us in wwii

8/7/2019 US in WWII

1/250

THE UNITED STATES

IN WORLD WAR IIAMERICA TURNS THE TIDE

8/7/2019 US in WWII

2/250

US in WWII (Outline)

I. War in Europe

A. Battle of the Atlantic

B. Invasion Italy

C. Operation Overlord (D-Day)

D. Retaking France

E. The Battle of the Bulge

F. Battle of Berlin

G. VE Day

War in Japan

8/7/2019 US in WWII

3/250

I: War in Europe

Days after Pearl Harbor,British Prime MinisterWinston Churchillarrived at the White

House and spent threeweeks working out warplans with FDR

They decided to focuson defeating Hitler firstand then turn theirattention to Japan

Europe First

http://therealrevo.com/

8/7/2019 US in WWII

4/250

THEEASTERN FRONT &

MEDITERRANEAN In the summer of 1942,

the Germans took theoffensive in thesouthern Soviet Union

By the winter of 1943,

the Allies began to seevictories on land as wellas sea

The first great turningpoint was the Battle ofStalingrad

Battle of Stalingrad was a huge Allied victory

8/7/2019 US in WWII

5/250

BATTLEOF STALINGRAD

For weeks the Germans pressed in on

Stalingrad

Then winter set in and the Germans were

wearing summer uniforms and under-supplied

The Germans surrendered in January of

1943

The Soviets lost more men in this battle

than the US lost in the whole war

Wounded in the

Battle of Stalingrad

8/7/2019 US in WWII

6/250

THENORTH

AFRICAN FRONT

Operation Torch an invasion

of Axis -controlled North Africa --was launched by American GeneralDwight D. Eisenhower in 1942

Allied troops landed inCasablanca, Oran and the Algiers

in Algeria They sped eastward chasing the

Afrika Korps led by GermanGeneral Edwin Rommel

American tanks roll in the

deserts of Africa and defeat

Axis forces

8/7/2019 US in WWII

7/250

Allied

troops

landed

in Casa-

blanca,

Oran

and the

Algiers

8/7/2019 US in WWII

8/250

I. THE AR INEUROPE

A. THEBATTLEOF THEATLANTIC

The U.S. in WWII

8/7/2019 US in WWII

9/250

THEBATTLEOF THEATLANTIC After Americas entry

into the war, Hitler wasdetermined to preventfoods and war suppliesfrom reaching Britain

and the USSR fromAmericas east coast

He ordered submarineraids on U.S. ships onthe Atlantic

During the first fourmonths of 1942Germany sank 87 U.S.ships

The power of the German U

Boats was great, and in two

months' time almost two million

tons of Allied ships were restingon the ocean floor. Efforts were

soon made to restrict German

subs' activities.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

10/250

http://www.rac.ca/

The Battle of the Atlantic was "the only thing that ever

frightened me."-

8/7/2019 US in WWII

11/250

ALLIES CONTROLU-BOATS

In the first seven months of1942, German U-boats sank 681Allied ships in the Atlantic

Something had to be done orthe war at sea would be lost

First, Allies used convoys ofships & airplanes to transportsupplies

Destroyers used sonar to trackU-boats

Airplanes were used to track the

U-boats ocean surfaces With this improved tracking,

Allies inflicted huge losses onGerman U-boats

U-426 sinks after attack from the

air, January 1944. Almost two-thirds of all U-boat sailors died

during the Battle of the Atlantic.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

12/250

ALLIES APTURETHE ENIG A

In 1941, the British captured several

German ships.

Some had working code deciphering

machines on board.

The German Enigma was the code

breaking machine used to break coded

messages from German commanders.

After the capture, the Allies could

decipher all German messages in realtime.

This helped to end the Battle in the

Atlantic.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

13/250

8/7/2019 US in WWII

14/250

CASABLANCA CONFERENCE

FDR and Churchillmet in Casablancaand decided theirnext moves

1) Plan amphibiousinvasions of Franceand Italy

2) Onlyunconditional

surrender would beaccepted

MONUMENTSMEN.COM

8/7/2019 US in WWII

15/250

I. THE AR INEUROPE

B. INVASION ITALY

The U.S. in WWII

8/7/2019 US in WWII

16/250

ITALIAN CAMPAIGN

ANOTHERALL

IED

V

ICTORY The Italian Campaign got off to a

good start as the Allies easilytook Sicily

At that point King Emmanuel IIIstripped Mussolini of his powerand had him arrested

However, Hitlers forcescontinued to resist the Allies in

Italy until 1945 Heated battles ensued and itwasnt until 1945 that Italy wassecured by the Allies

stephenambrosetours.com

8/7/2019 US in WWII

17/250

TUSKEGEEAIRMEN

Among the brave menwho fought in Italy werepilots of the all-black 99th

squadron the TuskegeeAirmen

The pilots madenumerous effectivestrikes against Germanyand won twodistinguished UnitCitations

http://www.bjmjr.net/

en.wikipedia.org

8/7/2019 US in WWII

18/250

On May 31, 1943, the 99th Squadron, the first group of African-American

pilots trained at the Tuskegee Institute, arrived in North Africa

8/7/2019 US in WWII

19/250

I. THE AR INEUROPE

C.D-DAY, INVADING FRANCE

THE U.S. in WWII

8/7/2019 US in WWII

20/250

OPERATIONOVERLORD

As the Allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on a dramaticinvasion of France

It was known as Operation Overlord and the commander was AmericanGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower

Also called D-Day, the operation involved 3 million U.S. & British troopsand was set for June 6, 1944

Allies sent

fake coded

messages

indicating

they would

attack here

8/7/2019 US in WWII

21/250

Normandy, France

Normandy is one of the five regions of France Normandy

Brittany

Loire Valley

Western Loire

Cognac County

Normandy was an important strategic point because it led

to Paris and had the least distance between it and Great

Britain.

It includes a 360 mile coastline

8/7/2019 US in WWII

22/250

D-DAYJUNE 6, 1944 D-Day was the largest

land-sea-air operation

in military history

Despite air support,

German retaliationwas brutal especially

at Omaha Beach

Within a month, the

Allies had landed 1million troops,

567,000 tons of

supplies and 170,000

vehicles

8/7/2019 US in WWII

23/250

5Beaches That Were Invaded

Omaha -USA

Utah - USA

Sword - BRITAIN

Gold - BRITAIN

Juno - CANADA

8/7/2019 US in WWII

24/250

OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44

8/7/2019 US in WWII

25/250

Landing at Normandy

8/7/2019 US in WWII

26/250

lanes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France

8/7/2019 US in WWII

27/250

8/7/2019 US in WWII

28/250

I. THE AR INEUROPE

D. RETAKINGFRANCE

The U.S. in WWII

8/7/2019 US in WWII

29/250

Retaking France:

Opera

tio

n Dra

goo

n August 15, 1944 Invasion of southern France Objective: First, draw German forces from northern France

and allow the forces from Overlord to push east. Second, seize

Marseille, Frances largest port

Troops that fought in Italy were used in this operation

94,000 Allied troops landed on day one

Within two weeks, Allies captured 57,000 German troops at a

cost of 7,000 Allied casualties

Ports of Toulon and Marseille were open to Allied shipments The forces then linked up with Normandy troops within 30

days

Considered an outstanding success when measured against its

military objectives

8/7/2019 US in WWII

30/250

Alli d landing inSouthernFrance OperationDragoon

http://www.olive-drab.com/images

8/7/2019 US in WWII

31/250

Encirclementat Falaise

The battle of the Falaise Gap (also known as the Falaise Pocket

and Chambois Pocket) was the area between the four cities of

Trun, Argentan, Vimoutiers and Chambois near Falaise, France,

in which the remnants of the German Wehrmacht (Army)

were trapped and effectively destroyed as a fighting force. The battle of the Falaise Gap marked the end of the Battle of

Normandy, which started on June 6, 1944, and ended on

August 22, 1944. Although perhaps 100,000 German troops

succeeded in escaping the allies due to the delay in closing the

gap, they left behind 150,000 prisoners and wounded, over10,000 dead, and the road practically impassable due to

destroyed vehicles and bodies.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

32/250

Battle forNormandy

Allied losses

On D-Day: appx. 10,000

casualties including

2,500 initially confirmeddead

Recent research

uncovered that more like

4,500 were KIA on June 6

Total: 209,000 casualties

Axis losses

On D-Day: 4,000-9,000

dead

Most figures have to beestimated

Total: 200,000 KIA appx.

20,000F

rench civilians were also killed during this time

8/7/2019 US in WWII

33/250

FRANCE FREED By September 1944, the

Allies had freed France,

Belgium and Luxembourg

That good news and the

Americans peoples

desire not to change

horses in midstream

helped elect FDR to anunprecedented 4th term

General George Patton (right)

was instrumental in Allies

freeing France

8/7/2019 US in WWII

34/250

VS.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

35/250

Questions fromreading.You must write in complete sentence form.

