use of green moisture content and basic specific gravity ... · use of green moisture content and...

United StatesDepartment ofAgriculture Use of Green Moisture

Content and BasicSpecific Gravity to

FPL-RN-0263

Forest Service

ForestProductsLaboratory

ResearchNote

Group Tropical Woodsfor Kiln DryingSyarif HidayatWilliam T. Simpson

Abstract Tropical forests often contain a large number of underutilized tree species scattered sodiffusely that it is impractical to harvest and dry each species individually. However,because of their varied drying characteristics, it is inefficient to indiscriminately mix speciesin the same dry kiln. Therefore, a grouping method that would identify species with similardrying characteristics would be beneficial. A previous study developed grouping criteria thatused basic specific gravity and green moisture content as estimators of drying time. Resultsof this study showed that species whose estimated drying times fall within a reasonablerange can be grouped together for kiln drying. The previous study applied the grouping to650 tropical species. The purpose of the study reported here was to extend the grouping toadditional tropical species, bringing the total to more than 1,300.

October 1994

Hidayat, Syarif; Simpson, William T. 1994. Use of green moisture content and basic specific gravity to grouptropical woods for kiln drying. Res. Note FPL-RN-0263. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, Forest Products Laboratory. 39 p.

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Introduction

Background

Use of Green Moisture Contentand Basic Specific Gravityto Group Tropical Woodsfor Kiln DryingSyarif Hidayat, Wood Drying Section LeaderForest Products Research and Development Centre, Bogor, Indonesia

William T. Simpson, Research Forest Products TechnologistForest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin

Temperate forests usually contain a relatively small number of species, and there is nodifficulty in harvesting enough of any species in a reasonable amount of time to kiln dryeach species individually. Tropical forests, however, often contain so many potentiallyuseful species, scattered diffusely in the forest, that it is not practical to harvest and dry eachspecies individually. Because of diverse drying characteristics, a variety of species cannot beindiscriminately mixed in the same kiln. A reasonable compromise is to group species withsimilar drying characteristics in the same kiln. The goal is to kiln dry so that all species inthe group will emerge from the same kiln at the same time within set limits of moisturecontent and minimum drying defects. Previous reports (Simpson and Baah 1989, Simpsonand Sagoe 1991) described a mathematical model to group species by similar estimateddrying times. They applied this estimation to 650 tropical species and ranked them byrelative drying times. The purpose of the study reported here was to extend the ranking to alarger number of tropical species.

The species grouping method utilizes green moisture content and basic specific gravity(based on ovendry weight and green volume) as the primary inputs for estimating dryingtime. For the remainder of this paper, specific gravity is understood to be basic specificgravity. Board thickness can also be incorporated into this grouping method. Dryingtemperature and relative humidity are necessary inputs. The grouping method is based on thefollowing mathematical model (Simpson and Baah 1989):

(1)

Data Collectionand Analysis

If specific gravity and initial moisture content are known, it is possible to use Equation (1)to estimate how specific gravity and initial moisture content affect relative drying times inany kiln schedule.

While searching the literature for green moisture content and specific gravity data it becameapparent that often only specific gravity was listed, with no data on the characteristic greenmoisture content of the species. In these cases, green moisture content was estimated fromspecific gravity using the following empirical equation (Ali and others 1968, Simpson andSagoe 1991):

A generalized and potentially more powerful form of Equation (2) can be developed byadding two more regression coefficients, as follows:

(2)

(3)

where a, b, c, and d are regression coefficients.

Data on specific gravity and green moisture content (when available) were collected from anumber of sources and are listed in Tables 1 to 3 for Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Alldata, together with the data collected in the previous study (Simpson and Sagoe 1991) weredivided into three geographical regions: Africa, Asia, and Latin America. When greenmoisture content was not available it was estimated using Equations (2) and (3). Theregression coefficients A and B of Equation (2) and a to d of Equation (3) were determinedfor the three geographical regions and tested for a significant difference between regions. Ifthe results indicated no significant difference between the coefficients of the three regions,then only one set of coefficients representing all three regions was necessary. The generalstatistical formula used to test the difference between two coefficients was

(4)

whereCi and Cj are the two regression coefficientsSEi and SEj standard errors of the regression coefficients Ci and Cj

Drying time for 29-mm-thick lumber was estimated using the kiln schedule in Table 4. Togeneralize the grouping, drying time of each species was transformed to a drying time index(DTI). The DTI is the ratio of the actual drying time of a species to the drying time of aspecies with 0.50 specific gravity and 97.5 percent green moisture content (Simpson andSegoe 1991), which is 15.4 days using the kiln schedule of Table 4. These base values ofspecific gravity and green moisture content were selected because they represent averageconditions (Simpson and Sagoe 1991).

2

Results andDiscussion

Conclusions

The combined number of data entries, including those of Simpson and Sagoe (1991), is1,918, and they are given in Tables 1 to 3 for Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The numberof separate species is less than this because data for some species were found in more thanone reference, and in about 200 cases, only the genus was identified. In total, we estimateabout 1,300 to 1,400 species are represented. From the total number of entries, 182 werefrom Africa, 871 from Asia, and 865 from Latin America.

Equation (3) reduced the residual sums of squares by more than 20 percent compared withEquation (2) primarily by improving the fit at high levels of green moisture content.

Of the 182 African entries, 89 had both specific gravity and green moisture content data;613 of the 871 Asian entries, and 609 of the 865 Latin American had both. The regressioncoefficients a to d of Equation (3) were determined separately for the three geographicalregions and are given in Table 5. The relationships between green moisture content andspecific gravity are shown in Figures 1 to 3 for Equations (2) and (3). When available, theactual green moisture content values are listed in Tables 1 to 3; otherwise, the estimatedvalues (Eq. 3) are given. When actual values were available, estimated values are also given.

Results of the tests for differences between the regression coefficients are presented inTable 6. The coefficient a does not differ significantly (95 percent level of statisticalsignificance) between the three regions. However, the coefficients b to d for the Asianspecies are significantly different from both the African and Latin American species. Thedifferences between these coefficients for the African and Latin American species are notsignificant; therefore, the African and Latin American data could be combined to giveregression coefficients that serve both regions. These coefficients are also shown in Table 5.

The DTI is also given for each entry in Tables 1 to 3 when the estimated green moisturecontent is greater than 20 percent. Relatively few entries were at the extremes of specificgravity, i.e., less than about 0.2 and greater than 1.0. Therefore, the regression was domi-nated by entries within that range, and the result was several unrealistic values for estimatedgreen moisture content at high specific gravity levels. For example, for specific gravitygreater than 1.1, there were several estimated green moisture content values less than5 percent. Therefore, we considered estimated green moisture content less than 20 percent tobe unreliable.

The range of DTI for all entries is between 0.2 and 1.8, although most are between 0.4 and1.4 (Fig. 4). We can divide this range to develop species groupings. For example, the rangecan be divided into intervals of 0.1 DTI (equal to about 1.5 days drying time interval) tocreate 12 species groups whose members could be kiln dried together. These species groupsare given in Table 7 and noted for each entry in Tables 1 to 3.

The species grouping system described here and in the previously related reports can beconsidered a first step in creating an objective and easily applied grouping system for kilndrying tropical species. It is perhaps oversimplified and has weak points of failure to addresssusceptibility to drying defects and the lack of proof that it can offer effective groupings.The failure to address drying defects can be dealt with by using conservative kiln schedulesthat most species will withstand. This will probably result in drying times that are longerthan necessary for some species. However, considering the alternatives of indiscriminatemixing or the impractical task of drying each species separately, it may not be a seriousshortcoming. The lack of proof of effectiveness is currently being researched through a fieldtest.

3

Figure I-Relationship between basic specific Figure 3–Relationship between basic specificgravity (Gb ) and green moisture content (M g ) forAfrican species.

gravity (Gb ) and green moisture content (Mg) forLatin American species.

Figure 2–Relationship between basic specificgravity (Gb ) and green moisture content (Mg ) forAsian species.

Figure 4–Frequency distribution of drying timeindex (DTI) for tropical species. Each frequency barrepresents a DTI interval of 0.02. For example, 154of the entries in Tables 1 to 3 had a DTI within therange 1.08 to 1.10.

References

Table 1. Basic specific gravity (Gb), green moisture content (Mg), and drying time index (DTI) of African species.

Botanical Name

Afzelia africanaAfzelia quanzensisAfzelia quanzensisAlbizia adianthifoliaAlbizia ferruginea/angolensisAlbizia versicolorAlbizia adianthifoliaAlbizia ferrugineaAlbizia lebbekAllanblackia floribundaAlstonia booneiAlstonia booneiAlstonia congensisAmphimas pterocarpoidesAmphimas spp.Aningeria robustaAnogeissus leiocarpusAnopyxis klaineanaAntiaris africanaAntrocaryon micrasterAutranella congolensisBaikiaea minorBaikiaea plurijugaBerlinia auriculataBerlinia confusaBerlinia grandifloraBlighia welwitschiiBrachylaena discolorBrachylaena hutchinsiiBrachystegia spiciformisBridelia micranthaBurkea africanaCanarium schweinfurthiiCanarium schweinfurthilCassipourea gerrardiiCassipourea malosanaCeiba pentandraCeiba pentandraCeltis africanaCeltis mildbraediiCeltis spp.Celtis spp.Chlorophora excelsaChlorophora excelsaChrysophyllum africanumChrysophyllum perpulchrumCleistopholis patensCoelocaryon preussiiCombretodendron africanumCombretodendron macrocarpumCopaifera salikoundaCordia caffraCordia millenilCoula edulisCroton sylvaticusCylicodiscus gabunensisCylicodiscus gabunensisCynometra alexandriCynometra anantaDacryodes klaineanaDaniellia thurifera

