U.S. History 101

Settlement

“Indians”

• No confirmed date of settlement. Estimates = 30,000-15,000 years ago

• Migrated from Asia via a “land-bridge” during the last Ice Age over the Bering Strait

• Nomads – people that move homes in search of food.

• Problems with this termColumbus initially incorrectly thought

he landed in IndiaThe term suggest a homogenous group

when in reality each tribe was very different

Chapter 1: The Atlantic World, to 1600

Scientists believe that the lowered Ocean level exposed a land bridge between Siberia and what is now Alaska. The first Americans probably followed their animal herds across this land bridge, called Beringia.

Native American Culture

Native American Shared Customs and Beliefs

• Social Structure – based on family relationships or kinship Organized into clans Sachem – Native American leader

• Religion – spiritual forces most potent Rituals No ritual = disasters

• Preserving Culture – oral history

• Barter – trading goods/services without money Why? Necessity, friendliness and hospitality. Sign of respect

• Land – could not be owned, thus not traded. Only used. Deserved respect. Sacred. Very different than European view

Go Tribe!

World of West Africans

Pre-1400s • Peaceful relations• Portugal and Spain traded for gold

• Two main kingdoms: Benin and Songhai Known for trade and art

• Europe – land was scarce, thus valuable

• Africa – land was plentiful, thus power was based on # of people ruled

African Slavery

• Who were slaves?Those cut off from lineageThose captured in warKidnapped

• Different Concept of SlaveryAdopted into the kinship group of

their ownersOffspring not necessarily slavesCould be soldiers/administrators, not

just physical laborersCould marry into lineage

The Atlantic World is Born

Christopher Columbus

• Claimed to be born Cristoforo Colombo in 1451 in Genoa, Italy

• Commissioned by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

• Seeking “Indies” – China, India and other Asian lands.

Dispelling Myths• Europe knew the world was round • Numerous natives were already living here thus

“knew” America existed. There was no “discovery”

• 500 years earlier Vikings explored it • Could others have?

Egyptian and Mayan similarities• He knew he reached a new continent

Reasons for the Voyage

The Voyage

• Personal fame and fortune• Spread Catholicism• Economic Motives – gold, spices, goods• Bypass Muslims and find new trade

route between Asia and Europe• Conquer peoples and land• Rivalry with Portugal

• Took one month• 3 ships: Niña, Pinta & Santa Maria• October 12, 1492 - landed somewhere

in the Caribbean, most likely Bahamas

Columbus

Meetings with the Natives

• Natives were the Tainos, part of the Arawaks

• Greeted the Europeans and gave them gifts

• Kidnapped 10-25 natives to take back to Spain.

• Sailed home in January 1493

Columbus and Natives

Later Voyages

• Returned 3 more times.• Explored new lands• Demanded food, gold, spun cotton and sex• Utilized harsh punishments for natives. (ex.

cut off ears and noses of natives for even minor offenses)

• Natives began to rebel Stopped planting food Abandoned towns near Spanish settlements

• Resistance gave Columbus an excuse to make war Superior armor/weapons: metal Disease began killing natives (viewed as

God’s approval of Europeans conquering Americans)

Began enslaving the defeated

More Voyages

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Treaty of Tordesillas

(1494)

• Agreement between Spain, Portugal and the Pope to divide all land not claimed by other Christians

• Line of demarcation West = Spain East = Portugal

• Lasted less than 100 years

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

Chapter 2: European Colonization of Americas (1492-1752)

Spanish Explorer/

ConquistadorWhen Accomplishment

Ponce de León 1513 Sough to capture natives as slaves. Myth = sought the “fountain of youth.” Explored modern-day Florida.

Balboa 1513 First European to see the Pacific Ocean. Successfully crossed the isthmus of Panama.

Magellan 1519-1522 First person to circumnavigate the earth, rounding the tip of South America. Died en route.

Cortés 1519-1521 Conquered the Aztec empire.

Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico

1528 Got shipwrecked and wandered Texas for 8 years. Lived with natives who told of Seven Cities of Cibola that had lots of gold.

Pizarro 1531-1533 Conquered the Inca empire.

de Soto 1539-1542 Explored Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas and Oklahoma. Sought the “cities of gold.” First to cross the Mississippi River.

Coronado 1540-1542 Explored the southwest all the way to Kansas for Quivira, one of the cities of gold.

Avilés 1565 Established St. Augustine, the first permanent colony in the U.S. in modern-day Florida in 1565.

