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Units3-4

Before you start ...

Listen, read and talk about ...

Phrasa 1 verbs

Write ... articles reports and proposals52

. What isthe firstthing you think about when you hearthe words 'familyand friends'?. What, inyouropinion,is the most seriousproblemtheworldis facingtoday?. relationships . laughter and emotions. influences . the elderly. personality . social problems. friendship . the laIN. familylife . crime and punishment. people's characters . help and advice. marriedlife . civil liberties. lifestyles . charity. loneliness and companionship . surveillance. self-esteem. peer pressure. apologise . offer solutionsLearn how to ... . offer an excuse . evaluate. accept/reject an apology . commiserate. discuss problems. bring. stand. cut. pass. the past tenses . keyword transformations

Practise ... . 'would' for past events . multiplechoicecloze. the passive voice . word formation. causative forms . gapped sentences. cloze


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.;r -:lationships are shown inthe~_""E!5'How important are they?.;E:::J


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Reading Part31 a. Youwill readanarticleabout the grandparent!grandchildrelationship.Beforereading,discussthe following in pairs.

Whatcan begainedfrom a grandparent/grandchildrelationship?Arethereanynegativeactors?.Howcanthe relationshipwithgrandparentsifferfromthatwith parents?

b. Lookat the title of the article.Whatquestiondoyouthink it posesabout grandparents?

No one warnedmethat inmy early40s, I wouldstart cooinglonginglyinto prams.I wastotally unprepared to meet this newaspect of myself.My own nest had just emptied and I waseagerlyfilling the 'vacuum' with innumerable career and globe-

5 trotting adventures.Admittedly the mastervisionfor the rest ofmy life did include a fewhappy granny andgrandpa scenes,butthey were more distant and more a familyjoke than a seriousprediction. So this strange primitive urge to extend my familyinto another generation was both perplexing and even a little

10 irritating.When the right time came, I had, of course,every intention

of becominga conscientious,involvedgrandparent But that wasmore about doing the right thing for the children than fulfillinga deep instinctiveneed ofmy own.As a psychotherapist,I am

15 hyper-awareof how life-transforminga goodrelationshipwith agrandparent can be. It offersso much more than treats, extraquality timeand cheap nannying.Good grandparents helpbuildpsychologicalsecurity by making their grandchildren feel partof a much wider,diverse and stablesupportive familynetwork.

20 They also give them a sense of their place in history andevolutionand give their lifea meaningfulsenseof perspective.Even when we reach adulthood, our psychological health

canbeaffectedby the relationship that wemayor maynot havehad with our grandparents. I frequently work with people who

25 have (to put it mildly!)a less than perfect relationship withtheir own parents.Many times I have been able to help peopleheal emotionally by simply reawakening a cherished memoryof a much happier and more unconditionally lovingrelationshipwith a grandparent.

30 Alan was, in his own words, 'a hopeless case ofworkaholism'. He still felt driven by trying to please hisambitious, perfectionist father. But, fortunately, I discoveredthat he had also received a much more unconditional kind oftQX!:.Qmhis calmer., ha1?1?ierand affectionate @"andfather.

35 Putting a photo of hisgrandad on his desk helped Alan keephispromiseto himself to maintain better balance in his life.Similarly, another client, Angela, had very lowself-esteem.

We found that by just recalling her grandmother's look ofpure joy when she used to greet her after school each day,

40 Angela could give herself a powerful boost of confidencewhenever she needed it.

5

-- --

Until I became a grandparent myself, however, I neverappreciated how important Alan and Angela must have beenfor the happiness and welfare of their grandparents.

