urine analysis and biuret

7/25/2019 Urine Analysis and Biuret

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Color, pH and SpecifcGravity


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Results and Observation

Specifc Objective:

Know the normal constituent o urine

!dentiy and understand the si"nifcance oabnormal urine components

#efne the specifc "ravity $hi"h%low&


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TESTNORMAL URINE

SPECIMENABNORMAL

URINE SPECIMEN

COLOR OF URINE Dark yellow Light yellow

CONSISTENCY OFURINE

Clear liqi! Clear liqi!

"LUCOSE #egati$e Tra%e &

'ETONE #egati$e ()&*


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#iscuss the principle o Ketonethrou"h the use o rea"ent strip'

(estin" your urine or )etones is a *uic) and easy way todetermine i you are at immediate ris) or #iabeticKetoacidosis $#K+&' (his can occur when people with type diabetes don-t ta)e insulin or lon" periods o time, when

insulin pumps ail to deliver insulin and the wearer does notmonitor blood "lucose, or durin" serious illness $in type ortype .& when insulin doses are missed or not increasedappropriately or the stress o illness' /ithout enou"hinsulin, the cells in the body can-t absorb "lucose and "ointo starvation mode, brea)in" down ats or ener"y'Ketones are a by0product o at brea)down, and hi"h levels

can be to1ic'(race or small concentrations indicate you may be startin" to

build up )etones in your system and should ma)e sure yourpump is deliverin" insulin or determine i you missed ashot'

2ot eatin" or about .3 hours or a very low0carb eatin" plancan result in a small amount o )etone production that mayshow as a color chan e on the )etone test stri '


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#iscuss the principle o Glucose testin"throu"h the use o rea"ent strip'

4n5ymatic (estin"

Specifc or "lucose

#etect the o1idation o "lucose o "luconic acid

6ased on a double se*uential en5yme reaction

(o detect i patient has #iabetes 7ellitus


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8rotein: 6iuret (est

7etabolism and 4ner"y

8roduction+nalysis o 9rine


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8rocedure

8lace ml o normal urine and ml o abnormal urinesample in separate test tubes'

(o each tube, add drops o ; 2aOH, mi1

add < drops o ; CuSO3 to each tube, mi1


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8rocedure

Record observations

+ rose to violet tint indicates the presence oalbumin or related materials in the urine'


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Results and Observation

Specifc Objective:

#etect presence o peptide bonds


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OBSER+ATIONS

NORMALURINE

SPECIMEN

ABNORMALURINE

SPECIMEN

COLOR OFSOLUTION

Ble gree#Dark ,le-with ro*e

ti#t.

INTERPRETATION

Negati$e/re*e#%e o0

al,1i#

Po*iti$e/re*e#%e o0

al,1i#


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"uide *uestions


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/hat substances are

normally ound in urine (he biochemicals ound in the urine are

predominantly the endproducts o the nitro"enmetabolism process, these include urea, uric acid

and creatinine' Other components o urine includesodium chloride$ common salt& and over othersubstances that are usually present but only a trace'


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#iscuss the relationship o

urochrome with normalurine color

9robilin or urochrome is the chemical primarilyresponsible or the yellow color o urine' !ts a linear

tetrapyrrole compound that alon" with the relatedcompound urobilino"en are de"radation products othe cyclic tetrapyrrole heme's


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/hy is protein not

normally detected in urine=

8roteins are too lar"e durin" ultrafltration in the"lomerulus

(hereore they bro)edown to amino acids to beultrafltrated'

9rea is made o bro)en down old protein or e1cretionin urine

8roteinuria0 presence o abnormal *uantities o proteinin the urine, which may indicate dama"e to the)idneyss


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How do pre0renal, renal, and post renalproteinuria di>er rom one another=

8re0renal proteinuria

+n increase in the blood concentration o low molecularwei"ht protein leads to an increase in their fltration'(he t,lar 1a2i1al rea,*or/tio# %a/a%ity i*e2%ee!e!3 whi%h lea!* to i#%rea*e! e2%retio#i#to the ri#e)

(his proteinuria is observed ater /hy*i%al e2er%i*e

and are observed most oten in yo#g a!lt*)


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8re0renal proteinuria may occur in cases o ever,myocardial inarction, nervous system dama"e$i'e' stro)e&, emotional stress, intra0vascular

hemolysis $hemo"lobinuria&, musculos)eletalinjuries $myo"lobinuria & and myeloma $6ence0?ones proteinuria&'


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Renal proteinuria

7ost renal proteinurias are persistent and ori"inate inthe glo1erl*' (he concentration in urine e1ceeds'.< "%@' !t is oten a mar)er o "lomerulonephritis,in association with microhematuria' (he increase inthe concentration o low molecular wei"ht proteinsin blood cause an increase in their fltration' (he

ability o tubular reabsorption is e1ceeded whichleads to increased e1cretion'

!t is seen in cases o decreased )idney unction suchas diabetes, lupus erythematosus or the ta)in" onephroto1ic dru"s $i'e' amino"lycosides, cytostatics&


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8ostrenal 8roteinuria:

+ proteinuria due to bleedin" or inection o the)idneys, ureter, bladder or urethra'

8ost0renal proteinuria occurs with inAammatorydiseases such as cystitis, prostatitis and urinarytract bleedin"'


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41plain the protein error o indicators and listany sources o intererance that may occurwith this method o protein testin"

8rotein error o indicators

principle: at 42e! /h3 %ertai# i#!i%ator*

*how o#e %olor i# the /re*e#%e o0 /rotei#a#! a#other i# a,*e#%e o0 /re*e#%e

H!GH@B 694R4#


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41plain the protein error o indicators and list any sources o intererance that may occurwith this method'

8rimarily measures +@697!2

' indicator: tetrabromphenol blue.' Citrate 6u>er: maintains D pH


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41plain the protein error o indicators and list any sources o intererancethat may occur with this method'

8resence o albumin

' indicator E B4@@O/ (O 6@94.' 6iuret test E ROS4 (O + F!O@4(


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#iscuss 7icroalbuminuria includin" itssi"nifcance, rea"ent strip tests and

principles "overnin" its use'

(he microalbuminuriatest is a urine test thatmeasures the amount o albumin in your urine' ! )idney dama"ehas occurred, albumin will lea) into the bloodstream and will be

present in the urine' (he microalbuminuria test is also )nown as:

the +CR test

the albumin0to0creatinine ratio test

the urine albumin test


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(he 9rinalysis Rea"ent Strips $9rine& are frm plasticstrips onto which several separate rea"ent areas area1ed' (he test is or the *ualitative and semi0

*uantitative detection o Creatinine, and +lbumin atlow concentrations also )nown as 7icroalbumin inurine


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(he 9rinalysis Rea"ent Strips $9rine& are frm plasticstrips onto which several separate rea"ent areas area1ed' (he test is or the *ualitative and semi0

*uantitative detection o Creatinine, and +lbumin atlow concentrations also )nown as 7icroalbumin inurine

urine analysis and biuret

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