1. How did the Battle of the Bulge get its name?

2. How many total men were involved in the battle?

3. How long did the battle last?

4. Which country did most of the battle occur?

5. What was Hitlers objective with this offensive?

6. Throughout the night before the battle, what did German soldiers doto confuse American troops in the area?

7. What town did the German army surround American forces in?

8. How did some soldiers keep their weapons from freezing?

9. What were Allied soldiers ordered to do to SS officers following theMalmedy Massacre?

10. When did American forces counterattack to close the Bulge?

11. In the American offensive, how many Germans became casualties?

12. What did the Battle of the Bulge mean for the Third Reich?

8/7/2019 US in WWII

36/250

Answers

1. The westward bulging shape of the battle ground and lines.

2. More than a million men were involved in the battle.

3. A little over a month

4. Belgium (some in Luxembourg)5. Break the Allied line and cut off the supply line

6. Acted like Allied soldiers, spread misinformation to confuse

7. Bastogne

8. Urinating on them

9. Shoot on site

10. December 23

11. 23,ooo

12. An end to all offensive operations

8/7/2019 US in WWII

37/250

8/7/2019 US in WWII

38/250

BATTLEOF THEBULGE

In October 1944,

Americans captured theirfirst German town(Aachen) the Allies wereclosing in

Hitler responded with one

last ditch massiveoffensive in the Ardennes

Hitlers plan was to breakthe Allied line and controlthe Allied supply lines

8/7/2019 US in WWII

39/250

M-4ShermanTanksofthe10thTankBattalionlinedupinthe

snow-coveredfieldsofBelgium.

http://www.pbs.org/perilousfight/_popups/battlefield/bulge/01.html

8/7/2019 US in WWII

40/250

AmortarpositionnearSaint-Vith.

http://www.pbs.org/perilousfight/_popups/battlefield/bulge/02.html

8/7/2019 US in WWII

41/250

Hitlerslastoffensive

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0524/5b0619064d496/5b06191eab473.jpg

8/7/2019 US in WWII

42/250

8/7/2019 US in WWII

43/250

BATTLEOF THEBULGE

The battle raged for a month the Germans had been pushedback

Little seemed to have changed,but in fact the Germans hadsustained heavy losses

Germany lost 120,000 troops,600 tanks and 1,600 planes

From that point on the Nazis

could do little but retreat

The Battle of the Bulge was

Germanys last gasp

http://t1.gstatic.com/images

8/7/2019 US in WWII

44/250

Battle of BerlinQuestions1. The German military manpower consisted of what kind of people?

2. What was the ratio of Soviet to German men outside of Berlin?

3. What made the Berliners feel like that had to fight to the bitter

end?

4. What did General Wenck and some other German divisions do

when the Soviets invaded Germany?

5. Who were the Hitler youth corps?

6. What did Hitler do in his final hours?

7. What was done with Hitlers body?

8. How was the Reichstag taken by the Soviets?9. How many troops died in the Battle of Berlin?

10. What tragic result to German women face following the Soviet

victory?

8/7/2019 US in WWII

45/250

Reading answers

1. The German military was relying on young boys and old men, this force

was called the Volkstrum.

2. The ratio of Soviets to Germans outside Berlin was 5:1, 3:1 in Berlin.

3. Germans fought to the bitter end because of the destruction the Soviets

had brought in the East.

4. Many German divisions headed west to surrender to the Americans.

5. The Hitler Youth fought in Berlin and were made up of 11-12 year olds.

6. Hitler married his mistress, gave her poison, and shot himself in his final

hours.

7. Hitlers body was burned so that it would not be mutilated by Soviets.

8. The Verstag was heavily bombarded by artillery and later was won bySoviets after two days of hand to hand combat.

9. 80,000 100,000 Soviets died in Berlin. 150,000 German troops were

killed in Berlin.

10. 100,000 women endured rapes from Soviets, 10,000 of which died as a

result.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

46/250

Battle of BerlinApril May 1945

The goal of the Allied

advances in Europe was to

capture Berlin.

Stalin ordered two of his top

generals to race to the

German capital Zhukov and

Konev

The Red Army had a

significant manpower and

supply advantage over theGermans. Additionally they

had forward momentum.

Despite the hopelessness of

the situation, Hitler mounted

a direct defense of the city.

greatmilitarybattles.com

BattleofBerlin

8/7/2019 US in WWII

47/250

BattleofBerlinAprilMay1945

Two million shells rained down on Berlin in three weeks

Much of the fighting occurred between Russian tanks andGerman anti-tank artillery

Berlin was left in rubble

8/7/2019 US in WWII

48/250

Battle of Berlin

Russians lost 80,000

men and 275,000

wounded in this battle

Germans lost 150,000

men in this battle

It is rumored that Stalin

was insistent on

capturing Berlin because

he could capture thesecret nuclear plans at

the Kaiser Wilhelm

Institute

greatmilitarybattles.com

8/7/2019 US in WWII

49/250

FDRDIES;TRUMANPRESIDENT President Roosevelt did not live to see V-E Day

On April 12, 1945, FDR suffered a stroke and died his VP Harry S Truman became the nations 33rd president

8/7/2019 US in WWII

50/250

ALLIESTAKEBERLIN;HITLER

COMMITSSUICIDE

By April 25, 1945, the Soviet armyhad stormed Berlin

In his underground headquartersin Berlin, Hitler prepared for theend

On April 29, he married hislongtime girlfriend Eva Braun thenwrote a last note in which he

blamed the Jews for starting thewar and his generals for losing it

The next day he gave poison to hiswife and shot himself

s l r i t r. t

8/7/2019 US in WWII

51/250

V-EDAY General Eisenhoweraccepted theunconditional surrender

of the Third Reich On May 8, 1945, the

Allies celebrated V-EDay victory in Europe

Day The war in Europe was

finally overmirkwoodcottage.typepad.com

8/7/2019 US in WWII

52/250

Famous

picture of

anAmerican

soldier

celebrating

the end of

the war

LIBERATION OF

8/7/2019 US in WWII

53/250

LIBERATIONOF

CONCENTRATION CAMPS

While the British andAmericans movedwestward into Germany,the Soviets moved

eastward into German-controlled Poland

The Soviets discoveredmany death camps thatthe Germans had set upwithin Poland

The Americans alsoliberated Nazi deathcamps within Germany

8/7/2019 US in WWII

54/250

8/7/2019 US in WWII

55/250

Focus topics German High

Comma

ndGoering

GoebbelsHess

Himler

8/7/2019 US in WWII

56/250

The U.S. in WWIIThe War in the Pacific

I. Introduction

II. TheHome Front

III. Island Hopping

IV. AtomicEndV. arsResolution

VI. JapansRecovery

8/7/2019 US in WWII

57/250

Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan suddenly and

deliberately attacked the U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor

Hawaii.

This was the event which triggered the American involvement

in the war both in Europe and the Pacific.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

58/250

MOBILIZING ORDE ENSE

After Japan attacked PearlHarbor, they thoughtAmerica would avoid furtherconflict with them

TheJapan Times newspaper

said America was tremblingin their shoes

But if America was trembling,it was with rage, not fear

Remember Pearl Harborwas the rallying cry as

America entered WWII

8/7/2019 US in WWII

59/250

AMERICANSRUSHTOENLIST

After Pearl Harborfive million Americans

enlisted to fight in thewar

The Selective Serviceexpanded the draft

and eventuallyprovided anadditional 10 millionsoldiers

8/7/2019 US in WWII

60/250

WOMEN JOINTHE IGHT

Army Chief of StaffGeneral GeorgeMarshall pushed for theformation of theWomens Auxiliary ArmyCorps (WAAC)

WAAC allowed womento work in non-combatroles such as nurses,

ambulance drivers,radio operators, andpilots

8/7/2019 US in WWII

61/250

ALLAMERICANS FOUGHT

Despite discrimination at home,minority populationscontributed to the war effort

1,000,000 African Americansserved in the military

300,000 Mexican-Americans

33,000 Japanese Americans

25,000 Native Americans

13,000 Chinese Americans

These Golden 13 Great Lakes officers

scored the highest marks ever on the

Officers exam in 1944

8/7/2019 US in WWII

62/250

APRODUCTION MIRACLE Americans converted

their auto industry into a

war industry

The nations automobile

plants began to produce

tanks, planes, boats, and

command cars

Many private industriesconverted to war-related

supplies

8/7/2019 US in WWII

63/250

8/7/2019 US in WWII

64/250

MOBILIZATIONOF S IENTISTS

In 1941, FDR created theOffice of ScientificResearch andDevelopment (OSRD) tobring scientists into the

war effort Focus was on radar and

sonar to locatesubmarines

Also the scientists

worked on penicillin andpesticides like DDT

8/7/2019 US in WWII

65/250

MANHATTANPROJECT The most important

achievement of the OSRDwas the secret

development of theatomic bomb

Einstein wrote to FDRwarning him that theGermans wereattempting to develop

such a weapon The OSRD codename

used to describeAmerican efforts to buildthe bomb was theManhattan Project

8/7/2019 US in WWII

66/250

FEDERALGOVERNMENTTAKESCONTROLOF INFLATION

With prices of goods

threatening to rise out ofcontrol, FDR respondedby creating the Office ofPrice Administration(OPA)