Nowadays,the chancesof children and grandparentshavingsuch intimate, mutually satisfying relationships are fastdiminishing.Recent research revealed that in Britain, one outof twenty grandparents is likely to have had no contactwhatsoever with at least one of their grandchildren during thepast five years.There are many reasons for this newdistancingof generations.Sometimes,it'smeregeography that keeps themapart. I recently met a woman who proudly showed me apicture of her family in Australia. Unfortunately, she told me,she hadn't ever visited them, and hadn't even seen her five-year-old granddaughter. Her son had brought over his seven-year-oldson six yearsago, but he hadn't had the timeormoneyto visit since. She explained that she herself had a heartcondition,whichwouldmake a long flight too risky.The positive aspect of this story was that, however sad this

situationwasfor both parties,there appeared to be no bitternessor resentment But many grandparents feel quite differently.They're being forced apart from their grandchildren by lessacceptable factors of modern society.Perhaps pressure of timemaintains the distance. After all, nowadays, even if closeextendedfamilieslivewithineasyvisitingdistance,theymaystillnot seemuchof eachother. Parents oftenspend somuch of theirpreciousweekends cleaning,shopping and decorating that theyhardly have time to get to know their children. Equally, thechildren themselves may have s~ch a heavy weekend ofprogrammed activitythat their time isalsostretched to itslimits.A visitto or fromgrandparents feelslike a luxury that no onecan afford.

Another increasingly common reason for estrangement isthe break-up of family through divorce or separation. Manyg,randearents who conse~uently lose contact with theirgrandchildrengo through a painful bereavementprocess,whicl>can even lead to emotional and physicalillness.This is iJIo_they never give up hope. They will not accept the fin...separation or loss.It seemsthat the grandparenting instinc' _bond is so strong that it is rarely killed by even the most -family squabbles and separations.


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neverbeen

ingfaste outntactthe

themme ald me,five-

seven-moneyheartd thisernessrently.by lessf t imef close

of theirat theyy, theend ofs limits. -no one

~=adthe text more carefully.Forquestions 1-7,=-oosethe answer(A, B, ( or D)whichyou;:-nj{fits best according to the text.~ shewas about forty, the writer:>ecamea grandparent.vas planning to travel..,vasannoyed by her family.

=: regretted not having grandchildren.

--"ewriter believed that becoming a grandparent

vVOuld be an annoying exper ience.~ .."ouldmakeher a better person.

. ."ou ld be a confusing experience.=: .."ould not happen until later in her life."e writer thinks that grandparents are particularly'"1pOrtant because

they ensure children get better treatment.3 they teach children about the past.e they provide children with f inancial support.:: they givechildrena senseof belonging.~ording to the writer, Alan and Angela benefited from~ understanding the reasonsfor their parents' behaviour.3 having no memoriesof their relationshipwith their

grandparents.[ remembering their grandparents' attitude towards

them.J finding out why they were lacking in confidence.

ent isManytheir

whichbecauseality ofct and

st bitter

-..--""-5 How did the woman whose grandchildrenwere in

Australia feel?A Sheknewthatvisitingwouldbedifficultforbothsides

of thefamily.B Sheblamedhersonfor not makingenoughefforttoseeher.e Shewashappyhat herfamilyhadbeensosuccessfuLD Shepreferrednot to seethemregularly.

6 Whengrandparentsivenearto their families,A seeingeachotherisusuallymucheasier.B parentsryto keepthegrandparentstadistance.e lackof timemaypreventregularcontact.D grandchildrenesentepeatedisitsromgrandparents.7 Why does losing contact with grandchildrenaffect

grandparentssodeeply?A Theyfeel their lovefor theirgrandchildrens beingdestroyed.

B Theywishheyhaddonemoreo preventheseparation.e Theyknowthat theirgrandchildrenillsufferfromtheloss.D They continue to hope that contactwill be re-established.

Vocabulary Practice2 Replacehe highlightedwordsinthe text with thewords below.

. valuable varied puzzling numerous secure.simple hostile dependableTextAnalysis

3 Findthese phrases inthe text and, inpairs,explaintheir meaning.1 Myownnesthadjustemptied(para1)2 ameaningfulenseof perspectivepara2)3 to put it mildly(para3)4 apowerful boostof confidence(para5)5 withineasyvisitingdistancepqra8)6 timeisalsostretchedo itslimits(para8)

...:,.. Discussion4 a. Thewritersaysthat 'thechancesfchildrenand

grandparentshavingmutuallysatisfyingrelationshipsarefastdiminishing'.Doyouagree?Why/Whynot?Discuss in groups.

b._ Imagineyou are a grandparent. Describean idealweekend to your partner.Thinkabout: place people feelings 55


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l~, LangUage~cus. - ..---:) First Impressions1 a. Whichof the four menin thepictureshasthe followingcharacteristics?

