use of bacteria in antibody production
DESCRIPTION
Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production. Robert Gallo. A big Problem…. There are many diseases in the world caused by pathogens that devastate many people each year, causing pain, financial loss, and death. A Solution…. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
USE OF BACTERIA IN ANTIBODY
PRODUCTION
ROBERT GALLO
![Page 2: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
A BIG PROBLEM…
• There are many diseases in the world caused by pathogens that devastate many people each year, causing pain, financial loss, and death
![Page 3: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A SOLUTION…
• Use modified E. Coli to create antibodies for certain diseases ahead of time, so that an immune boost can be given via injection, or so a response can begin before it normally would.
![Page 4: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
BRIEF BACKGROUND ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Your body makes antibodies to fight infections
• Antibodies latch onto the receptors on pathogen to mark them for destruction by T-cells
• Antibodies also can destroy some pathogens by themselves
![Page 5: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
HOW ANTIBODIES ARE MADE
• Antibodies are made in cells known as B-cells
• The genes for antibodies are stored in 3 regions known as the IGH, IGK, and IGL chromosome regions
• About 1,000 antibody genes code for 10 Billion Antibodies
![Page 6: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ANTIBODY DIVERSITY
• To make so many antibodies, a process known as V(D)J Recombination occurs
• In this, genes are recombined to make the desired antibodies
![Page 7: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ENGINEERED E. COLI SOLUTION
• First, Human Macrophages are introduced to a pathogen
• Upon consumption, the macrophages display a signal on its surface telling the E. coli to begin antibody production
• Normally, Helper T-cells receive the signal and send another one to B-cells
![Page 8: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
WHAT THE E. COLI DOES
• Upon receipt of the signal from the macrophage via the T-cell receptor gene spliced in, the E. coli creates a signaling molecule that activates the antibody production genes and the V(D)J recombination gene that were also spliced in.
• In addition, GFP will be made along with the antibody to demonstrate that the system is working
![Page 9: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
TESTING
• Everything must be tested!
• 3 principle tests needed:
• First, verify that the macrophages will still eat the pathogen and properly display its signal
• Then, verify that the E. Coli interpret the signal correctly and produce antibodies
• Last, verify that the antibodies do not cause an immune response
![Page 11: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
PROBLEMS
• Probably a lot of bugs that need working out
• Might cause an immune response
• Probably very expensive in development and cost
![Page 12: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
OTHER OPTIONS?
• Vaccines: They are the best option, as prevention is always better, but they are useless, if not harmful, after infection has begun
• Antibiotics: They only work for bacteria, not viruses, but are effective and readily available. They also increase the risk of creating superbugs
![Page 13: Use of Bacteria in Antibody Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681331c550346895d99e28e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
SOURCES
• ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26860
• newscientist.com
• cellsalive.com/antibody
• ebi.ac.uk
• lifetechnologies.com
• Registry of Standard Biological Parts
• http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/RAG1
• TinkerCell
• Wikipedia
• https://www.pblassaysci.com/sites/pblassaysci/files/images/Antibody%20structure.jpg
• http://www.smcm.edu/gambia/photos/vaccine.jpg
• http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yy1sO-aDry0/TylPVEt1YVI/AAAAAAAAA0g/reR5WHr9Ur4/s1600/i_love_fixing_problems_sticker-p217445233701627500z85xz_400.jpg