vacuum insulation panels for building applications ... building applications - theoretical and...

SINTEF Building and Infrastructure1

Vacuum Insulation Panelsfor Building Applications

- Theoretical and Experimental Investigations

Bjørn Petter Jelle ab

a Department of Materials and Structures,SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway.

b Department of Civil and Transport Engineering,Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.

and a lot of ZEB coworkers (SINTEF, NTNU and within Building Sector)

Norsk bygningsfysikkdag (Norwegian Building Physics Day),UBC Ullevaal Business Class, Oslo, Norway, 21st of November, 2012.

See various articles and reports from the ZEB team for further information and details.


Why is Thermal Insulation Important ?- What Measures Amounts the Most ?

McKinsey, ”Pathways to a Low CarbonEconomy. Version 2 of the GlobalGreenhouse Gas Abatement CostCurve”, McKinsey & Company, 2009.


Thermal Background- Thermal Conductivity Contributions

tot = solid + gas + rad + conv + coupling + leak

tot = total overall thermal conductivity solid = solid state thermal conductivity gas = gas thermal conductivity rad = radiation thermal conductivity conv = convection thermal conductivity coupling = thermal conductivity term accounting for second order

effects between the various thermal conductivities leak = leakage thermal conductivity


Traditional Thermal Insulation of Today

Mineral Wool- Glass wool (fibre glass)- Rock wool- 30-40 mW/(mK)

Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)- 30-40 mW/(mK)

Extruded Polystyrene (XPS)- 30-40 mW/(mK)

Cellulose- 40-50 mW/(mK)

Cork- 40-50 mW/(mK)

Polyurethane (PUR)- Toxic gases (e.g. HCN) released during fire- 20-30 mW/(mK)

- What is Out There?


State-of-the-Art Thermal Insulation of Today

Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP)”An evacuated foil-encapsulated open porous material as a high performance thermal insulating material”- Core (silica, open porous, vacuum)- Foil (envelope) - 4 - 8 - 20 mW/(mK)

Gas-Filled Panels (GFP) - 40 mW/(mK)

Aerogels - 13 mW/(mK)

Phase Change Materials (PCM)- Solid State Liquid- Heat Storage and Release

Beyond State-of-the-Art High Performance Thermal Insulation Materials ?

- What is Out There?

VIP vs. XPS

GFP

Aerogel


VIP Build-Up Porous core – Usually pressed fumed silica (SiO2) Air and water vapour tight foil maintaining vacuum in the VIP

Simmler et al. 2005

Wegger et al. 2011


VIPs and their Disadvantages

Thermal bridges at panel edges

Expensive at the moment, but calculations show that VIPs may be cost-effective even today

Ageing effects - Air and moisture penetration

–4 mW/(mK) fresh–8 mW/(mK) 25 years–20 mW/(mK) perforated

Vulnerable towards penetration, e.g nails

–20 mW/(mK)

Can not be cut or adapted at building site

Possible improvements?

- Vacuum Core

- Air and Moisture Tight Envelope

VIP

MoistureAir


Major Weaknesses of VIPs

The Four Cardinal Weaknesses of VIPs

Fragility

Perforation vulnerability

Increasing thermal conductivity during time

Lack of building site adaption cutting

Other VIP Weaknesses

Heat bridge effect due to the metallized envelope foil (decreases with increasing VIP size)

Relatively high costs (may be cost-effective)


Air and Moisture Diffusion into VIPs

Air Pressure Increase in VIPs

Water Content Increase in VIPs

Depending on:

VIP Laminate Type

VIP DimensionsE. Wegger, B. P. Jelle, E. Sveipe, S. Grynning, A. Gustavsen, R.Baetens and J. V. Thue, ”Aging Effects on Thermal Properties andService Life of Vacuum Insulation Panels”, Journal of Building Physics,35, 128-167, 2011.

0 ,

0( ) ( )m gas totT p Q

tT V

app app initp t p p p e

, ,

,

( )

( ) (1 )wv tot wv sat

VIP dry

Q p Tt

m k

w outX t k e


Air and Moisture Diffusion into VIPs

Conductivity vs. VIP Laminate Type

Conductivity vs. VIP Dimensions

Depending on:

Air Diffusion

Moisture Diffusion

E. Wegger, B. P.Jelle, E. Sveipe, S.Grynning, A.Gustavsen, R.Baetens and J. V.Thue, ”Aging Effectson ThermalProperties andService Life ofVacuum InsulationPanels”, Journal ofBuilding Physics,35, 128-167, 2011.