\.

1a dreamyookinhiseyes;2abeamingsmile;3 anunkemptheadof hair;4 a seriousmodeof dress;5 a tastefor brightcolours;6 a lookof self-assurance;apowerfulphysiqueb. In pairs, try to guessfrom their

appearance to whom thedescriptions (a-h) apply.

A: I think the incurable romantic is Frank.I getthat impression because he's got somethingof a dreamy look in hiseyes.

B: Really?I think it's Ted.Isuppose it'sthat greatbig beaming smile that makes me think that.

o Now listen to people who knowthe four men talking about theirpersonalities. Write the first letterof the men's names in the correctboxes in Ex. 1b. How successfulwere your guesses?

d. Doyou think first impressions areimportant? Why (not)? Discussingroups.56

:) Families2 a.

b. With a partner, discusssituations inwhich members of a famil) needto havestrongbonds. becomenvolvedn conflictsandquarrels.. haveto resolveamisunderstanding. haveachanceo showaffectionto eachother.

c. Which of the following are blood relatives (8)and which arerelatives by marriage (M)?

1 brother-in-law2 greatuncle3 niece

4 stepmother5 halfbrother6 greatgrandparents

:) A partner for life?a. Which ofthe following do you think are the fivemost

important qualities in a future husband/wife? Rankthem, therdiscuss in pairs. .t

Suddenly, it's as if saying goodbye to a spouse is no longer the dismal climaxprotracted misery that it once was. Divorce in the 21st century appears a simplifestyle choice, the result of two people drifting apart: now the ex-partners Co-move on and rebuild their lives. Today, those people who once tied the 1mbecause living together was frowned upon are cohabiting. However, the divor...rate isstillhigh;thereis a phenomenallyhighrateofmaritalbreakdown- 4 ~.~of 10. So, who divorces and why?What might that tell us about marriages it..last? Academics discovered that the deprived are more divorce-prone, as ~those who have cohabited more than once before marriage, those who ha~embarked on relationships at a young age, those who have experienced parent..divorce and those who have 'low emotional well-being'. In short, an awful lotus are vulnerable. It's this 'happy ever after' that we can't quite seem to g"right.

a anincurableomantic.... 0 3b adotingfather..... 0c aconfirmedachelor.... 0d anabsent-mindedenius.... 0e akeensportsman.... 0f a happy-go-luckyxtrovert..... 0g adedicatedprofessional..... 0h arecklesspendthrift.... 0

a professionalecurity h senseof humourb professionalrospects i intellectc financialsecurity j empathyd educationalbackground k devotione socialbackground I romanticnaturef maturity m tasteinbooks/filmsetc.9 moralvalues n attractiveappearanceb. Readthe following extract on divorce and explain the

highlighted words.


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faIT'

,ther

imax tla simpleers ccu:the knO'divorce

n - 4 Olr.es thffi, as areho haveparenta.ful lot a

to ge1

i- - _:--E..~ lOllaredealingwith maritalprob:eMS .Ou are-; := a ""'arriagecounselloraboutthem. Inpa'rs,actout;-.-E5...s~l'1ghe prompts.:2 - 3'dsrip emotionalnstability'.problemswith relatives=-.:-~ lackof qualitytime poorcommunication- :.: ::;operate. Johnand Iarehavingcommunicationproblems.- ~ oughttodiscusslltheaspectsof theproblemwithyourhusband.- -: =x;er saidthandone.Hedoesn'tistentoawordIsay!

GivingAdvice If Iwereyou... IfIwereinyourshoes, I'd ... It'dbe/It'sa goodideato ... Hadn't youbetter ...7 You'dbetter... Ithinkyououghtto ... Itmightbean ideato ...7 Haveyou(ever)thought

about/considered...7 Itmight be advisable(not)to ...

