Urbanization and Immigration

Chapter 25

Essential Questions?

• How did immigration and industrialization shape urban life?

• How did the rapid industrialization of the Gilded Age create economic, social, and political change in the US?

Urban Frontier

• NY, Chicago, Philadelphia become cities of 1 million people by 1890

• Skyscrapers, elevators, electric trolleys, electricity, plumbing, and telephones allow cities to expand upward and outward.

• De jure (by law) and de facto (by common occurrence) segregation creates ethnic neighborhoods in large cities.

Urbanization

• Brooklyn Bridge an engineering marvel of the day

• Department stores and mail order catalogs become influential in urban and rural life

• Problems: waste disposal, crime, impure water, animal poo, urban slums, disease infestation, overcrowding, dumbbell tenements

Dumbbell Tenements

Waste Disposal

Old vs. New

• Old Immigrants: German, British, Irish– Primary immigrants before Civil War

• New Immigrants: Italian, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, Poles, Chinese– Primary immigrants after Civil War– No history of democracy– Different language, religious beliefs, customs– Many feared new couldn’t assimilate

Why’d They Come?

• Overcrowding in Europe• Unemployment• “Land of Opportunity”• Industrialists welcomed and encouraged.

Why?

Polish Immigrants

Italian Immigrants

Reactions to New Immigrants

• Political machines used them for their benefit• Settlement Houses: benevolent Americans

established these to ease transition. – Jane Addams creates Hull House in Chicago

• Women take a leading role in helping these new Americans– Immigrant women enter the work force, mostly as

textile workers

Reactions to New Immigrants

• Nativism rears its ugly head– Fear that immigrants would ruin tradition,

mongrelize – Fear of socialism, communism, and anarchism– American Protective Association- anti immigrant

• Industrialists new that immigrants were less likely to unionize. Why?

Laws Against Immigration

• 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act: bans all Chinese immigration

• 1882: extremely poor, criminals, and convicts banned

• 1885: no foreign workers under contract• 1917: literacy testsDespite these obstacles immigrants poored into

US

Statue of Liberty

• Gift from France

• Give me your tired, your poor

• Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

• The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

Darwin v. God

• Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species– Evolution, natural selection, survival of the fittest– By 1875, most scientist agreed

• Clergy rejected– Word of God Infalliable

• Many began to combine Darwin with religious thought– Creative Design

Charles Darwin

Learnin’ and Such

• Tax-supported elementary schools are compulsory during this era.

• High schools and textbooks from tax dollars are on the rise

• “Normal schools” = teacher schools increase• Private Catholic schools• Cities offered better educational opportunities

than the country

Different Responses to Segregation

• Booker T. Washington– Born a slave– Built the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama– Taught AA trades such as agriculture to help them

achieve economic independence– Often avoided the issue of social and political

equality– 1st: make AA economically healthy– 2nd: Reach for political and civil rights

Different Responses to Segregation

• Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois– From a upper middle class AA family– 1st AA to graduate from Harvard– Demanded immediately inclusion of AA in the

social, economic, and political aspects of US.– Founder of the NAACP, editor of The Crisis– Called Washington and “Uncle Tom”– Late in life he denounced US citizenship

Why Were They so Different?

Booker T. Washington Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois

Mr. Peanut

• George Washington Carver

• Professor of agriculture at Tuskegee

• World renounced chemist

• Discovered hundreds of uses for peanuts

• Helped revitalize southern farming

College Education• Colleges increase after

Civil War• More women and

minorities attend segregated and all-girls schools

• Morrill Act: 1862, gave federal land to states for military and agricultural schools (Land-grant schools)

Other Schools

• Religious colleges flourished: Wake Forest• New Industrialization demanded vocational

training• Medical schools became legitimate and

increased: Duke

What Cha’ Readin’

• Library of Congress builds a 13 acre building• Public Libraries expand across the nation– Andrew Carnegie donates millions to libraries

• Newspaper circulation increases– Sensationalism sells papers: sex, scandals, snooping– Know: William Randolph Hearst and Joseph

Pulitzer: prominent editors of this era– Yellow Journalism: down playing legitimate news in

favor of sensational stories

Activote

• 1. Who was a prominent immigration reformer?– A. Ida B. Wells– B. Carrie Nation– C. Susan B. Anthony– D. Jane Addams– E. Joseph Pulitzer

Activote

• 2. Which group is considered “new immigrants”?– A. Slovaks– B. Swedish– C. British– D. Germans– E. irish

Activote

• 3. Who was called an “accomodationist” by rivals?– A. WEB DuBois– B. Booker Washington– C. Barack Obama– D. George W. Carver– E. Marcus Garvey

Activote

• 4. What law created “land-grant” colleges?– A. Homestead Act– B. Interstate Commerce Act– C. Sherman Anti-Trust Act– D. Land-Grant Act– E. Morrill Act

Activote

• 5. Who used yellow journalism to their advantage?– A. Booker Washington– B. William McKinley– C. Andrew Carnegie– D. William R. Hearst– E. Terrence Hearst