Common Name

AfzeliaPod mahoganyAfzeliaFlat crown/impepelatandzaNongoMepepeSifou-sifouLebbek

AlstoniaSindruAlstonia

LatiAsanfenaKaneWhite oaksKirunduAkouaMukulunguNkobakoba/nkomaRhodesian teakBerliniaBerliniaRed oaks

BosvaalbosMuhuhuBrachystegia

MacaratiAfrican elemiCanariumBastard onionwoodPillarwoodOnyinaFumaCamdeboo stinkwoodCeltisAfrican celtisDiania/ohiaIrokolrokoLonguiLonguiNgo-ne-nkyene

EssiaSoap tree

OudehoutCordiaWalnutCrotonOkanOkanMuhimbiApomeAdjouabaGum copal

Reference GbEstimateMg (%)

ActualMg (%) DTI

DryingGroup

7

Table 1 continued

Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb

Detarium senegalenseDidelotia spp.Diospyros mespiliformisDiospyros sanza-minikaDistemonanthus benthamianusEkebergia capensisEntandrophragma angolenseEntandrophragma angolenseEntandrophragma candoleiEntandrophragma caudatumEntandrophragma cylindricumEntandrophragma cylindricumEntandrophragma utileEntandrophragma utileEntandrophragma utileErythrophleum ivorenseErythrophleum ivorenseErythrophleum spp.Erythrophleum spp.Funtumia elasticaGilbertiodendron ivorenseGilbertiodendron spp.Gmelina arboreaGonioma kamassiGossweilerodendron balsamiferumGossweilerodendron balsamiferumGuarea cedrataGuarea thompsoniiGuarea thompsoniiGuibourtia coleospermaHeritiera utilis *Heritiera utilis *lrvingia gabonensislsoberlinia angolensisKhaya anthothecaKhaya anthothecaKhaya grandifoliolaKhaya ivorensisKhaya ivorensisKhaya nyasicaKhaya senegalensisKlainedoxa gabonensisLophira alataLophira alataLophira alataLovoa trichilioidesLovoa trichilloidesMaesopsis eminiiMammea africanaManilkara laceraManilkara multinervisMansonia altissimaMillettia stuhlmanniiMimusops heckeliiMimusops heckeliiMonopetalanthus spp.Morus albaMorus mesozygaMusanga cecropioidesMusanga cecropioidesNauclea diderichii

DetaGombeAfrican ebonyEbonyMovinguiCape ashGedu nohorTiamaKosipo

SapeleSapeleUtileUtileUtileSass woodTaliMissandaTaliFuntumAfrican oakLimbaliGmelinaKamassi/knysna boxwoodTolaAgbaGuareaGuareaSweet cedarRhodesian copalwoodNiangonWhismore

African mahoganyAfrican mahoganyAfrican mahoganyAfrican mahoganyAfrican mahoganyAfrican mahoganySavana mahoganyEveussEkkiIron woodEkkiTiger woodWalnut, AfricanMusiziObotoAfrican pearwoodBulletwoodMansoniaPanga-pangaMakoreMakoreAndoungMoerbeiDifouOdwumaCorkwoodOpepe

Estimate ActualMg (%) Mg (%) DTI

DryingGroup

8

Table 1 continued


Nauclea spp.Nesogordonia papaveriferaNewtonia buchananiOcotea bullataOcotea usambarensisOlea africanaOlea capensisOlea hochstetteriOngokea goreOxystigma oxyphyllumParinari curatellifoliaParinari spp.Pentaclethra macrophyllaPentadesma butyraceaPericopsis angolensisPericopsis elataPiptadeniastrum africanumPiptadeniastrum africanumPiptadeniastrum africanumPiptaderiastrum africanumPterocarpus angolensisPterocarpus angolensisPterygota bequaertiiPterygota macrocarpaPycnanthus angolensisRhizophora racemosaRicinodendron rautaneniiSaccoglottis gabonensisSclerocarya spp.Scottellia coriaceaScytopetalum tieghemiaStaudtia stipitataSterculia murexSterculia oblongaSterculia rhinopetalaSterculia rhinopetalaStrephonema pseudocolaStrombosia glaucescensSymphonia globuliforaTerminalia amazoniaTerminalia chebulaTerminalia ivorensisTerminalia ivorensisTerminalia serviceaTerminalia superbaTestulea gabonensisTetraberlinia tubmaniaTetrapleura tetrapteraTieghemella heckeliiTriplochiton scleroxylonTriplochiton scleroxylonTriplochiton scleroxylonTriplochiton scleroxylonUapaca guineensisUapaca heudelotiiUapaca paludosaVitex micranthaZanthoxylum capensis*Zanthoxylum davyi*Zanthoxylum macrophylla*

Bilinga

MuchehcheBlack stinkwoodCamphorwoodOlienhoutBlack ironwoodEast African oliveAngueukTchitolaMobola plum

MubalarTallow treeMubangaAfrormosiaDabemaDabemaDahomaDahomaMuningaMuningaPterygotaPterygotalllombaRed mangroveMugongoCherryMugongoOdokoSourwoodNioveLowveld chestnutYellow sterculiaBrown sterculiaWawabina

AfinaOssolNargusta

EmireldigboNkonolaLimbalzombeEkop

MakoreSambaObecheWaWaObecheRikioRed cedarRed cedar

Lemon thornKnobwoodMafu

* Older scientific name Newer scientific nameTarrieta spp.Fagara spp.

Heritiera spp.Zanthoxylum spp.

Estimate ActualMg (%) Mg (%) DTI

DryingGroup

Table 2. Basic specific gravity (Gb), green moisture content (Mg), and drying time index (DTI) for Asian species.

Botanical Name

Abies pindrowAcacia arabicaAcacia catechuAcacia chundraAcacia confusaAcacia ferrugineaAcacia leucophloeaAcacia leucophloeaAcacia spp.Acer spp.Adina cardifoiaAdina fagifoliaAdina microcephalaAdina minutifloraAegele marmelosAgathis albaAgathis albaAgathis baccarilAgathis borneensisAgathis hamiiAgathis labillardieriAgathis loranthifoliaAgathis philippinensisAgathis phillipinensisAgathis spp.Aglaia diffusaAglaia edulisAglaia iloiloAglaia llanosianaAilanthus grandisAlangium longiflorumAlangium meyeriAlbizia acle *Albizia falcataAlbizia falcataAlbizia lebbekAlbizia lebbekAlbizia lebbekAlbizia proceraAlbizia moluccanaAlbizia odoratissimaAlbizia proceraAlbizia proceraAlbizia saman *Albizia saman *Aleurites moluccanaAleurites moluccanaAleurites trispermaAlnus nepalensisAlphitonia philippinensisAlphonsea arboreaAlseodaphne umbalifloraAlseodaphne insignisAlseodaphne longipesAlstonia angustilobaAlstonia angustilobaAlstonia macrophyllaAlstonia pneumatophoraAlstonia scholarisAlstonia scholarisAlstonia scholarisAltingia excelsaAltingia excelsa

10

Common Name

PartalKikarCutchRed cutchAyangiliSafed khairHewarPilangAcaciaMapleHalduLasiMatumiBerumbungBelDamar minyakAgathisAgathisAgathisAgathisAgathisAgathisAlmacigaAgathisKauriMalasaging

Ilo-iloBayantiGokulMalatapaiPutianAkleJeunjingMoluccan sauKoroiLangilKokkoAkleng-parangBataiBlack SirisWhite sirisWeruTrembesiRaintreeKemiriLumbangBagilumbangIndian alderTuloBolonMedangMedangBabuloPulaiPulaiBatinoPulaiShaitan woodPulaiDitaJutiliRasamala

Reference GbEstimate

Mg%ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

Table 2 continued


Amoora ahernianaAmoora macrocarpaAmoora rohitukaAmoora rugbiginosaAmoora wallichiiAnisoptera aureaAnisoptera brunneaAnisoptera costataAnisoptera glabraAnisoptera grossiveniaAnisoptera laevisAnisoptera marginataAnisoptera marginataAnisoptera thuriferaAnogeissus acuminataAnogeissus latifoliaAnogeissus pendulaAnogeissus sericeaAnthocephalus cadambaAnthocephalus cadambaAnthocephalus cadambaAnthocephalus cadambaAnthocephalus chinensisAnthocephalus chinensisAntidesma pleuricumAphanamixis cumingianaAphanamixis perrottetianaArtocarpus blancoiArtocarpus chaplashaArtocarpus chaplashaArtocarpus elasticusArtocarpus hirsutaAttocarpus integrifoliaArtocarpus lanceifoliusArtocarpus ovataArtocarpus rigidusArtocarpus scortechiniiBassia butyraceaBassia latifoliaBerrya ammonillaBischofia javanicaBischofia javanicaBischofia javanicaBischofia javanicaBischofia javanicaBlumeodendron tokbraiBombax ceiba *Bombax ceiba *Bombax insigneBombax malabarica *Bombycidendron vidalianumBoswellia serrataBridelia retusaBruguiera gymnorrhizaBuchanania latifoliaBucklandia populneaCalophyllum blancoiCalophyllum curtisiiCalophyllum inophyllumCalophyllum inophyllumCalophyllum inophyllumCalophyllum pulcherrimumCalophyllum retusum

KatoKatong-lakihanAmooraBekakAmooraDagangAfuMersawaKaunghmuMersawaMersawaMersawaMersawaPalosapisPhasiBakliKardhai

KelempayanKadamKadamJabonKaaloan bangkalLaranBignai-kalabauSalakinKangkoAntipoloChapalishChaplashTerapAiniKathalKeledangAnubingKeledangTerapHill mahuaMahuaTrincomalee woodBishop woodGadogTuadBhadiBishopwoodGaham badakSimulSemulSemulMalabulakVidal lanutanSalaiKasiBakauCharPipliBitangholBintangorBintangurBitaogBintangorBintangurBintangor

