up cmc thesis & dissertation guidebook v5

COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION University of the Philippines Diliman

FORMAT GUIDEBOOK FOR

THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY

JUNE 2008

Guidebook page 2

This document is designed as a guide for preparing and presenting theses and

dissertations at the University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication.

This guidebook uses inputs from the style manuals of the UP School of Library and

Information Science and the Ohio University. It was developed by the Thesis Format

Committee organized by Dean Elena Pernia. The committee was chaired by Dr. Fernando

D. Paragas with Prof. Yvonne T. Chua, Ms. Luzviminda J. Matulac, Dr. Perlita G.

Manalili, and Dr. Arminda V. Santiago as members.

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE GUIDEBOOK

I. General Guidelines

A. Formatting of Text 3

B. Formatting of Charts, Pictures and Illustrations, and Tables and Matrices 4

C. Submission Procedures 4

II. Formatting Guidelines 6

A. Sample Cover 7

B. Sample Spine 8

C. Sample Title Page 9

D. Sample Approval Sheet Page for B.A. Theses 10

E. Sample Approval Sheet Page for M.A. Theses and Dissertations 11

F. Sample Biographical Page 12

G. Sample Acknowledgment Page 13

H. Sample Dedication Page 14

I. Abstract Page Samples 16

J. Sample Table of Contents 18

K. Sample Lists 19

L. Sample Page Layout 20

M. Sample First Page of a Chapter 21

N. Subheads 22

O. Sample Tables 23

P. Sample Chart 25

Q. Sample Graphics (Pictures, Illustrations) 26

R. Sample Matrix 27

III. Supplementary Materials 28

A. Basic Outline of Chapters and Sections 28

B. Basic Writing Guidelines 28

C. Basic Citation using APA Style 33

D. Basic Citation using MLA Style 49

Guidebook page 3

I. GENERAL GUIDELINES

A. Formatting of Text

Use the following for the entire document:

1. Citation and references: Use APA (American Psychological Association) 5th

Edition or MLA (Modern Language Association) for in-text citation and the listing of

references. Do not mix citation styles.

2. Font: Times New Roman 12 points or Arial 11 points normal, for the entire

document, except for footnotes (see below). No other font may be used, even for the

preliminary section.

3. Paper: White, 8.5 x 11, 80gsm. No special paper may be used in any part of the

document, except for photo paper for pictures, graphics, and other illustrations.

4. Margin: 1.5 for the left margin, 1.0 for the top, right, and bottom margins

5. Justification. Use ragged right margin because this is more readable than forced

justify margin.

6. Spacing: Double spacing for the entire document. No additional spacing between

paragraphs. Add an extra double space between sections.

7. Page numbers: Place page numbers in the header, on the top right corner. Follow

these formatting guidelines for specific pages in the document. Examples are in

Sections III and IV.

a. For all pages preceding the first chapter, use lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii,

iii). However, page numbers shall first appear on the Table of Contents.

Although the Title, Approval Sheet, Biographical Data, Acknowledgment,

Dedication, and Abstract pages are counted in the pagination, their page numbers

are not shown.

b. For the body, use Hindu-Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3). Numbering should begin

with the first page of the first chapter, but the page number should not appear on

the first page. Similarly, the first page of each succeeding chapter should have no

page number.

c. Page numbers stand alone, with no special formatting. Do not use dashes (-2-) or

the word Page (Ex.: Page 2) to identify page numbers.

8. Footnotes should be used instead of endnotes to promote readability. Place

sequentially numbered footnotes at the bottom of the appropriate page. Footnotes

must be single-spaced, using Times New Roman 11 points or Arial 10 points.

Footnotes must be separated from the main body by a short line.

B. Formatting of Charts, Pictures and Illustrations, and Tables and Matrices

1. Charts, pictures and illustrations, and tables and matrices should appear on the same

page or on the following page after they are mentioned in the text. Put an extra double

space before and after these items. Photo paper may be used for charts, pictures, and

illustrations.

Guidebook page 4

2. Images must fit and be centered within margins. If a table, figure, or picture does not

fit in a portrait page layout, change to a landscape layout. Put this landscaped page

immediately after the page that cites the table, figure, or picture. The landscaped page

must have a 1.5 margin at the top, and 1.0 margin on all others. Landscaped pages

must be oriented away from the binding.

3. No text should appear to the left or to the right of the charts, pictures and illustrations,

and tables and matrices.

4. Label charts, pictures and illustrations, and tables and matrices chronologically using

Hindu-Arabic numerals.

5. Put titles at the top of the charts, pictures and illustrations, and tables and matrices.

Ensure that these titles match those in the Table of Contents and in the document.

Titles must be flush left, rather than centered, on the page.

6. Place captions at the bottom of the pictures and illustrations. Captions must be single-

spaced. Separate captions from the text with an extra double space.

C. Submission Procedures

The deadline for submission of theses and dissertations is one week before the last day

for the submission of grades for graduating students to provide sufficient time for content

and format checking, corrections and binding. For example, if the deadline for

submission of grades is April 4, theses and dissertations must be with the advisers by

March 28.

Undergraduate and masters theses must be hardbound using maroon leatherette with

gold lettering. Doctoral dissertations must be hardbound using black leatherette with gold

lettering.

The filenames for the digital files (either the document version or the digital version of

the production work) should be as follows: Last Name, First Name Middle Name; the

month and year of graduation; and the title of the thesis/dissertation (Ex.: De la Cruz,

Juana Santos 04-07 A Case Study of the University of the Philippines College of Mass

Communication)

The CD/DVD must be submitted in a thin transparent plastic case without any special

cover or label. Simply write the title and the name/s of the author/s on the disc itself using

an alcohol-based CD/DVD marker. The ink of ordinary pentel pens penetrates the disc

and destroys the files. Consult the CMC Library for an example.

Guidebook page 5

To be considered for graduation, an undergraduate student should submit the following to

his/her Department Secretary:

1. For Broadcast Communication

- Three hardbound copiesone each for the library, the department, and the

student

- Four CD/DVD copies of the consolidated thesis in PDF formatone each for the

library, the department, the adviser, and the student

- Four CD/DVD copies of any production workone each for the library, the

department, the adviser, and the student

2. For Communication Research

- Three hardbound copies and three CD/DVD copies of the consolidated thesis in

PDF formatone each for the library, the adviser, and the student.