The Office of PriceAdministration frozeprices on most goods andencouraged the purchaseof war bonds to fight

inflation

8/7/2019 US in WWII

67/250

8/7/2019 US in WWII

68/250

WARPRODUCTION

BOARD

To ensure the troops had

ample resources, FDR

created the WPB

The War Production

Board (WPB) decided

which companies would

convert to wartimeproduction and how to

best allocate raw

materials to those

industries

8/7/2019 US in WWII

69/250

COLLECTIONDRIVES The WPB also organized

nationwide drives tocollect scrap iron, tin

cans, paper, rags andcooking fat for recycling

Additionally, the OPA setup a system of rationing

Households had set

allocations of scarcegoods gas, meat, shoes,sugar, coffee

8/7/2019 US in WWII

70/250

WWII Poster

encouraging

conservation

8/7/2019 US in WWII

71/250

RATIONING

8/7/2019 US in WWII

72/250

THEHOME FRONT

The war provided a lift to

the U.S. economy

Jobs were abundant anddespite rationing and

shortages, people had

money to spend

By the end of the war,America was the worlds

dominant economic and

military power

8/7/2019 US in WWII

73/250

ECONOMIC GAINS Unemployment fell to

only 1.2% by 1944

and wages rose 35% Farmers too benefited

as production

doubled and income

tripled

8/7/2019 US in WWII

74/250

WOMEN MAKEGAINS

Women enjoyed

economic gains during

the war, although manylost their jobs after the

war

Over 6 million women

entered the work force

for the first time

Over 1/3 were in the

defense industry

8/7/2019 US in WWII

75/250

POPULATIONSHIFTS

The Dust Bowl forcedfarmers from Oklahoma

and Texas to find new

homes

The war triggered thegreatest mass migration

in American history

More than a million

newcomers poured into

California between 1941-

1944

African Americans again

shifted from south to

north

8/7/2019 US in WWII

76/250

GIBILLHELPSRETURNING

VETS

To help returning

servicemen ease backinto civilian life, Congress

passed the Servicemens

Readjustment Act (GI Bill

of Rights)

The act providededucation for 7.8 million

vets

8/7/2019 US in WWII

77/250

PEARLHARBOR

The War in the Pacific

E A i A d

8/7/2019 US in WWII

78/250

EastAsianAscendance The road to war between Japan and the United States began

in the 1930s when differences over China drove the two

nations apart.

In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria, which until then had

been part of China.

In 1937 Japan began a long and ultimately unsuccessful

campaign to conquer the rest of China. In 1940, the Japanese government allied their country with

Nazi Germany in the Axis Alliance, and, in the following year,

occupied all of Indochina.

The United States, which had important political and

economic interests in East Asia, was alarmed by theseJapanese moves. The U.S. increased military and financial aid

to China, embarked on a program of strengthening its military

power in the Pacific, and cut off the shipment of oil and other

raw materials to Japan

8/7/2019 US in WWII

79/250

Reasons forHostility

1. Japan was poor in naturalresources, the embargo

on oil as a threat to the

nation's survival.

2. Japan's leaders seizedresources in Southeast

Asia, even though that

move would certainly

result in war with the

United States.

3. US Navy is the

protectorate of the islands

claimed by the United

States (Philippines, Wake)

commons.wikimedia.org

8/7/2019 US in WWII

80/250

8/7/2019 US in WWII

81/250

Reason forattack

Japan knew it could not defeat theAmericans in a conventional war,

lacking as it did sufficient

manpower and raw materials

(notably oil) for such a sustained

effort.

By destroying the U.S. fleet and

complete Asian conquests before

the Americans could recover.

A successful raid, the Japanese

believed, would delay America's

entry into the war by months, ifnot years.

Faced with the reality of an

unassailable Pacific empire, the

Americans might then choose

negotiation over fighting. sarudama.com

8/7/2019 US in WWII

82/250

ThePlanner

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto,commander of the Japanese

fleet, devised a plan to

immobilize the U.S. fleet at

the outset of the war with a

surprise attack.

Admiral Yamamoto's plans:

meticulous preparation

the achievement of surprise,

the use of aircraft carriers and

naval aviation on an

unprecedented scale.

In the spring of 1941,

Japanese carrier pilots began

training in the special tactics

called for by the Pearl Harbor

attack plan.

navy.mil

8/7/2019 US in WWII

83/250

Plan ofAttack

In October 1941 the naval

general staff gave final

approval to Yamamoto's plan,

which called for the formation

of an attack force

commanded by Vice AdmiralChuichi Nagumo.

It centered around six heavy

aircraft carriers accompanied

by 24 supporting vessels. A

separate group of submarineswas to sink any American

warships which escaped the

Japanese carrier force.science.howstuffworks.com

8/7/2019 US in WWII

84/250

PLANOFATTACKcommons.wikimedia.org

8/7/2019 US in WWII

85/250

Japanese sail toHawaii

Japs sail to Hawaii

Nagumo's fleet assembled in

the remote anchorage of

Tankan Bay in the Kurile

Islands and departed instrictest secrecy for Hawaii on

26November 1941.

The ships' route crossed the

North Pacific and avoided

normal shipping lanes. Atdawn 7 December 1941, the

Japanese task force had

approached undetected to a

point slightly more than 200

miles north of Oahu.

Aircraft carriers at sea

On 28 November, Admiral Kimmel

sent USS Enterprise under Rear

Admiral Willliam Halsey to deliver

Marine Corps fighter planes to WakeIsland. On 4

December Enterprise delivered the

aircraft and on December 7 the task

force was on its way back to Pearl

Harbor. On 5 December, Admiral

Kimmel sent the USS Lexington with

a task force under Rear Admiral

Newton to deliver 25 scout bombers

to Midway Island. The last Pacific

carrier, USS Saratoga, had left Pearl

Harbor for upkeep and repairs on

the West Coast

8/7/2019 US in WWII

86/250

First Wave

At 6:00 a.m. on December 7th, thesix Japanese carriers launched a first

wave of 183 planes composed of

torpedo bombers, dive bombers,

horizontal bombers and fighters.

The Japanese aircrews achieved

complete surprise when they hitAmerican ships and military

installations on Oahu shortly before

8:00 a.m.

They attacked military airfields at

the same time they hit the fleet

anchored in Pearl Harbor.

In fact two Army operators spotted

the incoming formations but wrote

them off as B17 friendlies

Japanese Navy Type 99 Carrier Bombers

("Val") prepare to take off from an aircraft

carrier during the morning of 7 December.

Official U.S. Navy Photograph, National

Archives Collection

Targets ofATTACK

8/7/2019 US in WWII

87/250

Targets ofATTACKBattleships Outcome

1. USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) was in drydock - slightly damaged,repaired and rejoined fleet August

1942

2. USS West Virginia (BB-48) sunk, later raised, repaired and

rejoined fleet July 1944

3. USS Oklahoma (BB-37) capsized, total loss

4. USSArizona(BB-39) sunk, total loss, lies at bottom of Pearl

Harbor. Explosion killed 1,178 men.

5. USS California (BB-44) sunk, later raised, repaired and

rejoined fleet May 1944

6. USS Maryland(BB-46) damaged, repaired and rejoined fleetFebruary 1942

7. USS Tennessee (BB-43) damaged, repaired and rejoined fleet

March 1942.

8. USS Nevada (BB-36) heavily damaged, grounded, repaired

and rejoined fleet December 1942

8/7/2019 US in WWII

88/250

SinkingUSSArizona

Warphotos.nasenetworks.net

8/7/2019 US in WWII

89/250

Second Wave

A second wave, launched30 minutes after the first,

appeared over the

harbor, 15 minutes later.

The second wave of 173

planes concentrated on

smaller ships and

shipyard facilities

The air raid lasts from

7:00 9:45AM

Warphotos.nasenetworks.net

Losses

8/7/2019 US in WWII

90/250

Losses

AMERICAN Twenty-one ships of the U.S.

Pacific Fleet were sunk or

damaged

Aircraft losses were 188

destroyed and 159 damaged,the majority hit before the

had a chance to take off.

American dead numbered

2,403. That figure included 68

civilians, most of them killed

by improperly fused anti-

aircraft shells landing in

Honolulu. There were 1,178

military and civilian wounded.

JAPANESE Japanese losses were

comparatively light.

Twenty-nine planes, less

than 10 percent of theattacking force, failed to

return to their carriers.

December 7,1941

8/7/2019 US in WWII

91/250

Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; also attack the Philippines,Wake Island, Guam, Malaya, Thailand, Shanghai and Midway.

emersonkent.com

8/7/2019 US in WWII

92/250

Incomplete Victory

The Japanese success was overwhelming, but it was not

complete.

They failed to damage any American aircraft carriers, which by

a stroke of luck, had been absent from the harbor.

They neglected to damage the shore-side facilities at the PearlHarbor Naval Base, which played an important role in the

Allied victory in World War II.

American technological skill raised and repaired all but three

of the ships sunk or damaged at Pearl Harbor

8/7/2019 US in WWII

93/250

Catalyst forWar

At 7:55 on the sunny morning

of Sunday, December 7, 1941,

183 Japanese warplanes

swooped out of a cloudless

sky and demolished the US

Pacific fleet docked at PearlHarbor.

It was this single catastrophic

event, not the invasion of

Poland, the Battle of Britain or

the persecution of the Jews,

that finally dragged the

United States into World WarII.

wired.com

8/7/2019 US in WWII

94/250

the shock and anger caused by the surprise attack on Pearl

Harbor united a divided nation and was translated into a

wholehearted commitment to victory in World War II

8/7/2019 US in WWII

95/250

THEATTACK ONTHEPHILIPPINES


8/7/2019 US in WWII

96/250

Strategic overview

The Japanese attack on

the Philippines occurred

nine hours after their

attack on Pearl Harbor

on 7 December 1941.

