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Health Care Facilities: Filtration andHVAC Design
Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009
Carrier BSS Upstate Symposium
Health Care Facilities:Filtration and HVACDesign
PRESENTED BY:
Brian Monk, P.E., ASHRAE DL
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Health Care Facilities: Filtration andHVAC Design
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Cell Phones
Please Turn OffCell Phones
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Health Care Facilities: Filtration andHVAC Design
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Objectives
1. Outline specific sections of ASHRAE Standard
62.1 as it applies to Health Care Facilityfiltration.
2. Identify various AHU design strategies that cancomply with ASHRAE 90.1 as it pe rtains toHospital filtration.
3. Review the predominant filtration technologiesthat can be incorporated into central station
AHUs to minimize Particulate, Chemical andBiological contaminants.
4. Evaluate methods of reducing life-cycle costwithout sacrificing adequate air purification.
5. Explore air cleaning methods that complimentdilution and can serve as a means of controlling
airborne infection, and contaminants fromentering into the Health Care Environment.
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ASHRAE 62.1-2007
Prescriptive standardwhich dictatesminimum amounts ofoutdoor air tomaintain acceptableindoor air qualitywithin a space.
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ASHRAE 90.1-2001
A standard whichprovides minimumenergy efficiencyrequirements for thedesign andconstruction of newand existing buildings.
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Filtration CommitteesTC 2.3 GasTC 2.4 ParticulateTC 2.9 UVGI (Systems / Equipment Ch. 16)
TG. Building Security :Blast, Chemical, BiologicalRemediation (Application Ch. 58)
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Filtration Document is a Companion Document
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A chemical, biological, or radiological airborne threat cancome from a wartime attack, terrorist attack, or from an
industrial accident
Industrial accidents: To provide collective protection for a
facilityclosing the O.A. intakes during a release, orprotecting the air intakes with a filtration system is required.
Terrorist Threat: For facilities that require continuous
operation during a short duration with little or no warning,such as a terrorist attack, continuous filtration of theventilation air intakes is required.
Key excerpts from: Design of Collective Protection Shelters to Resist Chemical, Biological, and
Radiological Agents (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Feb.1999)
Industry Documentation
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Class II Filtration with little or no pressurization : This class
of protection is applicable to a terrorist attack with little or nowarning that produces a short duration small-scale release of
agent. Outdoor air intakes will be protected by continuouslyoperating filtration units..
The filtration system will be sized for the normal facility air
intake requirements and need provide little or no facilityoverpressure.
Toxic-free Area Overpressure: The TFA will be designed fora minimum overpressure goal of 0.02 wg.
Key excerpts from: Design of Collective Protection Shelters to Resist Chemical, Biological, and
Radiological Agents (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Feb.1999)
Industry Documentation
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Physical Security
Prevent Access to Outdoor Air Intakes.
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Ventilation Load Index (VLI)
High Latent to Sensible Ratio
Medium Latent to Sensible Ratio
Low Latent to Sensible Ratio
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Industry Documentation
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ASHRAE APPLICATIONSHealth Care Facilities
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Regional outdoor air quality must be evaluated
outdoor source control
Ambient Air Quality
Co
ASHRAE Std 62-2004:4.1 Regional Air Quality. Thestatus ofcompliancewith national ambient air quality
standards shall be determined for the geographic area ofthe building site. In the United States, compliancestatus
shall beeither in attainment or non-attainment with...NAAQS
Industry Documentation
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Appendix E: Table E-1
Application:
Patient Rooms @ 10p/1000 sf
Medical Procedure @ 20p/1000 sf
Operating Rooms @ 20p/1000 sf
Recovery / ICU @ 20p/1000 sfAutopsy Rooms @ 20p/1000 sf
6207(visitor)
Rp cfm/p
25
15
30
150.50 CFM/Ft2 Vo
Ventilation Rates for Health Care
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Emission Trends (1970-1995)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Thousand
Short Tons
1970 1980 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994
Particulates
PM-10
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Emission Trends (1970-1995)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Thousand
Short Tons
1970 1980 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994
Nitrogen Oxide
NO
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outdoor source control
Intake Separation
Should separate intakes from strongoutdoor sources
Currently, no requirements
In the future, minimum separation distancefrom intake for specific outdoor sources
Dumpster -- 15 ft
Cooling tower exhaust -- 25 ft
Loading dock -- 25 ftCo
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6.2.1 OUTDOOR AIR TREATMENT
If Outdoor Air is judged to be unacceptable inaccordance with Section 4.1 (National Ambient AirQuality Standard), each ventilation system that providesoutdoor air through a supply fan shall comply withsections following.