- One additional CD/DVD copy of the consolidated thesis in PDF format for the

department

3. For Film

- Four hardbound copiesone each for the library, the Institute, the adviser, and

the student

- Four DVD copies of the production workone for the library, the Institute, the

adviser, and the student. These DVD copies may use a designed cover.

- One CD/DVD copy of the consolidated thesis in PDF format for the library

- One mini-DVD copy for the Institute

4. For Journalism

- Four CD/DVD copies of the consolidated thesis in PDF formatone each for the

library, the department, the adviser, and the student

- One hardbound copy for the library

According to the 2006 UP CMC Rules for MA and PhD Students, an applicant for

graduation must submit to the Graduate Studies Department at least five (5) bound copies

and at least one digital copy of the approved masters thesis as a prerequisite for

graduation.

Moreover, PhD students who are applying for graduation must submit to the Graduate

Studies Department at least one pre-print (or pre-publication) paper on the approved

doctoral dissertation, where applicable, as another prerequisite for graduation.

Guidebook page 6

II. FORMATTING GUIDELINES

External features

A. Cover

B. Spine

Preliminary Section

C. Title page

D. Approval Sheet page

E. Biographical page

F. Acknowledgment page

G. Dedication page

H. Abstract page

I. Table of Contents

J. List of Tables

Body

K. Page layout

L. First page of a chapter

M. Subheads

N. Tables

O. Chart

P. Graphics (Pictures, Illustrations)

Q. Matrix

Guidebook page 7

AN ACADEMIC LIFE:

A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION

JUANA SANTOS DE LA CRUZ


UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN

APRIL 2008

Only one of the following

may appear on the cover:

October for First

Semester, April for Second

Semester, and May for

Summer graduation. Use

all caps.

The name of the

College and the

University must

appear about 3.5

above the bottom edge

of the cover. Please

note the correct

spelling of UP

Diliman.

The month and the year of

graduation must appear

about 2 above the bottom

edge of the cover.

A. SAMPLE COVER

All theses and dissertations must be hardbound. They must use gold lettering and

Times New Roman, 14 points, on the cover. Theses must be covered in deep maroon

leatherette and dissertations in black leatherette. Bound copies must measure 8.5

by 11.

All text in the cover must be single-spaced.

The full title must appear centered within

the cover, with the creative title (if any) on

the first line. Use all caps for the title.

Your FULL name must

appear about 5.5 from

the top edge of the

cover. Use all caps. In

case of multiple

authors, vertically

center your names

around 5.5 from the

top edge of the cover.

The title should

appear 2.5 from

the top edge of

the cover.

Alphabetically list multiple authors

according to their surnames.

Guidebook page 8

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LA

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B. SAMPLE SPINE

The spine must use

gold lettering and

Times New Roman, 14

points. All caps must be

used.

The first 3 must contain the

name/s of the author using

this format: Surname, First

name initials Middle name

initials. For streamlined look,

remove periods after initials.

(Use DE LA CRUZ, JS.

Do not use DE LA CRUZ J.S.)

Name/s must be horizontally

and vertically centered within

this space.

East Asian names may omit

the comma.

There is a single 6-

point gold line at

the top and bottom

areas of the spine,

as well as between

the main items in it.

The middle 6 must contain

the full title, which must be

horizontally and vertically

centered within this space.

The bottom 2 of the spine

must contain the initials UP

CMC as well as the month

and the year of graduation.

Guidebook page 9

AN ACADEMIC LIFE:




Submitted to the


University of the Philippines Diliman

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

[STATE DEGREE] IN [STATE PROGRAM]

[State Month Year]

Right

margin:

1

Top margin: 1

Bottom margin: 1

C. SAMPLE TITLE PAGE

Two double spaces from the

top margin. The title should be

typed on the third double

space. Remove a double space

if the title is long or if there

are multiple authors.

Four double spaces from the

last line of the title. Your

name should be typed on the

fifth double space. In the

case of a longer title or

multiple author/s, decrease

this space accordingly.

Two double spaces from the

name of the author. The line

submitted to the must be

typed on the third double

space.

Make sure you indicate

the correct degree and

program:

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN

- BROADCAST

COMMUNICATION

- COMMUNICATION

RESEARCH

- JOURNALISM

- FILM

MASTER OF ARTS IN

COMMUNICATION

(COMMUNICATION

RESEARCH)

MASTER OF ARTS IN

MEDIA STUDIES

- (BROADCAST

COMMUNICATION)

- (FILM)

- (JOURNALISM)

DOCTOR OF

PHILOSOPHY IN

COMMUNICATION

Extra double space here.

Extra double space here.

Only one of the following may

appear on the cover: October for

First Semester, April for Second

Semester, and May for Summer

graduation. Use regular caps

(e.g. April 2008), with no comma

between the month and the year.

Please follow the

system of capitalization

as indicated in this

example.

Left

margin:

1.5

Guidebook page 10

AN ACADEMIC LIFE:



by


(Author 2)

(Author 3)

(Author 4)

has been accepted for

the degree of [STATE DEGREE] IN [STATE PROGRAM]

by

[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree]

and approved for the

University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication

by

[State Rank, Name of the Dean, Degree]

Dean, College of Mass Communication

Top margin: 1

Left

margin:

1.5 Bottom margin: 1

Right

margin:

1

D. SAMPLE APPROVAL SHEET FOR B.A. THESES

Nine single spaces from the title.

The word by must be typed on

the tenth single space. Remove a

space for every additional line in

the case of a long title.

Four single spaces from the preceding line.

Type the name of the adviser on the fifth single

space. Make sure you have the correct names

and degrees of your adviser and the dean.

Ex:

Professor Bituin N. Masinag, PhD

Make sure

you specify

the correct

degree. See

previous

page for the

correct

degree titles.

Seven single spaces

between the line of the

first authors name and

the line has been

approved for.

Four single spaces from the top

margin. The title begins on the fifth

single space.