Hawaii and thePhilippines were the two

strongholds of the

American military. They

were to be taken or

destroyed

Smaller bases could not

be sustained without the

support from these

bases

ibhistorytopics.com

MacArthur commanded Filipino

and American forces on the

islands

A Divine Mission

8/7/2019 US in WWII

97/250

ADivine Mission

During WWII the Japanese

had an intense idealism and

a lust for power that

convinced the Japanese

military that Japan had a"Divine Mission" to lead all

of Asia.

This "Divine Mission" led to

the Japanese imperialistic

campaigns. The realization

of these campaigns led to

the Japanese imperialism of

the Philippines.

english-online.at

8/7/2019 US in WWII

98/250

Japanese SeekExpansion

United States acquired the Philippines following the 1898

Spanish-American War.

Japan viewed this development with hostility.

The United States had a powerful navy, and leaders in Japan

realized that American occupation of the Philippines couldobstruct Japan's plans for growth in Southeast Asia.

To meet this potential challenge, Japan began to prepare for

the possibility of armed conflict between the two countries.

For their part, American military planners knew the risk of

losing the Philippines to Japan and began planning for possible

armed conflict with Japan.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

99/250

8/7/2019 US in WWII

100/250

Plan Orange

This strategic plan for the defense

of the Philippines against Japan

was given the code reference

"Plan Orange".

the American military planners

realistically assumed that theirPhilippines garrison would

probably be overwhelmed and

forced to surrender before an

American fleet could fight its way

from Hawaii to Manila Bay.

the defending forces would

withdraw to the heavily fortified

Bataan peninsula and the Island of

Corregidor and await relief by the

US Pacific Fleet sailing from

Hawaii.

http://www.pacificwar.org.au

8/7/2019 US in WWII

101/250

TheAttackBegins

The War Department had determined that an attack would

follow soon after the Pearl Harbor attack.

MacArthur had put his planes in the sky and artillery on the

coast.

The attack came when the American and Filipino planes weregrounded for fuel.

Just like in Hawaii, most of the aircraft were destroyed while

they were on the ground.

But the speed of the Japanese advance prevented that mode

of defense.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

102/250

Imperial Army General Masaharu Homma landed on northern

Luzon on December 9 and moved quickly through little

resistance. Essentially Homma landed behind the Allies, leaving their

supplies between the Japanese and MacArthur's men.

By December 20, Homma was landing on Mindanao and

driving for Manila. The Philippine Government declared

Manila an open city, but the Japanese bombed it anyway.MacArthur retreated to Corrigedor and Bataan without telling

his Navy counterpart in Manila Bay. His men called him

Dugout Doug.

The forces under MacArthur became completely

overwhelmed by the Japanese invasion force.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

103/250

Retreat!

Unable to stop the enemy at the shoreline of Luzon,

MacArthur withdrew sea forces into the Bataan Peninsula, the

island of Corregidor, and three other small islands in Manila

Bay.

This complex retrograde movement was accomplished byJanuary 7, 1942.

Meanwhile, on January 2, the Japanese had occupied Manila,

which had been declared an open city on December 24.

The American and Filipino troops had lost most of their

supplies during their withdrawal; and a Japanese blockadeprecluded the possibility of resupply or the landing of

reinforcements.

Bataan Death March

8/7/2019 US in WWII

104/250

The 60 mile "march", or forcible

transfer of 75,000 American and

Filipino prisoners of war.Minimum death toll between

6,000 and 11,000 men

physical abuse and murder, and

resulted in very high fatalities

inflicted upon prisoners

Beheading, throat-cutting, and

shooting were common causes of

death, in addition to death by

bayonet, rape, disembowelment,

rifle-butt beating, and deliberate

starvation or dehydration on the

week-long continual march in thetropical heat.

Falling down or inability to

continue moving was tantamount

to a death sentence, as was any

degree of protest.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

105/250

8/7/2019 US in WWII

106/250

F i B DM

8/7/2019 US in WWII

107/250

Focus questions Bataan DM

1. When did the land invasion of the Japanese come?

2. When did the American surrender the Philippines to the

Japanese?

3. How long did the march last?

4. How did the Japanese feel about a soldier that surrendered?

5. How was Homma dealt with after the war?

6. How did Captain Dyess get out of captivity?

7. What did Japs do with the American water supply?

M A h R L

8/7/2019 US in WWII

108/250

MacArthursReturn toLeyte

Act al et r e t

8/7/2019 US in WWII

109/250

JAPANESE INTERNMENT


J A i I t t

8/7/2019 US in WWII

110/250

Japanese-American Interment

FDR signed Executive Order 9066on February 19, 1942, which

resulted in the forcible

internment of people of

Japanese ancestry.

Under military supervision, the

U.S. Government evacuated

more than 110,000 people of

Japanese descent and placed

them into 10 wartime enclaves.

More than two thirds of those

interned under the executive

order were U.S. citizens, andnone had ever demonstrated any

disloyalty.

The 10 camps (relocation centers)were located at:

Amache, CO

Gila River, AR

Heart Mountain, WY

Jerome, AR

Manzanar, CA

Minidoka, ID

Poston, AZ

Rohwer, AR

Topaz, UT

Tula Lake, CA

8/7/2019 US in WWII

111/250

8/7/2019 US in WWII

112/250

AmericanswerewaryofJapanese-Americancitizensdemocraticunderground.com

8/7/2019 US in WWII

113/250

INTERNMENTOF JAPANESE

AMERICANS

When the war began,120,000 Japanese

Americans lived in the U.S. mostly on the West Coast

After Pearl Harbor, manypeople were suspicious ofpossible spy activity byJapanese Americans

In 1942, FDR orderedJapanese Americans into 10relocation centers

Japanese Americans felt the

sting of discrimination during

WWII

8/7/2019 US in WWII

114/250

Location of

the 10Internment

camps

8/7/2019 US in WWII

115/250

Jerome camp in Arkansas

8/7/2019 US in WWII

116/250

U.S. PAYSREPARATIONSTO

JAPANESE

In the late 1980s, PresidentReagan signed into law a billthat provided $20,000 to everyJapanese American sent to arelocation camp

The checks were sent out in1990 along with a note fromPresident Bush saying, Wecan never fully right the

wrongs of the past . . . we nowrecognize that serious wrongswere done to JapaneseAmericans during WWII.

Today the U.S. is home to

more than 1,000,000 Japanese-

Americans

8/7/2019 US in WWII

117/250

ISLAND HOPPING


American Commanders

8/7/2019 US in WWII

118/250

American Commanders

Admiral ester imitz.S. avy

e eral glas acArt r.S. Army

The DoolittleRaid

8/7/2019 US in WWII

119/250

The DoolittleRaid

April 1942 B-25 air attack on Tokyo,launched from the aircraft carrier

Hornet and led by Lt. Col. James

Doolittle, was the most daring

operation yet by the United States in

the young Pacific War.

Though conceived as a diversion thatwould also boost American morale,

the raid generated strategic benefits

that far outweighed its limited goals.

Most of the sixteen B-25s, each with a

five-man crew, attacked the Tokyo

area. Damage was modest, and noneof the planes reached the Chinese

airfields although still surviving.

Japanese were stunned and

embarrassedhttp://www.history.navy.mil

BATTLEOF THECORALSEA

8/7/2019 US in WWII

120/250

BATTLEOF THECORALSEA

The main Allied forces in the Pacific were

Americans and Australians

In May 1942 they succeeded in stopping the

Japanese drive toward Australia in the five-day

Battle of the Coral Sea

"The Battle That Saved Australia."

Battle of the Coral Sea

8/7/2019 US in WWII

121/250

The Battle of the Coral Sea was fought between the Japanese

and Allied navies from May 4 through May 8, 1942 in the Coral

Sea, about 500 miles northeast of Australia

In the spring of 1942, Japanese forces planned to invade

southern New Guinea, a move designed to knock Australia

and New Zealand out of the war. The Allies, including the U.S.,

Australia, and Great Britain, gathered a large fleet to thwart

the invasion.

It was the first pure carrier-vs-carrier battle in history as

neither surface fleet sighted the other.

Though a draw, it was an important turning point in the war in

the Pacific because, for the first time, the Allies had stoppedthe Japanese advance.

Before the battle, the Japanese had enjoyed a continual string

of victories while afterwards, it suffered an almost continual

series of defeats, including at Midway, a major American

victory.

USS Lexington sunk

8/7/2019 US in WWII

122/250

USS Lexington sunk

Casualtiesof Coral Sea

8/7/2019 US in WWII

123/250

Casualtiesof Coral Sea

Three U.S. ships were sunk during the Battle of the Coral Sea,

including:

U.S.S. Lexington (Aircraft Carrier)

U.S.S. Neosho (Oiler)

U.S.S. Sims (Destroyer) One ship was seriously damaged:

U.S.S. Yorktown (Aircraft Carrier)

543 confirmed KIA

8/7/2019 US in WWII

124/250

THEBATTLEOF MIDWAY

Japans next thrust wastoward Midway Island astrategic Island northwestof Hawaii

Nimitz, moved to defendthe Island

Japanese had planned tocapture Midway to use as

an advance base, as well asto entrap and destroy theU.S. Pacific Fleet.

nauticos.com

Intelligence

8/7/2019 US in WWII

125/250

Intelligence

By March 1942, the Americans had cracked the Japanese code

and knew the locations of major fleet units

While the Japanese plan expected to attack Midway island and

then wait for the American aircraft carriers to get there

the American commanders knew the Japanese plan inadvance, and decided to already be near Midway when they

arrive, and attack them earlier than they expected.

