splash screen section 1-5 (pages 392–394) building support for imperialism click the mouse button...

Splash Screen

Section 1-5

(pages 392–394)(pages 392–394)

Building Support for Imperialism

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• Beginning in the 1880s, Americans wanted the United States to become a world power.

-Imperialism = the economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker nations

-extractive economy = economy in which an imperial country removed raw materials from its’ colonies

Causes of Expansion

(1) Economic - to acquire more raw materials for industries & new markets

(2) Military – to protect the investments we need foreign bases for our ships to refuel

-Alfred T. Mahan – Influence of Sea Power on History

(3) Ideological –”Social Darwinism” & belief that God had given Americans ability to expand

-Frederick Turner – expansion acted as a “safety valve” to stop internal conflicts

Expansion in the Pacific

Businesses were investing in foreign countries and were very concerned about protecting those investments

-Matthew Perry trips to Japan

-Alaska in 1867 from Russia

-- Industrialism led to a growing need for foreign markets (especially in Latin America, Samoa)

-- ex. Hawaii – taken from Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani for American businessmen in 1893

-1898 it became a US territory

In our history, the US has followed 3 foreign polices:

(1)Isolationism – not getting involved at all in other countries

(2) Imperialism

(3) Interventionism – not actually getting involved, but giving help and supplies when needed.

**Cuba was one area in Latin America that U.S. business invested in heavily

-90 miles off the coast of Florida-under Spanish rule (very brutal to the

native Cubans) [Spain also controlled the Philippines] -the native Cuban people wanted

independence

-they began to revolt against the Spanish government but the Spaniards just increased the brutality

*When the Cuban government became a threat to our investments in 1898

-President McKinley ordered the battleship Maine into Havana Harbor to protect our investments and evacuate Americans if needed in January, 1898

-on February 15, 1898, the ship exploded killing 260 men

-an early investigation discovered what looked like a submarine mine but could not prove it was the Spanish

-78 years later discovered it was really a faulty boiler

**Back in the U.S. newspapers said the Spanish were to blame

-yellow journalism- reporters that stir up the emotions of the readers without actually paying attention to the facts

-Newspapers competed to sell papers

-Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

**At first President McKinley opposed any type of U.S. intervention,

-but eventually he agreed to help on April 24, 1898.

2. What does the article want the US to do?

3. How does the letter describe McKinley?

4. What effect did the resignation of DeLome have on the US?

5. Besides economic, what other causes were there?

6. How confident were the reporters that it was truly a bomb?

7. What was the hope of Woodford on the part of Spain?

Now, from the list of causes, rank them 1 – 7, with 1 being the most important cause & 7 having the least influence.

Next, explain why you have chosen your #1 cause as being the most important reason we went to war with Spain.

**War actually began in the Philippines where a revolt was also going on

-Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolt and believed that the U.S. would help him set the Philippines free

-the entire Spanish fleet was sunk at the Battle of Manila by Commodore George Dewey on May 1, 1898

-US lost only one sailor

–this victory removed Philippines from Spanish control

-However, the U.S. remained in control of the Philippines until after World War II

-later, Aguinaldo would lead a revolt against the US

**The American army was untrained and unequipped

-not ready to fight in the jungle-like conditions

-5,000 died from typhoid, yellow fever, and the effects of eating tainted meat and food (took so long to get food to them)

• Theodore Roosevelt (not yet president)- resigned as Asst. Secretary of the Navy to join in the fighting in Cuba

-he organized the Rough Riders- a volunteer unit made up of men from all

areas (retired soldiers, society elites)-remembered for their charge up San Juan Hill

to defeat the Spanish in the battle

Moment in History 2

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• July 3, 1898- U.S. navy sunk Spanish fleet in Cuba

-took control of Puerto Rico without much fight

-August 12, 1898, Spain signed an armistice

-Called the "Splendid Little War", it did not last long (little over 3 months)

-but had a very lasting impact on the US

Peace Treaty

-McKinley began to set up military governments in Latin America

-Cuba given independence but had to include the Platt Amendment in their Const.

(-it said that if Cuba got into trouble, we could take it over

-gave U.S. right to est. a naval base there – Guantanamo Bay)

-U.S. also got control of Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines for $20 million

-In 1917 Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the

United States.**United States now is a world player

.

**Theodore Roosevelt

-Spanish-American War hero

-VP under McKinley (who died in 1901 from an assassins’ bullet {Leon Czolgosz} )

-as president, he wanted to increase U.S. world involvement

-"Speak softly and carry a big stick"

--1907 – he sent his newly built navy on a “goodwill tour of the world” – called the Great White Fleet

-to show the increased power of the US military

**Roosevelt Corollary

-was added to the Monroe Doctrine (1824)

(it warned European nations to stay out of western hemisphere problems)

-R. C. gave the U.S. the right to intervene or police Latin America

-was used to justify intervention in Dominican Republic, Panama, and Cuba when needed.

-problem with it?