Guidebook page 11

AN ACADEMIC LIFE:



by


has been accepted for

the degree of [STATE DEGREE] IN [STATE PROGRAM]

by


Adviser


Critic


Reader


Member

and approved for the

University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication

by

[State Rank, Name of the Dean, Degree]

Dean, College of Mass Communication Left

margin:

1.5

Bottom margin: 1

Right

margin:

1

E. SAMPLE APPROVAL SHEET FOR

M.A. THESES & Ph.D. DISSERTATIONS

Five single spaces from the title.

The word by must be typed on

the ninth single space. Remove a

space for every additional line in

the case of a long title.

Four single spaces from the preceding line.

Type the name of the adviser on the fifth

single space. Make sure you have the correct

name and degree of your adviser.

Four single spaces between

authors name and the line

has been approved for.

Four single spaces

Four single spaces

Four single spaces

Example for faculty entries:

Professor Bituin N. Masinag, PhD

Guidebook page 12

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

PERSONAL DATA

Name Juana S. De la Cruz

Permanent Address Line 1

Line 2

Telephone Number (+63-Area Code) First Three Digits-Last Four Digits

Date & Place of Birth Day Month Year, Manila

EDUCATION

Secondary Level Honor (if applicable), School, City/Municipality, Province

of School

Primary Level Honor (if applicable), School, City/Municipality, Province

of School

ORGANIZATIONS Position, Organization

Position, Organization

WORK EXPERIENCE Position, Office, Months working

Position, Office, Months working

Position, Office, Months working

ACHIEVEMENTS Achievement 1

Achievement 2

F. SAMPLE BIOGRAPHICAL DATA SHEET

Limit to one page per

author. No pictures and

special paper.

Example for educational

level: Valedictorian,

Philippine School for the

Arts, Los Baos, Laguna

For work experience,

cite the three most

recent/comprehensive

jobs you have had in

college.

For achievements, cite

the three most

prestigious. Combine

similar achievements in

one line. Example:

College scholar: 1st and

2nd semester, AY2006-

2007, 2nd semester, AY

2007-2008.

Guidebook page 13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The following thesis, while an individual work, benefited from the insights and

direction of several people.

First, my Thesis Adviser, Dr. Bituin N. Masinag, exemplifies the high quality

scholarship to which I aspire. In addition, Mr. Pasencioso N. Masigasig provided timely

and instructive comments and evaluation at every stage of the thesis process, allowing me

to complete this project on schedule. Next, I wish to thank the complete Thesis

Committee. Each individual provided insights that guided and challenged my thinking,

substantially improving the finished product.

In addition to the technical and instrumental assistance above, I received equally

important assistance from family and friends. My colleague, Lito N. Glito, provided on-

going support throughout the thesis process, as well as technical assistance critical for

completing the project in a timely manner.

Finally, I wish to thank the respondents of my study (who remain anonymous for

confidentiality purposes). Their comments and insights created an informative and

interesting project with opportunities for future work.

G. SAMPLE ACKNOWLEDGMENT PAGE

This is an optional page. If you decide to write one, make it sound professional

since the thesis/dissertation is an academic document. The example in this page is

culled from http://www.gradschool.uky.edu/ThesisExample11.pdf.

Limit your acknowledgments to one page only, focusing on those who directly

helped you in conducting your study. Consolidate your acknowledgments if you

are part of a group.

Double-space and justify your text. Note that there is no e after the letter g

in acknowledgment.

Guidebook page 14

DEDICATION

To my parents

Victorio and Milagros de la Cruz

For instilling in me

From an early age

The desire to obtain a UP degree

H. SAMPLE DEDICATION PAGE

This is an optional page. If you decide to write one, make it sound professional

since the thesis/dissertation is an academic document.

Limit your dedication/s to one page. Consolidate your dedications in one page if

you are part of a group.

Double-space and horizontally and vertically center your text.

Guidebook page 15

ABSTRACT

De la Cruz, J.S. (2007). Rhetoric and Riot in Rio de Janeiro, Unpublished Doctoral

Dissertation, University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication.

This dissertation examines the role of newspaper editors in the political turmoil

and strife that characterized late First Empire Rio de Janeiro (1827-1831). Newspaper

editors and their journals helped change the political culture of late First Empire Rio de

Janeiro by involving the people in the discussion of state. This change in political culture

is apparent in Emperor Pedro I's gradual loss of control over the mechanisms of power.

As the newspapers became increasingly numerous and powerful, the Emperor lost his

legitimacy in the eyes of the people. To explore the role of the newspapers in the political

events of the late First Empire, this dissertation analyzes all available newspapers

published in Rio de Janeiro from 1827 to 1831. Newspapers and their editors were

leading forces in the effort to remove power from the hands of the ruling elite and place it

under the control of the people. In the process, newspapers helped change how politics

operated in the constitutional monarchy of Brazil.

I. ABSTRACT PAGE SAMPLES

Your abstract must be 200 words or less. (The text above has 163 words). It must

succinctly contain the following: a statement of your problem/s and objectives

based on a synthesis of your related literature review and theoretical framework,

a short description of your methodology, and a brief discussion of your most

pertinent findings and interpretation. If your thesis has a production component,

include a concise explanation of how it relates to your research.

The abstracts above and on the next page were downloaded from

http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstracts.html.

Include the proper citation of

your work.

Guidebook page 16

ABSTRACT

Andrews, K.T. (1997). 'Freedom is a constant struggle': The dynamics and consequences

of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,

State University of New York at Stony Brook.

This dissertation examines the role of newspaper editors in the political turmoil

and strife that characterized late First Empire Rio de Janeiro (1827-1831). Newspaper

editors and their journals helped change the political culture of late First Empire Rio de

Janeiro by involving the people in the discussion of state. This change in political culture

is apparent in Emperor Pedro I's gradual loss of control over the mechanisms of power.

As the newspapers became increasingly numerous and powerful, the Emperor lost his

legitimacy in the eyes of the people. To explore the role of the newspapers in the political

events of the late First Empire, this dissertation analyzes all available newspapers

published in Rio de Janeiro from 1827 to 1831. Newspapers and their editors were

leading forces in the effort to remove power from the hands of the ruling elite and place it

under the control of the people. In the process, newspapers helped change how politics

operated in the constitutional monarchy of Brazil.

