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Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation at a IGESERI Policy Research Workshop On October 18, 2012

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Page 1: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Integrated Public Transportation Planning

Dr. Hironori KatoDepartment of Civil Engineering

The University of Tokyo

Presentation at a IGES‐ERI Policy Research WorkshopOn October 18, 2012

Page 2: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

Contents

• Introduction• Urban Rail Network in Tokyo• Towards Better Service Quality in Urban Rail Service

• Conclusion

Page 3: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

Introduction

3

Page 4: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

• Motorization has been linked with increasing demands for mobility. 

• This mobility is mainly supported by the internal combustion engine that consumes vast quantities of energy, mainly petroleum. 

• Environmental impacts is a cost mostly assumed by the society.

4

Mobility and Environment

Page 5: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

Business carincl. taxi andtruck Passenger car

Air transport

Bus

Railway

g‐CO2 per passenger kmSource: MLIT, Japan (2005)

5

CO2 Emissions by Transportation Mode

Page 6: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

Car‐dependent lifestyle(car‐oriented 

way‐of‐thinking)

More car‐use/Public transport

declining

Car‐oriented urbanstructure

6

Motorization Spiral

Typical Problems in Urban Transportation

Page 7: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

7Urban density (Population per hectare)

0 25 50 75 100 125      150      175     200      225      250      275      300      325

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0

HoustonSan Diego

Portland

PhoenixSan FranciscoDenver

Los AngelesDetroit

ChicagoBoston

Washington DCNew YorkCanberra

Calgary MelbourneWinnipegPerthEdmontonToronto

AdelaideBrisbane

VancouverMontrealSydney

Ottawa HamburgBrussels

StockholmFrankfurt

ZurichParisCopenhagenLondon

WienMunich

AmsterdamKuala Lumpur Tokyo

SingaporeBangkok

Surabaya

Jakarta

ManilaSeoul Hong KongTr

ansport‐related Energy Con

sumption

(Gigajou

les pe

r capita

 per year)

Source: Newman and Kenworthy (1989)

Urban Density vs. Transportation‐related Energy Consumption

Page 8: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

8

Source: MLIT, Japan

Concept of Compact CityCompact city is a design concept that promotes relatively high residential density with mixed land uses

Page 9: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

Bus or transit

Residential areaCBD

Offices and commercial zone

9

Transit‐oriented Development (TOD)

Integrated Approach: TOD

A mixed‐use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport, and often incorporates features to encourage transit ridership

Page 10: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

Urban Rail Network in Tokyo

10

Page 11: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

11

Bike6%Walk

10%Car9%

Bus 2%

Rail73%

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐Travel time (Min.)

Travel time (M

in.)

1970    1975   1980   1985   1990   2000    2005    2010

Modal share of commuters to CBD in Tokyo in 2000

Source: Tokyo MetropolitanTransport Census (2000) Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Transport Census (2010)

Timeline of distributions of rail‐use travelers (1970‐2010)

Home‐to‐work Home‐to‐school Total

Rail‐Use Commuters to Central Tokyo

Page 12: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

12

Rail Network and Land‐use Pattern in Tokyo

Map of Tokyo

Page 13: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

13

Example of land‐use pattern around rail station

Map of Tokyo

Page 14: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

14

Example of TOD (1): Development of Den‐en‐chofu

• Den‐en‐chofu was built based on the "Garden City" idea.• In the early 1900s Mr. Eiichi Shibusawa bought, named and 

developed the area with the suburban rail development.

Map of Den‐en‐chofu and photos

Page 15: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

Examples of TOD (2): Recent Development of Commercial Facilities near Rail Stations

Photos of recent developments in Tokyo

Page 16: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

Towards Better Service Quality in Urban Rail Service

16

Page 17: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

The Latest Urban Rail Master Plan in Tokyo

Council for Transport Policy Report No.18 (2000)

(A1) Routes that are suitable for operation by the target year(A2) Routes that are suitable for starting development by the 

target year (B) Routes that must be developed or studied in the future

Background• Rapid aging in population• Globalization• Decline of urban rail demand

Plan (Five Targets)• Reduction of in‐vehicle congestion

– Average congestion rate at major 31 links: 150%

• Speed‐up of rail service– Travel time saving from suburban to 

CBD – High‐speed connections between 

major business cities.• Contribution to urban development• Improvement of accessibility to 

airports/high‐speed rail stations • Development of the seamless rail 

network– Up‐grading of station facilities for 

transfer. 17

Page 18: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

• Rail network has been gradually developed since 2000.

• In 2006, Tsukuba Express started its service connecting Akihabara with Tsukuba.

56.5 56.566.9 71.0 71.0

129.3 129.3142.3 151.2 151.2

161.9

0

50

100

150

200

250

Monorail, LRT etc.

ImprovementDouble tracking

New construction

221.2

59.9 61.975.1

79.286.5

147.6 147.6

177.6

200.1202.1

2000  01    02    03     04    05   06    07     08    09    10    11

Year

Length of developed rail network in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area after 2000

Network of Tsukuba Express

Recent Development of Rail Network in Tokyo After the Latest Master Plan

18

km

Page 19: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

• MLIT will commission a committee for the next urban rail master‐plan in Tokyo from November 2012.

• The preparatory committee has discussed the current /expected problems and future directions in urban rail service of Tokyo.

