university of nigeria j.m._1995_11886.pdf · ~,leople in the wea of solid waste management in...

University of Nigeria Research Publications

UMEAKUKA, J.M.

Aut

hor

PG/MURP/92/11886

Title

The Role of the Anambra State Environmental Sanitation Authority in Solid Waste Management: A Critical Analysis

Facu

lty

Environmental Studies

Dep

artm

ent

Urban and Regional Planning

Dat

e December, 1995

Sign

atur

e

ii.

NSUKKA .

/-d;- /

Dr.H.C. Mba

(~ha j r ;man , F e c u l t y

P o A r a d u a t e S tud ie r .

Committee).

/ (Chairman, Dept, of

URP P o s t g r a d u a t e C,ommi.ttc~?)

(Dean s c h o o l o f

T o s t g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s )

;J iii

C E R T I F I C A T I O N

UMEAKUKA, Jcvaniel Maurice Reg. No. PG/MURP/92/11886 i s

a post-graduate s tudent o f t he Department o f Urban and Regional

Planning , U n i v e r s i t y o f N ige r ia , Enugu Campus. He has s t a s f a c t o r i l y

completed the requirenients f o r the course work 2nd the research f o r

the degree o f masters i n Urban and Regional Planning (M.URP).

This d i s s e r t a t i o n ernbodics an o r i g i n a l work, and has n o t

been submit ted i n p a r t o r who l l y f o r any o t h e r degree.

(DEAN SCHOOL OF POST- GRADUATE STUD1 ES) .

(MIRMAN, DEPT. OF URP POST-GRADUATE COMMITTEE).

'Phis d i s s c x ~ t a t i o n ie ded ica ted t o environmentalists I

all over the world..

Many people have helped to provide the experience

that led to the production of this dissertation, I would

like to give my special thanks to my Supervisor Dr, LC. Mba

who was consulted on all aspects of this dissertation,

I salute him for his meticulous attention to issues of

scholarship and his many patient readings of this dissertation

as it was developed,

I would also like to thank all the lecturers in the

Department of Urban and Regional Planning for their

intellectual advice to me.

Similarly informative was the opportunity given to me

by Dr, Agbola of the Centre for Urbafi and Regional Planning,

University of Ibadan, I have profited from the ideas and

co-operation of my research assistant Miss Celine Ngwu, all

the workers of ASESA and the residents of the study areas,

This dissertation was made possible by financial assistance

from the AaC, Moore Group of Companies Limited,

My special thanks also go to my darling friend

Consuelo Powell of the Urban Development Division, World

Bank, Washington DeCa whose material support I cannot pay

back easily* Worthy of note is the tireless efforts of my

Typist Mi88 P. E, Ogbuefi and others toonumerous to

mention here, May God Almighty reward them many times over.

Finally, I own responsibility for any shortcoming

that may be found in thin disseration.

Umeakuka Jevaniel Maurice 1995.

T i t l e page ; ..* . . . . a m i

Approval page a * s O m = ii

C e r t i f i c a t i o n page o m * I a * . iii

Dedica t ion O a o O D O m e * iv

Acknowledgement o O 1 0 . a -x' v

Table o f c o n t e n t s . a O D 1 vi

L i s t o f Tables % ,*

0 0 0 0 0 1 X ..I

L i s t o f E'igul~es 0 0 0 ... 6 x i

L i s t o f p l a t e s O O m 0 0 0 x i i kb s t l a c t o o 0 e e * x i i i

CHWTUK Oi!!lr: - 1000 GU\~EKAL 1 i Y TIC0 llUC'l101~ 0 . 0

1 , I0 13ackgxound o f t h e Study e l m

1,20 ljtatement of t h e plaoblem O O .

1030 C;oals/objectives o f t h e Study ,.. '1 ~s31 Goalp o f the s tudy o O O

1 a 32 Object ives o f t h e s tudy a *

1 ,40 Nethodo l o gy O O . 0 0 0

I ,LC1 Kesearch ques t ions O n *

I e42 Hypothesis e a r n m e *

. 1043 The Var iab les involved o D o

1.50 Scope o f t he s tudy 0 . 0

, l o 6 0 L i ~ i t a t i o n s e o D a . m

1.70 J u s t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s tudy 0 0 0

1.80 ' D e f i n i t i o n of Telms a . r n

Locat ion ... O . .

Topo graphy o rn . e I

?4.

Climate o O O I b o b

Vegetation o m * b o r n

Land 'iTse O O . O o O

IJoopulation and ti&m Uharec t e r i s t i c s C'oi tsha IVletropo l i s o e O

Location O D D O O .

Topography 0 0 0 0 0 0

Geo l o gy g o o #

0 . .

