TATION pRSEN

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES

RENÉ LARSEN

WATER AND CLIMATE SECTION

DEPARTMENT OF AGROECOLOGY

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1. Introduction

2. Definition of UAV

3. Regulations

4. Current state of the art

5. Applications

6. Future directions

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DEFINITION OF UAV

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft

without a human pilot on board. Its flight is controlled either autonomously by

computers in the vehicle, or under the remote control of a pilot on the ground or in

another vehicle

An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft that has the capability of

autonomous flight, without a pilot in control

The UAV is only the aircraft. The whole system is described by the term UAS –

Unmanned Aerial System

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REGULATIONS

Danish Transport Authority

The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) in Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Isles.

The regulations relevant for UAV flying are

BL 9-4 (9 Jan 2004)

AIC B 22/12 (15 Aug 2012)

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DANISH REGULATIONS FOR REMOTE CONTROLLED AIRCRAFT

BL 9-4 Small model Large model

Total weight m < 7.0 kg 7.0 kg < m < 25.0 kg

Min distance from airport 5 km 5 km

Distance to built-up area 150 m 150 m

Distance to major public roads 150 m 150 m

Max altitude above terrain 100 m 100 m

Radio Control O R

Approved flying site and airspace O R

Third party liability insurance O R

Flight formed within approved org. O R

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R – Requirement O – Not Required

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AIC B 22/12 Category 1A Category 1B Category 2

Total weight m < 1.5 kg 1.5 < m < 7.0 kg m > 7 kg

Max Ex (Kinetic energy) 150 J 1000 J

Line of sight flight R R R

Flight zone defined R R R

Safety Zone R R R

Safety distance Enough > 50 m > 50 m

Max altitude above terrain 100 m 100 m 100 m

Flight Map R R R

Min distance from airport < 5 km, with D < 5 km, with D < 5 km, with D

Night flight D D D

Flight in built-up areas A A N

Skilled pilot R R R

Manual take over R R R

Auto safety system for auto pilot O R R

Log book R R R

Validity of disp. 2 years 2 years 1 year

Documentation of pilot training O O R

DANISH REGULATIONS FOR UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (UAS)

R – Requirement D – With Dispensation A – allowed N – Not allowed O – Not Required

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There are numerous types and sizes of UAVs. This presentation will focus on UAVs

that be carried by a person. Furthermore the aircrafts described will be of the two

types:

Fixed-wing aircraft

Rotary-wing aircraft

FOCUS OF THIS PRESENTATION

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CURRENT STATE OF THE ART

› Airframes

› Autopilot

› Mission tasking

› Sensors

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FIXED-WING

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FIXED-WING

› Payload › About 20% of Take-off weight

› Advantages

› Less vibrations, more gentle flight, less noise

› Range 1-2 hours

› Less complicated construction

› Disadvantages

› More sensible to wind

› No hover option

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ROTARY-WING

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ROTARY-WING

› Payload (within 7kg Take-off Weight) › More than 50% of TOW

› Advantages

› Hovering

› More advanced flight patterns

› Less sensible to wind

› Disadvantages

› More vibrations, less gentle flight, more noisy

› Range 0.25-0.5 hours

› More complicated construction

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AUTOPILOT

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The autopilot enables autonomous flight

without interference from a pilot. However,

for safety reasons the operator must be

able to take over manual control

The autopilot contains sensors that provide

information about the state of the aircraft:

GPS, Accelerometer, Gyroscope and

Compass

Provides flight modes that makes the aircraft

easier and safer to fly

Sensor logging for post-flight analysis,

Camera trigger, gimbal stabilisation,

failsafe mode etc.

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UAV CONTROL ELEMENTS

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SENSORS

The possibilities are numerous. Some examples are:

› Imaging device: › Standard box camera – sometimes modified to capture NIR

› Multi spectral camera

› Thermal Imaging camera

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SENSORS

More examples:

› LIDAR

› Radar

› Pollen sensor

› Temperature

› Wind speed

› Animal tags

› etc

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APPLICATIONS

› Aerial photography and video › Resource Mapping

› Terrain Modelling

› Crop Status

› Wildlife Inventories – birds, whales etc.

› Archaeology

› Search and Rescue

› Virtual Tourism

› 3D point sampling › Air quality

› Pollen

› Fungal spores

› Wind speed

› Temperature

› Data ferries › Animal collars

› Remote measurement stations

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FUTURE DIRECTIONS

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› Smaller, Faster, More …

› Nano drones

› Swarming: Fascinating but also a bit scary …