• Major issues discussed– Rapid aging in suburban areas– Expected changes in travel 

behavior– In‐vehicle congestion– Service delay– Improvement of accessibility 

to airport– Improvement of  accessibility 

to rail stations at CBD– Rail service under the 

emergency

19

Current Discussion on Planning

Page 20: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

20

2005

2025 (Estimation)

2015 (Estimation)

2035 (Estimation)

Rapid Aging in Suburban Areas

Percentage of senior population over 65 years old

(%)0~2020~2525~3030~3535~4040~4545~

Page 21: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

21

Development of Seamless Rail Network

2000    01     02     03    04    05    06   07   08   09

Share of stations with over 5,000 passengers/day that have introduced the non‐step route in Tokyo

• A number of barrier‐free facilities have been introduced into rail stations.

Photo

Page 22: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

In‐vehicle Congestion

定員乗車(座席につくか、吊革につかまるか、ドア付近の柱につかまることができる)。

広げて楽に新聞を読める。

折りたたむなど無理をすれば新聞を読める。

体がふれあい相当圧迫感があるが、週刊誌程度なら何とか読める。

電車がゆれるたびに体が斜めになって身動きができず、手も動かせない。

100% 150% 180% 200% 250%

(%)

Target: 150%

221214 212

202197

183

171 171 170 170 171 171 167 166

124

136

149156

161

164 163 163 163 163 162 162163

121131

137 140 133127 127 126 126 126 125 123 122

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

230

197580 85 89 93 98 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Congestion rateTraffic capacity (1975=100)Traffic volume (1975=100)

Timeline of in‐vehicle rail congestion in Tokyo: Average in 31 sections

• In‐vehicle congestion has been reduced during the past ten years.– This is not because of the 

increase of traffic capacity but because of the decrease of traffic volume.

• However, the target of the national government has not been achieved yet.

22

Page 23: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

23

Service Delay of Urban Rail in Tokyo

The wide‐spread impact of service delay due to direct‐through operation Average service delay time during the observed 

days in 2010

Commuter Train Subway

Before Direct‐through Operation

Transfer

After Direct‐through Operation

No Transfer

DirectCommuter Train Subway

station

Direct‐through operation of urban rail service

23

155 

414 532 

691 878 

19701980199020002010

Total operation length of direct‐through operated rail lines

Graphs

Page 24: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

• One of the possible solutions for service delay is the reduction of the in‐station congestion at subway stations in CBD.

• Examples at Kachidoki Station– Installation of new platform and new exit (A2b)– Separation of platform by direction– Integration of concourse floors

• One of critical issues is the allocation of construction cost among stakeholders including rail operator and developers.

24

Reduction of In‐station Congestion

Kachidoki Station

2.8

6.26.7 6.4 6.4 6.6 7.0

7.6

0.0

3.0

6.0

9.0

2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

X 10,000 Passengers per day

Photo

Map of stationMap of station

Page 25: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

• Traffic information contributes to better departure time choices of rail users. – Mobile phones enable individuals to 

access traffic information even during travel. 

– The possibilities of providing dynamic traffic information through mobile phones and/or personal digital assistants should be explored.

25

Smart Traffic Information

Collection of traffic information before departure 195 49.4%From TV programs 89 (45.6%)From the internet using mobile phones 49 (25.1%)From radio programs 16 (8.2%)From the internet using personal computer 6 (3.1%)

Earlier departure from home everyday 262 66.3%Earlier departure from home particularly when an important meeting is planned 212 53.7%

Others 21 5.3%

Example of in‐vehicle integrated information system for smart‐phone users

Source: JR East

Type of behavior to avoid delays (Kato et al, 2012)

Page 26: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

Conclusion

26

Page 27: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

1895 1920 1940

1955 1970 1990

History of Rail Network Development in Tokyo

• Basic rail network in Tokyo was completed around in 1930s.• Private rail companies led the construction of suburban rail 

network with suburban development.

Page 28: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

28

1900 First Railway Master‐plan of Tokyo by Haraguchi, K.1925 Official Master‐plan by Ministry of Domestic Affairs

1946 A Plan proposed by Postwar Rehabilitation Agency1956 Urban Transport Committee’s Plan No.11962 Urban Transport Committee’s Plan No.6

1968 Urban Transport Committee’s Plan No.101972 Urban Transport Committee’s Plan No.151985 Council for Transport Policy Deliberation Report No.7 

2000 Council for Transport Policy Deliberation Report No.18 

History of Rail Master‐plans in Tokyo (Morichi, 2000)

Initial Stage

Growing Stage

Quantitative‐Investment Stage

Qualitative‐Investment Stage

Timeline of Population in Tokyo

Central Tokyo Sta.

Congested Station in 70s

Photo

Photo

Page 29: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

29

Planning Stages of Rail Development

Graph

Page 30: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo: Public Transportation ...Integrated Public Transportation Planning Dr. Hironori Kato Department of Civil Engineering The University of Tokyo Presentation

• Quantitative investment is, of course, required for dealing with growing traffic demand.

• However, at some point, an improvement of quality of service will become essential for more attractive public transport.– Less congestion/better comfort– Higher speed/less travel time– Easy connection at station– Useful traffic information

• Additionally the integrated planning of land‐use and public transport could be one of key issues for achieving low‐carbon urban society.

30

Concluding Remarks