S o i l 0 0 0 m o o

Climate O O . I O O o

Vegetation e r n e ... I

Land Use D . . 0 0 0

Yopulation and Human. C h a l ' a c t e r i s t i c s

A w k a 0 0 0 O e .

Locat ion and b r i e f liistor'g o m -

h e l i e f and s o i l ... m o o

~ l . l m : i t6 x l d i l c ~ c t a t i o n 0 . . Po yula ' t ion aiii ~Iurnan Ch,~.~.cic t e r i E t i c s

Nnewi o o O * O D

viii

CHAPTER FOUR

. . Methods and Procedures , e m

Typee and Source8 of Data ... Secondary Data Variables and Sources

Primary Data and Variables ... Samples of the Study and Sampling Technique

Sample of the Study a , b

Sampling Technique ... Survey Method , , , ... Questionnaire Administration ,,,

Methods of Investigation as regards Interview Studies

Direct Observation ,., Analysis Technique e b b

cHAPT$R FIVE

5.00 DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

5,IO Presentation of Data Collected from the Residents of the Studied Areas

5.20 Direct Observation of the Layouts

543.91 Data from Onitsha 6

5,202 Data from AM .a e b b

5,205 Data from Nnewi b e )

5 30 Data from Questionnaire Adminietered to ASESA Workers . ..

5.40 Data from Interview Studies . . . 5,401 Origin, Composition and Function of

ASESA

Page

64

64

65

66

67

67

68

74

74

Subsidiary Body Attached to ASESA

Organisational Chart of ASESA

The Departments of ASESA ... Finance of ASESA 6 . . ... Uses of ASESA Funds ... ' . ASESAts Financial Budget and Budgetary

Control . * a ... Major Variable of the Interview Studies

Test of Hypothesis . . . 6.b

General Findings . . . ... CHAPTER SIX

6.00 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUTIONS

6.10 Regulatory Instruments ... 140

6.102 Fiscal Instrument a . . . ... ... 153

6.303 Administratives Instruments ... . a . 157

6.20 Conclusions . . . * . a ... 165

References . . *.. . . . 167

Appendices ... ... . . . 176

LIST OF TABLES

.... Dist . and Col . of Questionnaire among the Towna ......... . Dist . and Col of Questionnaire in Onitsha ............ Dist . and Col . of Questionnaire in Awka ........... Dist . and Col . of Questionnaire in Nnewi ................ Sex Distribution of the Respondents Qualification of the Respondents ................... ...................... Occupation of the Respondents Use of buildin8 by the Respondents ................. Methods of Disposal ................................ ..................................... Types of Waste .............................. Frequency of Clearing .................... ~ollection/~isposal Techniques. ......................... Payment of Sanitation Rate

Page-

69

Conflict ............................................. 87 Distance to Transfer Depot .......................... 87 Assessment of ASESA ................................. 87 Suggestions for Improvement ..................We....e .................................... Sex distribution .................................... Age DLstribution .............................. Educational Background Inadequacy of Workers ............................... Motivation of Workers ............................... Income and Expenditure of ASESA ..................... ..................................... ASESA Equipment ASESAfs vehicle^..................................^^ The Volume of Waste Cleared by ASESA ................ ..................................... ASESAfs Funding ASESAfs Manpower .................................... ................................... ASESAfs Equipment ........................................ Public Input Dependent variable^.......'.........^................ Independent Variables ............................... Deflated figures .....................................

LIST OF FIGURES

1 Map of N i g e r i a Showing Anambra State ... 2 Map of Anambra S t a t e Showing t h e Study Areas

3 Vegetational Map of N i g e r i a . . . * * a

4 Onitsha Urban and Environs ... ... 5 Layout Map of Awka . . . ... .. . 6 Layout Map of Nnewi .. . . . . t . a

7 Subsidiary Body at tached t o ASESA ... 8 Organisational Chart of ASESA . .. ... 9 ASESA1s Dump S i t e s ... ... ...

10 Abatement Notice .. . ... ... I 1 C e r t i f i c a t e of Seizure ... ... ... 12 Local Purchase Order . . ... *.. 13 Private Sector Arrangements i n So l id Waste

Management ... . . . ... ...

LIST OF PLATES

xii

5a ASESA Vehicle and Men a t Work i n GRA

5b Open Space-turned i n t o Dmp Site # * I

5c Nwangene Stream b a a . * a

5d Dump S i t e a t Okpoko b e * a d e

5e Uncleared Refuse a t Odoakpu * . . . b e

5 f River Niger ... . . . a * .

