utah school of computing preliminaries cs5540 human computer interfaces rich riesenfeld fall 2008
TRANSCRIPT
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Utah School of Computing
Preliminaries
CS5540 Human Computer InterfacesRich Riesenfeld
Fall 2008
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Utah School of Computing
Donald A. Norman, Psychology/Design of
Everyday Things
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 33Fall 2008
Affordances
• Affordances refers to the perceived
and actual properties, esp wrt how it
is used or applied
• Affordances provide “strong clues” to
the operation of things
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 44Fall 2008
Mappings
• Mappings refers to the relationship between two things
• Eg, control and movement- Steering wheel- Door handle
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 55Fall 2008
Map’s & Afford’s: Ex’s - 1
• Door Knobs v Levers
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 66Fall 2008
Map’s & Afford’s: Ex’s - 2
Doors open left or right ?
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 77Fall 2008
Map’s & Afford’s: Ex’s - 3
Lego pieces
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 88Fall 2008
Map’s & Afford’s: Ex’s - 4
• Bicycle- Seat, position, handlebars, brakes
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 99Fall 2008
Map’s & Afford’s: Ex’s - 5
• Mercedes power seat adjustment
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 1010Fall 2008
Map’s & Afford’s: Ex’s - 6
• Motorcycle- Clutch, shifting pattern
• Climate Control in a car-- Want to set temperature- Really setting amount of hot water circulating
through radiator
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 1111Fall 2008
Mappings & Affordances: Ex’s -2
• Stereo Controls- Knobs v Sliders
• TV Controls- Menus
• Triggers
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 1212
Functionality v Interface/Mapping
Fall 2008
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 1313
Huh? What’s this ?
Fall 2008
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 1414Fall 2008
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 1515Fall 2008
7 Stages of Action - 1
1. Form Goal
2. Form Intent
3. Specify Action
4. Execute Action
5. Perceive State of World
6. Evaluate Outcome
7. Interpret State of World
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 1616Fall 2008
7 Stages of Action - 1
A. Abstraction1. Form Goal
B. Execution Phase2. Form Intent3. Specify Action4. Execute Action
C. Evaluation Phase5. Perceive State of World6. Evaluate Outcome7. Interpret State of World
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 1717Fall 2008
7 Stages of Action - 2
1. Form Goal
Get more light to read
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 1818Fall 2008
7 Stages of Action - 2
2. Form Intent
Flip on a wall switch
3. Specify Action (Instantiate Plan)
Get out of chair, walk to switch …
4. Execute Action
Carry out plan
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 1919Fall 2008
7 Stages of Action - 4
5. Perceive State of World
Collect external data
6. Evaluate Outcome
7. Interpret State of World
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 2020Fall 2008
Issues
• Gulf of Execution- Wrong thing happened- Unexpected response
• Gulf of Evaluation- What is going on?- What am I?
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 2121Fall 2008
Control Structures
• Shallow structures
- ice cream store menu
• Narrow structures
• Cooking recipe
- small vocab
- many steps
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 2222Fall 2008
Errors
• Design for errors
• Making mistakes is normal
• Implement fault tolerant designs
- redundancy
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 2323Fall 2008
Designing for Errors - 1
• Understand the cause, and minimize• Implement UNDO • Make errors easy to
- detect- Correct
• Think of user as - engaged in approximate behavior - don’t think of it as wrong behavior
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 2424Fall 2008
Designing for Errors - 2
• Example: Locking keys in car- various alerts and inhibitions- don’t want a voice telling you that you just
locked your keys in car!
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 2525Fall 2008
Forcing Functions - 1
• Forcing Function is a form of physical (or other, ie, aversive, etc) constraint- make this hard to turn, hard to open- Barriers
Pedestrian Cars (RR X) Allow “X” but not “Y”
Luggage/shopping carts
- loud fire alarms (120 db !)