Your abstract must be 200 words or less. (The text above has 163 words). It must

succinctly contain the following: a statement of your problem/s and objectives

based on a synthesis of your related literature review and theoretical framework,

a short description of your methodology, and a brief discussion of your most

pertinent findings and interpretation. If your thesis has a production component,

include a concise explanation of how it relates to your research.

The abstracts above and on the next page were downloaded from

http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstracts.html.

I. ABSTRACT PAGE SAMPLES Include the proper citation of

your work.

Guidebook page 17

ABSTRACT

Andrews, K.T. (1997). 'Freedom is a constant struggle': The dynamics and consequences

of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,

State University of New York at Stony Brook.

This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered

study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through

the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, I clarify the process by

which movements transform social structures and the constraints' movements face when

they try to do so. The time period studied in this dissertation includes the expansion of

voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and

the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty

programs. I use two major research strategies: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level

data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews,

newspapers and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that

movements are inconsequential. Indeed, some view federal agencies, courts, political

parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change. Typically these

groups acted in response to movement demands and the leverage brought to bear by the

civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent

structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling

change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy

in Mississippi.

I. ABSTRACT PAGE SAMPLES Include the proper citation of

your work.

Guidebook page 18

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Biographical Data iii

Acknowledgments iv

Dedication v

Abstract vi

Table of Contents vii

List of Tables x

List of Matrices xi

List of Figures xii

I. INTRODUCTION 1

A. Background of the Study 1

B. Statement of the Problem and Objectives 5

C. Significance of the Study 7

D. Scope and Limitations 10

The first page number

appears on the page of the

Table of Contents. Locate

it 0.5 from the top and

align it with the right

margin. Use Times New

Roman 12 points.

Use this as a checklist for the needed

pages/sections in your thesis:

Insert a two-column table, with the

right column width pegged at 0.5

The subheads indicated here are only

for formatting purposes. They are not

the required minimum contents for

each chapter.

Note that only the first-level subhead is

included in the Table of Contents.

J. SAMPLE TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

Guidebook page 19

LIST OF TABLES

Number Title Page

1 Profile of Respondents 1

2 1

3 5

4 7

5 10

LIST OF FIGURES

Number Title Page

1

2

3

4

5

The following examples serve as a guide for the look of your lists of tables,

matrices, and figures (which includes charts, illustrations, pictures, and other

graphics). In your actual document, begin a new page for each list.

Make sure that the titles in these lists are the same as those in the body of your

document. Also, number all your tables consecutively using Hindu-Arabic

numerals without decimal places (E.g. 1, 2, 3 and not 1.0., 1.1., 1.2.) . Details for

the titling of tables and other collaterals are in Section IV.

In creating these lists, insert a three-column table and label each column

accordingly. The first column has a width of 0.75 while the third column has a

width of 0.5.

Single-space titles, but put a double space between titles.

K. SAMPLE LISTS

Guidebook page 20

2

Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil

molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur?

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor

incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud

exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu

fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui

officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.1

Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium

doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et

quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo (Cicero, 1995). Nemo enim ipsam

voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni

dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt.




1 Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur,

adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore

magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem.

Top

margin:

1 L. SAMPLE PAGE LAY-OUT

Left

margin:

1.5

Right

margin:

1

The page number

appears on the second

page of each chapter.

Locate it 0.5 from the

top and align it with the

right margin. Use

Times New Roman, 12

points.

Use superscripted Hindu-Arabic

numerals for footnotes. Use footnotes

rather than endnotes.

Footnotes are located at the bottom of each page, separated from

the main text by a line. Footnotes are numbered consecutively using

Hindu-Arabic numerals. The text uses the same font and font size

as the main body. The footnote text is single-spaced and the

justification is ragged right. Its first line is indented by 0.5.

Make sure that the footnote and its referent are on the same page.

Bottom margin: 1

Guidebook page 21

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION






officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.



quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo (Cicero, 1995). Nemo enim ipsam

voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni

dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt.

Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur,


magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum

exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi

consequatur?

At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis

praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi

sint occaecati cupiditate non provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt

mollitia animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et

expedita distinctio.

M. SAMPLE FIRST PAGE OF A CHAPTER There is no page number

on the first page of each

chapter.

The chapter must be labeled with the

appropriate Roman numeral and title, in

all caps.

Paragraphs must be indented, ragged right justify,

and double-spaced. There are no extra spaces

between paragraphs. But there is an extra double

space between sections.

READ the supplementary materials for details about

in-text citation, using either APA or MLA. Do not

mix citation styles.

Do not use any footer. The bottom part of the page must be devoted to footnotes, if any.

Guidebook page 22

I. INTRODUCTION






officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

A. The First Subhead



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voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui

ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt.

1. The Second Subhead



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exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi

consequatur?

a. The Third Subhead

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molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur?

N. SUBHEADS

The chapter must be labeled with the appropriate

Roman numeral and title, in all caps.

This is the only subhead that appears in

the Table of Contents (TOC). It must be

the same as the one in the TOC.

The first-level subhead must be centered and

labeled with the appropriate letter in caps.

The second-level subhead must be centered,

italicized, and labeled with the appropriate

Hindu-Arabic numeral.

There must only be three levels of subheads to promote readability. The flush-left

third-level subhead is labeled with a lowercase letter.

Guidebook page 23



magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem.

Table 2. Profile of Respondents (N=365)

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 44.4

Female 55.6

Age

21 to 34 50.3

35 to 57 49.7

Notes:

Instructions:

1. Consolidate similar data in one table with spanner heads, as shown in the example.

Column heads and spanner heads (e.g. Gender) must be centered within the cell,

while row entries must be flush left.

2. Single-space the table. Include an extra double space before and after the table.

3. Figures must be aligned right, then centered in the cell. Distinguish percentage figures

from frequencies through a single decimal place.

4. Do not compute percentages for sample sizes where the units of analysis number less

than 100. Use either raw frequencies or proportions.

5. Include notes on the last merged row of the table. Examples of notes include sources,

multiple response items, among others.

6. Place a table immediately after the paragraph in which it is first cited. If it does not fit

on the page where it is first cited, place it on the immediately succeeding page.