5g Onitsha-Bnugu Express Road . . . ... 5b Uncleared Refuse a t Wolliwo ... . 5 Ezeiweka Road, Awada . . . ... ... 53 Bus Stop a t Nkpor ... . . . 5k Uncleared Refuse Opposite TRACAS, Awka ... 51 ASESA F i l l e d Refuse Din ... ... 5 m ASESA Vehicle on Duty a t Government Lodge,

Awka ... ... ... 511 Uncleared Dump B i t e a t Awka * e m ... 50 ReZuse Dump a t Eke Awka . . . . * . . , 5p No-dump Order Being Tgnored a t Iinewi . 5s Nnewi-Nnobi Road ... . . 5 Gully eros lon a t Nkwo Nnewi . . 5s Children Schemlng t o Dump Refuse on t h e

Road a t Nnewi . . . . ... 3 t ASESA L a n d f i l l a t Nkwelle-Ezunaka

5u A Child Scavenging at the L a n d f i l l ... 5v ASEBA 0s"Plce and Equipinen-t ... ... 5w ASESA Grounded Vehicle ... . . .

Page

93 93 94 94 97 97 98 98 99 99

103

1 04%

104

105 110

110

I l l

ABSTRACT

We t h r e e major u r b a n c e n t r e s i n knambra S t a t e i .e . #

i Oni t sha , uwka and Unewi a r e be ing v i s u a l l y Pol lu ted . w i t h

e f f l u e n t s f r o m heaps of refuse and other w a s t e s , 'Liefuse amps '%I

have been found t o be t h e major cause of numerous t r a f f i c

hoid-ups i n t h e s e towns and i n some c s s c s e y i d e u i c s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h d i r t y e n v i r o m e n t have been r e p o r t e u i n t h e s e towns, The

management of s o l i d waste i r l t hcqe towns i n p h r t i c u l a r and

finambra S t a t e i n t ;encral h a s been t h e du ty of nnambra. s t a t e

Envi ronmenta l L a n i t a t i o n i,ut-hority ( r l + a ~ ~ j . - I

I n view oS t h i s ut;ly envi ronmenta l s i t u a t i o n , t h e r e s e a r -

c h e r wanted t o know why t h e s e urban c e n t r e s a r e s t i n k i n g d e s p i t e

t h e e x i s t e n c e of t n i s o r g n n i s a t i o n e n t r u s t e d w i t h t h e management

o f s o l i d waste.

Agains t t h i s backd-ro;), t h e t o p i c of t h i s r e s e a r c h t h e r e f o r e ,

i s "The l iole o f The hnnmbra S t a t e i invironmental S a n i t a t i o n I

~ u t h o r i t y ( I ~ L ~ L L L ) i n s o l i d Waste Flanagcment : f i C r i t i c a l ~. .nalysis ' i

The g o a l of t h e s t u d y was t o investigate t h e i s s u e of S o l i d

Waste management i n Anambra S t a t c by ~,.~l:s;l. vlhile t h e o b j e c t i v e s 2

were t o : ,

dete rmine t h e n a t u r e of s o l i d wastc management

problems i n 2inambra S t a t e ;

a s s e s s t h e pcrformnnce of 1GUSB i n i t s s o l i d waste

d i sD; sa l u c t i v i t i e s i n t h e s t a t e ; de te rmine t h e o y o r t u n i t i e s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e ~ u t h o r i t y

f o r more e i ' f ec i ive management of s o l i d waste i n t h e

XI.

.- s t a t e ; a r~d

(d) rilake ~~ecommeiidtltions towards 1 a s c l . n ~ envi rocnentnl I i

iuqrovement i n the s t a t e .

The r e sea r che r reviewed t h ~ previous works uone by o the r

~,leople i n t he Wea of s o l i d waste management i n i~ns~nb ra s t a t e , I

B i g e r i z and elsewhere around trle world. 'i'ne phys i ca l cha rac te r -

. * i s t i c s of iinambra s t a t e i n gene ra l a d the cposen urban

c e n t r e s i n p a r t i c u l a r were equdl ly looked a t ,

Plethodologically, the fo l lowinc p e r t i n e n t r6sea rch quest-

i o n s were asked:

( 1 ) Are t he r e s o l i d waste mana~ement problezls i n Anambra

S t a t e ?

( 2 ) What a r e the f a c t o r s r e s ~ ~ o n s i b l e f o r these problems

i f they e x i s t ?