Key excerpts from ASHRAE Standard 62-2004
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National Primary Ambient- Air Quality Standard (forO.A. as set by the US EPA)
Pollutant Averaging Period Standard
Ozone (O3) 1-hour 0.12 ppm
1-hour 9 ppmCarbon Monoxide (CO)
8-hour 35 ppm
24-hour 150 g/m3Particulate Matter (PM-10)
Annual arithmetic mean 365g/m3
24-hour 0.14 ppmSulfur Dioxide (SO2)Annual arithmetic mean 0.03 ppm
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Annual arithmetic mean 0.53 ppmLead (Pb) Annual arithmetic mean 1.5 g/m3
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6.2.1.3 Other Outdoor Contaminants
When the building is located in an area where thenational standard for one or more contaminants notspecifically addressed in Section 6.2.1 is exceeded, anydesign assumption and/or calculation related to theimpact on indoor air quality shall be included in thedesign documents.
Key excerpts from ASHRAE Standard 62-2004
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5.17.2.1 Air Cleaning
If air leaving a space or location passes through an air-cleaning system, the cleaned air may be reclassified toa cleaner classification, using the subjective criterianoted above, with the approval of the authority havingjurisdiction.
5.17 Air Classification and Recirculation
Key excerpts from ASHRAE Standard 62-2004
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Filtration
For cleanliness, must filter at MERV 6or more upstream of wet equipment
G
Std 62-2004: 5.9 Particulate Matter Removal.
Particulate matter filters or air cleaners having a minimumefficiency reporting value (MERV) of not less than 6
shall be provided upstream of allcooling coilsor otherdevices with wetted surfaces...
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Recirculation with Filtration
Outdoor Air is not always acceptable
The use of Outdoor Air for Dilutionventilation is not possible whencontaminants in O.A are above odorthreshold or TLV.
Properly cleaned air CAN be recirculatedusing the Air Quality Method Section 6.3ASHRAE Std. 62-2004
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AHU Design
Capacity (cfm) / area = velocity
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MERV Ratings for Particle Filtration
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Operating Cost
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Air Contaminant Sizes
MOLECULES
HUMAN HAIR
SCAN. ELEC. MICROSCOPE OPT. MICROSCOPE EYE
SMOG
VIRUSES
BACTERIA
POLLEN
TOBACCO SMOKE
FUMES DUSTS
SPORES
Particle Size, microns
10 1001.00.10.010.0010.0001
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High Efficiency Gas Absorbers
ACTIVATEDCARBON IMPREGNATEDWITH PHOSPHORICACID
ACTIVATEDCARBON IMPREGNATEDWITH POTASSIUMHYDROXIDE
POTASSIUMIMPREGNATED ALUMINA
COAL BASED ACTIVATED CARBON
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Removal Mechanisms
ADSORPTION
ABSORPTION
CHEMISORPTION
CATALYSIS
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Pore Structure
Macropores (r > 25 nm)Used to enter
Mesopores (r = 1-25 nm)Used to transport
Micropores (r < 1 nm)Used to adsorb
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Chemisorption
Oxidation ReactionOxidant + Contaminant + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water
Acid-Base ReactionAcid + Base Salt + Water
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Adsorption Wave
UnusedMedia
UnusedMedia
UnusedMedia
ActiveMedia
ActiveMedia
ActiveMedia
Spent
Media
Spent
Media
Spent
Media
T1 T2 T3
MTZ
MTZ M
TZ
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FLOW SCHEMATIC
THIN BED SYSTEM (TRS L.T. 0.4s)
High Eff ic iencyPart iculate Filter
ChemicalFiltration
Media
ContaminatedAir
Entering
RoughingPre-Filter
Perforated"V-Shaped"
Media HoldingModules
Clean AirLeaving
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THIN BED Filtration SYSTEM
FEATURES High Sealing Integrity
Size Flexibility
Multiple Stages ofParticulate andGas-Phase Filtration
Optional Bi-PolarIonization Section
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Technology Evaluation Report
Biological Inactivation Efficiency by HVAC In-Duct
Ultraviolet Light Systems
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPAs) National
Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) Technology Testing and
Evaluation Program (TTEP) is helping to protect human health and the
environment from adverse impacts resulting from acts of terror by
carrying out performance tests on homeland security technologies.
