US BECOMES A WORLD POWER

1865 - 1917

Section 1-5

(pages 392–394)(pages 392–394)

Building Support for Imperialism

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• Beginning in the 1880s, Americans wanted the United States to become a world power.

-extractive economy = economy in which an imperial country removed raw materials from its’ colonies

ImperialismA policy where one nation seeks to create an empire by controlling the affairs of weaker nations – economically, politically, culturally, and/or militarily. -The U.S. practiced this foreign policy during the last years of the 19th Century and early 20th Century.

Causes of Expansion

(1) Economic - to acquire more raw materials for industries & new markets

(2) Military – to protect the investments we need foreign bases for our ships to refuel

-Alfred T. Mahan – Influence of Sea Power on History

(3) Ideological –”Social Darwinism” & belief that God had given Americans ability to expand

-Josiah Strong – put forth the idea of an American empire that would spread Christianity and democracy over

the world

- Rudyard Kipling’s poem The White Man’s Burden

-Frederick Turner – expansion acted as a “safety valve” to stop internal conflicts (“Turner Thesis)

(4) nationalism- pride in one’s country, because other countries were doing the same thing

Expansion in the Pacific

Businesses were investing in foreign countries and were very concerned about protecting those investments

-Matthew Perry =made 1st trips to Japan

-Alaska in 1867 from Russia

-- Industrialism led to a growing need for foreign markets (especially in Latin America, Samoa)

-- ex. Hawaii – taken from Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani for American businessmen in 1893

-1898 it became a US territory

Lesson 22

1. Read each statement. Then put the statement into your own words. (What does it really say/)

2. After you have read each and interpreted each one, rank the statements in order from MOST important reason to LEAST important.

3. Finally, provide a rationale or reasoning for your top 3 choices.

Exit Slip – Why Imperialism?

1. A policy where one nation seeks to create an empire by controlling weaker nations is?a. Jingoism b. Imperialism c. Nationalism

2. The ______ Thesis stated that the U.S. needed more room to grow after the West was settled or our economy would suffer.a. Turner b. Darwin c. Sherman

3. All of the following groups were in favor of expansion except _________.

a. Missionaries b. Industrialists c. Native Americans d. The U.S. Navy4. The author of the poem The White Man’s Burden was

_________.a. Alfred T. Mahan b. Josiah Strong c. Rudyard Kipling

In our history, the US has followed 3 foreign polices:

(1) Isolationism – not getting involved at all in other countries

(2) Imperialism

(3) Interventionism – not actually getting involved, but giving help and supplies when needed.

Spanish-American War**Cuba was one area in Latin America that U.S. business

invested in heavily-90 miles off the coast of Florida-under Spanish rule (very brutal to the native Cubans) [Spain also controlled the Philippines] -the native Cuban people wanted independence

*When the Cuban government became a threat to our investments in 1898

-President McKinley ordered the battleship Maine into Havana Harbor to protect our investments and evacuate Americans if needed in January, 1898

-on February 15, 1898, the ship exploded killing 260 men

-an early investigation discovered what looked like a submarine mine but could not prove it was the Spanish

-78 years later discovered it was really a faulty boiler

**Back in the U.S. newspapers said the Spanish were to blame

-yellow journalism- reporters that stir up the emotions of the readers without actually paying attention to the facts

-Newspapers competed to sell papers

-Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

-Jingoism- an intense, warlike, arrogant, national

pride; resulted from trumped up news reports.

-The “jingos” favored an aggressive policy to pursue national expansion, even it meant risking war with other nations.

-This was fed by yellow journalism as well as by members of Congress.

**At first President McKinley opposed any type of U.S. intervention,

-but eventually he agreed to help on April 24, 1898.

Lesson 23: Guided Questions:

2. What does the article want the US to do?

3. How does the letter describe McKinley?

4. What effect did the resignation of DeLome have on the US?

5. Besides economic, what other causes were there?

6. How confident were the reporters that it was truly a bomb?

7. What was the hope of Woodford on the part of Spain?

Now, from the list of causes, rank them 1 – 7, with 1 being the most important cause & 7 having the least influence.

Next, explain why you have chosen your #1 cause as being the most important reason we went to war with Spain.

Exit Slip1. Americans became interested in this island, controlled

by Spain, during the Age of Imperialism?2. New type of journalism that was really “anything to sell a

paper?”3. He was the U.S. President during this crisis?4. The destruction of this ship angered Americans and led

to war with Spain?

