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Copyright Carrier Corp. 2009 1

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Health Care Facilities: Filtration andHVAC Design

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Carrier BSS Upstate Symposium

Health Care Facilities:Filtration and HVACDesign

PRESENTED BY:

Brian Monk, P.E., ASHRAE DL

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Objectives

1. Outline specific sections of ASHRAE Standard

62.1 as it applies to Health Care Facilityfiltration.

2. Identify various AHU design strategies that cancomply with ASHRAE 90.1 as it pe rtains toHospital filtration.

3. Review the predominant filtration technologiesthat can be incorporated into central station

AHUs to minimize Particulate, Chemical andBiological contaminants.

4. Evaluate methods of reducing life-cycle costwithout sacrificing adequate air purification.

5. Explore air cleaning methods that complimentdilution and can serve as a means of controlling

airborne infection, and contaminants fromentering into the Health Care Environment.

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ASHRAE 62.1-2007

Prescriptive standardwhich dictatesminimum amounts ofoutdoor air tomaintain acceptableindoor air qualitywithin a space.


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ASHRAE 90.1-2001

A standard whichprovides minimumenergy efficiencyrequirements for thedesign andconstruction of newand existing buildings.

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Filtration CommitteesTC 2.3 GasTC 2.4 ParticulateTC 2.9 UVGI (Systems / Equipment Ch. 16)

TG. Building Security :Blast, Chemical, BiologicalRemediation (Application Ch. 58)

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Filtration Document is a Companion Document

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A chemical, biological, or radiological airborne threat cancome from a wartime attack, terrorist attack, or from an

industrial accident

Industrial accidents: To provide collective protection for a

facilityclosing the O.A. intakes during a release, orprotecting the air intakes with a filtration system is required.

Terrorist Threat: For facilities that require continuous

operation during a short duration with little or no warning,such as a terrorist attack, continuous filtration of theventilation air intakes is required.

Key excerpts from: Design of Collective Protection Shelters to Resist Chemical, Biological, and

Radiological Agents (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Feb.1999)

Industry Documentation

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Class II Filtration with little or no pressurization : This class

of protection is applicable to a terrorist attack with little or nowarning that produces a short duration small-scale release of

agent. Outdoor air intakes will be protected by continuouslyoperating filtration units..

The filtration system will be sized for the normal facility air

intake requirements and need provide little or no facilityoverpressure.

Toxic-free Area Overpressure: The TFA will be designed fora minimum overpressure goal of 0.02 wg.

Key excerpts from: Design of Collective Protection Shelters to Resist Chemical, Biological, and

Radiological Agents (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Feb.1999)


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Physical Security

Prevent Access to Outdoor Air Intakes.


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Ventilation Load Index (VLI)

High Latent to Sensible Ratio

Medium Latent to Sensible Ratio

Low Latent to Sensible Ratio

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ASHRAE APPLICATIONSHealth Care Facilities

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Regional outdoor air quality must be evaluated

outdoor source control

Ambient Air Quality

Co

ASHRAE Std 62-2004:4.1 Regional Air Quality. Thestatus ofcompliancewith national ambient air quality

standards shall be determined for the geographic area ofthe building site. In the United States, compliancestatus

shall beeither in attainment or non-attainment with...NAAQS


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Appendix E: Table E-1

Application:

Patient Rooms @ 10p/1000 sf

Medical Procedure @ 20p/1000 sf

Operating Rooms @ 20p/1000 sf

Recovery / ICU @ 20p/1000 sfAutopsy Rooms @ 20p/1000 sf

6207(visitor)

Rp cfm/p

25

15

30

150.50 CFM/Ft2 Vo

Ventilation Rates for Health Care

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Emission Trends (1970-1995)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Thousand

Short Tons

1970 1980 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

Particulates

PM-10


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Emission Trends (1970-1995)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Thousand

Short Tons

1970 1980 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

Nitrogen Oxide

NO

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outdoor source control

Intake Separation

Should separate intakes from strongoutdoor sources

Currently, no requirements

In the future, minimum separation distancefrom intake for specific outdoor sources

Dumpster -- 15 ft

Cooling tower exhaust -- 25 ft

Loading dock -- 25 ftCo

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6.2.1 OUTDOOR AIR TREATMENT

If Outdoor Air is judged to be unacceptable inaccordance with Section 4.1 (National Ambient AirQuality Standard), each ventilation system that providesoutdoor air through a supply fan shall comply withsections following.

Key excerpts from ASHRAE Standard 62-2004

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National Primary Ambient- Air Quality Standard (forO.A. as set by the US EPA)

Pollutant Averaging Period Standard

Ozone (O3) 1-hour 0.12 ppm

1-hour 9 ppmCarbon Monoxide (CO)

8-hour 35 ppm

24-hour 150 g/m3Particulate Matter (PM-10)

Annual arithmetic mean 365g/m3

24-hour 0.14 ppmSulfur Dioxide (SO2)Annual arithmetic mean 0.03 ppm

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Annual arithmetic mean 0.53 ppmLead (Pb) Annual arithmetic mean 1.5 g/m3


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6.2.1.3 Other Outdoor Contaminants

When the building is located in an area where thenational standard for one or more contaminants notspecifically addressed in Section 6.2.1 is exceeded, anydesign assumption and/or calculation related to theimpact on indoor air quality shall be included in thedesign documents.