(3) n r e these problems a s soc i a t ed with t he management

fun& t i ons of L L b ~ u ~ i ? .s+

The genera l hypothes is was t h z t " the performance of

ASESA a s measured by volu~ae of wase disposed by i t

i s Not s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d t o i t s resources i n

terms of funding, uanpower, eqrhipment arm co-optea pub l i c

i npu t i n forrn of veh i c l e suppor t t ' ,

' l ' h rou~h in te rv iews , ,,bcstiorl&ire admin i s t ra t ions and . - 1 _._-

d i r e c t observat ions tile r c s ea r chc r col lecr ted a z t a on the

a c t i v i t i e s of L ~ d ~ - ~ l o r the per iod lCj8b-Icjq3. ALLSA'S

management resources v i z : fund, mmpower., e,luipment and co-

p t e d pub l i c inpu t which were c o n t i r l ~ e n t u;on the hypothesis

hi

f ornulx ted wus r eg r e s sec a g ~ i i n s t t he oa tput i. e. t h e . .

vo lu l~c o f s o l i d wxute c l e a r e d by A W S A wi.t;hin the, per ior

under review, Yhe r e s u l t s Y ~ O W C U t n u t t t h r e u ox' t he mu

nega t ive ly relateci t o t he output i . c . v o l u ~ e of waste of the

a u t h o r i t y , Howevcr, t he sugkort given by t h e genera l pub l i c

such as donat ion of r e f u s e t rucks w s s fourru t o be p o s i t i v e l y

r e l a t e d t o the velum of waste c l e a r cu by MESA,

'I'ho r e s u l t s of t he r e s ea r ch ques t ions and. d i r e c t

observat ions of t he s o l i d waste s i t u a t i o n s i n t h e urban

c e n t r e s equa l ly reve:llec t he i n e f f i c i e n c y of ASESA. Based

on t he above f i n d i n g s , t he r e s ea r che r maue mul t i f ace ted

recommendations yromihent of which w a s t he involvement of the

p r i v a t e s e c t o r i n s o l i d waste management a c t i v i t i e s i n order

t o optimize cos t - e f f ec t i venes s . 'llhe lXesearcher equa l ly rec-

omended cons tant r e s ea r ch on t h i s t op i c so a s t o keep 'XI

a b r e a s t with t h e ever- changing world of environments

S E N S 3 A L INTRODUCTION

BACKG?OUN3 O F THZ S T U D Y

become p r e d o m i n a n t l y u r b a n , So p r e d i c t s C a r l , H a u b , a

U n i t e d S t a t e s d e m o g r a p h e r an t h e Sas i s of c u r r e n t ~ n i t e d

N a t i o n s p o p u l 3 t i o n p r o j e z t i o n s (Newswatch J a n u a r y 2 1 ,

1 9 3 1 ) ,

A g a i n s t t h e b a c k g r o u n d o f t h e abovo p r e d i c t i o n , o n e

v i e w s w i t h s e r i o u s n e s s w h a t t h e q u a l i t y of o u r u r b a n

e n v i r o n m e n t w i l l be t h e n , As w 2 become p r e d o m i n a n t l y

u r b a n c r e a t u r e s w h a t w i l l be t h e q u a l i t y o f o u r e n v i r o n -

ment . On t h a t p r o j e c t e d b e n c h m a r k d a y , December 5 , 2006,

some 3.5 b i l l i o n p e o p l e - w h o s e a n c e s t o r s o n c e f r e e l y

roamed t h e l a n d s c a p e - w i l l be p a c k e d i n t o c i t i e s

c o v e r i n g o n l y a b o u t o n e p e r c e n t of t h e e a r t h ' s 1 3 , 3 9 1

m i l l i o n h x t a r e s of l a n d s u r f a c e ( ~ e w s w a t c h , 1 9 9 1 ) ,

T h e p o p u l a t i o n e x p l o s i o n w i l l h a v e n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s

o n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t e s p e c i a l l y t h a t o f t n e 2 - h i r d World

c o u n t r i e s . A s t h e T h i r d W o r l d c o u n t r i e s t u r n t o be

a f f l u e n t i n l i v i n g , more s o l i d w a s t e s are g e n e r a t e d t h a n

e v e r b e f o r e ( A d e d i b u , 1 9 8 3 3 , ~ a t u r a l l y , a s t h e s e c i t i e s

g r o w a n d e x p a n d , t h e y e n c o u n t e r soc ia l a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l

p r o b l e m s , T h e s e p r o b l e m s i n c l u d e : i n a d e q u a t e sol i d ' w a s t e

management, lack of social amenities, over-crowding and

other forms of environmental degradation.

here is no doubt that Nigeria is fast urbanizing with pains, having more people than it can perhaps

adequately cater for, This has resulted in amenities like

housing, water and roads falling short of supply,

Unauthorized settlements have also resulted from short

supply of urban housing, and these unauthorized settlements

have in no small measure helped to increase road traffic _ -. problems as well as block drainage channels, Street

traders like those who roast corn, sell banana or groundnuts,

have also helped in littering the Streets with refuse and

polythene materials, as well as in blocking drainage

- channeis.