Remember that since tables are visual aids, they must be located after they are cited.

In other words, the discussion must precede the table.

O. SAMPLE TABLES

Extra double space before a table. Number tables consecutively using Hindu-Arabic numerals.

Separate Table Numbers from the Table Title

Titles must be concise and italicized. Ensure that titles are the

entered the same way in the TOC. N indicates total sample size.

Guidebook page 24

Table 3. Change in Job by Gender and Age

Change in job

Sample

(N=320)

Gender Age

Male

(n=142)

Female

(n=178)

21 to 34

years old

(n=161)

35 to 57

years old

(n=159)

First employment 27.2 19.7 33.1 26.7 27.7

Underemployed 13.4 7.7 18.0 12.4 14.5

The same 56.9 68.3 47.8 59.0 54.7

Better 2.5 4.2 1.1 1.9 3.1

Chi-square

2 (3, N = 320) = 30.30,

p < .01

2 (3, N = 320) = 1.06,

p = .79

Instructions:

1. For cross-tabulations, put independent variables on the columns and dependent

variables on the rows.

2. Indicate the sub-sample sizes with a small letter n.

3. For bi-variate and multi-variate tables with Chi-square tests of significance,

remember to include the following statistics:

- 2 (1, N = 320) = 1.00, p = .32

2 (Degree of freedom, N = Sample size),

Computed Chi-square value, p = Significance score

4. For t-tests and ANOVA, create a table that shows mean scores and standard

deviation. Include the following statistics:

- t (318 = 3.99, p < .01) t (Degree of freedom = Computed T-test value, p =

Significance score)

- F (3,316 = 5.76, p < .01) F (Degree of freedom, Sample size = ANOVA value,

p = Significance score)

5. If SPSS shows p = .00 change the notation to p < .01

Guidebook page 25

Chart 1. Annual Deployment of Overseas Filipino Workers, 1984-2002

Instructions:

1. Consecutively number charts using Hindu-Arabic numerals.

2. Streamline charts, removing extra lines, zeroes, etc.

3. Do not use color in distinguishing the categories in the charts. Instead, use patterns or

a palette of black, white, and distinct shades of gray.

4. Single-space the text in the chart. Include an extra double space before and after the

chart.

5. Include notes at the bottom of the chart. Examples of notes include sources and

multiple response items. For sources, follow APA guidelines, as shown in the

example above.

6. Place a chart immediately after the paragraph in which it is first cited. If it does not fit

on the page where it is first cited, place it on the immediately succeeding page. As

with other visual aids, charts must be located after they are cited. In other words, the

discussion must precede the chart.

P. SAMPLE CHART

Source. Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. (2005). Overseas Employment

Statistics [Data in Microsoft Excel files]. Retrieved March 17, 2008 from

.

Land-based

Sea-based

Total

2002

Year

Nu

mb

er (

in

00

0)

1984 1986 1988

1,000

800

600

400

200

01990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2003 2004

Guidebook page 26

Figure 1. Images from the 2005 Philippine Fiesta in America

Clockwise, from top left: Last years beauty pageant winners; a booth selling Philippine

cable TV services, food items sold turo-turo (point-point) style; a booth with a traditional

hut; and a parade of colors.

Instructions:

1. Consecutively number figures using Hindu-Arabic numerals. Include all pictures,

illustrations, and graphics under figures.

2. Consolidate similar images in a collage as shown above. Crop pictures to save space.

3. Single-space the caption. Include an extra double space before and after the chart.

4. Include notes after the caption. Examples of notes are sources, in which case, follow

APA guidelines.

5. Place a figure immediately after the paragraph in which it is first cited. If it does not

fit on the page where it is first cited, place it on the immediately succeeding page. As

with other visual aids, figures must be located after they are cited. In other words, the

discussion must precede the figure.

Q. SAMPLE GRAPHIC

Guidebook page 27

Matrix 1. Sample Episode Codes for Sex and the City

Item Episode 7. The Chicken Dance Episode 9. The Man, the Myth, and

the Viagra

Alcohol They drink at the footsteps of the

apartment next to Mirandas while

chatting. They even walk with

open containers. Samantha looks

drunk at the wedding reception.

Carrie drinks wine at the dinner

with Big. Miranda drinks at the

Comic bar then when she meets

Steve. Cocktails at Denial. Brunch

with alcohol. Samantha is at a bar

drinking wine when she meets the

old guy.

Nutrition Meals are served during the love

triangle date, the going-away party

for Jeremy, during their regular

meal at Caf, caf and also during

the wedding.

Brunch al fresco at Vermouth.

Mountains of vegetables. Miranda

eats rice pudding.

Instructions:

1. Include only summary matrices in the body of the document. Place extended

matricessuch as those that include verbatim interview transcriptsin the

appendices. Since these extended matrices organize transcripts, raw transcripts must

no longer be included in the thesis.

2. Vertically and horizontally center column heads.

3. Matrices must be formatted the same way as the other organizing tools. Notice the

title format and the single-spaced text, for instance. Also, include an extra double

space before and after the matrix.

4. Consecutively number matrices using Hindu-Arabic numerals.

5. Place a matrix on the same page, or on the next page immediately after the page,

where it is cited.

R. SAMPLE MATRIX

Guidebook page 28

III. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

A. Basic Outline of Chapters and Sections

The following are suggested chapters and sections that may be used for theses and

dissertations.

Title Page

Approval Sheet Page

Biographical Data Page

Abstract

Table of Contents

Lists of Tables, Matrices, Figures (if any)

I. Introduction

II. Review of Related Literature

III. Study Framework

IV. Methodology/Research Design

V. Results and Discussion

VI. Summary and Conclusion

VII. Implications and Recommendations

Bibliography

Appendices

B. Basic Writing Guidelines

I. INTRODUCTION. This chapter provides an overview of the entire work.

A. Background of the Study. This section must contain the following:

1. An introduction of the communication or media concern that the work seeks

to discuss using historical and baseline data (e.g., timelines, statistical trends,

population data, media facts and figures), and qualitative insights (e.g.,

quotations, anecdotes, reviews);

2. An introduction and explanation of the chosen cases (e.g., a media

organization, the population of young adults, a specific geographical area) that

are going to be used to study the communication or media concern.