EstimateMg%

ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

Table 2 continued


Calophyllum soulatriCalophyllum spp.Calophyllum tomentosumCalophyllum wightianumCampnosperma auriculataCampnosperma auriculataCampnosperma macrophyllaCampnosperma macrophyllaCananga odorataCananga odorataCanarium asperumCanarium asperumCanarium bengalenseCanarium calophyllumCanarium euphyllumCanarium hirsutumCanarium luzonicumCanarium rufumCanarium strictumCanarium vrieseanumCanthium monstrosumCantleya corniculataCarallia lucidaCarapa mollucensisCareya arboreaCassia fistulaCassia fistulaCassia javanicaCassia siameaCassia spectabilisCastanopsis hystrixCastanopsis argenteaCasuarina equisetifoliaCasuarina equisetifoliaCasuarina junghuhnianaCasuarina sumatranaCedrela serrataCedrela toonaCedrus deodaraCeiba malabarica *Ceiba pentandraCeltis luzonicaChisocheton cumingianusChisocheton pentandrusChlorophora excelsaChloroxylon swieteniaChloroxylon swieteniaChukrasia tabularisChukrasia tabularisCinnamomum camphoraCinnamomum inersCinnamomum inunctumCinnamomum parthenoxylonCitrus grandisCleidion spiciflorumCleistocalyx operculatusColona serratifoliaCombretocarpus rotundatusCombretodendron quadrialatumCordia subcordataCotylelobium burckiiCotylelobium malayanumCotylelobium melanoxylon

12

BintangurPoonPoonPoonTerentangTerentangTerentangTerentangIlang-ilangKenangaPagsahinginKenari

Pagsahingin-bulogDhupDulitPiling-liitanKedondongDhupGisauTadiang-anuangBedaruManiawgaPussurKumbiCana-fistulaAmaltasAntsoanJoharAntsoan-dilauIndian chesnutSanintenAgohoCasuarinaCemaraCemaraToonToonDeodarKapuk hutanKapokMagabuyoBalukamagKatong-matsinlrokoSatinwoodSatinwoodChickrassyChickrassyCamphor woodCinnamonCinnamonMedangLukbanSantikiMalaruhatAnilauPerepat daratToogSalimuliGiamGiamGiam

EstimateMg%

ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

Table 2 continued


Cratoxylon arborescensCratoxylon arborescensCryptocarya liebertianaCryptomeria japonicaCtenolophon parvifoliusCubilia cubiliCullenia ceylanicaCullenia excelsaCupressus torulosaCyathocalyx maingayiCynometra polyandraCynometra ramifloraDacrydium baccariiDacrydium junghuhniiDacryodes rastrataDacryodes rugoseDactylocladus stenostachysDalbergia cultrataDalbergia latifoliaDalbergia latifoliaDalbergia sissooDehaasia caesisDehaasia cuneataDehaasia nigrescensDehaasia triandraDialium patensDialium platysepalumDialium platysepalumDialium wallichiiDichopsis ellipticaDichopsis polyanthaDillenia eximiaDillenia grandifoliaDillenia indicaDillenia luzoniensisDillenia megalanthaDillenia pentagynaDillenia philippinensisDiospyros celebicaDiospyros ebenumDiospyros femeaDiospyros inclusaDiospyros iolinDiospyros melanoxylonDiospyros mindanaensisDiospyros nitidaDiospyros philippensisDiospyros pilosantheraDiospyros ponceiDiospyros pyrrhocarpaDiospyros pyrrhocarpaDiospyros rumphiiDiplodiscus paniculatusDipterocarpus acutangulusDipterocarpus alutusDipterocarpus basilanicusDipterocarpus baudiiDipterocarpus borneensisDipterocarpus bourdilloniDipterocarpus cauciferusDipterocarpus caudatusDipterocarpus caudiferusDipterocarpus confertus

EboniPonce kamagongAnangEbonyEboniBaloboKeruingGurjanBasilan apitongKeruingKeruing

GerunggangGerunggangWild quinceSujiMertasKubiliKatabodaKaraniCypress devidiarPisang-pisangPingBalikbikanMelurMelurKenariKenariMentibuYindaikSonokelingIndian rosewoodSissooMedangMedangMedang tandokMargapaliKeranjiKeranjiKeranjiKeranjiPaliTaliSimpur jangkangSimpohChaltaMalakatmonKatmon-bayaniDilleniaKatmonEboniEboniEboniAnang-gulodEboniEboniAta-ataKatilmaKamagong

KeruingLeaf-tailed panauKeruingKeruing

Estimate ActualMg% Mg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

13

Table 2 continued


Dipterocarpus cornutusDipterocarpus cornutusDipterocarpus costulatusDipterocarpus costulatusDipterocarpus crinitusDipterocarpus gracilisDipterocarpus gracilisDipterocarpus grandiflorusDipterocarpus grandiflorusDipterocarpus grandiflorusDipterocarpus griffithiiDipterocarpus indicusDipterocarpus kerriiDipterocarpus kerriiDipterocarpus kunstleriDipterocarpus lowiiDipterocarpus lowiiDipterocarpus macrocarpusDipterocarpus pilosusDipterocarpus retususDipterocarpus speciosusDipterocarpus spp.Dipterocarpus spp.Dipterocarpus tuberculatusDipterocarpus turbinatusDipterocarpus verrucosusDipterocarpus warburgiiDipterocarpus zeylanicusDracontomelon daoDracontomelon daoDracontomelon eduleDracontomelon mangiferumDryobalanops aromaticaDryobalanops aromaticaDryobalanops baccariiDryobalanops beccariiDryobalanops fuscaDryobalanops keithiiDryobalanops lanceolataDryobalanops lanceolataDryobalanops oblongifoliaDryobalanops oblongifoliaDryobalanops rappaDrypetes bordeniiDuabanga moluccanaDuabanga sonneratioidesDuabanga sonneratioidesDurio carinatusDurio oxleyanusDurio oxleyanusDurio zibethinusDurio zibethinusDyera costulataDyera costulataDyera lowiiDysoxylum altissimumDysoxylum decandrumDysoxylum densiflorumDysoxylum euphlebiumDysoxylum malabaricumElaeocarpus tuberculatusElateriospermum taposElmelliria mollis

KeruingKeruingKeruingKeruingKeruingPanauKeruingGurjanApitongKeruingGurjanGurjanGurjanMalapanauKeruingKeruingKeruingHollongGarjanKeruingBroad-winged apitongGurjamKeruingEngGurjanKeruingHagakhakHoraDaoDahuLamioDahuKapurKapurKapurKapurKapurKapurKapurKapurPetanangKapurKapurBalikbikanBenuang lakiLampatiBandarholaDurianDurianDurianDurianDurianJelutongJelutungJelutungKuling-babuiIgyoCempagaMiauWhite cedarRudrakshPerahCempaka

14

EstimateMg%

ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

Table 2 continued

Botanical Name Common Name Reference GbEstimate Actual

Mg% Mg%

Elmelliria ovalis CempakaEndiandra laxiflora Usuang-sahaEndospermum peltatum GubasEndospermum mallacense Sendok-sendokEngelhardtia spicata MoglaipomaEpicharis cimingiana Tara-taraErythrina fusca AniiErythrina subumbrans RarangErythrophleum densiflorus KamatogEucalyptus alba AmpupuEucalyptus deglupta LedaEucalyptus eugenioides EucalyptusEucalyptus globulus EucalyptusEugenia gardneri JamanEugenia griffithii KelatEugenia jambolana JamanEugenia spp. JamanEusideroxylon zwageri BelianEusideroxylon zwageri UlinEvodia aromatica SalimuliFagraca fragans TembesuFagraca sogroria TembesuFicus benjamina SalisiFicus botryocarpa BasikongFicus minahassae HagimitFicus varietata Tangisang-bayauakFraxinus excelsior AshFraxinus micrantha AshGanua motleyana NyatohGanua motleyana NyatohGardenia gummifera GardeniaGardenia latifolia GardeniaGardenia turgida GardeniaGaruga pinnata GarugaGluta renghas RengasGluta tranvancorica GlutaGmelina arborea GamariGmelina arborea GamariGmelina arborea YemaneGmelina arborea GmelinaGnetum gnemon MeninjauGonocaryum calleryanum Taingang-babuiGonystylus bancanus RaminGonystylus bancanus RaminGonystylus macrophyllus Lanutan-bagyoGrevillea robusta GrevilleaGrewia multiflora DanglinGrewia tiliaefolia DhamanGrewia vestita DamanHardwickia binata AnjanHardwickia pinnata PineyHarpullia arborea UasHeritiera javanica PalapiHeritiera javanica * MengkulangHeritiera minor SundriHeritiera simplicifolia * MengkulangHeritiera simplicifolia PalapiHeritiera simplicifolia MengkulangHeritiera spp. SundriHeritiera sylvatica * DungonHeterophragma adenophyllum KarenwoodHeterophragma roxburghii PalangHevea brasiliensis Rubberwood

