U.S. History 101

Chapter 9

• America shifts from an agrarian to manufacturing economy, most notably in New England

• Growth of the free enterprise system aka capitalism• People work outside of the home in specialized jobs• Less self-sufficiency leads to more shopping

• Banking – first appears in the 1780s Loan people money and charge interest thus making a profit Uncontrolled lending led to economic recessions/depressions called “Panics”

in 1819, 1837 & 1839 Banks created bank notes rather than deal in specie

Market Revolution

Economy Old Northwest Northeast

Type of Economy

Farming, Industrial

Urban Growth Slaughterhouses, distilleries, shipping companies

People moved to the cities. Worked in factories. Coal Mines

Major Products

Wheat, oats, barley, corn, pigs, pigs and cattle

Coal, carpet, bricks, shoes

Economic Challenges

Spoiled products Strikes and labor unions

• Manufacturing led to migration to cities from rural areas• Standard of living was very poor

Unsanitary: no sewage or fresh water Lived in tenements: urban poor people lived in areas with cheap, run-down

housing

• New factories were designed to make Money• Thus they paid laborers very little and forced them to work long

hours (12+ a day) $3.25 for 72 hour week (deducted $1.25 for room and board)

• Led to workers going on strike and forming Labor Unions to protect their interests

Growth of Northern Cities & Labor

The Growth of Cities

• 1810: 6% lived in cities• 1840: 12%

• Workers spent more time away from the household

• Could take care of Children, sick relatives, and elderly family members

• Led public institutions such as hospitals and schools began to fill the gap.

Inventions and innovations

Invention Leader How it changed America

Cotton Gin and Interchangeable parts

Eli Whitney 1793 & 1798

Quickly separated the seed from the cotton. Make it cheaper and faster to get cotton to the mills. Corresponding parts were made for similar guns

Steamboats Robert Fulton 1807

“Clermont” navigated the Hudson River possible upstream commerce.

Toll Roads Congress 1806

National Road from Cumberland Maryland to the Old Northwest. “turnpikes” localities, states, and private companies. Increased the speed of shipping

Erie Canal New York 1825

363-mile allowed goods to flow between the Great Lakes and New York City.

Invention Leader How it changed America

Railroads George Stephenson 1801

1828 first commercial railroad Baltimore and Ohio. By 1860 30,000 miles more then the rest of the world. Faster travel

Telegraph Samuel F.B. Morse 1844

Using Morse coded, messages could be sent over electric wires. Within 16 years some 50,0000 miles of telegraph wire. Fast way to communicate

Steel Plow John Deere 1837

The smooth sided steel plow solved this problem, and would greatly aid migration into the American Great Plains in the 19th and early 20th century.

Reaper Cyrus McCormick 1831

The McCormick design was pulled and cut the grain to one side

The Rise of the West

• Between 1790 and 1840 4.5 million people crossed the Appalachian Mountains

• Groups moved west and cooperated with others to clear land , build houses, and barns.

• Small farmers and planters with their slaves flowed out of the South to create the new Cotton Kingdom of Alabama

• Slave trading became a well-organized business shipping Slaves farther South

• Coffles: Groups chained to one another on forced marches to the Deep South

• “King Cotton” – nearly all southern states were dependent on cotton productionVirginia and North Carolina stuck with tobaccoIndustrial revolution, developed factories producing cotton

textiles with water-powered spinning and weaving machinery.

• RuralVery few major cities – Richmond, VA; Charleston, SC & New

Orleans, LAVery little industry, roads, railroads, or banks

Thus dependent on the North and Europe

Southern Economy

• Rise in demand for cotton and opening of new lands in the West to settlement, Whitney’s invention revolutionized American slavery.

Southern PopulationSouthern

Population

Slave-Owning Families (1850)

Slave-Owning Families (1850)

Only 25% of Southern white families owned slaves.

Southern farmers who did not own slaves were called yeoman.

• 1841-1845 430,000 immigrants• 1846-1850 1,283,000 immigrants• 1851-1855 1,748,000 immigrants• 1856-1860 850,000 immigrants

• 1840s-1860s – First Great WavePrimarily from Ireland and Germany

Ireland suffered the Irish Potato Famine Settled in Northeastern cities

Germany had a series of failed rebellions Bought farmland in the Midwest

Rising Immigration

Rise of Nativism• Irish influx greatly enhanced the visibility and

power of the Catholic Church.• Archbishop John Hughes of NYC : parochial

schools• Feared the impact of immigration on

American political and social life “Nativist”• Blamed immigrants for urban crime, political

corruption, and fondness for intoxicating liquor and undercutting native-born skilled laborers

Transformation of Law

• Corporate firm enjoys special privileges and powers granted in a charter from the government: investors and directors are not personally liable for company's debts.

Supreme Court CasesCase Issue Outcome

McCulloch v. Maryland 1819

Does the government have the power to create a national bank?Do states have the right to tax institutions created by the federal government?

Reinforced (1) the doctrine of implied powers and (2 the principle of the power of the national government over state government

Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819

Was Dartmouth’s contract protected by the Constitution?Was New Hampshire interfering with the Contract

Prevented state interference in business contracts. Gave stability to the economy by encouraging growth of corporations

Gibbons v. Ogden 1824

Who has the power to regulate navigation; states or federal government

Established the federal governments’ right to regulate all aspects of interstate commerce

• Protestants Christian Bible, aka Scripture, is the final authority Salvation can only be achieved through a personal belief in Jesus Demonstrate faith through performing good deeds

• Evangelical movement focusing on congregations

Second Great Awakening

Denomination Leader Beliefs

Methodists John Wesley by 1850

Largest Protestant denomination, personal relationship with God, preachers were common folks, traveling ministers, exciting camp meetings

Unitarians William Ellery Channing 1825

Jesus was a human messenger of God, but not divine himself, God as a loving father

Mormons Joseph Smith1830

Book of Mormon, translated from writings on gold plates that he found buried in the ground with the help of an angel. God would restore a truer simpler church free of ministers.

Millennialists William Miller

U.S. leading the world Earth’s final 1000 years of glory before Day of Judgment. Jesus would return March 1843.