**War actually began in the Philippines where a revolt was also going on

-Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolt and believed that the U.S. would help him set the Philippines free

-the entire Spanish fleet was sunk at the Battle of Manila by Commodore George Dewey on May 1, 1898

–this victory removed Philippines from Spanish control

-However, the U.S. remained in control of the Philippines until after World War II

-later, Aguinaldo would lead a revolt against the US

EXIT SLIP

1. Name 1 cause of the Spanish American War.

2. Name 2 territories that the US obtained as a result of the war.

3. Would you have supported going to war? Why or why not?

The War in Cuba

**The American army was untrained and unequipped

-not ready to fight in the jungle-like conditions

-5,000 died from typhoid, yellow fever, and the effects of eating tainted meat and food (took so long to get food to them)

• Theodore Roosevelt (not yet president)- resigned as Asst. Secretary of the Navy to join in the fighting in Cuba

-he organized the Rough Riders- a volunteer unit made up of men from all

areas (retired soldiers, society elites)-remembered for their charge up San Juan Hill

to defeat the Spanish in the battle

Moment in History 2

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• July 3, 1898- U.S. navy sunk Spanish fleet in Cuba

-took control of Puerto Rico without much fight

-August 12, 1898, Spain signed an armistice

-Called the "Splendid Little War", it did not last long (little over 3 months)

-but had a very lasting impact on the US

Peace Treaty

-McKinley began to set up military governments in Latin America

-Cuba given independence but had to include the Platt Amendment in their Const.

(-it said that if Cuba got into trouble, we could take it over)

-gave U.S. right to est. a naval base there – Guantanamo Bay

-U.S. also got control of Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines for $20 million

-In 1917 Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the

United States.**United States now is a world player

EXIT SLIP1. Where did the US first attack in the Spanish

American War?

2. How many months did it last?

3. Name 2 territorial gains for the US as a result of the war.

.**Theodore Roosevelt

-Spanish-American War hero

-VP under McKinley (who died in 1901 from an assassins’ bullet {Leon Czolgosz} )

-as president, he wanted to increase U.S. world involvement

-"Speak softly and carry a big stick"

--1907 – he sent his newly built navy on a “goodwill tour of the world” – called the Great White Fleet

-to show the increased power of the US military

**Roosevelt Corollary

-was added to the Monroe Doctrine (1824)

(it warned European nations to stay out of western hemisphere problems)

-R. C. gave the U.S. the right to intervene or police Latin America

-was used to justify intervention in Dominican Republic, Panama, and Cuba when needed.

-problem with it?

**Panama (a province of Colombia)

-ever since the 1500's, people wanted a canal there

-1880 the French bought a 5 year lease (from Colombia) for the land and tried but couldn't finish the job

-Roosevelt got sole ownership by buying out the French

-we still had to get permission from Colombia

-they refused because they wanted to sell it to the highest bidder

-U.S. backed a revolt in Panama and helped them gain their independence from Colombia

-2 weeks later they gave the U.S. permission to build the canal

-1904 construction started

-However, after it was built, 1921 the U.S. made $25 million payment to Colombia

(1) biggest obstacle was the diseases carried by mosquitoes

( malaria and yellow fever )

-realized that to stop the illness you had to stop the mosquitoes

-enacted a policy of not allowing any standing water anywhere near the construction zone

-finally a doctor, William Gorgas, developed penicillin to take

(2) geography also made it difficult – torrential rain & mudslides

-took over 43,000 workers to complete

M/C 3-2

-finally completed in 1914, costing $400 million

-ships had to pay to go through it

- highest fare = $331,200 (2008,

Disney Magic cruise ship)

- lowest fare = $.36 (1928, Richard Halliburton swam the canal)

http://www.pancanal.com/eng/general/howitworks/como-tour.html

**China- was a limitless market - Also a very weak nation so foreign countries did a lot

business there- "spheres of influence"- foreign powers controlled the

economic and political decisions of certain regions of China

-U.S. supported the Open Door Policy- called for equal commercial opportunity for all nations trading with China

-1900- a group of Chinese rebels (called the Boxers) wanted to get the foreigners out of China

-they rebelled against all of the foreign businesses located in China and killed 300 of them

- troops were sent in from U.S., Russia, Japan, Britain- eventually they were defeated

• President Roosevelt developed a policy based on the belief that the US had an “international duty” to act as a police officer

-U.S. had a right to impose its values on weaker countries and to protect American interests

-many countries developed a resentment toward the U.S. because of this belief

Russo-Japanese War

-1904 war between Japan and Russia

-fought over Manchuria (in China)

-TR negotiated a peace settlement and won a Nobel Peace Prize

Gentlemen’s Agreement

-TR created a pact between the US and Japan

-ended segregation of Asian children in San Francisco

-Japan agreed to limit the immigration of Japanese to US

Debating America’s New Role: Was Imperialism Good for

America?