The objective of testing the device was to evaluate its bioaerosol
inactivation efficiency as a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning
(HVAC) in-duct ultraviolet light system.
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The bioaerosol inactivation efficiencies calculated for the three
organisms were 93% forB. atrophaeus, $99.97% forS.
marcescens and 99% for MS2. The irradiance was measured as
1200 W/cm2 at 133 cm (52.4 in.) upstream from the closest glass
part of the lamps with an airflow of 0.93 m3/sec (1970 cfm). The
system had five lamps that were burned in for 100 hours prior to
measurements.
Biological Inactivation Efficiency by HVAC In-Duct Ultraviolet
Light Systems
Technology Evaluation Report
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20 0 220 24 0 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 40 00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100110
Effgerm ( )
%
Avg germ_eff1
400 300300
400
Effgerm( )
d:= Avg germ_eff 3.03 %=
UV radiation that reached the sea level are > 290 nm at p.93
source : Atmospheric Chemistry: Fundamentals a nd Experimental techniques, B.J.
Finlayson-Pitts and J.N.Pitts, John-Wiley & Sons, 1986, 1098p.
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Natural UV Source : The SunNatural UV Source : The Sun
WHATWHAT isis thethe equivalentequivalent
GermicidalGermicidal UV DOSEUV DOSE
receivedreceived byby
aa bacteriabacteria living OUTDOORS?living OUTDOORS?
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DOSEoutdoor1
400 3000 hr
12 hr
t
300
400
Effgerm( ) UV( )
d
d:=
Total Dail y Natural Outdoor UV Dose : DOSEoutdoor 19189microwatt se c
cm2
=
Minimum Germici dal UV output power requirement per s quare foot of indoor floor assuming
24/24 continuous use :
Specsqft_outputDOSEoutdoor
24 hr:= Specsqft_output 206
microwatt
ft2
=
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3- Effect of natural UV on OUTDOOR air3- Effect of natural UV on OUTDOOR air
UV TypeUV Type EffectsEffects Operating M odeOperating M ode_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
UV - CUV - C GermicidalGermicidal Acts onAc t s o n DNADNA(254(254 nmnm )) Steri l isationSteri l isation Inhibits ReproductionInhibits Reproduction
UV - VUV - V Photo-OxidationPhoto-Oxidation UVV + OUVV + O22 OO** + O+ O **
(185(185 nmnm )) ( hydroxyl r adicals)( hydroxyl r adicals) OO** + H+ H22OO OHOH** + OH+ OH**
Oxidation of organic chemicalsOxidation of organic chemicals CO +2OHCO +2OH** COCO 22 + H+ H 22OO
in the upperin the upper atmosphereatmosphere
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Natural Source (The Sun)Natural Source (The Sun)
DAILY germicidal UV DOSEDAILY germicidal UV DOSE
received by a bacteria livingreceived by a bacteria living
in OUTDOOR AIR :in OUTDOOR AIR :
19,189 microwatt.sec19,189 microwatt.sec/cm/cm22
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Molds ( SPORES) CommentsUVC LETHAL DOSE
( microWatt.sec/cm2 )
Alternaria Olive green-black 23600
Asper gillius flavis Yellowish-green color 26100
Asper gillius gl aucus Bl uish-gre en color 19100
Aspergillius niger Black color 57300
Aureobasidium pullulans Whi te-gray co lor 29600
Cladosporium Greenish to black 12300
Mucor racemosus A White-gray color 7400
Mucor racemosus B White-gray color 7400
Oospora lactis White color 2200