DTIDRYINGGROUP

15

Table 2 continued


Mg% Mg%

Hevea brasiliensis Para rubberHevea braziliensis RubberwoodHibiscus tiliaceus MalubagoHolarrhena antidysenterica KudaHoloptelea integrifolia KanjuHomalanthus populneus BalantiHomalium foetidum GiaHomalium longifolium SelimbarHomalium tomentosum Burma lancewoodHopea acuminata ManggachapuiHopea desyrhachis MerawanHopea dolosa BalauHopea dryobalanoides MerawanHopea ferruginea MerawanHopea foxworthyi DalinydinganHopea glabra HopeaHopea gregaria BalauHopea heimii * CengalHopea helferi GiamHopea mengarawan MerawanHopea nervosa MerawanHopea nutans GiamHopea odorata Andaman thinganHopea parviflora HopeaHopea plagata Yakal-saplunganHopea sangal CengalHopea sangal GagilHopea sulcata MerawanHopea utilis * Karung kongooHymenodictyon excelsum Kuthanllex plelobrachiata Mensira gununglntsia bijuga Merbaulntsia bijuga lpillntsia palembanica Merbaulntsia palembanica Merbaulrvingia malayana Bonginlrvingia malayana Pauh kijangJuglans fallax WalnutJuglans spp. WalnutKayea floribunda KaralKayea garciae BakulauKleinhovia hospita Tan-agKokoona littoralis Mata ulatKoompassia excelsa TualangKoompassia excelsa TualangKoompassia excelsa ManggisKoompassia malaccensis KempasKoompassia malaccensis KempasKoordersiodendron pinnatum AmugisKoordersiodendron pinnatum RangguKoordersiodendron pinnatum BugisLagerstroemia flos-reginae JarulLagerstroemia hypoleuca JarulLagerstroemia lanceolata BenteakLagerstroemia microcarpa BenteakLagerstroemia parviflora LendiLagerstroemia piriformis BatitinanLagerstroemia speciosa BanabaLagerstroemia speciosa BungurLagerstroemia tomentosa LezaLannea coromandelica JhingenLannea grandis JhinganLeucaena leucocephala Ipil-ipil

16

DTIDRYINGGROUP

Table 2 continued


Litchi philippinensisLithocarpus solerianaLithocarpus sundaicusLitsea firmaLitsea firmaLitsea garciaeLitsea mangiferaLitsea megacarpaLitsea odoriferaLitsea perrottetiiLivistona rotundifoliaLophopetalum fimbriatumLophopetalum javanicum *Lophopetalum wightianumMacaranga bicolorMachilus micranthaMachilus odoratissimaMadhuca obevatifoliaMadhuca oblongifoliaMadhuca utilisMaesopsis eminiiMagnifera indictMallotus multiglandulosusMallotus philippinensisMallotus philippinensisMangifera altissimaMangifera foetidaMangifera foetidaMangifera indicaMangifera indicaMangifera merrilliiMangifera spp.Manglietia insignisManilkara kaukiMastixia philippinensisMelaleuca leucadendronMelanorrhoea torquataMelanorrhoea usitalaMelanorrhoea wallichiiMelia azedarachMelia dubiaMelia indicaMelicope triphyllaMeliosma macrophyllaMelochia umbellataMemecylon pubescensMeria excelsaMesua ferreaMesua ferreaMesua spp.Metrosideros petiolataMetrosideros veraMichelia catchcartiiMichelia champacaMichelia champacaMichelia excelsaMicheiia montanaMichelia montanaMichelia oblongaMichelia platyphyllaMichelia velutinaMicrocos stylocarpaMicromelum compressum

Alupag-amoManaringPasangMedangMedangBanguloMedangMedang telorMedangMarangAnahauRaktanPerupukBanatiHamindangMachilusMachilusPiangaMalabetisBitisMaesopsisMangoAlimBanatoRainiPahutanMacangMembacangMacangMangoPahong-liitanMacangPhulsopaSawo kecikApanitGelamRengasThitsiRengasPersian lilacBagalungaNeemMatang-arauBalilang-uakLabayoNipis kulitSuren bawangMesuaPenagaSirunanguLeraLaraChampChampaChampChampChampCempakaChampHangiloCempakaKamulingTulibas-tilos


DRYINGGROUP

17

Table 2 continued


Mg% Mg%

Miliusa velutina DomsalMillettia pendula ThinwinMimusops elengi BulletwoodMimusops elengi TanjungMimusops littoralis BulletwoodMitragyna diversifolia BingaMitragyna parvifolia KlaimMitragyna speciosa KedembaMorus alba MulberryMorus serrata MulberryMutsaendopsis beccariana PatinMyristica attenuata RuktmaraMyristica gigantea PenarahanMyristica iners MendarahanMyristica maingayi PenarahanMyristica spp. MalabodaNeesia altissima BengangNeonauclea bernardoi LudekNeotrewia cumingii ApanangOchanostachys amentacea PetalingOchanostachys amentacea PetalingOchroma grandiflora BalsaOchroma pyramidale BalsaOctomeles sumatrana BenuangOctomeles sumatrana BinuangOctomeles sumatrana BinuangOrmosia sumatrana KupangOroxylon indicum Pingka-pingkahanOugeinia dalbergioides SandanPalaquium ferox NyatohPalaquium gutta Taban merahPalaquium gutta NyatohPalaquium hexandrum NyatohPalaquium hipidum NyatohPalaquium javense NyatohPalaquium lanceolatum Palak-palakPalaquium leiocarpum NyatohPalaquium luzoniense NatoPalaquium luzoniense NyatohPalaquium maingayi NyatohPalaquium microphyllum NyatohPalaquium oblusifolium NyatohPalaquium philippense Malak-malakPalaquium quereifolium NyatohPalaquium rostratum NyatohPalaquium walsifolium NyatohPalaquium burckii NyatohPangium edule PangiParartocarpus triandra TerapParashorea lucida Meranti, redParashorea malaanonan Seraya, whiteParashorea plicata BagtikanParashorea stellata Tavoy woodParashorea tomentella Seraya, whiteParastemon urophyllus MalusParastemon urophyllus NyalasParatrophis glabra AmudilParinari corymbosa KolakaParinari corymbosa LiusinParinari rubiginosum MerbatuParishia insignis Red dhupParkia roxburghii KupangParkia speciosa Petai

18

DTIDRYINGGROUP

Table 2 continued


Payena acuminataPayena leeniPayena lucidaPeltophorum pterocarpumPentace burmanicaPentace griffithiiPentace tripteraPentace tripteraPentacme contortaPentacme mindanensisPentacme suavisPentaspadon velutinusPericopsis moonianaPeronema canescensPhaeanthus ebracteolatusPhoebe goalparensisPhoebe hainesianaPhoebe opacaPhylocladus hypophyllusPicea morindaPinus caribaeaPinus excelsaPinus insignisPinus insularisPinus longifoliaPinus merkusiiPinus merkusiiPisonia umbelliferaPistacia integerrimaPithecellobium confertumPittosporum pentandrumPlanchonia andamanicaPlanchonia spectabilisPlanchonia validaPodocarpus blumeiPodocarpus imbricatusPodocarpus imbricatusPodocarpus motleyiPodocarpus neriifoliusPodccarpus neriifoliusPodocarpus philippinensisPodocarpus wallichianusPoeciloneuron indicumPolyalthia cerasoidesPolyalthia flavaPolyalthia fragransPolyalthia hypoleucaPolyatthia simiarun

NyatohNyatohNyatohSiarThitkaThitshoPinangMelunakLauan, whiteMindanao lauanlngyinPelongKukuSungkaiKalimatasBonsumBonsumMedangMelurSprucePineBlue pine

PineChirPineTusamAnolingKakar singhiKungkurMamalisRed bombwayLamogPutatMelurMelurlgemMelurThitminMelurMalakauayanThitminBallagi

Lanutan-dilauNedunarTepis

Polyscias nodosaPometia pinnataPometia pinnataPometia pinnataPometia tomentosaPongamia glabraPopulus ciliataPouteria villamiliiProsopis spicigeraPseudosindora palustrisPterocarpus acerifoliumPterocarpus dalbergioidesPterocarpus indicusPterocarpus indicusPterocarpus indicus

MalapapayaMatoaMalugaiKasaiMatoaSaykaranjiPlachhVillamil natoKandiSwamp sepetirHattipailaAndaman padaukNarraSenaSonokembang


DRYINGGROUP

19

Table 2 continued


Pterocarpus macrocarpusPterocarpus marsupiumPterocarpus santalinusPterocymbium tinctoriumPterospermum celebicumPterospermum diversifoliumPterospermum javanicumPygeum vulgareQuercus incanaQuercus lamellosaQuercus lampongaQuercus lineataQuercus lineataRadermachera pinnataRhizophora apiculataRhizophora conjugataSaccopetalum tomentosumSageraea laurinaSageraea listeriSalix spp.Salix tetraspermaSallix wallichianaSandoricum koetjapeSandoricum vidaliiSantalum albumSantiria graffithiiSantiria laevigataSantiria laevigataSantiria oblongifoliaSantiria rubiginosaSantiria tomentosaSapium baccatumSapium luzonicumSaraca thaipingensisScaphium affineScaphium macropodumSchima crenataSchima noronhaeSchima noronhaeSchima oblataSchima wallichiiSchima wallichiiSchleichera oleosaSchleichera trijugaSchoutenis ovataScorodocarpus borneensisScorodocarpus borneensisSesbania grandifloraShorea accuminatisimaShorea acuminataShorea acuminataShorea acuminatissmaShorea agsaboensisShorea almonShorea assamicaShorea astylosaShorea atrinervosaShorea barcteolataShorea belangeranShorea bracteolataShorea ciliataShorea cutisiiShorea dasyphylla

Burma padaukBijasalRed sandersTalutoBayurBayurBayurLagoOakOakMempeningOakPasangBanai-banaiBakauBakauHoom

ChooiIndian willowIndian willowBada-willowSantolMalasantolCendanaKenariKerantaiKenariKenariKenariKenariLudaiBalakat-gubatGapisKembang semangkokMatpayangPuspaPuspaGegatalPuspaPuspaChilauniKesambiKusumWalikukunKulimKulimKaturaiMeranti kuningMeranti merahMeranti, redYellow serayaTiaongAlmonMakaiYakalBalauMeranti putihBelangeranMeranti, whiteYakal-maboloMeranti, dark redLight red meranti

