URBANIZATION & FUNCTIONALIST VIEW.

Presented by: HUZAIFA MUSHTAQ. (1611-312003)

Presented to: Ma’am NASREEN IQBAL.

URBAN AREAAn urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features. Urban includes Cities, towns etc..

There are about 7.1 billion people living on the planet.

In 2009, the number of people living in urban areas (3.42 billion) surpassed the number living in rural areas (3.41 billion) and since then the world has become more urban than rural.

Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of URBANIZATION.

URBAN AREA

URBANIZATION Urbanization (or urbanisation) is the increasing

number of people that live in urban areas.

It predominantly results in the physical growth of urban areas.

The world is now undergoing with the largest wave of urban growth in history.

Cities generate jobs and income. With good governance, they can deliver education, health care and other services.

URBANIZATION Migration is a significant contributor to urbanization, as

people move in search of social and economic opportunity.

By 2050 it is predicted that 64.1% and 85.9% of the developing and developed world respectively will be urbanized.

Indeed, today, in Asia the urban agglomerations of Dhaka, Karachi, Mumbai, Delhi, Manila, Seoul and Beijing are each already home to over 20 million people.

ADVANTAGES OF URBANIZATION

Growth in industrial productions: The production in various industrial sectors like cement, iron and steel, textile, fertilizers etc., are helping in the economic growth of the country.

Development in tourism industries: People from foreign countries are attracted to good cities and towns having better transport facilities. Tourism is a good source of foreign currency for a country.

Improvement in Science, Culture etc.: Urban places are the meeting point of all good facilities. Education, science and technology developments take place in urban places improving the society as a whole.

DIS-ADVANTAGES OF URBANIZATION

The rapid inflows of rural population to urban places give rise to housing problem and thus slums are developed in these places.

The decrease in rural population effects the agricultural productions due to shortage of workers in rural areas.

The unemployment increases in urban areas. Due to the various criminal activities, corruption etc. increases affecting the law and order system.

EXAMPLES OF SLUMS

FUNCITONALIST VIEW Focuses on how changes in one aspect of social

system affect other aspects of society. It includes:

I. HUMAN ECOLOGY.

II. URBAN ECOLOGY.

HUMAN ECOLOGY

Human ecology is the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments.

URBAN ECOLOGY

Urban ecology is the scientific study of the relation of living organisms with each other and their surroundings in the context of an urban environment.

FUNCTIONALIST VIEW

There are 3 basic theories in it ;

1) Concentric-zone theory.

2) Demographic transition theory.

3) Multiple-nuclei theory.

CONCENTRIC-ZONE THEORY

The Central Business District - the center of the city. A zone of mixed use with both commercial buildings

and residential ones. Working class housing; housing is cheap, standard of

living is not very high. Higher and Middle class residential zone; Better quality

of life, more expensive to live there. Commuter zone.

CONCENTRIC MODEL # 1

CONCENTRIC MODEL# 2

DEMOGRAPHIC-TRANSITION THEORY

The changes in population growth rates and the effect on population can be shown on the demographic transition model/theory.

In developed countries this transition began in the 18th century and continues today.

Less developed countries began the transition later and many are still in earlier stages of the model.

Having 4 main stages, 1 added recently.

STAGE 1: BIRTH RATE AND DEATH RATE ARE BOTH HIGH. POPULATION GROWTH

IS SLOW.

- Stage one of the demographic transition model is the most primitive of the stages where there is a high birth and death rate.

Because of this there is no great population growth.

These countries or even tribes have very basic living standards such as those in the Amazon rainforest.

 Where they hardly have any education, medicaments.

STAGE 2: BIRTH RATE REMAINS HIGH. DEATH RATE IS FALLING. POPULATION

BEGINS TO RISE STEADILY

- In this stage of the demographic transition model there are a lot of births, however the death rate has gone down.

-  This results in a rise in population due to the fact that more infants are surviving.

-  Reasons for which more people may be surviving may be better health care, improved sanitation such as water etc…

STAGE 3: BIRTH RATE STARTS TO FALL. DEATH RATE CONTINUES TO FALL. POPULATION RISING.

- Stage three is the stage at which there is already a low death rate as well as a declining birth rate;

therefore leading to a slight increase in population.

- The reason for the fall in births may be due to family planning.

STAGE 4: DEATH & BIRTH RATE BOTH LOW

- Stage four is the one at which Switzerland is.

- There is a stable population without much change because both the death and birth rate are low.

STAGE 5- A country such as Sweden is currently

entering into the negative growth rate meaning that there are less births than deaths.

-  So that the country's population size is decreasing leading to problems.

5 STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY

MULTIPLE-NUCLEI THEORY.

The model describes the layout of a city.

The core of multiple-nuclei theory is the observation that;

different activities (industry, retailing, residence) have different location priorities and special needs, such as access to transportation networks, water power.