Reacting to advice given That's easier said than done. Thatsoundslikea good idea, but ... That's allverywell, but ... I'm not sure that would work. Youcouldberight. Ihad neverthought of that. That'strue.MaybeIshould... Well, you have a point but ... Iappreciateyour advice ... This isdefinitely the best/worst advice...

: p Your Vocabulary. .. --e adjectives below can be used with the prefix'self' to talk about personality traits. Read the sentences 1-5_-z. .npairs, decidewhat kindof person might say them.

appointed obsessed reliantware consciousdenyingconfidentisciplined confessedestructive indulgentighteous centred

-=:::;'"a specif icoutineeveryday.I neverstrayfrom it.=-::: :'s exercising,then tidying up the house and then=:0 1V0rk..:.~ 90wersfor myselfeveryday.Ijust lovepampering

:) Words often Confused5 Underlinehe correctword.

:: Nantto goto the cinema!I don't carewhat you.a-:to do.:;. goinfirst.IknowI lookawfulinthisdress.Everybody's;::~g to laughatme.C '10I cando it! Really,'m usedto doingthingsfor- 'Self.

Thingswill get better in the long time/term/interval/period.2 Theseminarasts/endures/has/continuesivehours.

3 Yogahelpsrelax/loosen/ease/calmtress.4 Youaresuggested/informed/proposed/advisedo follow

theguidelines.5 Hismethodshaveconfident/positive/progressive/gainful

effectsonthepatient.6 Therewasadramaticchange/turn/switch/swingf policy

whichnobodyhadpredicted.'f:Jw,make up fivesentences of your own using?P.yof the remaining adjectives from Ex.4a.57


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d ~ __ _ _. ~

language Focus:) Collocations b. Usethe idioms, intheir correct form, tocomplete the sentences below.6 a. Matchthe pairs of adjectives to the nouns.

1 unconditional/parental2 long-lasting/favourable3 spiritual/common4 personal/hiddenS superficial/working6 nuclear/close-knit7 middle/only8 heartfelt/popular

a bondb attributesc impressiond familye lovef relationship9 sympathyh child

Youcertainly today. Whatever has go'you so excited?

2 Soyoucrashedyourcar. , youwon't hav=to buypetrolfor a while!

3 Nobody can be cheerful all the time. Everybod'once ina while.

4 Weknewwe had whenwe couldreven pay our rent.

S I aboutyourgoingaway,but Icheere~up when Irealised it would only be for a few weeks.

6 Theweddingwas rather long,butwe ......................at the reception.

7 Don't !Goandasksomebodyo dar::withyou.

8 Mymother loves t o tell the story about how she was uone that myfather !

9 Mybrother eversincehisgirlfriE"agreed to marryhim.

10 Mybabysister whenhergoldfishdie:

b. Nowuseonewordfromeachset to completethe sentences below. Inpairs, use the remainingcollocations to make up sentences of your own.

Iam very lucky in the fact that I have a very ..................familythat sticks together when times get difficult.2 Myunclemadea(n) impressionn me.

Tothis day, Iremember his honesty and kindness.3 lovefromone'sgrandparentscanbean incredible blessing to a confused teenager.

4 Unfortunately,inthis dayand age, the majorityof us areinvolvedinmostly relationships.

a. Tick(.I) the boxes inthe table to categorise theidiomsunder the correct heading ofhappiness or sadness.Checkwith yourpartner.

:)7

Idioms

be/have/need a shoulder to cryon' b~ ~11 t !' \) 'D 'D ~~~~look on the bright sidehave a whale of a timesweep sb off their feetbe a wet blanketbe full of beansbe down in the dumpscryone's heart outhit rock bottom

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c. Takea fewminutesandsketcha picturefor cr.of the idiomsfrom EX.7a.Showit to the classandseeif theycanguesswhich idiomyouher=drawn.

:) FixedPhrases(phrases with of)8 a. Connectnounsfromthe left columnwith no....from the right columnto createfixed idioma:.

phrases.