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5.17.2.1 Air Cleaning

If air leaving a space or location passes through an air-cleaning system, the cleaned air may be reclassified toa cleaner classification, using the subjective criterianoted above, with the approval of the authority havingjurisdiction.

5.17 Air Classification and Recirculation


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Filtration

For cleanliness, must filter at MERV 6or more upstream of wet equipment

G

Std 62-2004: 5.9 Particulate Matter Removal.

Particulate matter filters or air cleaners having a minimumefficiency reporting value (MERV) of not less than 6

shall be provided upstream of allcooling coilsor otherdevices with wetted surfaces...

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Recirculation with Filtration

Outdoor Air is not always acceptable

The use of Outdoor Air for Dilutionventilation is not possible whencontaminants in O.A are above odorthreshold or TLV.

Properly cleaned air CAN be recirculatedusing the Air Quality Method Section 6.3ASHRAE Std. 62-2004


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AHU Design

Capacity (cfm) / area = velocity

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MERV Ratings for Particle Filtration

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Operating Cost


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Air Contaminant Sizes

MOLECULES

HUMAN HAIR

SCAN. ELEC. MICROSCOPE OPT. MICROSCOPE EYE

SMOG

VIRUSES

BACTERIA

POLLEN

TOBACCO SMOKE

FUMES DUSTS

SPORES

Particle Size, microns

10 1001.00.10.010.0010.0001

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High Efficiency Gas Absorbers

ACTIVATEDCARBON IMPREGNATEDWITH PHOSPHORICACID

ACTIVATEDCARBON IMPREGNATEDWITH POTASSIUMHYDROXIDE

POTASSIUMIMPREGNATED ALUMINA

COAL BASED ACTIVATED CARBON

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Removal Mechanisms

ADSORPTION

ABSORPTION

CHEMISORPTION

CATALYSIS


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Pore Structure

Macropores (r > 25 nm)Used to enter

Mesopores (r = 1-25 nm)Used to transport

Micropores (r < 1 nm)Used to adsorb

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Chemisorption

Oxidation ReactionOxidant + Contaminant + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water

Acid-Base ReactionAcid + Base Salt + Water

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Adsorption Wave

UnusedMedia

UnusedMedia

UnusedMedia

ActiveMedia

ActiveMedia

ActiveMedia

Spent

Media

Spent

Media

Spent

Media

T1 T2 T3

MTZ

MTZ M

TZ

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FLOW SCHEMATIC

THIN BED SYSTEM (TRS L.T. 0.4s)

High Eff ic iencyPart iculate Filter

ChemicalFiltration

Media

ContaminatedAir

Entering

RoughingPre-Filter

Perforated"V-Shaped"

Media HoldingModules

Clean AirLeaving


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THIN BED Filtration SYSTEM

FEATURES High Sealing Integrity

Size Flexibility

Multiple Stages ofParticulate andGas-Phase Filtration

Optional Bi-PolarIonization Section

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Technology Evaluation Report

Biological Inactivation Efficiency by HVAC In-Duct

Ultraviolet Light Systems

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPAs) National

Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) Technology Testing and

Evaluation Program (TTEP) is helping to protect human health and the

environment from adverse impacts resulting from acts of terror by

carrying out performance tests on homeland security technologies.

The objective of testing the device was to evaluate its bioaerosol

inactivation efficiency as a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning

(HVAC) in-duct ultraviolet light system.

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The bioaerosol inactivation efficiencies calculated for the three

organisms were 93% forB. atrophaeus, $99.97% forS.

marcescens and 99% for MS2. The irradiance was measured as

1200 W/cm2 at 133 cm (52.4 in.) upstream from the closest glass

part of the lamps with an airflow of 0.93 m3/sec (1970 cfm). The

system had five lamps that were burned in for 100 hours prior to

measurements.

Biological Inactivation Efficiency by HVAC In-Duct Ultraviolet

Light Systems

Technology Evaluation Report


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20 0 220 24 0 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 40 00

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100110

Effgerm ( )

%

Avg germ_eff1

400 300300

400

Effgerm( )

d:= Avg germ_eff 3.03 %=

UV radiation that reached the sea level are > 290 nm at p.93

source : Atmospheric Chemistry: Fundamentals a nd Experimental techniques, B.J.

Finlayson-Pitts and J.N.Pitts, John-Wiley & Sons, 1986, 1098p.

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Natural UV Source : The SunNatural UV Source : The Sun

WHATWHAT isis thethe equivalentequivalent

GermicidalGermicidal UV DOSEUV DOSE

receivedreceived byby

aa bacteriabacteria living OUTDOORS?living OUTDOORS?