Japanese Strength at Midway

8/7/2019 US in WWII

126/250

Forward patrol - 16 submarines which advanced ahead of the main

force. Their task was to detect the American carriers as soon as

possible, and possibly attack them. Aircraft carriers - 4 large aircraft carriers commanded by Admiral

Nagumo, carrying 250 aircraft and Japan's most experienced naval

aviators. Their task was to attack Midway and then to attack the

American carriers, once they arrive.

Invasion force - 12 cargo ships carrying 5000 Japanese Marines,escorted by 2 battleships, 6 heavy cruisers, and many destroyers.

Their task was to bring the Japanese Marines to Midway and then

provide them with very heavy artillery support.

Battleships - a mighty force of 7 battleships and a light aircraft

carrier. Their task was to intercept the American carriers once they

were located, and with their mighty guns sink anything not sunk by

the Japanese aircraft.

Diversion force - 2 light aircraft carriers, 2 heavy cruisers, and 4 large

cargo ships carrying Marines. Their task was to attack and invade the

Aleutian islands near Alaska in parallel with the attack at Midway.

American Strength at Midway

8/7/2019 US in WWII

127/250

American Strength at Midway

Aircraft carriers - 3 aircraft carriers. Enterprise, Hornet, and

the quickly repaired Yorktown, escorted by some heavy

cruisers and destroyers, which were no match to the Japanese

battleships in case of a naval gun battle.

Midway Island - with 115 fighters and bombers based in it, itwas like a stationary but unsinkable aircraft carrier.

Resultsand lessonsfrom the

8/7/2019 US in WWII

128/250

battleofMidway The US lost one aircraft carrier and 147 aircraft. Japan lost its

four best aircraft carriers, with their entire crews, air crews,

and aircraft, and also one cruiser.

Midway has some lessons:

Intelligence - the American commander knew in advance whereand when to expect the Japanese attack and he prepared

accordingly.

RADAR - the critical importance of its ability to provide early

warning was demonstrated again in Midway. The importance of

technology in general was demonstrated.

The importance of air superiority, both in attack and in defense,

was also demonstrated.

Midway conclusion

8/7/2019 US in WWII

129/250

Midway conclusion

The US Navy had 3 large aircraft carriers in the Pacific, 13

more were being built, and there was no way Japan could

match the American rate of production of aircraft carriers,

aircraft, and well trained aviators.

Japan was already fighting a war it could not win, and afterthe battle of Midway it was already beginning to lose it, just 6

months after it started it in Pearl Harbor.

Despite all its remaining strength, after the battle of Midway

Japan lost its superiority and initiative in the Pacific and was

forced to defense. Since that day, the Pacific Ocean was dominated by American

aircraft carriers.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

130/250

The Battle ofMidway was a turning point in the war

soon the Allies were island hopping toward Japan

8/7/2019 US in WWII

131/250

ISLAND HOPPING (CONT.)


8/7/2019 US in WWII

132/250

Moving supplies in theAleutians

8/7/2019 US in WWII

133/250

Moving supplies in theAleutians

http://www.history.army.mil

8/7/2019 US in WWII

134/250

TheSolomonIslandsFoxnews.com

Taking the Solomons

8/7/2019 US in WWII

135/250

Taking the Solomons

For the Americans,the urgent

requirement was to

block the Japanese

and to seize bases on

the periphery of the

Japanese dominated

areas as the first step

in pushing the

Japanese back to

their home islands.

http://www.olive-drab.com

ThePlan for the Solomons A three stage campaign was planned for Rabaul:

8/7/2019 US in WWII

136/250

1. forces of the South Pacific Area would seize base sites

on Guadalcanal in the southern Solomons.

2. South Pacific forces would advance northwest from

Guadalcanal up the island ladder of the Solomons

to Bougainville while Southwest Pacific forces would move up

the north coast ofNew Guinea as far as Lae and Salamaua.

3. the forces of the two theaters would converge on Rabaul and

clear the rest of the Bismarck Archipelago.


Guadalcanal

8/7/2019 US in WWII

137/250

Guadalcanal

The Japanese began building an airfield on the island of

Guadalcanal. From here they could launch aerial assaults on

the U.S. Navy near Australia and the mainland.

The Americans and Japanese spent 6 months fighting for

control of the airfield and the surrounding jungles.

The battles were tough, the conditions were bad. Dysentery

spread throughout the U.S. Marines. The Japanese lost

control of the island

The Navy had to abandon the Marines for weeks while

fighting the Japanese Navy north of the island. The Japanese were unable to keep up with the Marines. They

were better trained and used machine guns in addition to the

SI rifles.

Fallback

8/7/2019 US in WWII

138/250

Fallback

The Japanese effectivelyretreated to the island of

Bougainville in the

Solomons

The Marines left theAustralians to fight here.

Bougainville was never

won and outlasted the

Japanese government

The Japanese lost

thousands of men during

this time.


Tarawa -November20-23, 1943

8/7/2019 US in WWII

139/250

Tarawa November20 23, 1943

U.S. Marines of the Second Division after a bloody 76-hour

battle. Tarawa's military significance lay in its strategic position

as the entrance of the U.S. push through the central Pacific to

the Philippine Islands.

The islet was a tough Japanese fortification of pillboxes,

bunkers, and barbed wire protecting an airfield, occupied by

the main concentration of their forces, numbering 4,700

soldiers and construction workers.

The Japanese stationed here were committed to fight to death

or commit suicide. This gave the Marines had tough fight. The Marines had 3,000 casualties from this battle

The Japanese KIA numbered at least 4,500

Beach landing at Tarawa

8/7/2019 US in WWII

140/250

Beach landing at Tarawa

marinecorpstimes.com

Following the landing

8/7/2019 US in WWII

141/250

Following the landing

commons.wikimedia.org

Tarawa, SouthPacific, 1943 by

S T L ll

8/7/2019 US in WWII

142/250

Sergeant TomLovell

Marine Corps Combat Art Collection

Aftermath of Tarawa

8/7/2019 US in WWII

143/250

Aftermath of Tarawa

Was Tarawa worth it? My answer is unqualified: No. From the

very beginning the decision of the Joint Chiefs to seize Tarawa

was a mistake and from their initial mistake grew the terrible

drama of errors, errors of omission rather than commission,

resulting in these needless casualties." Thought Smith, "[We]

should have let Tarawa 'wither on the vine.' We could have

kept it neutralized from our bases on Baker Island, to the east,

and the Ellice and Phoenix Islands, a short distance to the

southeast

Marine General Holland Smith

8/7/2019 US in WWII

144/250

ISLAND HOPPING (CONT.)


Wake Island

8/7/2019 US in WWII

145/250

Wake Island

During the initial bombingcampaigns and invasions in

December 1941, the Japanese

took control of Wake Island.

1,600 Americans were

captured. 360 Americancivilian contractors kept to

complete construction of

defenses for the Japanese.

An estimated 200 concrete

and coral pillboxes, bunkers,

bomb proofs, and command

posts were constructed with

U.S. assistance.

homeofheroes.com

Massacre at Wake Island (1943)

8/7/2019 US in WWII

146/250

( )

By late 1942, only 98 American contractors remained on the

island. The next year provided to be a boring uneventful

experience.

A U.S. carrier task force, which included the USS Yorktown (CV-

10), arrived offshore on 5 October 1943. During the following

two days the task force dropped 340 tons of bombs on the

atoll.

Anticipating a land invasion, the Japanese murdered the

prisoners to eliminate the threat they might pose during the

coming invasion. 97 men were initially machine gunned inexecution form.

1 man managed to escape and hid for weeks, he was

recaptured and beheaded by the commanders Katana sword.

Aftermath of the Massacre

8/7/2019 US in WWII

147/250

The Japanese surrendered the island late in 1945

The Japanese officers who participated in the massacre stood trial for war

crimes.

Sakaibara, the Japanese commander hanged for his part.

maritimequest.com

MarianaandPalau Islands

8/7/2019 US in WWII

148/250

The Marianas were capturedfrom the Americans in

December of 1941. The main

American strong hold before

this was Guam. By taking

back the Marianas, the

Americans could launch their

own aerial attacks on the

Japanese mainland.

Air bases in the Marianas

were essential in order to

accommodate the new B-29

Superfortress, a had a flying

range equal to the distance

from Saipan, Tinian

and Guam to Japan and

return.

Seven American battleships

and 11 destroyers shelled

Saipan and Tinian for 2 days

before the landings

Marianas

Saipan

Guam

Tinian Palau Islands

Peleliu

Angaur

Saipan

8/7/2019 US in WWII

149/250

p A civilian-inhabited island

An armada of 535 ships carrying 127,570 U. S. military

personnel of which 2/3 were Marines of the 2nd and 4th

Divisions converged on Saipan

Shells rained down on the island, its villages, inhabitants and

defenders gouging huge craters in the sand and coral, splitting

buildings apart in an instant raining flaming boards and debris

into heaps of rubble.