( )/ ( )/ ( )/; ;(1 ) (1 ) (1 )get g des w des w

c c cc g wv

g wv

t t t t t tc c cg e wv e e

g wv

p p up p u

dup e p e e

p p u d


VIPs – The Thermal Insulation of Today ?

VIPs - Despite large disadvantages - A large leap forward

Thermal conductivities 5 to 10 times lower than traditional insulation– 4 mW/(mK) fresh– 8 mW/(mK) 25 years– 20 mW/(mK) perforated

Wall and roof thicknesses up to 50 cm as with traditional insulation are not desired

– Require new construction techniques and skills– Transport of thick building elements leads to increased costs

Building restrictions during retrofitting of existing buildings– Lawful authorities– Practical Restrictions

High living area market value per m2 Reduced wall thickness Large area savings Higher value of the real estate

VIPs - The best solution today and in the near future?

Beyond VIPs?


Potential Cost Savings by Applying VIPs

-20 000

-15 000

-10 000

-5 000

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000

Market Value Living Area (EUR/m2 living area)

VIP

Pro

fit

(EU

R/1

00 m

2 liv

ing

are

a)

VIP Profit

l x w x h = 10 m x 10 m x 2.5 m

Assumed example values– Building of 10 m x 10 m– Interior floor to ceiling height of 2.5 m– 20 cm wall thickness reduction– VIP costs 6 cm: 200 EUR/m2

– Mineral wool costs 35 cm: 20 EUR/m2

B. P. Jelle, ”Traditional, State-of-the-Art and Future Thermal BuildingInsulation Materials and Solutions - Properties, Requirements andPossibilities”, Energy and Buildings, 43, 2549-2563, 2011.


VIP Ageing Experiments Based on known relationships of ageing effects due

to gas and water vapour diffusion.

Various experiments conducted: Temperature ageing according to CUAP 12.01/30 Cyclic climate ageing according to NT Build 495 Combined moisture and temperature ageing Applied external pressure tests Durability versus alkaline environments, e.g. concrete Others

CUAP 12.01/30

Pressure tests


NT Build 495 - Procedure

Successive climate strains UV-radiation (UVA = 33 W/m2, UVB = 2.4 W/m2) and IR-radiation giving a black panel temperature of (63 ± 5)°C

Wetting with a spray of water

Freezing at -20 ± 5°C

Thawing at laboratory climate

The time interval in each of the strain positions is 1 hour


Results – Thermal Conductivity

4,2

4,3

4,4

4,5

4,6

4,7

4,8

4,9

5

5,1

5,2

0 50 100 150 200

Th

erm

al C

on

du

ctiv

ity

(mW

/(m

K))

Time (days)

CUAP (12.01/30)

Moisture and Temperature

NT Build 495 - Exposed

NT Build 495 - Wall17.9 mW/(mK)

6.6 mW/(mK)


Results - Calculations - External Pressure

MF4, 100 cm x 100 cm x 2 cm


Results – External Pressure Tests


Many timber frame buildings from the 1970s in Norway. Many ready to be retrofitted.

Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) as a high performance

thermal insulation solution. Allows for retrofitting with a minimal additional thickness to the

existing wall.

Improving thermal performance is often recommended

done by exterior retrofitting. This can not uncritically be performed with vapour tight VIPs.

VIP Retrofitting – Condensation Risk?


VIP Wall Module Build-Up

Field 1 and 2: VIPs on exterior side (two different thicknesses)

Field 3: Reference field

Field 4: VIPs on interior side

Note that the vapour barrier was omitted


Limitations Provided for Avoiding Condensation

Outdoor climate. Interior moisture excess. Interior temperature. Condition of the VIPs

(pristine, aged, perforated).

Details and numericalsimulations given in:Sveipe, E., Jelle, B.P.,Wegger, E., Uvsløkk, S.,Grynning, S., Thue, J.V.,Time, B. & Gustavsen, A.,2011, ‘Improving thermalinsulation of timber framewalls by retrofitting withvacuum insulation panels –Experimental and theoreticalinvestigations’, In press inJournal of Building Physics.


Durability versus Alkaline Environments (e.g. Concrete)

B12

B13

B21

A11A12, A13,A21, A22,A23,C1

05

101520253035404550

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13Th

erm

al c

on

du

ctiv

ity

(mW

/(m

K))

Time (weeks)

A11A12A13A21A22A23B11

70°C

Room temp.