Pro-Imperiailsm•We need a new frontier for investment•New markets would help the economy•Military bases around the world would make us stronger

• Spread Christianity• Spread Democratic Ideals• Make life better for colonial

subjects (– Filipinos and Hawaiians – Social Darwinism)

• Copy Europeans

Anti-Imperialistic•Violated basic principles of U.S. government (D.O.I. and Bill of Rights)•Encouraged Racism•Would result in higher taxes and more debt

• We have enough problems at home

• Imperialism would lead to more conflicts and wars with other nations (see WW I!)

• We are not Europeans!

A. Explain the meaning of the caption, “Ten thousand miles from tip to tip.”

B. Explain the artist’s views on imperialism by discussing two uses of symbolism in the cartoon. Support your interpretation of U.S. imperialism involving at least two of the islands shown on the map.

• 1912 election- William Howard Taft elected President (Rep.)

-"Dollar Diplomacy"-

-encouraged the U.S. to invest in foreign countries rather than sending troops

-to make the country stable ("substitute dollars for bullets") • 1916- Woodrow Wilson elected-believed in a "Moral Diplomacy"- work for world peace

Mexican Revolution (1910- 1917)-Mexican leader General Huerta-U.S. wanted to help Carranza take control-April 1914 U.S. forces attacked Vera Cruz and full war was avoided because Brazil and Chile stepped in

-Pancho Villa, a supporter of Huerta, attacked several U.S. towns on the Mexican-American border

-killed many people

-but fled back into Mexico before he could be captured

-late 1914 Carranza did take over and promised to help the U.S. find Villa, but we never did

-Focus would turn to Europe, about to explode into WWI

WORLD WAR I

Causes for the war: M.A.I.N.

(1) militarism–countries wanted to use armies and weapons to prove their greatness

-developed deadly new weapons

(2) By 1907, countries in Europe were competing alliances

-1879- Germany and Austria-Hungary

-1882- Italy joined and formed Triple Alliance (Central Powers), but was a weak member

-This left France isolated-1894- France and Russia joined together -later Britain joined to form the Triple Entente (Allies)

(3) imperialism- a policy in which stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations(a) gain raw materials, (b) new markets, (c) milititary prestige

(4) nationalism- belief one's country is the best

THINK, PAIR, SHARE

Which of the M.A.I.N. causes of WWI had the greatest impact on the start of the war? Why?

Take a 30 seconds to think about it,

Then share with your neighbor.

After 2 minutes of discussion,

I am going to call on a pair to share out their ideas.

• 1800's- Slavs formed the nations of Bulgaria, Montenegro

-Serbia was also Slavic, but land-locked--Austria-Hungary promised them the areas of Bosnia & Herzegovina

-But Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina for themselves

-this made Serbia angry as well as Russia because they needed a warm water port

-Groups formed which worked against Austria-Hungary in Serbia

Spark of the War

June 28, 1914- Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, went to Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital.

-Both he and his wife were assassinated there by a Serbian supporter named Princip

**Austria-Hungary believed that the Serbian government had ordered the murder

• July 28, 1914- they declared war on Serbia

-Russia decided to help Serbia

-Germany declared war on Russia (Aug. 1) and then France and Great Britain

Both sides believed that it would be over quickly.

The fighting would be brutal

-almost all of the fighting took place in central Europe

• September 1914 German forces made it to almost Paris, France

-but were stopped by French and British troops.

• There both sides dug creating a stalemate.

-fought from trenches

-used this method due to the new types of weapons

• Fighting was now very sophisticated due to modern technology

-machine gun- firing 450 rounds a minute

-tanks

-airplanes- used to spy on enemy and later to kill in dogfights between enemy planes

-chemical warfare = poison chlorine gas

• Loss of life was greater than in past conflicts

-Battle of Verdun = 595,000

-Battle of Somme = Br. lost 60,000 in one day

-Morale sank due to fighting but not getting anywhere.

-Soon war become one of attrition

-seeing which side could wear the other one down

US INVOLVEMENT

-At 1st, officially, we were neutral, but events would change that

-(1) During the fighting, Germany used submarines (called "u-boats)

-but said that they would not sink a neutral ship

-how do you determine a neutral ship from a submarine?