"'-/

1 heart2 slip3 grain4 touchS change6 trace7 glow8 glimmer

remorsehopetruthgoldthe tonguesatisfactionconcernheart

b. Now,matchthe following with oneof thephrasesromEx.8aand,in pairs,usetherr -~~~\~~'-~~.

a slightfeelingof regretb verygenerous and kindc not a t otal lied make up one's mindto do sth different than or2

plannede verysmallchance that sth might turn out all rigt>i:f saysomethingyoudidn'tmeantog slightlyworriedh a look of pleasure at something well done


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has g

n't ha

erybo

coula

I chee'::::eeks.

to da~

e was -girlfr'2

fish d.,.

e for 0e classha

ith no. ~idioma-

# ~"'rasal Verbs ~. ~Appendix 1a:ch the phrasal verbs inthe sentences with their

-ecnjngs from the box below.G reviveH introduce

'ou're coming to the house later, could you bring::'wt!ryour CD player?:-:: you have any idea what brought about the-f! .spaper's bankruptcy?:-e la can't play her part in the school production so~~ I haveto stand in for her.:0 ,ou know what the initials Ms stand for?--e government is planning to bring in new legislation::rcerning familywelfare payments.- =aithfulwifewill stand by her husband through both--2 good and bad times.- ~er bright red wedding dress, Dora certainly stood:..."1at the ceremony.2 only managed to bring hirTlround by pouring water

: '2' fJishead.: :-aracter Adjectives... - ...,hegapswiththe mostsuitablewordfrom

e ;-J1:!nsets below.=> -fJe man thinks there's nobody better than him.,-je'sso !:: Shehas livedandworkedin Londonforyears,butshe'svery of herScottishdescent.

:: can't stand it when he acts so justbecause he's got a university degree..proud arrogant superior

::; "'lis and optimistic attitude to his workf]asimpressed his boss.

- Frankly,Ithink expecting to get 800 a week in your:;rstjob isquite .:: l was a(n) question, but Tomseemed to

be furiouswithme forasking. naive innocent youthful

~< you just lookat Tina, she bursts into tears. Shereallymust stop beingso .

- "'Iehasn't got much drivingexperience,so I'ma bitto trust himwith mycar.

:: know the riskisn't verygreat, but I'm still ratherabout the wholething.

apprehensive hesitant .timid


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-- ------

r'-'--- - T ~--! ~I~1: Listening ~Speaking~,~. ~ _

(Listening-Part31 a. Youwill hear Peter and Caroltalking about thenews. Beforeyou listen, in pairs discussthefollowing.

Do you prefer to learn about the news from TV,the radioor newspapers? Why?

2 Which of these forms of media do you think has thegreatest influence on us?

W Now listen to the recording. For questions 1-6,choose the answer (A, B,C or D)which fits bestaccording to what you hear.What doesn't Peter likeabout the TVnews?A Itexploitspersonalmisfortune.B The picturesare not variedenough.C Itmakesustoo emotional.D The itemscoveredare limited.

2 Accordingto Peter,picturesA can be usedto distort reality.B are morereliablethan ~ords.C makenewsstoriesmoreinteresting.D tend to giveus conflictingviews.

3 How does Carol think people are affected byshocking news pictures?A They question what 's right and wrong.B They feel guilty about their own lives.C They reevaluate their view of the world.D They try to do something to help.

4 Peter thinks that on the TVnews, important eventsA do not alwaysget goodvisualcoverage.B are giventoo muchbroadcastingtime.C are blownupout ofallproportion.D are presented as minorincidents.

5 Peter saysthat quality newspapers differ fromTVinthatA they present a wider rangeof opinions.B they allow us to form our own views.C they are more selective in what they cover.D they treat the news in greater depth.

6 Carol believesthat compared with film,newspapersA are more obviously biased.B have a much greater influence.C can be equally persuasive.D don't affect people so much.

c. Whoseopiniondoyouagreewithmost:Carol'sor Peter's?Discussn groups.

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(Listening-Part22 a. Youwillhearpartof a radiotalkabout laughter.Beforeyoulisten,lookat thegaps1to 8andtryto predictthemissingwords.W Nowistento the talk andfor questions1-8completethe sentences.

. .

u

laughterLaughter isa reaction to humour in less than[!] I of cases.Itisan important part of~people.

