use punnett squares for unusual monohybrid blood types ... › uploads › 5 › 3 › 8 › 9 ›...
TRANSCRIPT
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▪Use Punnett squares for unusual monohybrid crosses – incomplete dominance, codominance, blood types, sex-linkage
▪Use Punnett square for dihybrid crosses
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VOCABULARY
▪Incomplete dominance
▪Codominance
▪Polygenic trait
▪Epistasis
▪Multiple alleles
▪Pleiotropy
▪Sex-linked trait
▪Barr body
▪Gene mapping
▪Gene linkage
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TRAIT
▪Ways of looking, thinking, or being
▪Types of traits▪Dominant (Topic 1)
▪Recessive (Topic 1)
▪Polygenic (Topic 2)
▪Sex-linked (Topic 2)
▪Autosomal (Topic 3)
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COMPLETE DOMINANCE
▪ In Mendel’s classic pea crosses, the F1 offspring always looked like one of the two parental varieties because one allele in a pair showed complete dominance
▪Phenotypes of heterozygote and dominant homozygote areindistinguishable
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+ =
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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
▪There is no dominant allele or recessive allele
▪Example: Red (RR) x White (rr) = Pink (Rr)
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CODOMINANCE
▪There is no dominant allele or recessive allele but both are expressed
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PRACTICE
If brown hair and white hair horse alleles show incomplete dominance, what offspring ratios will you see if you cross a brown horse with a white horse?
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If red and white flower alleles show codominance, what offspring ratios will you see if you cross a red flower with a white flower?
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▪Use Punnett squares for unusual monohybrid crosses – incomplete dominance✔, codominance✔, blood types, sex-linkage
▪Use Punnett square for dihybrid crosses
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POLYGENIC TRAIT
▪Two or more genes affect a single phenotype
▪Example: Eye color, skin color, height
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EPISTASIS
▪The phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene
▪Example: Coat color in Labrador retrievers
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MULTIPLE ALLELES
▪ Two or more alleles affect a single gene
▪ Example: Blood type (A, B, O)
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PRACTICE
If a father with blood type A (IAi)and mother with blood type B (IBi)have a child together, what offspring ratios will you see?
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PLEIOTROPY
▪A single gene has multiple effects on unrelated traits
▪Example: Sickle cell anemia
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COMPARE AND CONTRAST
Polygenic trait
Multiple alleles
Pleiotropy
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SEX-LINKED TRAIT
▪A gene is located on either sex chromosome
▪Most are found on the X chromosome
▪Example: Hemophilia (x-linked) causes blood not to clot, Auricular hypertrichosis (y-linked) which causes excessive hair in the ear
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THOMAS MORGAN
▪Early 1900s, he and his students studied a species of fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster
▪Discovered sex-linked traits by choosing the right experimental organism for his research
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THOMAS MORGAN
▪“Two years’ work wasted. I have been breeding those flies for all that time and I’ve got nothing out of it.”
▪Eventually, he and his team discovered a mutant male with white eyes (Xr)
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▪Fruit flies have only four pairs of chromosomes (three pairs of autosomes, one pair of sex chromosomes)
▪Prolific breeders with hundreds of offspring from each mating
▪New generation every two weeks
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PRACTICE
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PRACTICE
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SHARE
For the next minute, quietly think about the following questions.
For the next minute, with your neighbor, talk about your responses.
Question:Why are males affected much more often than
females by X-linked disorders?
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BARR BODY
▪An inactivated X chromosome in each cell of a female mammal
▪Example: Tortoiseshell cats have both cells where the X chromosome with orange allele is active and cells where the X chromosome with black allele is active
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PICK
▪For the next 15 minutes, quietly work alone or with your neighbor to create a question a genetics problem to be given as an assignment to a classmate.
▪The problem must test incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, or sex-linked traits.
▪Your problem must have an answer key that includes all of your work.
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✓Use Punnett squares for unusual monohybrid crosses – incomplete dominance, codominance, blood types, sex-linkage
▪Use Punnett square for dihybrid crosses
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GENE MAPPING
▪Determining the precise position of a gene on a chromosome
▪Once the position is known, it can be shown on a diagram
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GENE LINKAGE
The tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited togetherduring meiosis
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Mendel’s F1 Generation
Self- or cross-pollination
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PRACTICE
If you have a grey bodied, striped fish (GgRr) breed with a yellow bodied, unstriped fish (ggrr), how would you write that on a dihybrid cross and what would the phenotype ratios be?
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GgRr x ggrr