• -Foreign Policy – plan that guides the activities and relationships of one country in its’ interactions with other countries

• -Imperialism – you already know this one

• -Isolationism – a policy of national isolation by staying away from alliances and other international political and economic relations

• - Interventionism – government interference in economic affairs at home in political affairs of another country

**Panama (a province of Colombia)

-ever since the 1500's, people wanted a canal there

-1880 the French bought a 5 year lease (from Colombia) for the land and tried but couldn't finish the job

-Roosevelt got sole ownership by buying out the French

-we still had to get permission from Colombia

-they refused because they wanted to sell it to the highest bidder

-U.S. backed a revolt in Panama and helped them gain their independence from Colombia

-2 weeks later they gave the U.S. permission to build the canal

-1904 construction started

-However, after it was built, 1921 the U.S. made $25 million payment to Colombia

-biggest obstacle was the diseases carried by mosquitoes ( malaria and yellow fever )

-realized that to stop the illness you had to stop the mosquitoes

-enacted a policy of not allowing any standing water anywhere near the construction zone

-finally a doctor, William Gorgas, developed penicillin to take

-geography also made it difficult – torrential rain & mudslides

-took over 43,000 workers to complete

M/C 3-2

-finally completed in 1914, costing $400 million

-ships had to pay to go through it

- highest fare = $331,200 (2008,

Disney Magic cruise ship)

- lowest fare = $.36 (1928, Richard Halliburton swam the canal)

http://www.pancanal.com/eng/general/howitworks/como-tour.html

**Philippines

-although they were promised independence,

-helped the U.S. by giving an easy access route to China and rest of Asia

-freedom forces fought against US until they were put down

-remained under U.S. until 1946

**China

- was a limitless market

- Also a very weak nation so foreign countries did much business there

- "spheres of influence"- foreign powers controlled the economic and political decisions of certain regions of China

-U.S. supported the Open Door Policy- called for equal commercial opportunity for all nations trading with China

-1900- a group of Chinese rebels (called the Boxers) wanted to get the foreigners out of China

-they rebelled against all of the foreign businesses located in China and killed 300 of them

- troops were sent in from U.S., Russia, Japan, Britain

- eventually they were defeated

• President Roosevelt felt he had an “international duty” to act as a police officer

-U.S. had a right to impose its values on weaker countries and to protect American interests

-many countries developed a resentment toward the U.S. because of this belief

• 1912 election- William Howard Taft elected President (Rep.)

-"Dollar Diplomacy"-

-encouraged the U.S. to invest in foreign countries rather than sending troops

-to make the country stable ("substitute dollars for bullets")

• 1916- Woodrow Wilson elected-believed in a "Moral Diplomacy"- work for

world peace • Mexican Revolution (1910- 1917)-Mexican leader General Vicoriano Huerta-U.S. wanted to help Venustiano Carranza

take control- April 1914 U.S. forces attacked Vera

Cruz and full war was avoided because Brazil and Chile stepped in

-Pancho Villa, a supporter of Huerta, attacked several U.S. towns on the Mexican-American border

-killed many people

-but fled back into Mexico before he could be captured

-late 1914 Carranza did take over and promised to help the U.S. find Villa, but we never did

-Focus would turn to Europe, about to explode into WWI

WORLD WAR I

Reasons for the war:

(1) By 1907, countries in Europe were competing alliances

-1879- Germany and Austria-Hungary

-1882- Italy joined and formed Triple Alliance (Central Powers), but was a weak member

-This left France isolated

-1894- France and Russia joined together -later Britain joined to form the Triple Entente

(Allies) (2) nationalism- belief one's country is the best(3) imperialism- a policy in which stronger nations

attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations(a) gain raw materials, (b) new markets, (c) milititary prestige

• (4) 1800's- Slavs formed the nations of Bulgaria, Montenegro

-Serbia was also Slavic, but land-locked--Austria-Hungary promised them the areas of Bosnia & Herzegovina

-But Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina for themselves

-this made Serbia angry as well as Russia because they needed a warm water port

-Groups formed which worked against Austria-Hungary in Serbia

(5) June 28, 1914- Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, went to Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital.

-Both he and his wife were assassinated there by a Serbian supporter named Princip

**Austria-Hungary believed that the Serbian government had ordered the murder

• July 28, 1914- they declared war on Serbia

-Russia decided to help Serbia

-Germany declared war on Russia (Aug. 1) and then France and Great Britain

Both sides believed that it would be over quickly.

The fighting would be brutal

-almost all of the fighting took place in central Europe

• September 1914 German forces made it to almost Paris, France

-but were stopped by French and British troops.

• There both sides dug creating a stalemate.

-fought from trenches

-used this method due to the new types of weapons

• Fighting was now very sophisticated due to modern technology

-machine gun- firing 450 rounds a minute

-tanks

-airplanes- used to spy on enemy and later to kill in dogfights between enemy planes

-chemical warfare = poison chlorine gas

• Loss of life was greater than in past conflicts

-Battle of Verdun = 595,000

-Battle of Somme = Br. lost 60,000 in one day

-Morale sank due to fighting but not getting anywhere.