Durability versusAlkaline Environments

Non-aged Aged 3 weeks

Aged 6 weeks Aged 9 weeks


Requirements of theThermal Insulation of Tomorrow

Property Requirements

Thermal conductivity – pristine < 4 mW/(mK)

Thermal conductivity – after 100 years < 5 mW/(mK)

Thermal conductivity – after modest perforation < 4 mW/(mK)

Perforation vulnerability not to be influenced significantly

Possible to cut for adaption at building site yes

Mechanical strength (e.g. compression and tensile) may vary

Fire protection may vary, depends on other protection

Fume emission during fire any toxic gases to be identified

Climate ageing durability resistant

Freezing/thawing cycles resistant

Water resistant

Dynamic thermal insulation desirable as an ultimate goal

Costs vs. other thermal insulation materials competitive

Environmental impact (including energy and material use in production, emission of polluting agents and recycling issues)

low negative impact


Beyond VIPs – How May It Be Achieved?

VIP

MoistureAir

MoistureAir

VIM

NIM

Open PoreStructure

Closed PoreStructure


Nano Insulation Material (NIM)NIM - A basically

homogeneous material with a closed or open small

nano pore structure

with an overall thermal conductivity of less than 4 mW/(mK) in the pristine

condition

NIM

Open PoreStructure

Closed PoreStructure

VIP

MoistureAir

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

10 mm 1 mm 100 μm 10 μm 1 μm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm

Characteristic Pore Diameter

Gas

Th

erm

al C

ondu

ctiv

ity

(mW

/(m

K))

Air

Argon

Krypton

Xenon

4 mW/(mK)

Various Pore Gases

100 000 Pa300 K

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

100101

102103

104105

10-210-1

100101

102103

104105

Gas

Th

erm

al C

on

du

cti

vity

(m

W/(

mK

))

Pore Diameter (nm)Pore

Pre

ssure (P

a)

Air

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

T = 300 K


On the path to NIMs:

Hollow silica nanospheres

Devloping NIMs– Nano Insulation Materials

Looking into the Crystal Ball and Seeing... the Building Envelopes of Tomorrow...

pdTk2

1Kn21

2B

0,gas0,gasgas

pd2

TkKn

2Bmean

NIM


Conclusions

Many VIP aspects to be consideredAdvantagesDisadvantages

Theoretical and experimental investigationshelp to evaluate VIPs:

PossibilitiesLimitationsApplications aspects

Beyond VIPsTheoretical and experimental work being performedFor example nano insulation materials (NIM)

Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) for Building Applications

28

NORSK BYGNINGSFYSIKKDAGSINTEF/NTNU

2012

FRANCO BLØCHLINGER

METALLPLAN AS

29

PRAKTISK AV BRUK AV VIP ISOLASJON LAMBDA 0,007 W/M2

30

LAGRING & HÅNDTERING

31

UNDERLAG

• RENT UNDERLAG-EVTL. FALLAVRETTET BETONG

• HØYVERDIG DAMPSPERRE ASFFALT MED ALUSTAMME FOR EKSEMPEL HELSVEISET.

• KJENNSKAP TIL GJENNOMFØRINGER

• KOMPLETT RENT FØR UTLEGGING

• SLUKENE RIKTIG PLASSERT SOM VED BESTILLING

• INGEN ANNET AKTIVITET FRA ANDERE FAG

• RESULAT: RASKT SIKKER INSTALASJON AV VIP

32

FEIL KAN RETTES MED EN GOD

DAMPSPERRE

33

UTLEGGING OG

GANGTRAFIKK

34

UTLEGGING MED TAKBELEGG

35

KOMPLISERTE BYGGFYSIKE

KONSTRUKSJONER HIMLINGER

UNDER EKSPONERT BETONG

36

SOMMERHUS ARKITEKTLUND HAGEM AS

37

SOLA FLYPLASSKONTOR I

PARKERINGSHUS

38

TILPASSNINGER MOT

VEGGOPPKANT

VACU CUTSKJÆRBAR ISOLASJON

NYE APPLIKASJONER

MED EPDM BESKYTTELSE PÅ

BEGGE SIDER SOM GIR EN

ROBUST UTLEGGING

vacuum insulation panels for building applications ... building applications - theoretical and...

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