u.s. cultural movements of early 1800s. neoclassical architecture revival of greek and roman styles...
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U.S. Cultural Movements
of Early 1800s
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Neoclassical architecture
Revival of Greek and Roman styles
US modeled itself after the Roman Republic and the democratic ideals of ancient Greece
Sometimes called the “Federal” style in the US
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The White House Built 1792 – 1800
Burned during War of 1812, but restored by 1817
Built onto in 1824, 1829, 1901, 1927, and 1946
In 1950s, entire structure was rebuilt with a steel frame from the inside, out when it was found to be collapsing!
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US Capitol Built 1793 – 1811 Burned during War
of 1812, but restored by 1819
Expanded between 1826 and 1863; small dome was added but soon replaced by the larger dome seen today
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Monticello Built 1768 – 1809 Charlottesville, VA Home of Thomas
Jefferson – he designed it himself
Today, it is the only private home designated as a World Heritage Site by the UN
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Alexis de Tocqueville
1805 – 1859 French Author of Democracy in
America Toured US for 2 years
observing how democracy was creating a uniquely “American” culture
Determined America was a society where hard work and money-making was what drove people, where commoners never deferred to their “betters”, and where individualism was admired
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Noah Webster 1758 – 1843 Published his first
dictionary in 1806 In 1826, published his
“American” dictionary where he provided new American spellings of English words and included thousands of distinctly American words
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Romanticism Artistic and literary
movement that advocated feeling over reason, inner spirituality over external rules, individual over society, and nature over human-made environments
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Hudson River School of Artists
American artists who focused on painting distinctly American landscapes – canyons, rivers, scenes of wild, untamed frontiers
Popular throughout 1800s
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Washington Irving 1783 – 1859 Wrote The Legend
of Sleepy Hollow, Rip van Winkle
Usually wrote under a pseudonym
Perfected the short story as a true literary artform
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Edgar Allan Poe 1809 – 1849 “Master of the Macabre” Wrote many poems and
short-stories in the horror genre: The Raven, The Black Cat, The Cask of Amontillado, The Fall of the House of Usher, The Pit and the Pendulum, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, The Tell-Tale Heart
Married his 13 year-old cousin (he was 26) but she died at 15
Died of unknown causes (known to drink heavily)
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James Fenimore Cooper 1789 – 1851 Wrote The Last of
the Mohicans Wrote mostly about
the frontier and relations between white settlers and Native Americans
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Nathaniel Hawthorne
1804 – 1864 Wrote The Scarlet
Letter Wrote largely on
man’s tendency to sin, resulting in his work being called “dark romanticism”
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Herman Melville 1819 – 1891 Wrote Moby Dick One of the only
Romantic authors to not be very popular during his own lifetime
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Walt Whitman 1819 – 1892 Free Verse Poet Best known for his
work Leaves of Grass
Works described as obscene in his own time because of sexual frankness, homosexual themes
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Emily Dickinson 1830 – 1886 American poet Wrote thousands of
poems Obsessed with death Broke rules of poetry
concerning structure, rhyme, and capitalization
Famous recluse – did not leave her home for the last 30 years of her life
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Transcendentalism Literary and
philosophical movement
Emphasized individualism and self-reliance over religion
People need to “transcend” (overcome) the limits of their mind to embrace beauty and truth
Hated conformity and “followers”
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
1803 – 1882 Philosopher,
lecturer, essayist, and poet
Believed that all things were divine because all things were connected to God
Strong belief in individualism
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Henry David Thoreau
1817 – 1862 Author of Walden
and Civil Disobedience
Early environmentalist
Abolitionist “That government
is best which governs not at all”
Opposed taxes
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Margaret Fuller 1810 – 1850 Author Woman in the
Nineteenth Century – first major feminist work published in US
Believed in women’s rights to education and employment; wanted prison reform and an end to slavery
Died in a shipwreck
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“Penny” Press Mass produced
daily newspapers which became affordable for common people
Focused on reports of fires, crime reports, marriages, gossip, politics, local news
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Godey’s Lady’s Weekly 1830 – 1898 Covered poetry,
literature, and art primarily from women artists
Included dress patterns, sheet music
First magazine to copyright its material to prevent other publications from using it
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Atlantic Monthly 1857 – Today Focused on literary
and cultural trends Founded and run by
famous writers of the time: Stowe, Emerson, Longfellow, etc.
Has published everyone from Mark Twain to Martin Luther King
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Harper’s Weekly 1857 – 1916 Featured foreign
and domestic news, fiction, essays on many subjects, and humor
Became famous for its political cartoons by Thomas Nast