social studies 10. a great revival of classical (roman and greek) art, literature and learning in...
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Social Studies 10
A great revival of classical (Roman and Greek) art, literature and learning in Europe.
Renaissance means rebirth or revival.
Began in the Italian cities-statesThe city of Florence would be the heart of
the Renaissance.Florence was under the rule of the
powerful Medici banking family.
14TH – 16TH centuries
The Renaissance spread to the rest of Europe via the printing press.
Before books copied hand on expensive parchment made from the skin of sheep or goats. A simple book could take 6 months to complete.
Paper came from the Chinese to Arabs and reached Europe in the 1300’s.
Printing began in Europe in Germany and other northern countries.
They carved the letters and words in wooden blocks then inked and pressed them.
15th century: movable type was introduced (small wooden blocked engraved with individual letters that could be rearranged)
The printing press was a new invention perfected by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany in 1453.
Printed first addition of the BibleHe used metallic movable type to print written
works. The printing press allowed books and writing to
reach a mass audience because they could now be mass produced.
Knowledge and learning exploded
Artists, writers and scholars (beginning in Italy) who admired classical works
Wanted to recreate the work of their ancestors.
well-known (celebrities)Great patrons of the arts (individuals,
governments, the Roman Catholic Church) sponsored these artists, writers and scholars or commissioned their works.
The concept of HUMANISM: focus on human concern and classics
Emphasis on human abilityStudied humanities (grammar, rhetoric or
public speaking, poetry, history)Embraced life in all forms unlike their
medieval counterparts who saw it as heresy to study pagan (non-Christian) ideas and achievements
Sought to improve humanity and society through enlightened education and action
An optimistic, self-confident and creative
Most art was in manuscripts and tapestries
Stressed divineSymbolic qualities2 dimensionalPlain, flat backgroundNo real large scale painting
Development of 3 dimensional perspectiveUse of mythological symbols and nudes again
in artFocus on human qualities instead of divineGiotti de Bondore – 1st the paint life-life, 3D
figure
Painted one of the first female nudes“The Birth of Venus”
Revived classical ideals of beauty and proportions of the human form
Sculptors carefully studied human anatomy and made life like statues that accurately showed muscles and joints.
Sculptures of nudes (not seen since ancient times)
One of the greatest Renaissance sculptors“Each act, each limb, each bone [is] given
life, and lo, man’s body is raised breathing, alive, in wax or clay or stone.”
Most famous sculpture is the statue of David in Florence.
Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi Considered one of the greatest sculptors of
all time and founder of modern sculptureBorn in FlorenceHis “David” was the first nude statue of the
RenaissanceGattamelata was considered one of the best
proportioned statues
Constructing symmetrical buildings, domes, columns, friezes, etc… in the style of ancient architecture
Third largest domed cathedral in the worldLocated in FlorenceDesigned by BrunelleschiOctagonal dome
Largest domed cathedral in the worldCompleted by Michelangelo when he was 70
years oldBorrowed ideas from Brunelleschi to
complete itLocated in the VaticanHeart of Catholicism
Contest to see who would sculpt the doorsGhiberti beat Brunelleschi and DonatelloTook him 48 years to sculpt the bronze doors
Individuals who excelled in a variety of fieldsTwo standout artists considered to be
Renaissance Men Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo
Leonardo di ser Piero da VinciArchitect, anatomist, sculptor, engineer, inventor,
mathematician, musician, scientist, and painter Famous for his realistic paintings, such as the Mona
Lisa and The Last Supper Sketched plans for a helicopter, a tank, the use of
concentrated solar power, a calculator, a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics, the double hull
He studied anatomy (he even dug up corpses to learn how the body worked)
Vitruvian Man is also one of his most famous worksWrote journals in mirror image (backwards)
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Painter, sculptor, architect, poet and engineerbest-documented artist of the 16th century. Two of his best-known works, the Pieta and the
David, were sculpted in his late twenties to early thirties.
Despite his low opinion of painting, Michelangelo also created two of the most influential fresco paintings in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.
designed the dome of St Peter's Basilica.Revolutionized classical architecture with his
invention of the giant order of pilasters.
Copernicus (Polish astronomer) stated that the sun not the Earth was the centre of the universe
Copernicus and Kepler are considered among the founders of modern astronomy
New form economic forceWealth created by charging interest and by
using profits from business to finance more commercial activities
Huge banking families like the Medici's flourished
Venetians were the best at exploiting this new means of gaining wealth
The Renaissance represented a shift towards a more optimistic view on human life and abilities.
Art returned the Classics and the beauty of the human form.
Learning and education became much more popular.
Humanism became a popular philosophy.