When the fighting ended, American losses on Saipan were

double those suffered on Guadalcanal.

Of the 71,034 U. S. troops landed on Saipan, 3,100 were killed,13,100 wounded or missing in action. Of the 31,629 Japanese

on Saipan approximately 29,500 Japanese died as a result of

the fighting. Only 2,100 Japanese prisoners survived.

The ratio of battle dead was 9:1 during the 24 days of fighting

Fightordie

8/7/2019 US in WWII

150/250

g

One of the most lamentable events of the battle for Saipaninvolved the suicide of hundreds of families, many of whom

jumped to their deaths from the high cliffs at the island's most

northern point. This tragic event continued despite efforts by

Americans and Saipanese using loudspeakers to try to

convince many Japanese that surrender would be shameless

and harmless.

http://www.cnmi-guide.com

Guam Strength

8/7/2019 US in WWII

151/250

American - 36,000

Japanese - 22,000

A similar fight to Tarawa. Except on Guam the Navy was

committed to heavy bombardment.

Casualties and losses

American 1,747 killed, 6,053 wounded

Japanese 18,040+ killed,485 POWs

A few Japanese soldiers held out in the jungle. On December

8, 1945, three U.S. Marines were ambushed and killed.

After the battle, Guam was turned into a base for Allied

operations. Five large airfields were built and B-29 bombers

flew from the island to attack targets in the Western Pacific

and on mainland Japan

On January 24, 1972, Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi was discovered

by hunters. He had lived alone in a cave for 27 years.

Tinian

8/7/2019 US in WWII

152/250

Naval and aerial bombardments

supported Marine landings whichmade American losses low

Tinian, once a calm, obscure,

little-known island within

the Marianas chain, has the

somber distinction of beingforever linked to the destruction

of Hiroshima and the death of

80,000 people in the flash of an

instant.

Both Atomic bomb missions took

off from Tinian airfield

US Japanese

30,000 Marines 4,700 Soldiers

4,110 Marines

8,810 total


328 killed

1,571 wounded

8,010 killed

313 captured

B-29s at TinianAirfield

8/7/2019 US in WWII

153/250

http://www.cnmi-guide.com

8/7/2019 US in WWII

154/250

http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com

Peleliu

8/7/2019 US in WWII

155/250

Strength

US Japanese

1st Marine Division: 17,490

81st Infantry Division:

10,994

14th Infantry Division:

Approximately 11,000 men

Casualties and losses1st Marine Division:

1,252 killed, 5,274

wounded

81st Infantry Division:

542 killed, 2,736 wounded

Total: 1,794 killed, 8,010

wounded

10,695 killed,

202 captured

The American assault onPeleliu, in the Palau Islands,

had the highest casualty rate

of any amphibious invasion in

terms of men and material in

the entire war in the Pacific.

Peleliu was viewed as a

potential threat to General

Douglas MacArthur's invasion

of the Philippines; its airfield

would enable Japanese

planes to strike at Americanlanding and support ships and

menace troops once on the

ground in the Philippines.

PeleliuAftermath

8/7/2019 US in WWII

156/250

Peleliu offered littlestrategic gain for the

Americans

It gave experience which

would help Marines onOkinawa and Iwo Jima

MG Rupertus was

overconfident and

expected too much from

his men, and refused

ready assistance when

offered

ibiblio.org

Pillbox

8/7/2019 US in WWII

157/250

visit-palau.com

8/7/2019 US in WWII

158/250

BATTLEOF THEPHILIPPINESPT 2


Second Battle of the Philippines

8/7/2019 US in WWII

159/250

Battle of Philippines Sea

June 19th 20th 1944

Naval Battle

Battle of Leyte Gulf

October 23rd 25th 1944

Largest Naval Battle of WWII

Battle of Leyte

October 20th Dec. 31, 1944

Ground invasion of

Philippines under MacArthur

Battle of Luzon

January 9 August 15, 1945

Ground invasion of Luzon

ThePhilippines Campaign They therefore drew up a

8/7/2019 US in WWII

160/250

desperate plan which risked their

remaining surface forces, butoffered them a remote chance of

destroying the American invasion

fleet and isolating the Allied

ground forces on Leyte.

Like many previous Japanese

operational plans it depended on

the use of a decoy force.

As related above, the Japanese

carriers were now all but impotent

for lack of trained aircrew, and

were therefore the ships selectedto play the most important decoy

role.

Around 300,000 Japanese troops

were stationed around the

Philippines islands.

Battle of the Philippines Sea

8/7/2019 US in WWII

161/250

Largest aircraft battle in history.

The Japanese air force was near obsolescence since most

experienced pilots were shot down at Midway and

Guadalcanal.

The Americans had new aircraft (F6F Hellcat) and bettertrained airmen and radar than the Japanese air force.

American pilots completed 600 hours air training while new

Japanese pilots only had 50 hours

Marianas Turkey Shoot - In the early hours of the engagement

on June 19 429 Japanese planes were shotdownAmericans lost 29.

The Japanese Navy came to the defend the Philippines. Their

carriers brought 450 aircraft on carriers and 300 more land-

based were ready. The Americans had around 1,000 aircraft.

Day two in the Philippines Sea

8/7/2019 US in WWII

162/250

A group of submarines sighted and torpedoed two of theJapanese carriers Shkaku and Taih .

The two carriers took appx. 3,000 Japanese sailors to the seabed

In these two days the Japanese lost 633 aircraft, the

Americans lost 123. The Japanese few aircraft left.

One last aerial assault would be launched to go after the

escaping Japanese fleet.

The losses to the Japanese were irreplaceable. 35 planes

were in condition to fly from the naval arm.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

163/250

Japanese

resort to

Kamikazemissions.

http://www.century-of-flight.net

Battle ofLeyte Gulf

8/7/2019 US in WWII

164/250

Largest naval battle in WWIIwhich included the first

kamikaze attacks.

The US has more ships than

the Japanese had aircraft.

The Japanese command

knew that if the Philippines

were lost then the war wasalso lost.

Strength

USA Japanese

8 fleet carriers

8 light carriers

18 escort carriers

12 battleships24 cruisers

141 destroyers an

d destroyer

escorts

Many PT boats,

submarines, andfleet auxiliaries

About

1,500 planes

1 fleet carrier

3 light carriers

9 battleships

14 heavy cruisers6 light cruisers

35+ destroyers

300+ planes

(including land-

based aircraft)

Ship losses during Leyte Gulf

8/7/2019 US in WWII

165/250

NavyLarge

carriers

Small

Carriers Battleships Cruisers DestroyersDestroyer

Escorts

US - 3 - - 2 1

Japanese 1 3 3 10 11 -

The light carrierUSS Princeton burnin

g soon after being hit

by a Japanese bomb

while operating off

the Philippines on 24October 1944.

Official US Navy

photograph

Battle ofLeyte

8/7/2019 US in WWII

166/250

The ground invasion of the Philippines. 200,000 U.S. troops

land on the Philippine islands. 3,000 Filipino guerillas are also

ready to fight.

Gen. MacArthur made a dramatic entrance through the surf

and announce to the populace the beginning of their

liberation:"P

eople of theP

hilippines, I have returned! By thegrace of Almighty God, our forces stand again on Philippine

soil."

In a series of battles between October 17 December 31

1944, the Japanese lost almost 50,000 troopsor four whole

divisions The Americans also lost 3,500 men and 12,000 wounded.

The Japanese are now on the defensive on the main island of

Luzon.

I have returned

8/7/2019 US in WWII

167/250

enc c.or

Navymoves toLuzon

8/7/2019 US in WWII

168/250

http://en.wikipedia.org

Battle

for

MacArthur had the task of clearing the main island of

the Philippines of 250,000 Japanese forces while limiting

the risk to Filipino civilians who have waited for his

return for 2 years

8/7/2019 US in WWII

169/250

for

Luzon9 January

1945 15

August

1945

return for 2 years.

The Americans fought with Filipino resistance forces andthe Mexican air force (300 men)

The Japanese wished to stage a fierce fight to defeat the

Americans before they could reach mainland Japan

The invasion force began in the north and moved south

towards Manila, the capital of the Philippines. The Japanese were ordered to destroy infrastructure

military in Manila and fight a hand to hand street fight.

By February 4, 1945, the Americans had recaptured

Manila and freed the Filipinos of Japanese control.

Battles continues throughout the island in the following

weeks but all ended in Japanese defeat

ManilaMassacre During lulls in the battle for

control of the city, Japanese

troops took out their anger and

frustration on the civilians caught

8/7/2019 US in WWII

170/250

frustration on the civilians caught

in the crossfire.

Japanese troops looted and

burned, and brutally executed,

decapitated and abused women,

men and children alike, including

priests, Red Cross personnel,

prisoners of war and hospitalpatients.

The Japanese killed 10% of the

population of Manila or 100,000

people. It was one of several

major war crimes committed bythe Imperial Japanese Army.


8/7/2019 US in WWII

171/250

THEKAMIKAZE

THEDIVINEWIND


Historicalbackground

8/7/2019 US in WWII

172/250

In the year 1281, Japan was underattack by a Mongol invasion led by the

powerful Kublai Khan.