-Soon war become one of attrition

-seeing which side could wear the other one down

US INVOLVEMENT

• Americans fell into 3 different categories:

(1)Isolationists

(2)Internationalists

(3)Interventionists

-At 1st, officially, we were neutral, but events would change that

-(1) During the fighting, Germany used submarines (called "u-boats)

-but said that they would not sink a neutral ship

-how do you determine a neutral ship from a submarine?

-90 non-military ships (U.S.) sunk in a two month period

-this upset President Woodrow Wilson greatly

**Lusitania - May 1915

-was sunk by a German submarine because it was thought to be carrying ammunitions

-1200 people died (128 Americans)

• Wilson gave Germany an ultimatum- stop bombing ships without warning

- they agreed = Sussex Pledge- Not enough to get us into war

(2) **Early 1917- Russian Revolution-people not happy with their leader so they decided

to overthrow him (Czar Nicholas II)-V.I. Lenin = communist-this took Russia out of the war completely

(3) 1917- a note was intercepted to the German minister in Mexico from Arthur Zimmermann

-it encouraged Mexico to join the Central Powers -if Mexico would attack U.S., then Mexico would get

southwestern part of U.S. when Central Powers won

-This became known as the Zimmermann Telegram (Note)

-Also, 4 unarmed U.S. ships were sunk

-Wilson felt that this was the last straw

-April 6, 1917- he asked for the U.S. to declare war

-May 1917- military draft

-U.S. unprepared for war

• Industrial production in the U.S. became more aimed toward the military

-asked people not to waste food

- sold Liberty Bonds to raise money to finance the war

-Congress passed several acts, which limited the freedoms of American citizens

--Espionage Act- illegal to interfere with the draft

--Shenck v. US – limits on free speech during wartime

-support for the war was low in the beginning

-used propaganda to convince people to help & to get behind the war effort

--Sedition Act- illegal to interfere with sells of bonds or say anything bad about the government

--imposed censorship on press

--limited the actions of the unions (too radical)

• When US did get “over there,” doughboys- nickname for the infantrymen in WWI

• With Russia out, Central Powers thought it would be easy to defeat Allies, but with the help of the U.S. Allies became strengthened

• -Battle of Chateau –Thierry (in France) stopped a German advancement

• -August 8, 1918- Battle of Amiens- Allies stopped Central Powers westward advance

-August 11, 1918- Germany sensed end was near and wanted to talk terms,

-but the Allies were not interested in any agreement that Germany could get concessions.

-They wanted total surrender

-September- Allies began to hit Germany with everything

-September 26 - final blow is given and Germany begged for an end = the Battle of the Argonne Forest

• -November 11, 1918 - armistice (ceasefire)

-More than 50,000 Americans died

-1 million French, 900,000 British, 20 million civilians

• Long before the end of the war, President Wilson began to think about a peace agreement

• -January 8, 1918- he introduced his "Fourteen Points Plan“

-called for an end to secret alliances-allow for self-determination-called for an organization made up of the

countries of the world to keep peace (League of Nations)

• January 1919- peace conference met in Paris

-The Big Four- Great Britain, France, Italy, and U.S.

-France and Britain wanted to punish Germany

-France determined never to be invaded again so they wanted to make sure Germany could not get strong again

-15 year French control of the mineral resources of Alsace-Lorraine

-British wanted reparations (payments from its enemy for the economic injury suffered in the war)

- they wanted $33 billion (too much for Germany to pay)

-called for the League of Nations to be formed

**June 28, 1919- the Treaty of Versailles was signed

• July 8- Wilson returned home to present the treaty to get U.S. approval of the treaty (the Senate must say yes)

• However, many did not like the treaty because it called for the U.S. to join the League of Nations and they wanted to return to isolationism

• Wilson sets out across the country to get public support for it

• but the treaty failed to pass the Senate. • During his travels, he had a stroke and almost

died.• July 2, 1921- Congress passed a joint resolution

formally ending the hostilities

• Red Scare (1919 – 1920)

-believed that a revolution could happen here just like in _____?

-distrusted certain people, esp unions & anarchists

-Nichola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti convicted in 1921 of stealing & killing a paymaster; executed in 1927

-Attorney General Palmer – Palmer Raids

End of Section 1

Chapter Assessment 10

Geography and HistoryThe map below shows the expansion of the United States in 1900. Study the map and answer the questions on the following slides.


Interpreting Maps Approximately how far west is the island of Guam from the west coast of the United States?

Guam is approximately 6,500 miles (10,500 kilometers) from the west coast of the United States.

Geography and History (cont.)

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Geography and History (cont.)



Applying Geography Skills Why did the United States acquire so much island territory in the Pacific?

The United States acquired it for military and trade purposes.

M/C 1-1

M/C 3-1

Technology and History 1

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Why It Matters Transparency

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1



• LOCATE THE FOLLOWING PLACES:-Dominican Republic -Haiti-Puerto Rico -Cuba-Florida -Panama-Venezuela -Nicaragua-Colombia -Midway-Philippines -Guam-Hawaii -American Somoa-Japan -United States-Australia -Europe-Asia -Africa

splash screen section 1-5 (pages 392–394) building support for imperialism click the mouse button...

Documents

foreign countries

spanish government

foreign markets

president mckinley

spanish rule

foreign bases

us territoryin

raw materials