1.20 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Urban f l o u d , which i s t h e a b n o r m a l i t y of h i g h

storm w a t e r f l o w o v e r u r h n roads, is p r i n c i p a l l y c a u s e d

by p o o r d r a i n a g e sys t ems . Its e f f e c t s i n c l u a e t r a f f i c

o b s t r u c t i o n , h e a l t h h a z a r d s and e r o s i o n menace, which i s

t h e b a n e of many p a r t s o f N i g e r i a t o d a y , p a r t i c u l a r l y /

Anambra S t a t e .

O n i t s h a f o r example , & r i c h h a s a b o u t one hundred

t h o u s a n d e i g h t h u n d r e d " k i l o g r a m s o f r e f u s e g e n e r a t i o n I

I

d a i l y , d o e s n o t h a v e s t o r m w a t e r d r a i n a g e c h a n n e l s * L ..--

(Nwobu 1993) . Where t h e r e a r e such c h a n n e l s , t h e y s e r v e

'as r e f u s e dumps which l e a d , t o f l o o d i n g . Domest ic r e f u s e

and s o l i d w a s t e a r e u s e d t o b l o c k r i v e r c h a n n e l s and t h a t

i s o n e ma jo r c a u s e o f f l o o d i n g . The r e c e n t f l o o d i n g a t

t h e O n i t s h a end o f t h e N ige r b r i d g e i s a c l e a r

d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f poor r e f u s e management

and t h e b l o c k a g e of d r a i n a g e and r i v e r c h a n n e l s .

I n Anambra t o d a y , r e f u s e h e a p s h a v e been found t o b e

t h e m a j o r c a u s e o f numerous t r a f f i c ho ld-ups , a s e v e n t h e

s treets h a v e been b l o c k e d c o m p l e t e l y by r e f u s e .

R e p e a t e d w a r n i n g s by m e d i c a l e x p e r t s a b o u t imminence o f

e p i d e m i c seem t o have f a l l e n on d e a f e a r s .

The p r o b l e m o f r e f u s e i n t h e s t a t e i s becoming a I

' L ..--- d i s t u r b i n g n u i s a n c e . I n Awka, t h e state C a p i t a l , h u g e

f -

amount of r e f u s e is g e n e r s t e d d a i l y , T h e o l d Enugu-

O n i t s h a Road a n d t h e A c h a i l a Road, i n Awka a r e p l a c e s w i t h

h i g h d e n s i t y of r e f u s e , w i t h s a n d and s e d i m e n t s c o v e r i n g

b o t h r o a d s a n d g u t t e r s .

O n i t s h a i s a b o u t t h e d i r t i e s t town i n Anambra S t a t e , , I" 6 %

w i t h r e f u s e g e n e r a t i o n o g " a b o u t 8 0 , 0 0 0 k i l o g r a m s d a i l y ,

(Ogugua , 1994). P l a c e s l i k e t h e E x p r e s s w a y a r e l o c a t i o n s

w h e r e r e f u s e i s c o n s p i c u o u s l y dumped. The k i n d o f r e f u s e

dumps f o u n d i n t h o s e a r e a s i s v e r y d i s t r e s s i n g . A p a r t

f r o m t h e h e a p s o f r e f u s e , t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t o x i c smoke I

f r o m ' t h e r e f u s e dumps i s a v i o l a t i o n o f t h e p u b l i c h e a l t h

r e g u l a t i o n s a n d c o u l d l e a d t o s e r i o u s s i c k n e s s .

By m a i n t a i n i n g a c l e a n e n v i r o n m e n t t h r o u g h

o b s e r v a t i o n of p u b l i c h e a l t h r e g u l a t i o n s , i t i s p o s s i b l e

t o a v o i d a t l eas t e i g h t y p e r c e n t o f s u c h s i c k n e s s e s l i k e

m a l a r i a , t y p h o i d f e v e r , m e a s l e s , c h o l e r a a n d i n f e c t i v e

h e p a t i t i s w i t h w h i c h many N i g e r i a n s a r e a f f l i c t e d .

I n Nnewi , o n e of t h e t h r e e m a j o r t o w n s i n Anambra '