20

EstimateMg%

ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

Table 2 continued


Shorea elliptica BalauShorea faguetiana Yellow serayaShorea faguetiana Meranti, yellowShorea faguetiana Meranti kuningShorea falcifera BalauShorea gibbosa Meranti kuningShorea gibbosa Yellow serayaShorea gisok Yakal-gisokShorea glauca Damar lautShorea glauca BalauShorea guiso BalauShorea guiso GuijoShorea guiso GisokShorea guiso Red selangan batuShorea gysbertsiana EngkabangShorea hemsleyana Meranti, redShorea hopeifolia Yellow serayaShorea hopeifolia Meranti kuningShorea hypochra Meranti, whiteShorea javanica Meranti putihShorea kalunti KaluntiShorea kunstleri Damar lautShorea laevifolia BangkiraiShorea laevis Balau kumusShorea laevis BalauShorea lamellata Manggasinorong-lakihanShorea lamellata Meranti putihShorea lepidota Meranti merahShorea leprosula Meranti merahShorea leprosula Meranti, redShorea leptoclados Light red serayaShorea macrophylla Light red serayaShorea macroptera Meranti, redShorea macroptera Meranti merahShorea malibato Yakal-malibatoShorea maxwelliana Damar lautShorea maxwelliana BalauShorea multiflora Meranti kuningShorea negrosensis Red lauanShorea ochracea Meranti putihShorea ochrophloia BalauShorea ovalis Meranti merahShorea ovata Meranti merahShorea pachyphylla Meranti merahShorea palembanica Meranti merahShorea parvifolia Meranti merahShorea parvifolia Light red serayaShorea parvifolia Meranti, redShorea pauciflora Dark red serayaShorea pauciflora Meranti, dark redShorea pauciflora Meranti merahShorea philippinensis ManggasinoroShorea pinanga Meranti merahShorea plagata MalaguijoShorea platycarpa Meranti merahShorea platyclados Meranti merahShorea platyclados Meranti, dark redShorea polita MalaanonangShorea polysperma TangileShorea quadrinervis Meranti merahShorea resinanigra Meranti, yellowShorea retinodes Meranti putihShorea robusta Sal


DRYINGGROUP

21

Table 2 continued


Shorea rugosaShorea sandakanensisShorea selanicaShorea seminisShorea sinitianaShorea smithianaShorea squamataShorea stenopteraShorea sumatranaShorea superbaShorea taluraShorea teysmannianaShorea uliginosShorea virescensShorea waltonilSideroxylon longepetiolatumSindora coriaceaSindora geledupaSindora leiocarpaSindora wallichiiSloetia elongataSloetia elongataSonneratia albaSonneratia apelataSoymida febrifugaSpathodea campanulataStemonurus luzoniensisSterculia alataSterculia campanulataSterculia ceramicaSterculia foetidaSterculia spp.Stereospermum chelonoidesStereospermum xylocarpumStereospermum suaveolensStrombosia javanicaStrombosia philippinensisStyrax benzoinSwietenia macrophyllaSwietenia macrophyllaSwietenia macrophyllaSwietenia mahagoniSwintonia floribundaSwintonia floribundaSwintonia foxworthyiSwintonia schwenkiiSwintonia spiciferaSycopsis dunniSyzygium luzonenseSyzygium nitidumSyzygium simileTectona grandisTectona grandisTectona grandisTectona grandisTectona grandisTeijsmanniodendron ahernianumTerminalia arjunaTerminalia beloricaTerminalia berelicaTerminalia bialataTerminalia chebulaTerminalia citrina

Meranti, dark redMeranti merahMeranti merahBalauMeranti merahLight red serayaMayapisMeranti merahBalauSelangan batuMeranti, whiteMeranti merahMeranti merahMeranti putihLight red serayaLambapattiSepetirSindurSindurSindurTempinisTempinisParapat lautKeowra

African TulipMabunotSawbya woodPapitaMalakalumpangPimpingUdalPadri woodVedankonnaiPadri woodDedaliTamayuanKemenyanBig-leafed MahoganyMahoniMahoniMahoniCivitCivitLomarauMerpauhMerpauhParukapokDuktulanMakaasimPanglongboienTeakTeakTeakTeakJatiSasalitArjunKetapangBaheraWhite chuglamMyrabolan

22

EstimateMg%

ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

Table 2 continued


Terminalia citrinaTerminalia copelandiiTerminalia edulisTerminalia foetidissimaTerminalia maniiTerminalia microcarpaTerminalia myriocarpaTerminalia nitensTerminalia paniculataTerminalia proceraTerminalia pyrifoliaTerminalia tomentosaTetramerista glabraTetramerista glabraThespesia populneaThespesia populneaToona calantasToona ciliataToona sureniTrema orientalisTristania decorticataTristania maingayiTristania micranthaTsuga brunonianaTurpinia ovalifoliaUlmus wallichianaVateria indicaVatica cuspidataVatica mangachapoiVatica oblongifoliaVatica pachyphyllaVatica rassakVatica stapfianaVernonia arboreaVitex altissimaVitex cofaesusVitex parvifloraVitex turczaninowiiWallaceodendron celebicumWeinmannia luzoniensisXanthophyllum excelsumXanthophyllum excelsumXanthophyllum verrucosumXylia dolabriformiaXylia xylocarpaXylocarpus granatumXylopia malayanaZanthoxylum rhetsaZanthoxylum rhetsaZiziphus talanai

* Older scientific names Newer scientific namesBalanocarpus spp. Hopea spp.Bombax malabaricum Bombax ceibaGossampinus spp. Ceiba spp.Salmalia spp. Bombax spp.Samanea spp. Albizia spp.Serialbizia spp. Albizia spp.Solenospermum spp. Lophopetalum spp.Tarrieta spp. Heritiera spp.

BinggasLanipauKetapangTalisai-gubatBlack chuglamKalumpitHollockSakatKindalWhite bombayLeinSainPunakPunahBanolaBhendiKalantasToonSurenAnabiongMalabayabasPelawanTiga

AnongoElmVellapineyResakNarigResakThick-leafed narigResakResakMerambungMillaGofasaMolaveLingo-lingoBanuyoltanganMenjalinBok-bokMinyak beroklrullrulNyirihJangkangRhetsaKaitanaBalakat


DRYINGGROUP

23

Table 3. Basic specific gravity (Gb), green moisture content (Mg), and drying time index (DTI) for Latin American species.


Abies religiosaAcacia pennatulaAchras zapotaAlbizia caribaeaAlbizia guachapele *Albizia saman *Albizia spp.Alchornea spp.Alexa imperatricisAmburana cearensisAmburana cearensis/acreaneaAnacardium excelsumAnacardium excelsumAnacardium excelsumAnacardium excelsumAnacardium spp.Andira inermisAndira inermisAndira retusaAndira retusaAndira spp.Andira spp.Andira spp.Aniba amazonicaAniba canelillaAniba riparia (Ocotea spp)Apeiba asperaApeiba asperaApeiba membranaceaApeiba tibourbouApuleia molarisArtocarpus altilisAspidosperma albumAspidosperma cruentumAspidosperma desmanthumAspidosperma duckeiAspidosperma macrocarponAspidosperma marogravianumAspidosperma megalocarponAspidosperma megalocarponAspidosperma megalocarponAspidosperma spp.Aspidosperma spp.Aspidosperma spp.Astronium gracileAstronium graveolensAstronium graveolensAstronium graveolensAstronium graveolensAstronium lacointeiAstronium lecointeiAstronium lecointeiAstronium spp.Astronium ulelBagassa guianensisBagassa guianensisBagassa guianensis/tiliaefoliaBanara guianensisBeilschmiedia pendulaBeilschmiedia spp.Belotia panamensisBertholletia excelsaBertholletia excelsa

OyamelCarbonNisperoCarabaliFrijolilloGenizeroPashacoBarba de viejoLeche de cochinolshpingoCerejeiraMijaoEspaveEspaveEspaveCaracoliAngelinMocaSarrapio montaneroCanelito negroAndiraBarbosquilloAlmendroMoena amarillaPreciosaBrazilian louroCortezoMaquisapa kacchaMaquisapa nacchaCabeza de monoMuira-jubaPanapenHielillo negroMylady

PumaquiroCanjilon amarilloPelmaxHielillo blanco

AraracangaCanalete amarilloMelonMuiracatiara/guaritaGateadoGateadoGoncalo alvasGoncalo alves

Pata de zamuroMuiracatiaraQuita calzonMuiracatiaraBagasseTatajubaTatajubaCayenitoGuajonAquacatilloCapulinBrazil nutBrazil Nut

24


DRYINGGROUP

Table 3 continued


Bombacopsis quinataBombacopsis quinataBombacopsis quinataBombacopsis quinataBombacopsis sessilisBombacopsis spp.Bombax paraenseBowdichia nitidaBowdichia nitidaBrosimum alicastrumBrosimum alicastrumBrosimum alicastrumBrosimum rubescensBrosimum spp.Brosimum spp.Brosimum spp.Brosimum spp.Brosimum spp.Brosimum uleanumBrosimum utileBuchenavia capitataBuchenavia capitataBucida bucerasBucida bucerasBumelia spp.Bursera simarubaBursera simarubaBursera simarubaBursera simarubaByrsonima aerugoByrsonima coriaceaByrsonima coriaceaByrsonima spp.Calophyllum brasilienseCalophyllum brasilienseCalophyllum brasilienseCalophyllum brasilienseCalophyllum brasilienseCalophyllum brasilienseCalophyllum brasilienseCalophyllum brasilienseCalophyllum brasilienseCalophyllum candidissiumCalycogonium squamulosumCalycophyllum spruceanumCampnosperma panamensisCarapa guianensisCarapa guianensisCarapa guianensis/proceraCarapa guianensis/proceraCarapa slateri/guianensisCariniana brasiliensisCariniana domesticataCariniana pyriformisCaryocar coccineumCaryocar glabrumCaryocar spp.Caryocar villosumCassia moschataCassia multijugaCassia scleroxylonCassia spp.Casuarina equisetifolia