However, just as it appeared that the

invading Mongols were about to

overwhelm the Japanese, a catastrophic

typhoon swept through the land,

eliminating the entire Mongol army.

From that point on, the typhoon that

saved Japan became known as the

Kamikaze or Divine Wind.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

173/250

KAMIKAZE PILOTS

8/7/2019 US in WWII

174/250

KAMIKAZEPILOTS

ATTACKALLIES The Americans continued

leapfrogging across the

Pacific toward Japan Japanese countered by

employing a new tactic suicide missions, theKamikaze (divine wind)

attacks Pilots in small bomb-laden

planes would crash intoAllied ships

In the Battle for the Philippines, 424

Kamikaze pilots sank 16 ships and

damaged 80 more

Background

8/7/2019 US in WWII

175/250

After the defeat at the Battle of Midway, and the fall of Saipanin July 1944, the Japanese revived the name Kamikaze and

ascribed it to the suicide missions of their air force.

Japanese Vice Admiral Takashiro Ohnishi, commander of the

First Air Fleet in the Philippines, had noted that the most

effective way to inflict damage upon Allied warships was to

crash planes into them.

He noted that one accidental crash could do more damage

than 10 planes firing machine guns.

It was decided then that pilots would purposely crash theirplanes with half a ton of explosives into American

warships.

ThePilots

8/7/2019 US in WWII

176/250

Generally, Kamikaze pilots were university students motivated

by obligation, and loyalty to family and country. A typical pilotwas a science student in his twenties. He prepared for his fiery

destiny by writing farewell letters and poems to loved ones,

receiving a "thousand-stitch sash*," and by holding a

ceremony a drink of water that gave him a "spiritual lifting"

before wedging himself between 550-pound bombs.

It was adamantly believed that, because they were fighting for

their Emperor God, the Kamikaze would bring them

deliverance at the darkest hour, just as it had in the 13th

century. In fact, the call for Kamikaze pilots drew a staggering

response. Three times as many applied for suicide flights as

the number of planes available. Experienced pilots were

turned down. They were needed to train the younger men

how to fly to their deaths.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

177/250

Kamikaze Oath

8/7/2019 US in WWII

178/250

The fact that they were to go on suicide missions wasaccepted without question by the Japanese pilots. All

inductees into the Japanese armed forces were indoctrinated

with the following five-point oath:

A soldier must make loyalty his obligation.

A soldier must make propriety his way of life.

A soldier must highly esteem military valor.

A soldier must have a high regard for righteousness.

A soldier must live a simple life.

KamikazeAircraft

8/7/2019 US in WWII

179/250

Nicknamed the "Zero," the Mitsubishi A6M2 was the Kamikazepilot's personal "flying coffin." It had a maximum speed of 332

mph and a range of 1,930 miles.

The aircraft was armed with two machine guns and could

carry 264 pounds of bombs; however, the Japanese modified

its structure to accommodate a heavier arsenal.

The Zero was the main strike aircraft used at Pearl Harbor

dominating the skies during the early stages of World War II.

A large number were shot down during the Battle of Midway,

and it eventually became outperformed by the latest alliedaircraft, such as the P-51 Mustang.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

180/250

The FirstAttacks

Beginning with the Pearl Harbor Attack Japanese suicide

8/7/2019 US in WWII

181/250

Beginning with the Pearl Harbor Attack, Japanese suicide

bombers sporadically crashed their planes into the enemy as aspur-of-the-moment decision.

On October 21, 1944, the flagship of the Royal Australian

Navy, the heavy cruiser HMASAustralia, was hit by a Japanese

plane carrying a 441-pound bomb, off Leyte Island. Although

the bomb did not explode, the damage was devastating killing at least 30 crew members

On October 25, theAustralia was hit again and was forced to

retire to the New Hebrides for repairs.

That same day, five Zeros attacked a U.S. escort carrier, the

USS St. Lo off the Philippines coast, although only one

Kamikaze actually hit the ship. Its bomb caused massive fires

that resulted in the ship's bomb magazine exploding, sinking

the carrier. Japanese pilots also hit and damaged several other

Allied ships.

Expansionof Kamikazes

8/7/2019 US in WWII

182/250

The initial successes ofthose attacks sparked an

immediate expansion of

the program. During the

next few months, more

than 2,000 planes staged

such attacks.

The Japanese began

exploring other

technologies usingsuicide missions

human mines, suicide

boats, submarines, and

the kaiten

Shinyo suicideboat

8/7/2019 US in WWII

183/250

Dropped

depth

charges,

usually

killing thesailor

Ohka rocket propelled,

human guided bomb

8/7/2019 US in WWII

184/250

g

Kaiten

8/7/2019 US in WWII

185/250

The Kaiten were a mandriven torpedo. Usually

torpedoes are guided by a

pneumatic system. These

were replaced with

electronic controls allowing

a pilot to drive a torpedo

directly into enemy ships.

American losses due to the

kaiten were much lowerthan from kamikazes. 187

Americans died as a result of

these attacks

www2s.biglobe.ne.jp

http://www.history.navy.mil

Battle usage of the kamikazeH f k ik

8/7/2019 US in WWII

186/250

Heavy use of kamikazes were seen

in the Philippines Campaign, IwoJima and Okinawa

By the time the marines unfurled

the U.S. flag on Iwo Jima's summit,

Kamikaze attacks had sunk the

escort flattop Bismarck Sea CVE-95, knocked the USS Saratoga CV

3 out of the war for good, and

temporarily halted the Enterprise

all while regularly harassing

amphibious forces at the

beachhead.

Thousands were set aside for

attacks if a mainland invasion

occurred

k r Hill, ft r k ik z its

38 i t is s i

ict r s ist r . l s t.c

Aftermath of the kamikaze

8/7/2019 US in WWII

187/250

From October 25, 1944, toJanuary 25, 1945, Kamikazes

managed to sink two escort

carriers and three destroyers.

They also damaged 23 carriers,

five battleships, nine cruisers, 23

destroyers and 27 other ships.

American casualties were at least

5,000 killed and another 1,300

wounded as the result of

kamikaze attacks.

It was key in Trumans decision to

drop the atomic bombs. On the eve of the Japanese

surrender, Takijiro Onishi ended

his own life, leaving a note of

apology to his dead pilots

their sacrifice had been in vain.


8/7/2019 US in WWII

188/250

ENDGAME.

IWO JIMAAND OKINAWA


ATOMIC PREPARATIONS

8/7/2019 US in WWII

189/250

December 17, 1944 -The U.S. Army Air

Force begins

preparations for

dropping the AtomicBomb by establishing

the 509th Composite

Group to operate the

B-29s that will deliverthe bomb.


IWO JIMA General MacArthurand the Allies next

8/7/2019 US in WWII

190/250

IWO JIMAand the Allies nextturned to the Islandof Iwo Jima

The island wascritical to the Alliesas a base for anattack on Japan

It was called themost heavilydefended spot onearth

Allied and Japanese

forces sufferedheavy casualties

American soldiers plant the flag on

the Island of Iwo Jima after their

victory

JAPANESESTRATEGY

8/7/2019 US in WWII

191/250

General Kuribayashi, the JapaneseCommander of Iwo Jima

The Japanese strategy was unique for

three reasons:

1. The Japanese underground - they dug

1,500 rooms into the rock. These were

connected with 16 miles of tunnels.

2. No Japanese survivors." They planned not

to survive.

3. Each Japanese soldier should kill 10

Americans before they themselves are

killed.http://www.iwojima.com/battle/battlea.htm

KURIBAYASHI In Tokyo months before the invasion General Kuribayashi had

8/7/2019 US in WWII

192/250

In Tokyo months before the invasion, General Kuribayashi had

been told "if America's casualties are high enough,Washington will think twice before launching an another

invasion against Japanese territory.

"You must not expect my survival," General Kuribayashi wrote

to his wife long before the invasion came.

General Kuribayashi's command center had 5 ft. thick walls, a

10 ft. thick roof. This cement capsule was under 75 ft. of solid

rock.

http://www.iwojima.com/battle

LOCATION

Since the summer of 1944, theJapanese home islands had been

reeling from strikes by the new,

long range B-29's.

The US however had no

8/7/2019 US in WWII

193/250

The US, however, had no

protective fighters with enoughrange to escort the big

superfortresses. many bombers

fell prey to Japanese fighter-

interceptor attacks.

Iwo Jima, with its three airfields,was ideally located as a fighter-

escort station. It was also an ideal

sanctuary for crippled bombers

returning from Japan.


US INVASIONPREPARATIONSA i i f d d I i

8/7/2019 US in WWII

194/250

American air forces pounded Iwo in

the longest sustained aerial

offensive of the war. "No other

island received as much preliminary

pounding as did Iwo Jima."

. . . Admiral Nimitz, CINPAC

Incredibly, this ferocious

bombardment had little effect.

Hardly any of the Japanese

underground fortresses were

touched.

Twenty-one thousand defenders of

Japanese soil, burrowed in the

volcanic rock of Iwo Jima, anxiously

awaited the American invaders.


US INVASIONPREPARATIONS

8/7/2019 US in WWII

195/250

The US sent moreMarines to Iwo than to

any other battle, 110,000

Marines in 880 Ships.

The convoy of 880 USShips sailed from Hawaii

to Iwo in 40 days.

