utm501 session 1 urban cities asia
TRANSCRIPT
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Dr. Bambang Susantono
Secretary General of SUSTRAN
SUSTRAN - Asia Pacific Secretariatin Jakarta, Indonesia
Sustainable TransportSustainable Transport
Action NetworkAction Network
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Urban Transport Issues inUrban Transport Issues inAsiaAsia
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Asian Cities Characteristics
? Dual economy urban land use system
? Traffic composition: motorcycles & NMV
? Rapid motorisation
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Main road network density versus
main road length per person, 1990
0.10.1 0.1 0.2
0.20.2
0.3 0.30.4 0.4
0.5
0.8
1.0 1.0
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.7
40
43
23 22
29
23
29
20
16
17
20
18
12
14
19
20 21
25
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
HongKo
ng Seoul
Jakarta
Bangk
ok
Surab
aya Tokyo
Singapore
Kuala
Lump
ur'85
Toronto Pa
ris
Londo
n
NewY
ork'70
Adelaide
Washington
'80
SanF
rancisco
Sydne
yDe
troit
Denve
r
Mainroadlengthpe
rperson(metres)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Ma
inroadlengthperhectare(metresperhectare)
Arterial Road length per capita
Arterial road length per hectare
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Mobility for the Poor and Low-Income: What are the Choices?
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1414
1919
2626
5757
8080
5656
00
1010
2020
3030
4040
5050
6060
7070
8080
9090
99
55
1414
55
2020
55
3939
1818
6060
2020
3838
1818
(%)(%)
Proportion of workers using public or non-motorized
transport in global cities, 1990
Proportion of workers using public or non-motorized
transport in global cities, 1990
US
Cities
US
CitiesAustralian
Cities
Australian
Cities
Canadian
Cities
Canadian
Cities
European
Cities
European
CitiesWealthy
AsianCities
Wealthy
AsianCities
DevelopingAsian Cities
DevelopingAsian Cities
Source: Barter, 1999Source: Barter, 1999
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Bus transportation: howfast it cango?
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Rising IncomesRising Incomes
More CarMore CarOwnershipOwnership
More CarMore CarTravelTravel
CongestionCongestion
Difficulties forDifficulties forPedestrians andPedestrians and
CyclistsCyclists
EnvironmentalEnvironmentalImpactImpact
Bus Delays &Bus Delays &UnreliabilityUnreliability
VocationalVocationalChangesChanges
Less BusLess BusTravelTravel
Higher Bus FaresHigher Bus Faresand Reducedand Reduced
ServicesServices
Higher BusHigher BusOperating CostsOperating Costs
VICIOUS CYCLEVICIOUS CYCLE
Adapted from Goodwin, 1990Adapted from Goodwin, 1990
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Urban Density in a Wide Range of Cities
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Mumb
ai
Hong
KongHa
noi
Shang
hai
Seou
lTa
ipei
Manila
Surab
aya
Chenn
ai
Jakarta
Medan
Guan
gzhou
Mexic
oCity
Bangk
okBe
ijing
Kwang
ju
Santia
goTa
ejon
Singap
oreVie
nna
Tokyo
Klang
Valley
(KL) Zu
richParis
London
Toron
to
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orkSy
dney
Washi
ngton,
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Regular customers of Jakartas rickshaw
LaborsLabors 2%2%
StaffsStaffs 26%26%
StudentsStudents 28%28%HousemaidsHousemaids 14%14%
HousewivesHousewives 28%28%
OthersOthers 2%2%
Source: survey of ojek and becaks users by authors, 1999
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MarketsMarkets 18%18%
Religious placesReligious places 0.5%0.5%
Shopping centersShopping centers 12%12%
Schools, campusesSchools, campuses 19%19%
Factories, industrial areasFactories, industrial areas 1%1%
Office complexesOffice complexes 6%6%
Entertainment areasEntertainment areas 3%3%
Terminals: buses, micro-busesTerminals: buses, micro-buses 12%12%
Housing estatesHousing estates 22%22%
Others:Others: 5,5%5,5%
Common destinations of rickshaw in Jakarta
source: survey of ojek and becaks users by authors, 1999
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14.614.6
1212
6.56.5
8.88.8
6.66.6
13.713.7
00
22
44
66
88
1010
1212
1414
1616
Transport related deaths per 100,000 persons
in global cities, 1990
Transport related deaths per 100,000 persons
in global cities, 1990
US
Cities
US
Cities
Australian
Cities
Australian
CitiesCanadian
Cities
Canadian
Cities
EuropeanCities
EuropeanCities