S t a t e , t h e I g w e O r i z u Road a n d t h e r o a d l e a d i n g t o

N n o b i a re a l s o r e m a r k a b l y d i r t y ,

Y e t ASESA (Anambra S t t t e E n v i r o n m e n t a l S a n i t a t i o n

A u t h o r i t y ) whose p r i m a r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i s t o clear t h e

r e f u s e , w a t c h e s , h o w b e i t , i n s e n s i t i v e l y ,

I n v i e w o f t h e f o r e g o i n g t h i s s t u d y w a s u n d e r t a k e n

w i t h t h e p u r p o s e o f l o ~ k i i ~ ~ ~ i n t o t h e managemen t o f

- s o l i d waste i n Anambra S t a t e b y ASESA, A g a i n s t t h i s

b a c k d r o p , t h e p r o b l e m w h i c h f o r m s t h e bas is f o r t h e .*,

c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h i s t h a t l a c k of r e s o u r c e s mi l i ta tes

a g a i n s t e f f e c t i v e managemen t o f s o l i d w a s t e b y t h i s

o r g a n i z a t i o n . O t h e r p r o b l e m s w h i c h a re c u r r e n t l y b e i n g

e n c o u n t e r e d b y t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a re r e l a t e d t o l a c k o f

r e s o u r c e s , Some o f t h e s e p r o b l e m s are:-

D i f f i c u l t y i n m o t i v a t i n g ASESAts w o r k e r s t h r o u g h

f i n a n c i a l i n c e n t i v e s ,

D i f f i c u l t y i n p r o c u r e m e n t o f s u f f i c i e n t r e s o u r c e s I

f o r c a r r y i n g o u t s o l i d " w a s t e management .

P o o r p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s a n d f r e q u e n t q u a r r e l s b e t w e e n

ASESA a n d members o f t h e p u b l i c among o t h e r s ,

1.30 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES-OF THE STUDY

1 .3l GOALS OF THE STUDY

The research was carried out in order to

investigate the issue of waste management in Anambra

State by the Anambra State Environmental Sanitation Authority - ASESA . 1.32 OBJECTIVES O F THE STUDY

Based on the above goals the ob3ectives of the

study include:

I. To determine the nature of solid waste

problems in Anambra State;

2. To assess the performance of ASESA in its

solid waste disposal activities in the State;

3, To determine the opportunities available to

the Authority for more effective management

of solid waste in the State; and

4. To make recommendations towards laating

environmental improvement in the State.

1.40 METHODOLOGY . <

T h e f o l l o w i n g s l r b s e c t i o n s r e p r e s e n t t h e . 1 -. ----.

m e t h o d o l o g y o f t h e r e s e a r c h :

1 . 4 1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ,/

T h e f o l l o w i n g p e r t i n e n t r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s w e r e

' 1 b".

a s k e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f a " t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e s t a t e d

p r o b l e m s w i t h i n t h e ASESA. They j n c l u d e :

1. A r e t h e r e s o l i d w a s t e management p r o b l e m s i n

Anambra S t a t e ?

2. What a r e t h e f a c t o r s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e s e p r o b l e m s

I f t h e y e x i s t ?

3. A r e t h e s e p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e managemen t

f u n c t i o n s o f ASESA?

1 . 4 2 HYPOTHESIS

The f o l l o w i n ' g N u l l h y p o t h e s i s was p o s t u l a t e d

d u r i n g t h e s t u d y f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f f a c i l i t a t i n g

t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

N u l l H y p o t h e s i s HO:

The p e r f o r m a n c e o f ASESA a s m e a s u r e d b y vo lume of

w a s t e d i s p o s e d b y i t i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d t o

i t s r e s o u r c e s i n terms o f f u n d i n g , manpower, e q u i p m e n t

and c o - o p t e d p u b l i c i n p u t i n f o r m o f v e h i c l e s u p p o r t .

, , I 6. ..4 '

1.43 THE VARIABLES INVOLVED

The f o l l o w i n g major v a r i a b l e s w e r e o b t a i n e d t o

f a c i l i t a t e t h i s s t u d y :

i.

ii.

iii.

i v .

V.

v i .

v i i .

Volume o f w a s t e d i s p o s e d b y t h e A u t h o r i t y w i t h i n

t h e p e r i o d u n d e r r e v i e w .

Manpower ( p e r s o n n e l ) .

The f u n d a v a i l a b l e t o t h e A u t h o r i t y f o r w a s t e

management a c t i v i t i e s .

The a v a i l a b i l i t y of e q u i p m e n t .

The p u b l i c s u p p o r t

Payment o f S a n i t a t i o n rate.

N a t u r e of b u i l d i n g .

v i i i . R e g u l a r i t y o f c l e a r i n g .

i x . T y p e s of w a s t e g e n e r a t e d . x . C o n f l i c t w i t h A S E S A o f f i c i a l s .

x i Methods of disposal.

x i i . S u g g e s t i o n s f o r impro,vemen t.

x i i i . Na tu re of n u i s a n c e caused by u n c l e a r e d waste .

x iv . Assessment o f ASESA per fo rmance

xv. D i s t a n c e t o t h e n e a r e s t t r a n g f e r d e p o t etc. etc. , law-.

I

F u l l d e t a i l s o f t h e v a r i a b l e s a r e shown

i n a p p e n d i c e s i , ii and iii.