Saqui-saquiSaquisaquiCedro espinoPochoteBongo macho

PungaSucupiraSucupira pretaCharoJanitaRamonSatineSandeCopipeCharo amarilloCharoManchingaManchingaPanguanaYellow sandersGranadilloUcarPukteNisperilloChacalndio desnudoAlmacigoGumbo-limboManteco de aguaSerretteMaricaoChaparro montaneroBariSanta MariaSanta MariaSanta-mariaSanta MariaLagarto caspiMariaMariaSanta mariaCamaronJusilloPau mulatoNisperilloCarapaCrabwoodAndirobaAndirobaBateoJequitibaCachimboAbarcoAlmendroAlmendroPiquiaPiquiaCanafistolaSan Feo Mari-mariMuirapixunaCanafistulaCasuarina

EstimateMg%

ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

25

Table 3 continued

Botanical Name

Catostemma communeCatostemma communeCatostemma spp.Cavanillesia plantanifoliaCecropia peltataCecropia peltataCedrela angustifoliaCedrela mexicanaCedrela odorataCedrela odorataCedrela odorataCedrela odorataCedrelinga catenaeformisCedrelinga catenaeformisCeiba pentandraCeiba pentandraCeiba pentandraCeiba pentandraCeiba pentandraCeiba pentrandaCeiba samaumaCentrolobium paraenseCentrolobium spp.Centrolobium yavizanumChaetocarpus schomburgkianusChimarrhis microcarpaChlorophora tinctoriaChlorophora tinctoriaChlorophora tinctoriaChoristia integrifoliaChrysophyllum caracasanumChrysophyllum spp.Chrysophyllum spp.Citharexylon poeppigi *Clarisia racemosaClarisia racemosaClarisia racemosaClarisia racemosaClusia roseaCochlospermum orinocensisCopaifera aromaticaCopaifera officinalisCopaifera officinalisCopaifera officinalisCopaifera reticulataCopaifera spp.Cordia alliodoraCordia alliodoraCordia alliodoraCordia alliodoraCordia alliodoraCordia apurensisCordia bicolorCordia collococcaCordia dodecandraCordia exaltataCordia fallaxCordia goeldianaCordia goeldianaCordia spp.Cordia trichotomaCornus discifloraCouepia spp.

26

Common Name

BaramanBaromalli

QuipoYagrumo hembraYagrumoCedro rojoCedro realCedarCedroCedro hembraCedroTornilloTornilloCeibaCeibaCeibaBangoSumaumaCeibaHuimba

AraribaAmarillo guayaquilCacheCarutilloMoraMora amarillaMoralLupuna blancaCaimitoPlatanoCaimito moradoSanta rosaMashonasteCajimanGuariubaGuariubaCupeyBototoCabimo blancoCopaibaCurrucayCabimo, palo de aceite

CopaibaCapa prietoLaurelPardilloBojonLaurel blancoPardillo negroCandileroCandeleraSiricoteAlatrique blancoAlatrique negroFreijoFreijoLaurel.

Mato hombreLengua de picon


Mg%ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

Table 3 continued


Couratari multifloraCouratari oblongifoliaCouratari panamensisCouratari pulchraCouratari pulchraCouratari spp.Couroupita guianensisCouroupita guianensisCroton panamensisCroton xanthochlorosCupania spp.Cyrilla racemifloraDacryodes excelsaDacryodes excelsaDacryodes spp.Dalbergia retusaDalbergia spp.Dendropanax arboreusDendropanax arboreusDialium guianenseDialium guianenseDialium guianenseDialyanthera spp.Dicorynia guianensisDicorynia guianensis/paraensisDicorynia paraensisDidymopanax morototoniDidymopanax morototoniDidymopanax morototoniDidymopanax morototoniDidymopanax morototoniDidymopanax morototoniDidymopanax morototoniDidymopanax morototoniDinizia excelsaDinizia excelsaDiospyros spp.Dipholis salicifoliaDiploon venezuelanaDiplotropis martiusiiDiplotropis purpureaDiplotropis purpureaDiplotropis purpureaDipteryx odorataDipteryx odorataDipteryx odorataDipteryx oleifera *Dipteryx oleifera/odorata *Dipteryx spp.Drypetes variabilisDrypetes variabilisDussia spp.Ecclinusa guianensisEndlicheria cocuireyEndopleura uchiEnterolobium cyclocarpumEnterolobium cyclocarpumEnterolobium maximumEnterolobium schomburgkiiEnterolobium schomburgkiiEnterolobium schomburgkiiEnterolobium schomburgkiiEnterolobium schomburgkii

TampipioTauariCongolo-garapeloCapa de tabacoTauaryTauariTaparo de chucoCoco de monoSangredragoCanelonCacho de chivoPalo coloradoTabonucoGommierGommierNambarCirueloNagua blanceQuesitoComenegroHausoJutai-pororocaCuangara, virolaAngeliqueBasralocusAngeliqueGuarumo machoMorototoYagrumo machoMorototoSunsunCafeteroTinajeroSunsunAngelim vermelhoAngelim vermelhoFlo de guineaBusticAbiurana secaChontaguiroCongrioTatabuSapupiraTonkaCumaruSarrapiaAlmendroAlmendroCumaruKerosen blancoPau brancoBolador/sangrilloChicle

Uchi liso/uchiGuanacasteEarpodFava tamboril/tamborilTimbaubaFava de roscaMenuditoHarinoCurarina

EstimateMg%

ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

27

Table 3 continued

Botanical Name

Enterolobium schomburgkiiEnterolobium spp.Enterolobium spp.Enterolobium spp.Enterolobium spp.Eperua falcataEperua spp.Eperua spp.Erblichia odorataEriotheca spp.Erisma uncinatumErisma uncinatumErisma uncinatum/Erisma spp.Erythrina spp.Eschweilera amaraEschweilera corrugataEschweilera grataEschweilera hologyneEschweilera odoraEschweilera sagotianaEschweilera spp.Eschweilera spp.Eschweilera spp.Eschweilera spp.Eschweilera subglandulosaEschweilera subglandulosaEschweilera subglandulosaEschweilera tenaxEschweilera trinitensisEucalyptus globulusEucalyptus robustaEugenia comptaEugenia pseudopsidiumEugenia spp.Eugenia stahliiEuxylophora paraensisFicus aff, insipidaFicus laevigataFicus spp.Ficus spp.Genipa americanaGenipa americanaGenipa spp.Gliricidium sepiumGlycydendron amazonicumGlycydendron amazonicumGoethalsia meianthaGoupia glabraGoupia glabraGoupia glabraGoupia glabraGoupia glabraGuarea excelsaGuarea excelsaGuarea glabraGuarea kunthianaGuarea trichilioidesGuarea trichilioidesGuarea trichilioidesGuatteria spp.Guatteria decurrensGuatteria olivaceaGuatteria procera

28

Common Name

BatibatraTamborilCaracaroSierra de iguana

WallabaWallabaWallabaPino blancoCedro dulceQuarubarana/cedrinhoMureilloJabotyBucareMatamata vermelhoGuacharaco

TinajitoMata-mataBlack kakeralliGuasca/oxitoMatamata-ci

Machimango blancoManbarklakMajaguilloManbarklakCoco de monoTampipioEucaliptoEucaliptoGuayabito blanco

Guayabo de montanaGuayabotaPau amareloHigueronJaguey blancoCaxingubaHigueronCaruto montaneroJaguaCarutoMadero negro

GliciaGuacimo blancoKopieCupiubaCupiubaCongrio blancoCupiubaCramtreeTololoCedrilloRequiaTrompilloPica del oroGuaraguaoRamo de plazeCarahuascaEnvira pretaEnvira preta


Mg%ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

Table 3 continued


Guazuma ulmifoliaGuettarda laevisGustavia spp.Gyrocarpus americanusHaenianthus salicifoliusHasseltia floribundaHeisteria spp.Helicostylis tomentosaHernandia sonoraHevea spp.Himatanthus articulatusHimathantus articulatusHirtella davisiiHomalium racemosumHumiria balsamiferaHumiria balsamiferaHumiria spp.Humiriastrum spp.Hura crepitansHura crepitansHura crepitansHura crepitansHura crepitansHura polyandraHyeronima alchorneoides *Hyeronima laxiflora *Hyeronima laxiflora *Hyeronima laxiflora *Hyeronima spp. *Hyeronima spp.Hymenaea courbarilHymenaea courbarilHymenaea courbarilHymenaea courbarilHymenaea courbarilHymenaea courbarilHymenaea courbarilHymenaea courbarilHymenaea courbarilHymenaea davisiiHymenaea oblongifoliaHymenaea palustrisHymenaea parvifoliaHymenaea spp.Hymenolobium excelsumHymenolobium modestrumHymenolobium spp.Hymenolobium spp.llex hondurensislnga aff. coruscanslnga albalnga albalnga floribundalnga ingoideslnga laurinalnga paraensislnga spp.lnga spp.lnga spp.lnga spp.lnga spp.lnga veralryanthera bostmanni

GuacimoCucubanoOreja de burroTalalatePalo de huesoCocoboloYutubancoCharoMagoShiringaMapoloLeonCeniza negraCaracolilloBois rougeTauroniroCorosilio almendroChanulAcacuHuraCatahua amarillaCeibaPossumwoodHabilloPantanoAguacatilloCarne asadaSuradanniCoca de monoSuradanAlgarroboCourbarilAlgarroboJutai-acu/jatobaCuapinolAlgarroboCourbarilGuapinolWest Indian locust