-90 non-military ships (U.S.) sunk in a two month period

-this upset President Woodrow Wilson greatly

**Lusitania - May 1915

-was sunk by a German submarine because it was thought to be carrying ammunitions

-1200 people died (128 Americans)

• Wilson gave Germany an ultimatum- stop bombing ships without warning

- they agreed = Sussex Pledge = not sink ships without warning

- Not enough to get us into war

(2) **Early 1917- Russian Revolution-people not happy with their leader so they decided

to overthrow him (Czar Nicholas II)-V.I. Lenin = communist-this took Russia out of the war completely

(3) 1917- a note was intercepted to the German minister in Mexico from Arthur Zimmermann

-it encouraged Mexico to join the Central Powers -if Mexico would attack U.S., then Mexico would get

southwestern part of U.S. when Central Powers won

-This became known as the Zimmermann Telegram (Note)

-Also, 4 unarmed U.S. ships were sunk

-Wilson felt that this was the last straw

-April 6, 1917- he asked for the U.S. to declare war

-May 1917- military draft

-U.S. unprepared for war

THINK, PAIR, SHARE

If you had been President Wilson, after we declared war, how would you have prepared the US to go fight?

Take a 30 seconds to think about it,

Then share with your neighbor.

After 2 minutes of discussion,

I am going to call on a pair to share out their ideas.

• Industrial production in the U.S. became more aimed toward the military

-asked people not to waste food

- sold Liberty Bonds to raise money to finance the war

-Congress passed several acts, which limited the freedoms of American citizens

--Espionage Act- illegal to interfere with the draft

--Shenck v. US – limits on free speech during wartime

-support for the war was low in the beginning

-used propaganda to convince people to help & to get behind the war effort

--Sedition Act- illegal to interfere with sells of bonds or say anything bad about the government

--imposed censorship on press

--limited the actions of the unions (too radical)

Exit Slip1. Name the 3 events that lead the US to declare

war.

2. What were 2 ways that the US prepared to fight WWI.

The US Joins the Fight

• When US did get “over there,” doughboys- nickname for the infantrymen in WWI

• -Battle of Chateau –Thierry (in France) stopped a German advancement

• -August 8, 1918- Battle of Amiens- Allies stopped Central Powers westward advance

-August 11, 1918- Germany sensed end was near and wanted to talk terms,

-but the Allies were not interested in any agreement that Germany could get concessions.

-They wanted total surrender

-September- Allies began to hit Germany with everything

-September 26 - final blow is given and Germany begged for an end = the Battle of the Argonne Forest

• -November 11, 1918 - armistice (ceasefire)

-More than 50,000 Americans died

-1 million French, 900,000 British, 20 million civilians

• Long before the end of the war, President Wilson began to think about a peace agreement

• -January 8, 1918- he introduced his "Fourteen Points Plan“

-called for an end to secret alliances-allow for self-determination-called for an organization made up of the countries

of the world to keep peace (League of Nations)

• January 1919- peace conference met in Paris

-The Big Four- Great Britain, France, Italy, and U.S.

-France and Britain wanted to punish Germany

-France wanted to make sure that Germany could never invade them again

-France wanted Germany demilitarized

-15 year French control of the mineral resources of Alsace-Lorraine

-British wanted reparations (payments from its enemy for the economic injury suffered in the war)

- they wanted $33 billion (too much for Germany to pay)

-called for the League of Nations to be formed**June 28, 1919- the Treaty of Versailles was signed

• July 8- Wilson returned home to present the treaty to get U.S. approval of the treaty (the Senate must say yes)

• However, many did not like the treaty because it called for the U.S. to join the League of Nations and they wanted to return to isolationism

• Wilson sets out across the country to get public support for it

• but the treaty failed to pass the Senate. • During his travels, he had a stroke and almost

died.• July 2, 1921- Congress passed a joint resolution

formally ending the hostilities

• Red Scare (1919 – 1920)

-believed that a revolution could happen here just like in _____?

-distrusted certain people, esp unions & anarchists

-led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer – Palmer Raids

-Nichola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti convicted in 1921 of stealing & killing a paymaster; executed in 1927

-

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 3

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• LOCATE THE FOLLOWING PLACES:-Dominican Republic -Haiti-Puerto Rico -Cuba-Florida -Panama-Venezuela -Nicaragua-Colombia -Midway-Philippines -Guam-Hawaii -American Somoa-Japan -United States-Australia -Europe-Asia -Africa