LIMITATIONS ,

The r e s e a r c h e r a c k n o w l e d g e s t h e f a c t t h a t c e r t a i n

d i f f i c u l t i e s w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of the

s t u d y .

P r o m i n e n t among them i n c l u d e :

1. Lack o f r e l e v a n t s e c o n d a r y d a t a on p o p u l a t i o n a n d

dump s i tes o f t h e s t u d i e d a r e a s . &,'t+'U

2. I n a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f 'gome a r e a s d u e t o r a v a g i n g

e r o s i o n .

3. Lack of u p d a t e d s treet maps o f t h e s t u d y a r e a s .

4. The a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c h a n g e s t h a t o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e

s t u d y t e n d e d t o h i n d e r t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f n e c e s s a r y

d a t a . I

JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY , . I _ .

The s t u d y j u s t i f i e s t h e ~ o w n P l a n n e r ' s r o l e i n s o l i d

w a s t e management a s p a r t .of t h e o v e r a l l e n v i r o n m e n t a l

management. I t sets f o r t h t o s e e k ways and means o f

i m p r o v i n g ASESAts pe r fo rmance .

I t i s s t r o n g l y b e l i e v e d t h a t d i a g n o s i s , t e s t i n g a n d

r ecommenda t i on o f s o l u t i o n s t o ASESA1s p rob l em which

e l i c i t e d t h e c u r r e n t skudy w i l l u n e q u i v o c a l l y l e a d t o

l a s t i n g , improvement i n ASESA's p e r f o r m a n c e . A s s oon a s

ASESA1s p e r f o r m a n c e i s improved more r e v e n u e s may b e

e a r n e d by AS.ESA on b e h a l f o f i t s w o r k e r s and Anambra

S t a t e .

1 2 \

I n t h e same m a n n e r i m p r o v e m e n t i n ASESA's ,

p e r f o r m a n c e w i l l p a v e t h e way f o r better p u b l i c h e a l t h

w i t h i n t h e s t u d i e d u r b a n areas, O t h e r people t h e

c u r r e n t s t u d y may be b e n r 3 f i c i a l to are s t u d e n t s who

o f t e n v i s i t ASESA i n s e a r c h of how s o l i d w a s t e managemen t

p r i n c i p l e s w e r e b e i n g a p p l i e d . T h e c u r r e n t s t u d y may

s e r v e a s p r e a m b l e t o i n s p i t e a n d e n a b l e t h e s t u d e n t s

a p p r e c i a t e t h o r o u g h l y w h a t e v e r i n f o r m a t i o n t h e y w i s h 4;:D,*

t o col lect f r o m ASESA,

1 .80 DEFINITION O F TERMS

I I n a r e s e a r c h o f t h i s n a t u r e , i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t some

t e r m i n o l o g i e s a r e i n h e r e n t . C o m p r e h e n s i v e u n d e r s t a n d i n g

of t h e s t u d y c a n n o t be a c h i e v e d w i t h o u t a c o n c i s e I

t

d e f i n i t i o n o f r e l e v a n t terms u s e d . Here now a re some -----.

, of t h e c o n c e p t s u s e d i n a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r :

ASESA: T h i s m e a n s Anambra S t a t e E n v i r o n m e n t a l S a n i t a t i o n

A u t h o r i t y ,

CITY: W r i t h ( 1 9 3 8 ) d e f i n e s a c i t y a s lla r e l a t i v e l y

l a r g e d e n s e a n d p e r m a n e n t s e t t l e m e n t of s o c i a l l y

COMPOSTING: An a l t e r n a t i v e s y s t e m o f s o l i d waste i

d i s p o s a l , is c o m p o s t i n g . T h i s me thod r e q u i r e s

p u l v e r i z a t i o n , a p r e - t r e a t m e n t o p e r a t i o n f o r c o m p o s t i n g ,

T h i s may t a k e p l a c e w i t h t h e sol id w a s t e s e i t h e r d r i e d o r

w e t .

13

Dry p u l v e r i z a k i o n a l s o req- ires a !-,ig? a a c c n t of

e l e c ' c r l c i ' y c o n s u m p t i o n a n d v e r y e f f l c i e n t

t e c h n i c a l m a i n t e n a n c e p e r s o n ~ e l .

CEOLERA: A c c o r d i n g t o C l i n i c a l T r o p i c a l disease

t e x t 5 o o k by A,R,D. Adams C h o l e r a i s .

