Using qualitative and Using qualitative and mixed methods in mixed methods in livelihood systems livelihood systems

profilingprofiling

Fabio PittalugaFabio PittalugaFAO Fisheries DepartmentFAO Fisheries Department

Structure of presentationStructure of presentation

PART ONE: PART ONE: OverviewOverview The “zero-in” approachThe “zero-in” approach Applications in different contextsApplications in different contexts Tools used flexibly to respond to client’s Tools used flexibly to respond to client’s

needsneeds

PART TWO: PART TWO: Tools for LS profilingTools for LS profiling Two methodological elements: Two methodological elements:

– Ranked sets sampling methodology Ranked sets sampling methodology – Methods to conduct focus groups discussionsMethods to conduct focus groups discussions

PART ONE

Zero-in approachZero-in approach

Direction of research

MACRO

For ex: country

MICRO

For ex: household

MESO

For ex: department

Livelihoods of artisanal fishing Livelihoods of artisanal fishing communities communities

in Ivory Coast and Ghanain Ivory Coast and Ghana

Surveyed sample of households/individualsSurveyed sample of households/individuals

depending on fishing as primary activitydepending on fishing as primary activity

Focus group at district level defined poverty and poverty groups within fishing communities

Construction of multidimensional poverty indicator on the basis of local definitions of poverty

2

3

1 Secondary literature review

4

GhanaGhanaThe scaleable attributes module (Likert scales)The scaleable attributes module (Likert scales)

12 Livelihoods-based macro variables

State of

Natural resources

Institutions

Social capital

Infrastructure

Health

Food

security

Financial

assets

Employment

Education

Coping

mechanismsVulnerability

Access to

resources

GhanaGhanaEach macro variable composed of MANY statementsEach macro variable composed of MANY statements

Statement 1 2 3 4 5

Fish catches over the past 5 years have

Substantially decreased

Somewhat decreased

Remained stable

Slightly increased

Increased considerably

ExampleExample

Maximum possible score = 5

GhanaGhana

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

Acc

ess

to r

esou

rces

and

ass

et

Cop

ing

mec

hani

sm

Edu

catio

n

Em

ploy

men

t

Fin

anci

al A

sset

Foo

d se

curit

y

Hea

lth

Infr

astr

uctu

res

Inst

itutio

ns

Soc

ial c

apita

l

Sta

te o

f re

sour

ces

Vul

nera

bilit

y

Tot

al

Poverty

and

fishing

communities of

Lake Volta,

Ghana

BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

Review of secondary literature and dataReview of secondary literature and data11

Mail survey with 105 NGOsMail survey with 105 NGOs22

19 coastal zone district workshops19 coastal zone district workshops33

7 case studies7 case studies44

STRUCTURE OF THE WORKSHOP

List vulnerability factorsList vulnerability factors by livelihood groupby livelihood group

List vulnerability factorsList vulnerability factors by livelihood groupby livelihood group

aa

Rank according Rank according to frequencyto frequency

Rank according Rank according to frequencyto frequency

cc

Info on spatial Info on spatial and temporal and temporal

distribution, and copingdistribution, and coping

Info on spatial Info on spatial and temporal and temporal

distribution, and copingdistribution, and coping

dd

RespondentsRespondents select select 5 most important5 most important

RespondentsRespondents select select 5 most important5 most important

bb

SMALLFARMERS

1.1. Lack of safe drinking water / Lack of safe drinking water / arsenicarsenic

2.2. Cyclone / tidal boreCyclone / tidal bore3.3. Drainage congestion / water Drainage congestion / water

logginglogging4.4. Landholding problemsLandholding problems5.5. Labor market shortagesLabor market shortages

ARTISANALFISHERS

1.1. Cyclone/tidal boreCyclone/tidal bore2.2. Deterioration of fish resourcesDeterioration of fish resources3.3. Lack of communication facilitiesLack of communication facilities4.4. Lack of cashLack of cash5.5. Lack of fishing equipment Lack of fishing equipment

RURAL WAGE

LABORERS

1.1. Labor market shortagesLabor market shortages2.2. Low wage rateLow wage rate3.3. Seasonal-labor market Seasonal-labor market

shortages shortages 4.4. Lack of cashLack of cash5.5. Cyclone / tidal boreCyclone / tidal bore

URBAN WAGE

LABORERS

1.1. Labor market shortagesLabor market shortages2.2. Low wage rateLow wage rate3.3. Cyclone / tidal boreCyclone / tidal bore4.4. Lack of sanitation facilitiesLack of sanitation facilities5.5. Lack of skillsLack of skills

RANKED

RANKED

VULNERABILITY

VULNERABILITY

FACTORS

FACTORS

NOAKHALI

District

NOAKHALI

District

Vote proportionVote proportionof people affected of people affected

in each group in each group

Vote proportionVote proportionof people affected of people affected

in each group in each group

Proportion of population of small scale farmers affected by vulnerability factors (%)