It was the largest armada

invasion up to that time

in the Pacific War http://www.iwojima.com/battle

LANDINGSBEGINON IWO

8/7/2019 US in WWII

196/250

Landings begin on February 19, 1945 Shortly before 2am on Feb. 19, 1945, the Navy's big guns opened up on Iwo Jima

again, signaling the beginning of D-Day. After an hour of punishment, the fire was

lifted, leaving Iwo smoking as if the entire island were on fire.

Both Americans aboard their transports and the Japanese in their caves looked to the

skies now. One-hundred-ten bombers screamed out of the sky to drop more bombs.

After the planes left, the big guns of the Navy opened up again.

At 8:30am, the order, "Land the Landing Force," sent the first wave of Marines

towards the deadly shores. Once ashore, the Marines were bedeviled by the loose

volcanic ash. Unable to dig foxholes, they were sitting ducks for the hidden Japanese

gunners.

Heavy fire made it impossible to land men in an orderly manner. Confusion reigned

on the beaches.

The battle was unique in its setting. One hundred thousand men fighting on a tiny

island one-third the size of Manhattan. For 36 days Iwo Jima was one of the most

populated 7.5 miles on earth.

D-DAYON IWO JIMA

8/7/2019 US in WWII

197/250

http://www.iwojima.com

ALWAYS INRANGE

8/7/2019 US in WWII

198/250

Mt. Suribachi, the 550-foot volcanic cone at the islands southern tip,

dominates both possible landing beaches. From here, Japanese

gunners zeroed in on every inch of the landing beach.

Every Marine, everywhere on the island was always in range of

Japanese guns.


There are six Flag

Raisers on the photo.

Four in the front line

d t i b k

FEBRUARY 23

8/7/2019 US in WWII

199/250

and two in back.

The front four are (left

to right) Ira Hayes,

Franklin Sousley, John

Bradley and Harlon

Block.

The back two are

Michael Strank

(behind Sousley) and

Rene Gagnon (behind

Bradley).

Strank, Block and

Sousley would die

shortly afterwards.

Bradley, Hayes and

Gagnon became

national heroes within

weeks.http://www.iwojima.com/battle

REALITYOF IWO There were no front lines The Marines were above ground and the

8/7/2019 US in WWII

200/250

There were no front lines. The Marines were above ground and the

Japanese were below them underground. The Marines rarely saw an aliveJapanese soldier. The Japanese could see the Marines perfectly.

Historians described U.S. forces' attack against the Japanese defense as

"throwing human flesh against reinforced concrete."

The battle was won by the inch-by-inch tenacity of the foot soldier.

Liquid gas, napalm and hand grenades were more useful against theunderground Japanese.


BATTLEEND MARCH 23

8/7/2019 US in WWII

201/250


OUTCOMEOF IWO JIMA

8/7/2019 US in WWII

202/250


AMERICAN JAPANESE

6,822 killed/missing

19,217 wounded

17,84518,375 killed/missing

216 captured

BATTLEOF OKINAWA

8/7/2019 US in WWII

203/250

http://nisei.hawaii.edu

OKINAWAOVERVIEW

8/7/2019 US in WWII

204/250

[The following is excerpted from Ted Tsukiyama's The Battle ofOkinawa manuscript.]

The Battle of Okinawa has been called the largest sea-land-air

battle in history. It is also the last battle of the Pacific War.

Three months of desperate combat leave Okinawa a "vast field

of mud, lead, decay, and maggots."

More than 100,000 Okinawan civilians perish, with over

72,000 American and 100,000 Japanese casualties.

Battle of Okinawa

8/7/2019 US in WWII

205/250

April 1, 1945 June 22, 1945 Fought on the Ryukyu Islands

340 miles from mainland Japan

Strategic Importance:

A base for air operations on theplanned invasion of the Japanese

mainland

Alllies include

USA

UK Canada

Australia

New Zealand

TROOP COMPARISON

8/7/2019 US in WWII

206/250

Strength

Allied Japanese

183,000 117,000

TROOP COMPARISON

Allied Japanese

8/7/2019 US in WWII

207/250

1st and 6th Marines

2nd Marines (Reserved)

Tenth Army

32nd Army = 67,500

ImperialNavy = 9,000

Okinawans = 39,000

Middle school boys = 1,500Others = appx

Total = 183,000 Total = 117,000

KAMIKAZEATTACKSCONTINUE

The U S Navy carrier based planes

8/7/2019 US in WWII

208/250

The U.S. Navy carrier-based planes

controlled the skies

The Japanese continued to use

kamikaze attacks since the Battle for

the Philippines.

During the two-month intensefighting on Okinawa, seven major

kamikaze attacks were attempted ,

involving more than 1,500 planes.

The U.S. Navy sustained greater

casualties in this operation than inany other battle of the war. ic i it k ik z

ict r s ist r . l s t.c

BRITISH COMMONWEALTH

8/7/2019 US in WWII

209/250

The Allied landing force was completely made up of U.S. units. The British Pacific Fleet provided ships and aircraft to the fight

at Okinawa

British

Canadian

New Zealand

Australians

British Commonwealth Mission: neutralize airfields in the

nearby islands and provide air cover against kamikaze attacks

The British Fleet used armored flight decks on their aircraft

carriers, so they experienced less destruction of ships.

Pre-InvasionofOkinawa

8/7/2019 US in WWII

210/250

The April 1st invasion was preceded by 7 days of "softeningup" artillery fire of 13,000 rounds by U.S. Navy guns and 3,095

sorties by carrier planes from Task Force 58 at the proposed

landing sites at Hagushi and Chatan beaches.

The bombardment did little to weaken the defense of the

Japanese. Their defenses were not in the area of the shelling.


JAPANESESTRATEGYAT

OKINAWA

8/7/2019 US in WWII

211/250

Col. Yahara summarized the strategy:"Japan was frantically preparing for a final decisive battle on the

home islands, leaving Okinawa to face a totally hopeless situation.

From the beginning I had insisted that our proper strategy was to

hold the enemy as long as possible, drain off his troops and

supplies, and thus contribute our utmost to the final decisive battlefor Japan proper." (Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 49)

Translated into real terms, this dark outlook was to render the

entire Japanese forces, the total land and resources of

Okinawa and all of its residents, to become totally expendable

in Japan's defense of Okinawa.

8/7/2019 US in WWII

212/250

JAPANESE

INTHE

OKINAWANVILLAGES

htt ://nisei.hawaii.edu

LANDBATTLE

8/7/2019 US in WWII

213/250

81 day campaign First Americans land on March 26, 1945.

Main landing of Marines on Okinawa occurs on April 1, 1945.

(It was April Fools Day, Easter Sunday, and sarcastically called

L-Day/Love Day)

Okinawan civilians were used as human shields to protect the

Japanese. They were sent out to gather supplies for Japanese

troops.

The American units landed almost unopposed. They took the

interior of the island and split the Japanese forces from eachother. Also captured were two airfields.

LANDBATTLE CONTINUES After U.S. forces cut the island of Okinawa in two, the main invasion

forces, principally the XXIV Corps, were ordered to turn and drive

8/7/2019 US in WWII

214/250

forces, principally the XXIV Corps, were ordered to turn and drive

southward toward Shuri as the main objective, while the Japanese

enemy ordered their troops to hold ground at any cost. The Japanese

had long prepared "the Shuri Line" as its main line of defense and

were ready:

"The main zone of defense was planned as a series of concentric

positions adapted to the contours of the area. Caves, emplacements,

blockhouses, and pillboxes were built into the hills and escarpments,

connected by elaborate underground tunnels and skillfully

camouflaged; many of the burial tombs were fortified. (Okinawa: The

Last Battle, p. 95)

The defenses were similar to that of Iwo Jima, except no volcano.

COMBAT CONDITIONS "For the next two weeks the war

settled down to the most bitter,

8/7/2019 US in WWII

215/250

ruthless kind of hand-to-handfighting, as GIs and marines

desperately tried to claw their way

up heavily defended rocky

escarpments. The advancing

troops were exposed not merelyto constant mortar, machine gun,

and rifle fire, but they took a

pounding from General Wada's

artillery. It was the worst fighting

of the Pacific war, its sustainedintensity surpassing even the

brutal combat of Tarawa, Peleliu,

and Iwo Jima." (Yahara, The Battle

for Okinawa, p.33-34)


AMERICANS CATCHABREAK

8/7/2019 US in WWII

216/250

The XXIV Corps found a map on a dead Japanese artillery officer The Japanese map was overlayed on to U.S. artillery maps and

distributed to all American attacking forces. The theretofore

hidden Japanese gun emplacements were no longer a mystery,

and were subsequently neutralized and destroyed by

pinpointed American artillery, mortar and napalm fire

BACKINTHESEA That night remnants of the

Japanese fleet including the

mighty battleship "Yamato"

steamed out of Kyushu to

meet the American flotilla

8/7/2019 US in WWII

217/250

off Okinawa

The Navy directing bombing

and torpedo attacks against

the enemy fleet, sinking the

pride of the Japanese Navy

the "Yamato," cruiser

"Yahagi" and three

destroyers

The US Navy destroyed the

last remnants of the

Japanese Navy for good off

Okinawa.


JAPANESE COUNTER-OFFENSIVES

8/7/2019 US in WWII

218/250

us in wwii

Documents