university of sunderland professionalism and personal skills unit 9 professionalism and personal...
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University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Lecture
Data Collection
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Objectives• By the end of this lecture the student should –• Understand the different approaches to Fact Finding• Understand sampling and why its importance• Understand what constitutes hard data • Appreciate the need for different techniques:
Interviewing/Questionnaires/Observation
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Approaches to Fact Finding• Main approaches used are –– Investigating Documents (Hard Data)– Interviewing– Questionnaires– Observation
• Analyst must decide– What data should be gathered?– What approach should be used?
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Sampling• Systematic selection of representative
elements of a population• Typical Decisions– There are many reports, forms, documents
and memos in an organisation relating to a system
– There are many employees affected by planned system
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal SkillsSampling Design
• There are 4 steps –– 1 Determine the data to be collected or
described– 2 Determine the population to be sampled– 3 Choose the type of sample– 4 Decide on the sample size
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Choosing SampleType • Not based on Probability –– Selection without restrictions: Convenience– Selection according to specific criteria: Purposive
• Based on Probability– Selection without restrictions: Simple Random– Selection according to specific criteria: Complex
Random
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Investigating Documents (Hard Data)• Type of data found –
– Quantitative
– Qualitative
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Interviewing
• Definition of an Interview• “Any planned and controlled conversation between two (or more) which has a purpose for a least one of the participants, and during
which both speak and listen from time to time.”• An Effective Interview must have –– Purpose– Planning– Controlled Interaction
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Interviewing• There are six steps in interviewing –– 1 Read background material and establish
interviewing objectives– 2 Decide who to interview– 3 Prepare the Interview– 4 Carry out the Interview– 5 Prepare written report– 6 Review with interviewee
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Six Common Types Of Interview • Statements of – Description – provide formal information– Knowledge – passing on information possessed– Behaviour – defines behaviour of interviewee– Attitude and Belief – subjective; represents
evaluation and opinions– Feelings – reveals physical/emotional state – Value – conveys long-standing belief system
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Planning An Interview • Why? – What broad type of interview is it? – What exactly do we hope to accomplish? – Are you seeking or giving information? – If so, What type? – Is the interview seeking to change beliefs/behaviour? – What is the nature of the problem to be solved?
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Planning An Interview • Who? – What are the likely reactions/objections? – Can they make the decisions you require?
• What?– Determine the topics to be covered and the
questions to be asked.
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Planning An Interview • Where and When? – Where will the interview take place? – Is it likely to be interrupted?– What time of day? – What is likely to happen just before the interview? – What stage have you reached? – Will a full introduction to the subject be required?
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Planning An Interview • How?– How will you accomplish your objective? – How should you behave? – Do you begin with general questions? – How are you going to arrange the furniture? – How can you prevent interruptions?
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Structuring an interview • Summarise the problem • Explain how you discovered the problem • Suggest a possible advantage to the
interviewee • Refer to the background, cause/origin of the
problem • State the organisation/group you represent • Ask a question
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Structuring an interview • Different types of interview – Non-structured
– Moderately structured
– Highly structured
– Highly structured/standardised
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
How to Question and to Probe • Direct or closed-ended questions
• Bipolar or yes/no questions
• Leading or standard revealing questions
• Loaded questions (value laden)
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
How to Question and to Probe • Open-ended questions
• Prompting question
• Mirror questions
• Probing question
• Hypothetical question
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
How to Question and to Probe • Sequencing questions
• Closing the interview
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Questionnaires • Can be used in conjunction with interviews
– Can be used to focus in on problem areas to consider in interviews
– Can be used to test out opinions uncovered in interviews
• Written format, should consider –– logical presentation – ordering of questions – consistent style – use of ‘white space’
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Questionnaires • Based on written questions and responses – Use mixture of open and closed questions
– Effort should be made to use scales; even when open questions are used
– Questions must be valid and reliable
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Observation • Observation reveals –– Activities– Information Sharing– Task Interaction– Social Characteristics of Organisation
University of Sunderland
Professionalism and Personal Skills Unit 9
Professionalism and Professionalism and Personal SkillsPersonal Skills
Summary
• Understand the different approaches to Fact Finding• Understand sampling and why its importance• Understand what constitutes hard data • Appreciate the need for different techniques:
Interviewing/Questionnaires/Observation