I betwee--

Women smile more than men and use laughter to establisho Iwithothers.Men tend to laugh more loudly and they also use laughter towield~ loverthers.Laughterhasbeenshownto reduce@]and stress.It also increases the human body's ability to fight@] I.Children may suffer from lackof laughter because they ma' _~ I during their leisuretime.Laughter helps children to acquire @]and to gradually develop into adults.

c. Inpairs,discusswhat makesyoulaugh.

-c-

J

I


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betwee

ablisr

-~

- ;;r; 2:Compare&Speculate_: e Alone 'CEude~: ::~~"e three pictures below. Comparetwo of the- _ '2S and say how the people might be feeling and

- _~fullanguage: Speculatingabout People'sFeelings~ "c expression, she must befeeling...

- "-:- ~&'herface that she's...:c.co feeling quite ...~ " 'quite/rather....:3"5 :0 De ...e~IS...

--~ people be feeling?'C =ee,'1g like that?--~

~udent!,....c.-persondoyou identifywith most?

~ PeopleTogether4 a.

/.:What has brought thesegroups of people together? IHow important are the members of the group toeach other?

t(Eude~~b. Whichof the two groupshaveagreaterinfluenceon the livesof their

members?

5 OListen to two candidatesdoingthespeaking tasks above and compare theirperformance to that of your classmates.Assess your classmates in terms of: grammar and vocabulary discourse management pronunciation interactive communication

6Everyday English Encouraging the speaker to continueIn pairs,decide what the other speakerhassaid and usethe expressionsbelow inresponse.1 Then what?2 Go on.3 Oh no! And then?

d So?e And ...?

A: Hegrabbedhiscoatandslammedhedoorbehindhim.B: Thenwhat?

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:

I-

andt l" ..--, -jI!


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Reading- Part41 Youaregoingto readanextractfromanarticleabout confidence building. Look at the introduction

to the article and in groups discussthe following. Who is this art ic le aimed at? How important do you think confidence is in our lives? Why do you think some people suffer from a lack of

confidence?

2 a. Look at the titles of the four sections of thearticle (A-D).What kind of confidence-buildingexercisesdo you imagine will be described?Discussin pairs,then scanthe text and see ifyour guesseswere correct.

b. Now read the article. Forquestions 1-15 choosefrom the paragraphs A-D.Which exercise aidscomprehensionbetween

individuals? . requires repetition to be benef icia l? involvesacting out a situation in two

different ways? helps you to understand how othersseeyou?

involves recall ing pos it ive emotions? requiresyou to write something? isparticularlyusefultraining for social

situations? helpsyou to help someoneelse? involves imitating someone else's

behaviour? involvesnot sayingcertain things? requiresyou to connecta feelingwith

a physical source? involves recalling a-past failure?

VocabularyPractice

1 .......2 3.......4.......

5.......6.......7.......

8 9.......10.......

11.......12 13 .......14.......15.......

3 Explainthe highlightedphrasesinthe text.

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-,

30 -SecondCommercial5

It generally takes a stranger 30 seconds to come to Ia- '_lasting conclusions about another person. By creating a 'second commercial about yourself you will not only bear.more self-aware,you will also see the kind of impact ~make on others and how you can change it ifyou need (j .You will need 5 minutes, a pen and a blank piecepaper. Within those 5 minutes try to think of, and list _your best attributes and qualities. Aim to get across th.; ;.traits that you feel really define you and set you apart fr--other people. Your net task isto put all this information: .a presentation, or advert, of exacdy30 seconds. Youcan .this in front of the mirror or with a close friend. Ifyou f


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Lab~_ - ~ '- ~ackingin confidence?Doyoufeelpowerless, stressed and anxiouswhen facedwitha=-_=::~e? Everybody could do with a bit more confidence, in one or more areas oftheir lives. Try..:.:::1iidence-building exercises and you'll see the ctifference inweeks.

me to ~reating:: -nlybeerimpaCtneed"

ank piecr, and 1&across d-u apan ;:'natioc .You C3:'. IfyouKtes tharat gett.;_

he 3Q-seseat. ~ers see ::give th:.to foe:...

atty ler

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