[For example, the introduction first introduces corruption in media outlets by

explaining envelopmental and checkbook journalism. It then explains why beat

reporters are the best people to study for this type of corruption in media.]

B. Statement of the Problem and Objectives. This section must not only be a listing

of the problem and objectives. Instead, it must link the problem to the arguments

presented in the background of the study (ideally, in a 100-word paragraph). The

research problem itself must be a clearly articulated research question or a series

of questions.

C. Significance of the Study. This must state why the study is being done. It must

draw arguments from the background of the study, the related literature, the study

Guidebook page 29

framework to explain 1) how the study can illuminate a specific communication

or media concern and 2) why the chosen cases can best address this concern. It

must provide a preview of the implications and recommendations.

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. This chapter must provide a substantive

review of the findings, methods, and theories from previous studies as published in

academic and scholarly-reviewed documents such as journals, research anthologies,

theses, and dissertations. Some helpful tips in writing the review:

- Begin the literature with a description of the concepts that are being explored in

the chapter. Do not say, This chapter reviews related literature.

- The literature that is being reviewed must be organized according to substantive

concepts/themes that adhere to the objectives of the study. Thus, refrain from

organizing the literature into local studies and foreign studies unless the

research objective of the study is to compare territorial perspectives. Also, never

organize the related literature review according to document type (e.g., journals,

books, theses, dissertations).

- The literature must not be an enumeration of previous studies. In other words, it

must not appear as an extended annotated bibliography. (An example would be to

have a series of paragraphs that begin with A thesis by, Another thesis

by, and Yet another thesis by.)

- The literature links your study to previous research. Thus, a review must cogently

compare and contrast what has been argued in literature on the communication or

media concern that is at the heart of the current work; afterwards, explain how

these arguments relate to your own research. Group together similar findings, then

contrast these with dissenting results. Provide a critique of the literature being

reviewed.

- Textbook definitions and the etymologies of concepts must appear in the

introduction, not in this chapter.

- In citing related literature, use the past tense (e.g., Cicero (1945) said/argued/

wrote; According to Cicero (1945), pleasure was). However, in relating related

literature to your own research, use the present tense. Please use the appropriate

APA or MLA in-text citation format.

- Conclude this chapter with a synthesis of research gapswhat is known and what

is unknown, what has been done and what has not been done, what theoretical

approaches have been used and which have not been used as regards your

research question. This facilitates the connection of your study to previous

knowledge and helps you articulate the significance of your research.

III. STUDY FRAMEWORK. This chapter presents the theoreticalsociological, critical,

humanisticfoundations of your research. Further, it explains how previous

scholarly arguments inform your research. Finally, it serves as a blueprint as to how

the variables/concepts in your study relate to one another.

There are generally two ways of presenting the study framework. One approach that

is perhaps useful for qualitative research is a conceptual framework that combines the

theoretical concepts and conceptual constructs that are used in the research. Another

Guidebook page 30

approach that is perhaps useful for quantitative research is the three-level

operationalization process, which is discussed below.

The use of models is encouraged since this helps visualize the relationships among

variables and measure or concepts and indicators.

A. Theoretical Level. This section explains why a chosen theory best informs the

research. It discusses the theorys author/s and historical roots as well as the

original context for which it was developed. It explains each concept in the theory

and the inter-relations among these concepts. Moreover, the section includes a

literature-based critique of the theory. Thus, the discussion of the theoretical level

must not solely depend on a textbook compendium of theories (such as

Littlejohns), but on a thorough research of the theorys evolution itself and a

comprehensive analysis of its concepts and arguments using various scholarly

sources.

Should the research involve several theories, each individual theory must be

discussed as described in the preceding paragraph. Then, a discussion of how the

theories integratewhich concepts are either included or excluded, for instance

must be included.

Remember that theoretical framework must be parsimonious. Thus, avoid

unnecessarily complicated models and arguments that cover a bigger ground than

what the research does.

B. Conceptual Level. This applies the theory or the integrative theory into the

thesis/dissertation. It explains the soundness of how a concept as originally

defined by its author translates into the current effort.

C. Operational Level. This section explains the specific measures for the measures or

indicators that are being used in the study to explore particular variables and

concepts. This section must match the components of the research instrument.

D. Operational Definition of Terms. This section includes terms that are used

differently from their dictionary definitions.

E. Statement of Hypotheses. Quantitative studies that involve statistical analysis must

include this section. Each hypothesis (labeled as H1, H2a, H2b) must be

introduced by an explanatory paragraph.

IV. METHODOLOGY. This chapter describes and explains the logic behind the

gathering and analysis of research data. In the proposal stage, this chapter is written in

the future tense. Thus, during thesis writing stage, make sure that this chapters text is

changed into past tense.

A. Research Design and Methods. This section explains the choices in the conduct of

the research. Did the study use a qualitative, a quantitative, or a triangulate

approach? Did it use a one-shot, cross-sectional, or longitudinal approach? Which

specific methods were used? Why?

B. Concepts and Indicators/Variables and Measures. This links the framework and

the methodology. Thus, this section discusses how specific variables or concepts

were operationalized into particular measures or indicators.

Guidebook page 31

C. Research Instruments. This section describes the questionnaires that were used to

gather data. Rather than simply regurgitating the elements of the instruments, this

section must explain the logic behind the design of these questionnaires.

D. Units of Analysis and Sampling. This section explains how specific units (e.g.,

households or groups, newspapers or news articles) were chosen for the study.

Also, it explains how these units were selected using probability or non-

probability sampling.

E. Data Gathering/Generation and Construction. This section describes in detail the

protocols that were followed during data gathering, especially in the

implementation of the sampling scheme, and the rationale behind these protocols.

It can also include a timetable or a budget report. This section also explains any

changes between the proposed and the implemented data gathering procedure.

F. Data Analysis. This section explains how and why the data were organized,

analyzed, and interpreted accordingly.

G. Scope and Limitations. This section must explain the parameters of the study. An

important caveat is that a concern that is not within the scope of the study must

not be considered as a limitation. For instance, do not say that a qualitative study

is limited by its inability to provide representativeness and generalizability

because, in the first place, a qualitative study is not designed to do so.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION*. This chapter presents the findings of the study. To

ensure that the research does address what it originally sought to do, this chapter must

be organized according to the specific objectives.