Noakhali

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Lack of safedrinking water /

Arsenic

Cyclone / tidalbore

Drainagecongestion /

Waterlogging

Landholdingproblems

Labor marketshortages

%

Hardly any

Few

Half

Many

Nearly all

NOAKHALI DistrictNOAKHALI DistrictNOAKHALI DistrictNOAKHALI District

TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF VULNERABILITY FACTORS FOR

SMALL FARMERS

CRITICAL PERIOD

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Sm

all-s

cale

farm

ers

Lack of employment opportunities

Lack of safe drinking water / arsenic

Cyclone / tidal bore

Drainage congestion / waterlogging

Land holding problems

PART TWOPART TWO

Ranked sets sampling method:Ranked sets sampling method:an example from the Gambiaan example from the Gambia

Poverty map existed but info not Poverty map existed but info not disaggregated at village leveldisaggregated at village level

Two-tier approach to sampling:Two-tier approach to sampling:– Primary units (village)Primary units (village)– Secondary units (households)Secondary units (households)

Ranked sets method used to sample Ranked sets method used to sample primary unitsprimary units

Number of villages to be

sampled

Kanifing 2 2 0.4 = 1Western Division 25 25.5 5.1 = 5Lower River Division 28 28.6 5.72 = 5North Bank Division 43 43.9 8.78 = 9

TOTALS 98 20

Division Total villages % to be sampled

SELECTING 20 REPRESENTATIVE VILLAGES IN 4 DIVISIONS

RANKING FISHING VILLAGES BY PERCEPTION OF POVERTY CONDITION

1 = poorest

5 = richest

….. Same procedure for all Divisions

Jali 1 2 3 4 5Keneba 1 2 3 4 5Tankularr 1 2 3 4 5Joli 1 2 3 4 5Kemoto 1 2 3 4 5Burong 1 2 3 4 5Dumbuto 1 2 3 4 5Tenda Ba 1 2 3 4 5Juroff 1 2 3 4 5Kolior 1 2 3 4 5Jassobo 1 2 3 4 5Masembe 1 2 3 4 5Gennier 1 2 3 4 5Kiaf 1 2 3 4 5Jiffin 1 2 3 4 5Toniata Ba 1 2 3 4 5Soma 1 2 3 4 5Pakalending 1 2 3 4 5

Fishing villages of Lower River Division

……………………………………………………………………….

Arangalen 19Kayaborr 20Jiffarong 22Sintet 22Ndemban 24Sibanor 25Bonto 26Bondali 27Kembuje 28Bullok 28Kalagi 28Kafuta 29Brefet 29Bwiam 31Kololi 32Mandinary 33Faraba 34Bintang 34Pirang 38Bato Kunku 40Kartong 50Brufut 50Sanyand 53Tanji 61Gunjur 62 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ara

ngal

en

Kay

abor

r

Jiffa

rong

Sin

tet

Nde

mba

n

Sib

anor

Bon

to

Bon

dali

Kem

buje

Bul

lok

Kal

agi

Kaf

uta

Bre

fet

Bw

iam

Kol

oli

Man

dina

ry

Far

aba

Bin

tang

Pira

ng

Bat

o K

unku

Kar

tong

Bru

fut

San

yand

Tan

ji

Gun

jur

EXTRACTING A RANKED SET

Focus group discussionsFocus group discussions

Understand processes, causality, etc.Understand processes, causality, etc.

Insights about WHY people feel Insights about WHY people feel

in a given manner within a given manner with

respect to an issuerespect to an issue

Discuss particular set of topicsDiscuss particular set of topics

Focus Group settingsFocus Group settings

Homogenous groupHomogenous group

10-15 people10-15 people

Set of specific issues to deal withSet of specific issues to deal with

No more than 2 to 2.5 hoursNo more than 2 to 2.5 hours

Conducting a FG discussionConducting a FG discussion Whenever possible do it in a team Whenever possible do it in a team

Select a facilitator Select a facilitator – Follow structure but responsive to direction Follow structure but responsive to direction

of narrative flowof narrative flow– Follow up on unforeseen issues emerging Follow up on unforeseen issues emerging

from FGfrom FG– Synthesize info in visually clear manner (as Synthesize info in visually clear manner (as

opposed to simply writing on a flip-chart…) opposed to simply writing on a flip-chart…)

Others write informationOthers write information

Questions to askQuestions to ask

Broad, non-conducive, open-ended Broad, non-conducive, open-ended questionsquestions

Then zero-in on specific aspectsThen zero-in on specific aspects

Tackle sensitive issues indirectlyTackle sensitive issues indirectly This will tell you whether it’s ok to ask them This will tell you whether it’s ok to ask them

or not…or not…

Recording information from Recording information from FGFG

Write up all the informationWrite up all the information

Keep questions you may want to ask for a Keep questions you may want to ask for a later time later time

Observe dynamics of the groupObserve dynamics of the group

While you write, keep a column for your While you write, keep a column for your observations and questions. observations and questions.