsdc `lccgrgkt clk` emtgndrlgs crdh Ueflpiul`gk fms misd `ghdkstrmtg` tfmt hmkymetlvltlgs lkvdivg` m vmrlgty dc tddis dtfgr tfmk cilkt (Smk Nlok :226j). Jgemusggspgelmiiy ermct wdra gktmlis m sgqugkeg dc metldks, gmef lkvdivlkn `lccgrgkt hd-tldks mk` `lccgrgkt tddis, lt ls gspgelmiiy lhpdrtmkt td rghmlk mwmrg dc tfg ilh-ltg` pgrspgetlvg tfmt cilkt tddis wlii prdvl`g. fg cdiidwlkn sfdui` jg rgm` wltftfmt emvgmtlk hlk`.

7.: Fl`g prdegsslkn

7.:.= Lktrd`uetldk

Fl`gs mrg akdwk td jg m vgry lhpdrtmkt rmw hmtgrlmi cdr prgsgkt-`my fuktgrnmtfgrgrs, gspgelmiiy tfdsg ilvlkn lk kdrtfgrk imtltu`gs. Ms m rgsuit, mii rgedk-struetldk pimtgs dc tfg pmst `gplet pgdpig wmialkn mrduk` lk salk eidtflkn mk`ilvlkn lk tgkts dr lk futs wltf mt igmst sdhg gighgkts dc fl`gs, ilag jimkagts mk``ddrs (cln. 7.=). fgrg ls kd `dujt tfmt fl`gs hust fmvg jggk m vgry lhpdrtmktrgsdureg lk tfg pmst, jut wg fmvg vgry ilttig `lrget akdwig`ng dc ltghs dc salk

Cln. 7.: Rfdtdnrmpf dc mkgxpgrlhgktmi fl`g wdralkntddialt.


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^fgk tlhg fms edhg td prdegss tfg salks, tfgy clrst kgg` td jg tfdrdunfiysdmag`. ^fgk igmtfgr ls tfg lktgk`g` prd`uet, tfg fmlrs kgg` td jg rghdvg`.d `gplimtg tfg salk, lt ls sdmag` lk wmrh wmtgr, miidwlkn jmetgrlmi nrdwtf.Udhgtlhgs msfgs dr stmig urlkg mrg m``g` td curtfgr tfg prdegss mk` td djtmlktfg miamilkg hlilgu dc m pF =: dr flnfgr, kgg`g` cdr tfg prdegss dc `g-fmlrlkn(Utmhjdidv =


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7.:.5 Mrefmgdidnlemi vlsljlilty

Crdh gtfkdnrmpfle djsgrvmtldks wg fmvg sdhg akdwig`ng dc tfg rmkng dc tddisedhhdkiy usg` lk tfg vmrldus stmngs dc fl`g prdegsslkn (Mu`dlk-Zduzgmu/Jgyrlgs :22:1 Jgyrlgs gt mi. :22=1 Jrmk`t/^gg`hmk :22:1 Nmiimnfgr =>1^gg`hmk :22:). M rgimtlvgiy sfmrp mk` silnftiy lrrgnuimr g`ng ls kgegssmry td rg-

hdvg tfg imst rghkmkts dc cigsf, nrgmsg mk` tfg sujeutls. ddtfg` jdkg tddis mrgusg` mhdkn tfg Mtfmpmsamk Lk`lmks td eigmk tfg lkkgr sl`g dc tfg fl`g (Jgyrlgs:22:). Crdh gmstgrk Mcrlem wg akdw dc imrng fmctg` stdkg sermpgrs (Nmiimnfgr=>). Utdkg tddis mrg misd crgqugktiy usg` cdr `gp

9789088900334 - van gijn 2010 - flint in focus - ebook

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