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 2626Fall 2008
Forcing Functions: Examples - 2
• Child-proof medicine containers
• Engaging reverse in a car
• Inhibit start w transmission
• Critical military decisions- Requires two authorized people
• Fire extinguisher
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 2727Fall 2008
Forcing Functions - 3
• Recessed reset button on equipment
• Turnstiles and automatic gates
• Speed governors on fleet cars
• Function car locks- Child locks on rear doors- Automatic locking when in Drive- Locked steering wheel w/o key
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 2828Fall 2008
Forcing Functions - 4
• Automatic seatbelts restraints
• Open microwave door inhibits POWER
• Self-cleaning oven – door stays locked
• Firearm safety settings
• Double instead of single mouse click
• Elevator – door must be closed
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 2929Fall 2008
Forcing Functions - 5
• Legal and psychological- Policeman at intersection- Police car at roadside
• Security- Security guard- Surveillance camera- Surveillance sign (not for sale, officially)- Guard dog – or any dog
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 3030Fall 2008
Forcing Functions: Advisories - 6
• “Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extend of law”
• “Speed enforced by radar”
• Radio alert provided by police- Radar in operation in following areas
• Reminder of consequences- Punishable by fine, jail, suspension,
removal, etc.
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 3131Fall 2008
Forcing Function Approach- 7
• Drastic, imposing, assertive, militant, authoritative, officious, Big Brother, risky
• When to use?- This is a choice of the stick over carrot- Often has a goodwill cost
Motorcycle helmets Seatbelts Child restraining seats
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 3232Fall 2008
Forcing Function Approach- 8
• What circumstances justifies this approach?- Safety?- Potential for major damage?- Harm to others/society?
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 3333Fall 2008
Forcing Function Approach- 9
• When does the user subscribe to the approach; when is it resented?- Gun control- Restricted (superuser) functions- Speed limits on German autobahn- Dress/behavior codes
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 3434Fall 2008
Forcing Function Approach- 10
• When does the user subscribe to the approach; when is it resented?- Drug control
Need a prescription Only dispensed for 1 month supply; cannot
renew Cannot call-in to pharmacy ID required Not honored from out-of-state prescription
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 3535Fall 2008
Fault “Intolerance”
• Design so that only correct actions can be taken
• Nuclear power plants
• Cockpits: Flaps down
• Shifting into reverse
• Assemble only one way: right way!
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 3636Fall 2008
Visibility
• Allow the user to be informed
• Show him the state- Where is the elevator? - Can I see the elevator in its shaft?
• Is the medium inserted correctly? Engaged properly?
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 3737Fall 2008
Interpreting Data
• Swiss Air flight- Low oil pressure, level on Eng 1
turn off Eng 1
- Ditto on Eng 2 & 3 impossible, not reasonable!
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 3838Fall 2008
Interpreting Data
• This happened!- New procedure- Same mistake on all engines- Oil ran out because of maintenance error on
new procedure- World view was wrong
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 3939Fall 2008
Effecting Actions
• Command mode- 3rd Person- Proxy- “fly by wire”
• Direct control- “hands on experience”- good haptic feedback
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 4040Fall 2008
Make Complicated Simpler - 1
• Use both world and user knowledge- Can lead to difficult choices
Swiss Air flight
• Simplify structure of tasks
• Make things visible- Bridging execution and evaluation
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 4141Fall 2008
Make Complicated Simpler - 2
• Get mappings right- test and validate
• Exploit constraints
• Design for error
• Standardize
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 4242Fall 2008
Make Complicated Simpler - 3
• Standardize- 911- Electrical power: (Black, Red, White, Green)- Video: (Red, White, Yellow)- Telephone: (Red,Green), (Yellow, Black)- etc
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 4343Fall 2008
Make Complicated Simpler - 4
• Standardize for- Convenience- Ease of use- Safety- Repressive
Hard to change, modernize, update May not be good design
• Issues (cont)
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 4444Fall 2008
Make Complicated Simpler - 5
• Standardization Issues- Standards are hard to achieve- Proprietary interests
Dominant player can dictate
- Role of government- Role of industry organization/society- Renegade players
How to enforce?
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Utah School of Computing
End Lecture Set 3 D A Norman Notes
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Student Name ServerUtah School of Computing slide slide 4646Fall 2008