Encomienda System

Bartolome de las Casas

• Introduced by Columbus• Colonists received the right to have a certain

number of American Indians work for them• They built houses, mined gold, farmed, and

hunted• Colonists taught their servants the Catholic

religion

• Spanish priest that wrote against the harsh treatment of American Indians

• Questioned the encomienda system• Within a century, this system ended• It ended, because in most places more than

90 percent of the American Indians died from overwork, malnutrition, and the main cause of death: disease

Pueblo Revolt

(1680)

• Pueblos are a tribe near Santa Fe, New Mexico

• 1670s was a time of widespread disease and drought

• Began turning away from Catholicism and back to their traditional religion

• Popé led a revolt, driving the Spanish out for 12 years

• Destroyed the encomienda system

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularPeninsulareses

PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles

MestizoMestizoss

MestizoMestizoss

MulattMulattosos

MulattMulattosos

Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves

Mestizo • Spain was unique as they encouraged Spanish settlers to intermarry with natives.

• This mixed race was called mestizos.

• Why?

The English Explorers

English Explorers

Sir Francis Drake

Why England Sought Settlements

Lost Colony of Roanoke

• John Cabot (1497) – Newfoundland• Henry Hudson (1609) – Bay & River

• Famous privateer – those who raided Spanish treasure ships and cities in America with the Crown’s approval.

• First Englishman to sail around the world

• Riches. Stealing from Spain.• Northwest Passage• New markets for English goods• England was getting too crowded

• First English colony established at Roanoke Island by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585 and 1587.

• Settlers vanished without a trace by 1590

1588 – English defeat the Spanish Armada

Shifts the balance of power in Europe and the world

Jamestown

John Smith

Pocahontas

• Received a charter to form a joint-stock company to build a colony.

• Established in 1607. Chose a site 60 miles from the mouth of the James River.

• Colony had a governor and legislature called the House of Burgesses set up in 1619.

• 1624 – King James revokes the charter and made Virginia a royal colony.

Chesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement

(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement

(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant

Virginia’s gold and silver.Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612 -- John Rolfe, 1612

Tobacco

Promised Land

Indentured Servants

Conflict with Natives

• Heart of the economy

• Needed laborers to work tobacco fields.• Headright System - all settlers got 50 acres

• Those who could not afford the voyage could agree to work for a master for 7 years. The master paid the price of the voyage, as well as provided food and shelter.

• English sought to outright conquer all peoples• 1622 – Natives attack Jamestown killing 350

settlers (25%). • Settlers respond in kind• Primary reason: misunderstandings of desires

and motivations

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Population increased & settlers moved west for land. Many were former indentured servants.

• Current landowners were buying more land and servants. King and local government supported them.

• Clashed with natives• Gov. William Berkeley refused to help.• Bacon sympathized and raised a private army to fight

the natives• Berkeley felt slighted and ordered his army to

suppress Bacon• Bacon turned his army against Berkeley, burning

Jamestown and controlled most of Virginia• Bacon died suddenly and the rebellion ended• Importance:

showed settlers were frustrated with a government that only cared about a small # of wealthy planters

Showed poorer colonists were unwilling to tolerate such a government

Nathaniel Bacon

New England

Pilgrims

Mayflower

Hardships

• Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine

• Economy: trade, shipping, fishing

• Pilgrims were separatists – those that separated from the Church of England.

• Wanted to escape religious persecution

• Prior to sailing much of NE was ravaged by a variety of plagues killing most of the native populations

• 1620 – 102 settlers (only 35 Pilgrims) set sail and landed set up a colony at Plymouth, Mass.

• En route they signed the Mayflower Compact, which stated all would obey government laws.

• Importance: set the precedent of self-government

• Over half died the first winter• Squanto showed them how to plant corn• 1621 - First Thanksgiving

New England Colonies

Massachusetts Bay Colony

City Upon a Hill

• 1630 – 1,000 settlers sail and settle the MBC

• Great Migration continued for many years.

• By 1643 there were 20,000 settlers in MBC

• Why?Puritans who wanted to worship as

they pleased• Puritans were NOT religiously tolerant• Everything revolved around the church

• Notion that their colony and America would be an example of an idealism

John Winthrop

Examination of a “Witch”

Hanging a “Witch”

Puritan Dissent

• Minister that was banished from MBC Claimed settlers could only legally attain

land by purchasing it from the natives Believed the gov should not interfere or

punish settlers over religious matters• 1635 – settled new colony of Providence, Rhode

Island

• Other dissenters New Haven, Connecticut Exeter, New Hampshire

• Denied the church’s notion of predestination• Believed its wrong to obey the church if the

individual felt they were defying God• Stood trial and was banished in 1638

Roger Williams

Anne Hutchinson

King Philip’s War (1675-1676)

• Metacom aka King Philip – sachem that united NE tribes• Effect: English conquered nearly all of New England

Middle Colonies

Middle Colonies

• New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania

• Economy: trade, farming, furs

• Proprietary colonies – granted by the monarch to person(s) who had full governing rights.

• New York – settled by the Dutch in 1624 Peter Minuit bought Manhattan Island for $24 1644 – British take control of NY from Dutch

• Pennsylvania – settled by Quaker William Penn in 1681 Preached religious tolerance and good relations

with natives

Peter Minuit

William Penn

More Like Later More Like Later America Than Other America Than Other

Regions!Regions!