Penicillium expansum Olive color 1300
Penicillium roqueforti Green color 5600
Penicillium digitatum Olive color 19100
Rhisopus negricans Black 48200
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44 Air Pur ifi ca ti on Technique s :Air Purifi ca tio n Techniques :
the place of the UV technologythe place of the UV technology
Germicidal chemical products
UV Sterilization of DNA
Fungi
Molds
Bacteria
Biological
Adsorption on activated charcoal
Thermal oxidation
UV-Photo-oxidation
Solvents
Formaldehyde
VOCChemicals
FiltersDustSolids
Remediation
technologyExamplesPollutant
Type
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CASESTUDY
Sharp HospitalO.A / R.A. with Filtration
Outdoor air filtration to
remove harmful pollutants
such as NOx, SOx, O3 and HC
MERV 6
MERV 13
UVGI
Activated Carbon Cells
HEPA (MERV 16)
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CASESTUDY
Washoe Medical Center, NevadaOutdoor Air Purification
Helicopter landing pad
O.A. filtration of Hydrocarbons, particulates
Respiratory difficulties
Chemical Filtration / HEPA particulatefiltration
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CASESTUDY
Clinic OVO Montreal, Canada
Fertility clinic O.A./R.A. filtration
Fertility Clinic
Central AHU total filtration system
12,500 CFM O.A./R.A filtered
MERV 8 /chemical filters / UV / HEPA
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CASESTUDY
Forensic Pathology, Toronto
Biological / Chemical Filtration
Chief Coroner Office Ontario
Main body storage area, pathology center
20-40 ACH
Combines UV / Chemical Filtration /HEPA particulate filtration
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CASESTUDY
HIV Dental Clinic, Albany, NYDedicated Filtration in Dental Surgery Areas
Protect HIV patients from airbornecontamination
Filter Gases, Particulates, BiologicalContaminants
Maintain positive pressure 0.1 W.C.
within Dental Surgery Area.
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References
Schoen, Larry: ASHRAE Std 62, Ventilation for Acceptable Air Quality. Boston Society of Architects, Chapter ofAIA, May 2004
Vasselli, John: Economics and Energy in Buildings. Bynum Training Center, Carrier Corporation, NOV 2006.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Mobile Sources. Air Toxics from Motor Vehicles.February, 1995.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Mobile Sources. Environmental Fact Sheet - Adopted AircraftEngine Emission Standards. August, 1994.
1997 Current Market Outlook - World Market Demand and Airplane Supply Requirements. Boeing, 1997.Chang, K.M., The Integration of Airport Planning and Environmental Assessment- A focus on Air Quality Analysis,
1978.
Pant, Bhuvan C., Diesel Exhaust Irritants and Odorants, Materials Research, Development and Production Center,1987.
Persily, Andrew: ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004Introduction and Overview. ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando , FL,Feb 2005.
Carrier Corporation: Demand Controlled Ventilation System Design, Saving Energy Cost while optimizing Indoor AirQuality. Syracuse 2001.
Stanke, Dennis. System Operation: Dynamic Reset Option, Standard 62.1-2004. ASHRAE Journal December 2006
National Air Filtration Association (1997) Installation , Operation and Maintenance or Air Filtrati on Systems.Washington D.C., NAFA