Opportunities for economic developments and exports

Unlocking the Southern African

coal potential

Contents

•Coal deposits & Resources

• Global perspective

•Africa in relation to the world

•Export potential

Coal Deposits in Africa

Source: USGS

Karoo Basins South of the Equator

Catuneanu et al: Karoo Basins of South and Central Africa: JAES 2005

Coal Occurrences South of the Equator

An overview of the Permian (Karoo) coal deposits of southern Africa: B Cairncross JAES 2001

Coal deposits of Botswana Total resource estimate = 212 billion tonnes

• Morupule & Moijabana: faults &

dolerite dykes, Morupule – best qualities

• Mamabula: Moderate to good medium

ash coal, faulting

• Letlhakeng: Medium ash, faulting

• Dutlwe: low grade high ash, 7 seams

• Serule: High ash, medium vols,

faulting, rapid facies changes

• Foley/Dukwe: Variable quality, some

shallow coal.

• Pandamatenga: Very deep coal

• Bobonong: Poor quality, thin seams

• Ncojane: Low quality, high ash, low CV

Coal deposits of the Democratic

Republic of Congo Resources = unknown

• Very little information available

Coal deposits of Kenya Resources = 400 million tonnes

• Mui basin: Reports on discovery of minable coal (270 MT) sub

bituminous to biuminous.

• Seams: 1-6, thicknesses <1 to 13 m; CV 18MJ/kg

Coal deposits of Madagascar Resources = 200 million tonnes

• Big potential, mined in the

past.

• Good quality export thermal

coal reported.

Coal deposits of Malawi Resources = 800 million tonnes

• Sumbu: Highly variable in

thickness, continuity and quality.

• Chiromo: Deep, very thin.

• Ngana: Thin coal seams, low to

intermediate quality, some very

good quality coal

• Livingstonia: Seams highly

variable, some good quality coal.

Coal deposits of Mozambique Resource = 6.7 billion tonnes

• Tete Province: Interlayered

coal & mudstone, huge

resources, faulting, dolerite

intrusions and some

opencastable coal. Coking &

steam coal

• Metangula graben:

Interlayered coal & mudstone,

smaller resource than Tete,

faulting, dolerite intrusions,

opencastable coal?

Coal deposits of Namibia Resource = unknown

• Aranos: Deep coal,

relatively thin seams, low

quality with some potential if

washed, ±350 million tonnes

• Waterberg: Varying depth,

some potential in north,

generally low quality.

• Ovambo: Thin seams, low

quality.

• Western Damaraland: Very

thin seams, low quality.

Coal deposits of South Africa Resources = 34 billion tonnes

• Witbank, Ermelo & Highveld:

Good quality, export coal

• Natal (Klip River, Utrecht,

Vryheid, Nongoma, Somkele)

Anthracite

• Eastern Cape (Molteno-Indwe):

Low quality

• Free State: Relative high ash,

low vitrinite

• Springbok Flats: Uranium

• Waterberg: SSCC, open

castable and deep coal

• Vereeniging-Sasolburg: steam

coal

• Tuli, Mopanie, Tshipise: some

coke

Coal deposits of Swaziland Resources = unknown

• Small deposits, some good coal, some anthracite.

Coal deposits of Tanzania Resource = 1.5 billion tonnes

• Ruhuhu : Interbedded coal, 250

million tonnes

• Mhukuru: Interbedded coal, slightly

dipping, high ash, 8 million tonnes

resource.

• Songwe-Kiwira: Interbedded coal,

dipping, 20 million tonnes resource

• Galula: Interbedded coal

Coal deposits of Zambia Resources = unknown

• Zambezi Valley: Low quality

coal

• Gwembe-Kandabwe:

Interbedded coal, thick

successions

• Luano Valley: Complex

structure, high ash content

• Luangwa: Coal very thin and

high ash content

• Barotse: Uneven coal

development with variable coal

quality.

Coal deposits of Zimbabwe Resource = 10 billion tonnes

• Hwange: Very good

coal, coking properties

• Lubimbi: Low grade,

good in parts

• Other Zambezi basins:

Some good, non coking

coal

• Save-Limpopo:

Interlayered, low grade,

some good areas

• Tuli: Interlayered, low

grade, some coking

• Sengwa: No swell, high

ash

Global perspective

World Coal Deposits

Source: Maps of the World

World Fossil Fuel Reserves

Coal Uses

Source: Visual.ly

World Consumption

Source: BP 2012 Energy Outlook

Population Growth

Prediction of Coal Production

World Energy Sources

Global Coal Production (2010)

World Coal Consumption (1990 - 2030)

Summary

• Huge coal resources world wide

• Coal will remain an important source of energy

• Relatively cheap source of energy and readily available

• China: big producer and consumer

• Lack of infrastructure a hindrance

• Negative sentiment towards coal growing

• Clean coal technologies a big plus

• Global warming

The Southern African potential

Earth Lights

Source: NASA

Electricity consumption per country

Source: CIA World Factbook

Coal production and consumption by

region

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012

Summary

• About 6 % of world coal resources (information dated)

• Relatively big exporter of coal

• Small producer of coal

• Small consumer of coal

• Small consumer of electricity

Unlocking the potential

Positives

• With beneficiation some export coal available

• Africa's geographical position

• In world terms a small player, won’t have major impact on markets

• Will benefit development of some countries

Negatives

• Infrastructure

• Location of deposits

• Permian coal quality

• Mineable reserves

• Political stability

• Taxation/Nationalization/Strategic resource

Thank You