In the case of studies that use triangulation, this chapter must not be organized

according to methods to promote consistency across theses and dissertations and ease

of access to their findings. Thus, a section in the Results and Discussion chapter must

draw from both quantitative and qualitative data to address the objectives. Findings

can only be organized by method if the study is primarily methodological in nature.

Thus, an answer to a specific objective must draw from both quantitative and

qualitative data.

This transmutation table below must be used for quantitative data. Never use

percentages for sample sizes where the units of analysis number less than 100.

Instead, use proportions or ratios. Percentage Proportion/Fractions Ratios

20 1/5 1 out of 5 2 out of 10

25 1/4 1 out of 4 2 out of 8

33.3 1/3 1 out of 3 More than 3 out of 10

50 1/2 1 out of 2 5 out of 10

51 Majority

60 3/5 6 out of 10 A big majority

66.7 2/3 2 out of 3 About 7 out of 10

70 Exactly 7 out of 10

75 3 out of 4 6 out of 8

80 4/5 4 out of 5 8 out of 10

90 9 out of 10 Almost all

95-99 Most

100 All

Guidebook page 32

Some helpful items to remember in writing the results and discussion:

- Discussion must precede any visual aid such as tables, charts, pictures or

matrices.

- All direct quotes must be italicized and attributed to specific informants (use

pseudonyms if needed). Quotes that are longer than three manuscript lines must

be indented by 0.5. Non-English quotes from interviewees and FGD participants

must be followed by an English translation in brackets.

- When discussing data, use the past tense because there were gathered weeks

before the write-up is composed. However, use the present tense when making

inferences across findings.

- The findings of the study must be linked to the earlier chapters. To compose a

sound and solid thesis or dissertation, compare and contrast the findings with

what has been earlier found in literature or argued in theory. Thus, cite previous

studies and theories in making your arguments.

IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. This chapter must include the following:

A. Summary. This answers the general objective by discussing the findings

across specific objectives. In doing this, cite previous studies and theories to

support various arguments.

B. Conclusion. This succinctly answers the research question.

V. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Any research must ultimately

answer the question So what? This chapter directly answers this question on at

least three levels (see below). There are other possible implications and

recommendations.

A. Theoretical Issues. This section explains 1) the theoretical value of the

findings and 2) the soundness of the original study framework. It must chart

future research directions on the same topic but use a different theoretical

perspective. It may also offer a new theorythis is particularly important for

a dissertation.

B. Methodological Issues. This section explains the soundness of the

methodology as it was implemented. It discusses the implications of the

methods, the units of analysis, sampling scheme, research instruments, and

data gathering procedures on the resultant findings. It must chart future

directions on the same topic but use a different methodology.

C. Practical Issues. This section describes the practical implications and

applications of the findings. Examples include recommendations on

improving media literacy and communication practice.

Guidebook page 33

C. Basic Citation Using APA Style

Neyhart, D. & Karper, E (2007). The Owl at Purdue University. Retrieved October 17,

2007, from The Owl at Purdue University Web site:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/printable/560/.

This resource was written by David Neyhart and Erin Karper. Additional material by

Kristen Seas. Last full revision by Jodi Wagner and Kristen Seas. Last edited by Dana

Lynn Driscoll on June 6th 2007 at 2:25PM

Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite

sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 5th edition of

the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text

citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.

In-Text Citations: The Basics

Reference citations in text are covered on pages 207-214 of the Publication Manual.

What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your

essay.

Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when

using signal phrases to describe earlier research. E.g., Jones (1998) found or Jones

(1998) has found...

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means

that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the

text, e.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at

the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material,

or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make

reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference.

In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining

Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.

If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four

letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions

apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing

New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. (Note that in your References list, only the

first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)

When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-

Born Cyborgs.

Guidebook page 34

Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of

Hitchcock's Vertigo."

Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies,

television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The

Wizard of Oz; Friends.

Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles

from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia

Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short Quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of

publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the

quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of

publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it

was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications

does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of

publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not

offer an explanation as to why.

Long Quotations

Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines,

and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from

the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of

any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin.

Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after closing

punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time

citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to

purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Summary or Paraphrase

Guidebook page 35

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to

the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines

encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.)

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

In-Text Citations: Author/Authors

APA style has a series of important rules on using author names as part of the author-date

system. There are additional rules for citing indirect sources, electronic sources, and

sources without page numbers.

Citing an Author or Authors

A Work by Two Authors:Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses

each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the

text and use "&" in the parentheses.

Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) showed...

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in

parentheses the first time you cite the source.

(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)

In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the

signal phrase or in parentheses.

(Kernis et al., 1993)

In et al., et should not be followed by a period.

Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase

or in parentheses.

Harris et al. (2001) argued...

(Harris et al., 2001)

Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the

signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports

are italicized or underlined; titles of articles and chapters are in quotation marks.

Guidebook page 36

A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).

Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's

name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.

Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency,

mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time

you cite the source.

According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets

the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.

First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)

Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation

includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list,

separated by a semi-colon.

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last

names.

(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources

by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order

the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text

citation.

Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...

Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person

communication, cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal

communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal

communication in the reference list.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal

communication, November 3, 2002).

Guidebook page 37

Citing Indirect Sources

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your

signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary

source in the parentheses.

Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102).

Note:When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above.

Electronic Sources

If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the

author-date style.

Kenneth (2000) explained...

Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your

signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the

abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").

Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring

("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

Sources Without Page Numbers

When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that

will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has

numbered paragraphs, use the symbol, or the abbreviation "para." followed by the

paragraph number (Hall, 2001, 5) or (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not

numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and

specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web

pages, people can use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.

According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).

Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers print

Web pages with different pagination.

Footnotes and Endnotes

Because long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, APA style guidelines

recommend the use of endnotes/footnotes. In the text, place a superscript numeral

immediately after the text about which you would like to include more information, e.g.:

Guidebook page 38

Scientists examined the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.1

Number the notes consecutively in the order they appear in your paper. At the end of the

paper, create a separate page labeled Notes (with the title centered at the top of the page).