WealthyAsian Cities
WealthyAsianCities
DevelopingAsian Cities
DevelopingAsianCities
Source: Barter, 1999Source: Barter, 1999
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Highway
Services
And ParkingAccidents
Facility and
MaintenanceEnvironmental
Impacts
The True Costs of Driving
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Traffic per hectare versus traffic per personin an international sample of cities, 1990
3,306
1,998
1,574
2,637
3,692
4,994
1,6511,545
3,812
5,065
1,158
7,452
12,355
8,075
493,612 488,949472,916
347,148
320,485
293,148282,112
273,322 270,538
253,352
229,253
204,248
173,604
97,768
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Bangk
okSeoul
HongKo
ng Asian
Singapore
Kuala
Lump
urJak
arta
Surab
aya Tokyo
Europ
ean
Manila
Canadian
Americ
an
Austra
lian
VKTpercapita
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
VKTperhe
ctare
VKT per capita
VKT per hectare
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252252245245
220220
112112
4040
109109
165165
210210
240240
135135
6060
220220
00
5050
100100
150150
200200
250250
300300
00
55
1010
1515
2020
2525
3030
Kg/ personKg/ personNO4, SO2, CO2, VHC and VPNO4, SO2, CO2, VHC and VP
US
Cities
US
CitiesAustralian
Cities
Australian
Cities
Canadian
Cities
Canadian
Cities
European
Cities
European
Cities
Wealthy
Asian Cities
Wealthy
Asian CitiesDeveloping
Asian Cities
Developing
Asian Cities
(g/pass - km)(g/pass - km)
Per capita emissions in global cities, 1990
Smog related air pollutants
Per capita emissions in global cities, 1990
Smog related air pollutants
Source: Barter, 1999Source: Barter, 1999
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Per capita emissions in global cities, 1990
of CO2 from private and public transportation
Per capita emissions in global cities, 1990
of CO2 from private and public transportation
Kg/ personKg/ person
00
500500
10001000
15001500
20002000
25002500
30003000
35003500
40004000
45004500
500050004,5364,536
2,7892,7892,4342,434
1,8881,888
1,1581,158837837
Public transport/ partion
of emissions
Public transport/ partion
of emissions
US
Cities
US
Cities
Australian
Cities
Australian
CitiesCanadian
Cities
Canadian
Cities
EuropeanCities
European
CitiesWealthy
AsianCities
WealthyAsianCities
DevelopingAsianCities
DevelopingAsian Cities
Source: Barter, 1999Source: Barter, 1999
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? Time
? User Cost Savings
? Safety
? Comfort & Convenience
? Time
? User Cost Savings
? Safety
? Comfort & Convenience
? Facility Cost
? Land Consumption? Air Pollution and Health
? Highway Services
? Accidents
? Noise
? Resource Depletion
? Time Loss Non-Motorists
? Social Disruption
? Facility Cost
? Land Consumption? Air Pollution and Health
? Highway Services
? Accidents
? Noise
? Resource Depletion
? Time Loss Non-Motorists
? Social Disruption
?
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FROM SUPPLY SIDE TO
DEMAND SIDEPLANNING
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Transport For The People
Feet First
TrafficCalming
On-Road
PriorityFor PublicTransport
DiversityIn PublicTransport
IntegrationOf PublicTransport
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Spatial Opportunities for Better PublicTransport in Asia
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Citizen ControlCitizen Control
Delegate PowerDelegate Power
PartnershipPartnership
PlacationPlacation
ConsultationConsultation
InformingInforming
TherapyTherapy
ManipulationManipulation
Nonparticipation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DegreesofTokenism
DegreesofCitizen Power
Eight Rungs on a Ladder of
Citizen Participation
Eight Rungs on a Ladder of
Citizen Participation
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The Global Plan for Action
(paragraph 27 d) :
improving access to work, goods, services, and amenities inter alia,
by promoting effective and environmentally sound, accessible,
quieter, and more energy efficient transport systems and by
promoting spatial development patterns and communication policiesthat reduce transport demand, promoting fiscal and economic
measures as appropriate, so that polluter bears the cost of pollution to
discourage polluting modes of transport.
City Summit, World Habitat II Conference
Istanbul, Turkey, 1996
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Thank youThank you
SUSTRAN NetworkSUSTRAN Network