GuabolngaGuamoGuamo hierritoGuamo negroGuabaKirikowa

Azucar huayoJutai-mirim/jatobaJatobaAngelimAngelim pedraAngelimAlcornocoAreno blancoCaramacateGuamo coloradolngaGuamo lisoGuamo rabo de monoGuamaIngarana/inga


DRYINGGROUP

29

Table 3 continued


lryanthera lancifolialryanthera sagotianaJacaranda copaiaJacaranda copaiaJacaranda copaiaJacaranda spp.Jacaranda spp.Jacaranda superbaJuglans olanchanumJuglans spp.Laetia proceraLaetia spp.Lafoensia punicifoliaLaplacea brenesiiLecythis davisiiLecythis jarana *Lecythis paraensisLecythis pisonisLecythis spp.Lecythis tuyranaLicania albaLicania apetalaLicania arboreaLicania buxifoliaLicania buxifoliaLicania densifloraLicania hypoleucaLicania hypoleucaLicania macrophyllaLicania macrophyllaLicania octandraLicania parvifloraLicania platypusLicania spp.Licania spp.Licaria cayennensisLicaria rigidaLicaria spp.Lindackeria spp.Liquidambar styracifluaLonchocarpus spp.Lonchocarpus castilloiLonchocarpus castilloiLonchocarpus latifoliusLonchocarpus sericeusLonchocarpus spp.Lonchocarpus spp.Lonchocarpus stramineusLoxopterygium sagotiiLoxopterygium sagotiiLucuma grongrijpii *Lucuma spp.Luehea cymulosaLueheopsis duckeanaLysiloma kellerrnaniiLysiloma bahamensisMabea piririMachaerium capoteMaclura tinctoriaMacoubea guianensisMagnolia sororumMagnolia splendensMalouetia duckei

KirikawaMarakaipoSiamrubaGualandaiCopaiaPara-paraGualandayFlor azulNogalNogalJobo machoAlcarretoAmarillo pepitaCanamoTina jitoJaranaSapucaiaSapucaiaSapucaiaCocoHierroGateadoParaguaMarishMarishiballiHierritoHierilloRascaAnaueraMarishCaraipeMerecure de montanaSapoteCarbonero/tuquesaVarazonKaneelhartLouro amarelo/louroSigue caneloCuro montaneroLiquidambarZapato cacheMachicheBlack cabbage barkTocoritoJebeMurcielagoMarajaguaGuaimaroHububalliPicatonAbiurana brancaQuina quinaGuacimo cimarronAcoita cavaloQuebrachoT'zalamPata de paujiSiete cuerosMora amarillaRokorokoVacoLaurel sabinoSorva

30


DRYINGGROUP

Table 3 continued


Mammea americanaMangifera indicaManilkara amazonicaManilkara bidentataManilkara bidentataManilkara bidentataManilkara bidentataManilkara bidentataManilkara huberiManilkara spp.Manilkara zapotaMaquira coriacea Berg.Marmaroxylon racemosumMatayba domingensisMatisia bicolorMatisia cordataMaytenus ficiformisMeliosma herbetiiMezilaurus itaubaMezilaurus spp.Miconia ibaquensisMiconia argenteaMicropholis chrysophylloidesMicropholis garciniaefoliaMicropholis guyanensisMicropholis venulosaMinquartia guianensisMinquartia guianensisMora excelsaMora excelsaMora excelsaMora gonggrijpiiMora oleiferaMora spp.Mouriri guyanensisMouriri huberiMouriri sideroxylonMyrcia paivaeMyrciaria floribundaMyroxylon balsamumMyroxylon balsamum/toluiferumMyroxylon peruiferumMyroxylon spp.Naucleopsis spp. *Nectandra concinnaNectandra coriaceaNectandra membranaceaNectandra rigidaNectandra sintenisiiNectandra spp.Nectandra spp./Ocotea spp.Nectandra spp.Nectandra spp.Nectandra spp.Nectandra spp.Nemaluma anomalaOchroma lagopus/pyramidaleOchroma pyramidaleOchroma pyramidaleOcotea austiniiOcotea leucoxylonOcotea moschataOcotea neesiana

MameyMangoMaparajuba/macarandubaQuinilla coloradaPurgo moradoBalataAusuboBulletwood

MacarandubaChicozapoteMuiratingaAngelim rajadoNegra loraMachin zapoteZapote

AguacatilloltaubaltaubaManglillo de montanaCapiroteCaimitilloCaimitillo verdeKonokoRosadinhoManwoodCamaroncilloMoraMoraMoraMoraAlcornoqueMoraPerhuetamoGuara taroGuara taro

Guaya billoBalsamoBalsamoEstoragueGateado amarilloTamamuriAngelino/aceitunoLaurel avispilloLaurel prietoLaurel amarilloLaurel amarilloSigua/sigua amarilloLouroLaurel macanoLaurel macanoCaneloMoena negraRosadinhoBalsaGuanoBalsoBambito rosadaLaurel geoNuez moscadaLouro canela/louro

EstimateMg%

ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

31

Table 3 continued


Ocotea porosa (Phoebe porosa)Ocotea rodiaeiOcotea rodiaeiOcotea rodiaeiOcotea rodiaeiOcotea rubraOcotea rubraOcotea rubraOcotea schomburgkianaOcotea spathulataOcotea spp.Ocotea spp.Ocotea spp.Onychopetalum amazonicumOrmosia coccineaOrmosia krugiiOrmosia ligni-valvisOrmosia lignivalvisOrmosia paraensisOrmosia schunkeiOrmosia spp.Ormosia spp.Ormosia paraensisOsteophloeum platyspermumOuratea spp.Oxandra spp.Parahancornia amapaParinari campestris/excelsaParinari excelsaParinari pachyphyllumParinari rodolphiParinari rodolphiParkia oppositifoliaParkia paraensisParkia pendulaParkia pendulaParkia spp.Paulsenia armataPeltogyne mexicanaPeltogyne paniculataPeltogyne porphyrocardiaPeltogyne pubescensPeltogyne spp.Peltogyne spp.Peltogyne venosaPeltogyne venosaPentaclethra macrolobaPera glabrataPera schomburgkianaPersea caeruleaPersea veraguasensisPetitia domingensisPinus caribaeaPinus caribaeaPinus douglasianaPinus lawsoniPinus leiophyllaPinus michoacanaPinus oocarpaPiptadenia psilostachyaPiptadenia spp.Piptadenia spp.Piptadenia suaveolens

lmbuiaGreenheartGreenheartGreenheartGreenheartLouro vermelhoDetermaDetermaYekoroNemocaSiguaton/bambito amarilloLouro canela/louroCasho moenaEnvira pretaHuairuroPalo de matosPeonioPeonioTentoHuairuroTentoAmargo blanco

Sierra de piconYayaAmapaBuradala/omoradanMerecurilloMerecureParinariMerecure montaneroCaro montaneroFava arara tucupiCascaronFaveira bolotaFaveiraYanchamaNazarenoPaloconchaZapateroPurpleheartAmarantePurpleheartPurpleheartPurpleheartClavellinoPilon rosadoAmarilloAguacate chicoSigua caranoCapa blancoPinePino costenoPino blancoPino ortiguiloPino chinoPino lacioPino ocoteYiguireCarabaliPalo blancoFava folha fina

32

EstimateMg%

ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

Table 3 continued

Botanical Name Common Name Reference

Piranhea longepedunculataPiscidia communisPisonia cuspidata *Pisonia spp. *Pisonia spp.Pithecellobium guachapelePithecellobium jupunbaPithecellobium pedicellarePithecellobium samanPithecellobium samanPlanchonella pachycarpaPlanchonella pachycarpaPlatonia insignis Mart.Platymiscium pinnatumPlatymiscium pinnatumPlatymiscium pinnatumPlatymiscium trinitatisPodocarpus oleifoliusPoeppigia proceraPouteria caimitoPouteria campechianaPouteria carabobensisPouteria egregiaPouteria eugeniifoliaPouteria multifloraPouteria pomiferaPouteria spp.Pouteria spp.Pouteria spp.Pouteria spp.Pouteria spp.Pouteria spp.Pouteria spp.Pouteria spp.Pouteria spp.Prioria copaiferaPrioria copaiferaPrioria copaiferaProtium crenatumProtium decandrumProtium decandrumProtium decandrumProtium neglectumProtium sagoitianumProtium schomburgkianumProtium schomburgkianumProtium spp.Protium spp.Protium spp.Protium tenuifoliumProtium tenuifoliumPrunus spp.Pseudobombax ellipticumPseudobombax septenatumPseudolmedia laevisPseudolmedia oxyphyllariaPseudolmedia sppPterocarpus officinalisPterocarpus officinalisPterocarpus rohriiPterocarpus spp.Pterocarpus spp.Pterccarpus spp.