More Like Later More Like Later America Than Other America Than Other

Regions!Regions!Economic diversity.

Large cities more cosmopolitan culture.

Some slavery [6%-12% of the population].

Ethnic and religious diversity.

Religious toleration.

“Bread Colonies.”

Royal Land Grant to Royal Land Grant to PennPenn

Royal Land Grant to Royal Land Grant to PennPenn

Southern Colonies

Southern Colonies

• Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. All proprietary colonies.

• Economy: tobacco, rice, indigo

• Maryland – originally to be a haven for Roman Catholics from England Brainchild of George Calvert, but he died before

settlement Son Lord Baltimore took over and settled in 1634. Maryland Toleration Act (1649) - guaranteed

toleration to all Christians

George Calvert

Carolinas

Georgia

• Established in 1663• Split into North and South in 1712

• Settled in 1732

• Run by trustees led by James Oglethorpe

• Haven for English debtors and to provide a buffer between Spanish Florida

James Oglethorpe

1600s

Mercantilism

Navigation Acts

• England used the colonies for raw materials and markets for their goods

• Left colonies aloneEnglish Civil War (1640-1660)Glorious Revolution (1688)

• Countries should acquire as much bullion, gold or silver, as possible

• Required colonies to sell certain goods (sugar, tobacco, cotton) only to England

• If they sold goods to other countries, the goods must first be sent to England and taxed

• Must use English ships for trade

An Empire and Its Colonies

Ranks in Colonial Society

• Colonial Society was based upon ranks.

• Whites superior to Blacks

• Rich superior to poor

• Men superior to women.

Class

Occupations

• Gentry – wealthy and landowners. Wigs, silk stockings, lace cuffs Powdered faces white Mansions, parties with other gentry Educated—sent their children to school

• Ordinary people wore plain shirts, pants, dresses

• Artisans Apprentices – learning a trade from another person via contract

• Printers Ben Franklin – Poor Richard’s Almanac John Peter Zenger – won court case that instilled freedom of the

press• Farmers

Plantations and self-sufficient farms• Fishermen

Life in Colonial America

Education

Women

• Only the rich went to school.• Colleges – mostly trained ministers and lawyers

Harvard, MA (1636) William & Mary, VA (1693) Yale, CT (1701)

• Women could not vote, hold office or serve jury duty. Had no political or religious voice.

• Widows and unmarried women could own property• Managed the household: cooking, gardening,

washing, cleaning, weaving, sewing.• Helped with childbirth• Shared tools/equipment• Trained daughters to become mothers

• Goal: make the household self-sufficient• Children expected to work from a young age

Africans Enslaved

• Spain and Portugal set up plantations Produced crops for sale i.e. cash crops First cash crop = sugar Natives were first used as labor, but began

dying from disease and were unaccustomed to the work

• 1517 – first enslaved Africans arrive in America Quickly turned into a major industry

• Estimated that 9 to 11 million West Africans were abducted and taken to the Americas during the slavery era

“Black” Gold for Sale!“Black” Gold for Sale!

The Triangle TradeThe Triangle Trade

African CaptivesAfrican Captives

Slave Ship PlanSlave Ship Plan

“Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship

“Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship

Slave Ship InteriorSlave Ship Interior

Onboard the Slave ShipOnboard the Slave Ship

Revolt Aboard a Slave Ship

Revolt Aboard a Slave Ship

African Captives Thrown Overboard

African Captives Thrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave ships across the Atlantic!

Notice of a Slave AuctionNotice of a Slave Auction

First Slave AuctionNew Amsterdam (Dutch New York City

- 17c)

First Slave AuctionNew Amsterdam (Dutch New York City

- 17c)

Slave Auction in the Southern U. S.

Slave Auction in the Southern U. S.

Inspection and SaleInspection and Sale

Slave Master BrandsSlave Master Brands

Slave With Iron MuzzleSlave With Iron Muzzle

30 Lashes30 Lashes

Whipped Slave, early 1 9c

Whipped Slave, early 1 9c

A Slave LynchingA Slave Lynching

Negro Hung Alive by Waist

Negro Hung Alive by Waist

Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)

Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)

1789 wrote and published autobiography detailing his experiences

Slave Laws/Codes

Revolts

• Virginia – 1661 first slave code• Laws varied from state to state• General laws. They could not:

• Board ships• Travel out of town w/o a pass

• Stono Rebellion (1739) – SC slaves kill 20+ whites, burn armory and run for Spanish Florida. They were caught and killed.

• 50 revolts from 1740-1800• Most resistance came from acting like they

misunderstood directions or faking illness

North America in 1 750North America in 1 750

Westward Expansion

Great Awakening

• Needed more land due to high birth rate and immigrants

• Began bumping into natives and French territory

• 1730s and 1740s• Ministers felt colonists fell away from

beliefs of Puritan ancestors• Effect: encouraged settlers to speak

for themselves and rely less on ministers/books

George Whitefield

Jonathan Edwards