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DOSEoutdoor1

400 3000 hr

12 hr

t

300

400

Effgerm( ) UV( )

d

d:=

Total Dail y Natural Outdoor UV Dose : DOSEoutdoor 19189microwatt se c

cm2

=

Minimum Germici dal UV output power requirement per s quare foot of indoor floor assuming

24/24 continuous use :

Specsqft_outputDOSEoutdoor

24 hr:= Specsqft_output 206

microwatt

ft2

=

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3- Effect of natural UV on OUTDOOR air3- Effect of natural UV on OUTDOOR air

UV TypeUV Type EffectsEffects Operating M odeOperating M ode_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

UV - CUV - C GermicidalGermicidal Acts onAc t s o n DNADNA(254(254 nmnm )) Steri l isationSteri l isation Inhibits ReproductionInhibits Reproduction

UV - VUV - V Photo-OxidationPhoto-Oxidation UVV + OUVV + O22 OO** + O+ O **

(185(185 nmnm )) ( hydroxyl r adicals)( hydroxyl r adicals) OO** + H+ H22OO OHOH** + OH+ OH**

Oxidation of organic chemicalsOxidation of organic chemicals CO +2OHCO +2OH** COCO 22 + H+ H 22OO

in the upperin the upper atmosphereatmosphere


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Natural Source (The Sun)Natural Source (The Sun)

DAILY germicidal UV DOSEDAILY germicidal UV DOSE

received by a bacteria livingreceived by a bacteria living

in OUTDOOR AIR :in OUTDOOR AIR :

19,189 microwatt.sec19,189 microwatt.sec/cm/cm22

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Molds ( SPORES) CommentsUVC LETHAL DOSE

( microWatt.sec/cm2 )

Alternaria Olive green-black 23600

Asper gillius flavis Yellowish-green color 26100

Asper gillius gl aucus Bl uish-gre en color 19100

Aspergillius niger Black color 57300

Aureobasidium pullulans Whi te-gray co lor 29600

Cladosporium Greenish to black 12300

Mucor racemosus A White-gray color 7400

Mucor racemosus B White-gray color 7400

Oospora lactis White color 2200

Penicillium expansum Olive color 1300

Penicillium roqueforti Green color 5600

Penicillium digitatum Olive color 19100

Rhisopus negricans Black 48200

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44 Air Pur ifi ca ti on Technique s :Air Purifi ca tio n Techniques :

the place of the UV technologythe place of the UV technology

Germicidal chemical products

UV Sterilization of DNA

Fungi

Molds

Bacteria

Biological

Adsorption on activated charcoal

Thermal oxidation

UV-Photo-oxidation

Solvents

Formaldehyde

VOCChemicals

FiltersDustSolids

Remediation

technologyExamplesPollutant

Type

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CASESTUDY

Sharp HospitalO.A / R.A. with Filtration

Outdoor air filtration to

remove harmful pollutants

such as NOx, SOx, O3 and HC

MERV 6

MERV 13

UVGI

Activated Carbon Cells

HEPA (MERV 16)


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CASESTUDY

Washoe Medical Center, NevadaOutdoor Air Purification

Helicopter landing pad

O.A. filtration of Hydrocarbons, particulates

Respiratory difficulties

Chemical Filtration / HEPA particulatefiltration

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CASESTUDY

Clinic OVO Montreal, Canada

Fertility clinic O.A./R.A. filtration

Fertility Clinic

Central AHU total filtration system

12,500 CFM O.A./R.A filtered

MERV 8 /chemical filters / UV / HEPA

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CASESTUDY

Forensic Pathology, Toronto

Biological / Chemical Filtration

Chief Coroner Office Ontario

Main body storage area, pathology center

20-40 ACH

Combines UV / Chemical Filtration /HEPA particulate filtration

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CASESTUDY

HIV Dental Clinic, Albany, NYDedicated Filtration in Dental Surgery Areas

Protect HIV patients from airbornecontamination

Filter Gases, Particulates, BiologicalContaminants

Maintain positive pressure 0.1 W.C.

within Dental Surgery Area.


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References

Schoen, Larry: ASHRAE Std 62, Ventilation for Acceptable Air Quality. Boston Society of Architects, Chapter ofAIA, May 2004

Vasselli, John: Economics and Energy in Buildings. Bynum Training Center, Carrier Corporation, NOV 2006.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Mobile Sources. Air Toxics from Motor Vehicles.February, 1995.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Mobile Sources. Environmental Fact Sheet - Adopted AircraftEngine Emission Standards. August, 1994.

1997 Current Market Outlook - World Market Demand and Airplane Supply Requirements. Boeing, 1997.Chang, K.M., The Integration of Airport Planning and Environmental Assessment- A focus on Air Quality Analysis,

1978.

Pant, Bhuvan C., Diesel Exhaust Irritants and Odorants, Materials Research, Development and Production Center,1987.

Persily, Andrew: ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004Introduction and Overview. ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando , FL,Feb 2005.

Carrier Corporation: Demand Controlled Ventilation System Design, Saving Energy Cost while optimizing Indoor AirQuality. Syracuse 2001.

Stanke, Dennis. System Operation: Dynamic Reset Option, Standard 62.1-2004. ASHRAE Journal December 2006

National Air Filtration Association (1997) Installation , Operation and Maintenance or Air Filtrati on Systems.Washington D.C., NAFA

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