CaramacateJabinCasabeMasamorroPeronilUvero machoSaman montaneroHueso de pascadoSamanSamanGoiabaoGoiabaoBacuriGranadilloRobleRoble

Diablo fuerteFrijolilloAbiuranaKanisteChuponPurguilloChile rosadoJacanaCapureNispero monoMaranoncilloNispero cuascudoRosetto blancoMamey de montanaChupon blancoChupon blancoChuponCaimitoCativo blanco/negroCativoCativoAnime blancoKurokaiKurokaiAzucaritoCarano blancoCaranoKurokaiAzucaritoBreuBreu mangaChutraBreu pretoAnime rosadoMamey coloradoAmapola cedreadaBarrigonChimicuaMambaMariabeCacuSangre de galloSangritoPalosangre amarilloSangronPalisangre

GbEstimate Actual

Mg% Mg% DTIDRYINGGROUP

33

Table 3 continued


Pterocarpus spp. Palosangre negroPterocarpus spp. SangronPterocarpus spp. SangregaoPterocarpus vernalis Sangre de dragoPterocarpus vernalis SangrePterygota spp. Paujil ruroQualea albiflora Mandioqueira lisaQualea albiflora GronfoeloeQualea albiflora/Q. spp Gronfoeloe/wiswiskwalieQualea brevipedicellata Mandioqueira asperaQualea cymulosa GorgojoQualea dinizii GuarapoQualea rosea Mountain gronfoeloeQualea rosea GronfoeloeQualea spp. MandioqueiraQuercus barvinervis EncinoQuercus spp. MamecilloQuercus spp. RobleRheedia madruno MadronoRheedia spp. CharichueloRhizophora mangle Mangle coloradoRollinia exsucca AnoncilloRollinia exsucca EnviraRollinia spp. Anoncillo de monteRollinia spp. AnonRoupala montana Faeira/louro faiaRoupala spp. Piel de lagartoRuprechtia aff. ramiflora Palo de aguaSaccoglottis cydonioides Ponsigue montaneroSandwithiodoxa egregia Abiu pitombaSapium biglandulosum LecheroSapium biglandulosum LecheroSapium cf. jenmanni Cancho blancoSapium laurocerasus TabaibaSapium marmieri Caucho mashaSapium spp. OlivoSapium spp. CauchoSapium spp. LechosoSapium spp. LecheroSchizolobium parahybum TinecuSclelorobium spp. Ucshacuiro blancoSclerolobium chrysophyllum Tachi pitombaSclerolobium guianensis GuamilloSclerolobium melinonii JawaledanSclerolobium paniculatum Guamillo rojoSclerolobium paraense Tachi brancoSclerolobium poeppigianum Tachi pitombaScleronema spp. CardeiroSickingia spp. Huacamayo caspiSideroxylon tempisque TempisqueSimaba multiflora CongrilloSimaba multiflora SimarudoSimaba multiflora Hueso de pescadoSimarouba spp. MarupaSimarouba amara SimaroubaSimarouba amara PasaakSimarouba amara SimarubaSimarouba amara MarupaSimarouba amara CedroblancoSimarouba glauca AceitunoSimarouba spp. LagartoSimarouba spp. CoralilloSloanea berteriana Motillo


DRYINGGROUP

34

Table 3 continued


Sloanea grandifloraSloanea guianensisSlioanea laurifloraSloanea ternifloraSpondias mombinSpondias mombinSpondias mombinSpondias mombinSpondias mombinSpondias mombinSpondias mombinSterculia apetalaSterculia apetalaSterculia apetalaSterculia pruriensSterculia pruriensSterculia speciosaSterculia spp.Stryphnodendron polystachumSwartzia banniaSwartzia leiocalycinaSwartzia leiocalycinaSwartzia loptopetalaSwartzia spp.Sweetia spp.Swietenia humilisSwietenia macrophyllaSwietenia macrophyllaSwietenia macrophyllaSwietenia macrophyllaSwietenia macrophyllaSwietenia macrophyllaSwietenia macrophyllaSwietenia mahoganiSymphonia globuliferaSymphonia globuliferaSymphonia globuliferaSymphonia globuliferaSymphonia globuliferaSymphonia globuliferaSymplocos spp.Syzygiopsis oppositifoliaTabebuia chrysanthaTabebuia donnell-smithiiTabebuia donnell-smithii *Tabebuia guayacanTabebuia guayacanTabebuia guayacan/beterotrichaTabebuia heterophyllaTabebuia heterophyllaTabebuia heterotrichaTabebuia insignisTabebuia pentaphyllaTabebuia roseaTabebuia roseaTabebuia serratifoliaTabebuia serratifoliaTabebuia serratifoliaTabebuia serratifoliaTabebuia serratifoliaTabebuia spp.Tabebuia stenocalyxTachigali cf. myrmecophila *

Cebeza de araguatoCebeza de araguatoCebeza de araguatoPicopicoJobo corronchosoUbosJoboJobo corronchosoJoboJoboJoboBellotaPanamaCamorucoSterculiaMajaguaChichaChichaAraguaneyBanniaWamaraWamaraOrura barrialeraCoracao de NegroCocoboloCaobaCaobaCaobaCaobaMahoganiMognoCaobaMahoganyMahoganiManniManilWaike chewstickChewstickAnaniCerilloMangle blanco de montanaAbiu brancoCortezPrimaveraPrimaveraGuayacanGuayacanGuayacanRoble blancoRobleGuayacanTabebuiaRoble blancoRobleApamateTahuariBethabara

BethabaraFlor amarilloIpePurguillo blancoTachi preto/tachi

EstimateMg%

ActualMg% DTI

DRYINGGROUP

35

Table 3 continued


Talauma dodecapetala MagnoliaTalisia spp. Carne asadaTapirira guianensis Fruta de palomaTectona grandis TecaTectona grandis (plantation) TeakTerminalia aff. obovata Pardillo amarilloTerminalia aff. lucida AmarilloTerminalia amazonia Pata de dantoTerminalia amazonia NargustaTerminalia amazonia GuabilloTerminalia amazonia CanshanTerminalia amazonia Amarillo carabazueloTerminalia amazonia NargustaTerminalia catappa AlmendraTerminalia spp. GuayabonTerminalia guianensis Pata de dantoTerminalia guyanensis Guayabo de MonteTerminalia oblonga YacushapanaTerminalia oblonga GuayabonTerminalia spp. CriolloTerminalia spp. Amarillo de penaTetragastris altissima Azucarito blancoTetragastris altissima Breu mangaTetragastris balsamifera MasaTetragastris balsamifera MasaTetragastris panamensis MaramoTetragastris panamensis Breu pretoTetragastris spp. SaliTetragastris spp. CirueloTetragastris spp. SecuadraTetragastris stevonsonii kerosineToulicia pulvinata Carapo blancoTrattinickia cf. burseraefolia Breu/amesclaTrattinickia rhoifolia CaranoTrattinickia rhoifolia CaranoTrattinickia spp. AmesclaoTrattinickia spp. CaranoTrema intergerrima Mochocho blancoTrichilia lecointei Pracuuba da terra firmeTrichilia spp. UchumullacaTrichilia propingua Bizcochuelo amarilloTriplaris caracasana Vara de mariaTriplaris guayaquilensis FernansanchezTriplaris surinamensis Santa mariaTrophis spp. Sachavaca micunaTrophis spp. Charo negroTrophis spp. Charo cuero de sapoUlmus mexicana CenizoVantanea parviflora UchiranaVatairea paraensis Faveira amargosaVatairea paraensis Fava amargosaVatairea sericea Faveira bolachaVatairea spp. Amargo amargoVatairea spp. MoraVirola koschnyi Virola, lightVirola koschnyi BanakVirola koschnyi BanakVirola melinonii Hill dalliVirola spp MollejoVirola spp. VirolaVirola spp. MiguelarilloVirola spp. Cumala blancaVirola spp Tartago


DRYINGGROUP

36

Table 3 continued


Virola surinamensisVirola surinamensisVirola surinamensisVitex cooperi/kuyleniiVitex divaricataVitex gaumeriVitex gaumeriVitex giganteumVitex orinocensisVitex orinocensisVitex orinocensisVitex spp.Vitex staheliiVochysia ferrugineaVochysia ferruginea/hondurensisVochysia ferruginea/hondurensisVochysia guianensisVochysia guianensisVochysia guianensis/hondurensisVochysia hondurensisVochysia hondurensisVochysia hondurensisVochysia hondurensisVochysia lanceolataVochysia lehmaniiVochysia maximaVochysia melinoniiVochysia obidensisVochysia spp.Vochysia spp.Vochysia spp.Vochysia tetraphyllaVocysia spp.Vouacapoua americanaVouacapoua americanaVouacapoua americanaXylopia nitidaXylosma spp.Zanthoxylum martinicenseZanthoxylum aff, martinicense *Zanthoxylum aff, rhoifolia *Zanthoxylum spp.Zanthoxylum spp. *Zanthoxylum spp. *Zanthoxylum spp. *Zuelania guidonia

Older scientific name Newer scientific nameCoumarouna spp. Dipteryx spp.Cytharexylum spp. Citharexylon spp.Fagara spp. Zanthoxylum spp.Franchetella spp. Lucuma spp.Hieronima spp. Hyeronima spp.Holopyxidium spp. Lecythis spp.Ogcodeia spp. Naucleopsis spp.Pseudosamanea spp. Albizia spp.Roseodendron spp. Tabebuia spp.Samanea spp. Albizia spp.Tachigalia spp. Tachigali spp.Torrubia spp. Pisonia spp.

CuajoBaboenBanakRajate bien/flor azulHiguerilloFiddlewoodYa'axnikCuajadoGuarataro negroGuarataro

Guarataro blancoTotumilloZopiloteCorosilloPegleQuaruba rosa/quarubaKwarieQuarubaPalo de aguaQuarubaMacablancaYemeriQuillo sisaCanelitoQuaruba verdadeiraQuaruba rosa/quarubaQuaruba rosa/quarubaQuarubaQuarubaAguacate montaneroLorjennaMangalargaAcapuWacapouWacapouEnvira beancaRosettoEspino rubialMapuriteMapurite blancoHualajaMapurite blancoMapurite negroMapurite amarilloPlomo


DRYINGGROUP

37

Table 4–Kiln schedule for estimating drying time and drying time index

Table 5–Regression coefficients for the Equation (3) relationshipbetween basic specific gravity and green moisture contenta

38

Table 6–Statistical tests for differences in regression coefficients a to d of Equation (3)

Table 7–Drying time groups for rangesof drying time index (DTI)

39

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1994-546-037/00007

use of green moisture content and basic specific gravity ... · use of green moisture content and...

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