Below are examples of two kinds of notes.

Evaluative bibliographic comments

1 See Blackmur (1995), especially chapters three and four, for an insightful analysis of this

extraordinary animal.

2 On the problems related to yaks, see Wollens (1989, pp. 120-135); for a contrasting view, see

Pyle (1992).

Explanatory or additional information considered too digressive for the

main text

3 In a recent interview, Weller (1998) reiterated this point even more strongly: "I am an artist, not

a yak!" (p. 124).

Reference List: Basic Rules

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information

necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper.

Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry

in the reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this

page References (with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the

page. It should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules

All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half

inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all

authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If the work has

more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author's

name to indicate the rest of the authors.

Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each

work.

If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or

multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed

in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.

When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web page,

capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a

Guidebook page 39

colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the

second word in a hyphenated compound word.

Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.

Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal

articles or essays in edited collections.

Reference List: Author/Authors

The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all

APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article,

electronic resource, etc.)

Single Author

Last name first, followed by author initials.

Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in

Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.

Two Authors

List by their last names and initials. Use the "&" instead of "and."

Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The

hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-

1048.

Three to Six Authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name

is preceded again by "&"

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to

self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

More Than Six Authors

If there are more than six authors, list the first six as above and then "et al.," which stands

for "and others." Remember not to place a period after "et" in "et al."

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001).

Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-

245.

Guidebook page 40

Organization as Author

American Psychological Association. (2003).

Unknown Author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-

Webster.

NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author

named, use a shortened version of the source's title instead of an author's name. Use

quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the two

sources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993) and ("New Drug,"

1993).

Two or More Works by the Same Author

Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first).

Berndt, T.J. (1981).

Berndt, T.J. (1999).

When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author

of a group, list the one-author entries first.

Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment to school. Educational

Psychologist, 34, 15-28.

Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on adolescents' adjustment to school.

Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.

References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are

arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the

third if the first and second authors are the same.

Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections

of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law,

6, 629-654.

Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration

attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social

Psychology, 24, 25-43.

Guidebook page 41

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of

authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in the

reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter

suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your reference

list, e.g.: "Berdnt (1981a) makes similar claims..."

Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and

behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.

Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child

Development, 52, 636-643.

Reference List: Articles in Periodicals

Basic Form

APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials; publication year

goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-

case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The

periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the

title, is also italicized or underlined.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,

volume number(issue number), pages.

Article in Journal Paginated by Volume

Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue

numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc.

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of

Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

Article in Journal Paginated by Issue

Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the issue number

gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not

italicized or underlined.

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.

Article in a Magazine

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

Guidebook page 42

Article in a Newspaper

Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in

APA style. Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4 or

pp. C1, C3-C4.

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The

Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.

Letter to the Editor

Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific

American, 287(2), 12.

Review

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The

self-knower: A hero under control ]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.

Reference List: Books

Basic Format for Books

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.

Location: Publisher.

NOTE: For "Location," you should always list the city, but you should also include the

state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state.

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal

publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Edited Book, No Author

Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New

York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Edited Book with an Author or Authors

Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V. Kukil, Ed.). New York: Anchor.

A Translation

Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L.

Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814).

Guidebook page 43

NOTE: When you cite a republished work, like the one above, work in your text, it

should appear with both dates: Laplace (1814/1951).

Edition Other Than the First

Helfer, M.E., Keme, R.S., & Drugman, R.D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.).

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B.

Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.

NOTE: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book

title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not

appear before the page numbers in periodical references, except for newspapers.

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for

healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the

life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.

Multivolume Work

Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-4). New York:

Scribner's.

Reference List: Other Print Sources

An Entry in An Encyclopedia

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp.

501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Work Discussed in a Secondary Source

List the source the work was discussed in:

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-

route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-

608.

NOTE: Give the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original

work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and

McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the original work, list

the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation:

Guidebook page 44

In Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), ...

Dissertation Abstract

Yoshida, Y. (2001). Essays in urban transportation (Doctoral dissertation, Boston

College, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62, 7741A.

Government Document

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness

(DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing

Office.

Report From a Private Organization

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of

patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.

Conference Proceedings

Schnase, J.L., & Cunnius, E.L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL '95: The First

International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning. Mahwah,

NJ: Erlbaum.

Reference List: Electronic Sources

Article From an Online Periodical

Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the

online host makes available, including an issue number in parentheses.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online

Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved month day, year, from

http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who

Make Websites, 149. Retrieved May 2, 2006, from

http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Online Scholarly Journal Article

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal,

volume number. Retrieved month day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Guidebook page 45

Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of

Buddhist Ethics, 8.Retrieved February 20, 2001, from

http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

If the article appears as a printed version as well, the URL is not required. Use

"Electronic version" in brackets after the article's title.

Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science

Research, 29, 535-555.

Article From a Database

When referencing material obtained from an online database (such as a database in the

library), provide appropriate print citation information (formatted just like a "normal"

print citation would be for that type of work). Then add information that gives the date of

retrieval and the proper name of the database. This will allow people to retrieve the print

version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article.

You can also include the item number or accession number in parentheses at the end, but

the APA manual says that this is not required. (For more about citing articles retrieved

from electronic databases, see page 278 of the Publication Manual.)

Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas.

Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3). Retrieved February 20, 2003, from PsycARTICLES

database.

Nonperiodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report

List as much of the following information as possible (you sometimes have to hunt

around to find the information; don't be lazy. If there is a page like

http://www.somesite.com/somepage.htm, and somepage.htm doesn't have the information

you're looking for, move up the URL to http://www.somesite.com/):

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved month

day, year, from http://Web address.

NOTE: When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that

links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn't a date available

for the document use (n.d.) for no date.

Chapter or Section of a Web document

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or

larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved month day, year, from

http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/.

Guidebook page 46

Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting Engine. In Apache

HTTP Server Version 1.3 Documentation (Apache modules.) Retrieved March 10, 2006,

from http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html

NOTE: Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the

chapter section, not the home page of the Web site.

E-mail

E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in

your main text: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting

Message posted to an online newsgroup, forum, or discussion group. Include the title of

the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board.

Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworl

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