"an a c u t e i n f e c t i o u s d i s e a s s of

s h o r t d u r a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y w a t e r y

. d i a r r h o e a , v a r n i t i n y and s u p p r e s s i o n o f

DIAXIIHOEA: The Chambers U n i v e r s a l L e a r n e r s

D i c t i o n a r y d e f i n e s d i a r r h o e a , a s lfToo much

l i q u i d i n a n d too much o p e n i n g o f t h e

bowels",

DYSENTAgY: Chambers U n i v e r s a l L e s r n e r s D i c t i o n a r y

d e f i n e s d y s e n t a r y a s f l I n f e c t i o u s d i s e a s e

o f t e n w i t h s e v e r e d ia r rhoea( ' .

1 4

HOUSEHOLD: I t i s a c o l l e c t i v e p h r a s e g i v e n t o i n m a t e s .

o f a h o u s e . t

INCINERATION: I n c i n e r a t o r s are power plant-like

s t r u c t u r e s d e s i g n e d t o b u r n s o l i d wastes

u n d e r c o n t r o l l e d , n u i s a n c e - f r e e c o n d i t i o n s , I

a n d a t r e l a t i v e l y h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s

( 1 5 0 0 ~ ~ ~ - 1 9 0 0 ~ ~ ~ ) f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f

r e d u c i n g t h e cnmbus t i b l e c o m p o n e n t s t o a n ..I

I

i n e r t r e s i d u e w h i c h c a n t.hen b e r e a d i l y

d i s p o s e d b y l a n d f i l l i n g o r , a f t e r f u r t h e r

t r e a t m e n t , a s a roadway o r c o n s t r u c t i o n

m a t e r i a l . I

LANDFILL: A s c i e n t i f i c a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d l a n d w h e r e s o l i d

w a s t e s a r e dumped b e f o r e f i n a l t r e a t m e n t i s

c a r r i e d o u t . I t i s u s u a l l y m e c h a n i c a l l y

o p e r a t e d ,

LEACHATE : P o i s o n o u s l i q u i d t h a t r e m a i n s a f t e r

r a i n f a l l h a s washed a h e a p o f r e f u s e . .tC

SCAVENGING: S e a r c h i n g among d i s c a r d e d f o r r e f u s e

m a t e r i a l w h e t h e r l e g a l l y o r i l l e g a l l y .

S.2ii2 ':iXSTE: 3:Lid w a s t ~ or r e f u s e 1s a n y t h i n g which is

discarded by i t s owne r or user (Savas , 1'377).

It c o n s i s t s of d i s c a r d e d s o l i d w a s t e .

313 t e r i 3 l s r e s < l l t i n g fro3 d o m e s t i c a c t ' . v i + ies.

, )LT~ W A S T E MANPISZXZNT: BY s o l i d w a s t e management , is -

mean t t h e s y s t e m a t i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f

a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h p r o v i d e for t h e collect i o n ,

s e p e r a t i o n , s t o r a g e , r e c y c l i n g , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

a n d f i n a l d i s p o s a l of'waste or r e f u s & .

USER Ci-~ARSES: T h i s is t he t a x c h a r g e d f o r t h e c o l l e c t i o n

a n d t r e a t m e n t o f m u n i c i p a l s o l i d w a s t e . They

are c o n s i d e r e d n o r m a l p a y m e n t s f o r s u c h

s e r v i c e s a n d r a r e l y act a s i n c e n t i v e s ( U M P , 1 9 9 1 ) .

W.\STE : Was te is d e f i n e d as a n y matter w h e t h e r l i q u i d ,

g a s e o u s , s o l i d or r a d i o a c t i v e w h i c h a r e

d i s c h a r g e d , e m i t t e d or d e p o s i t ~ ? d i n t o t h e

e 2 v i r o n m e n t i n s u c h a v o l u m e c o n s i s t e n t or

n a n n e r a s t o c a u s 3 st; a l t e r a t i o n of t ' -e

e n v i r o n ~ 2 n t . T h e conceF t o f w a s t e s en5rac?s

all unTpJanted a n d e c o n o m i c a l l y u w s a b l e

b y - ~ r o d u c t s b t a n y place end t i m e acd any o t h c r

r c a t t e r which clay he d i s c a r d e d a c c i d e n t a l l y or

" h i s ~-21r. ';]>rid '+~=alt ;7 C y ; z n i ~ a t , i . , ? n , it h s

i t s k , ? a ~ c ! q ~ a r t ~ r s in Gene-,fa,

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ,

INTRODUCTION 2.00

Thf s c h a p t e r des3.s w i t . 3 t h e review of related

l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r . R e v i e w of l i t e r a t u r e

o n r e l a t e d p r e v i o u s w o r k s on t h e s t u d y serves as a

n e c e s s a r y too l t o p u t i n t o f o c u s t h e i n p u t s of v a r i o u s .a*

a u t h o r s a n d a u t h o r i t i e s a s r e g a r d s t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y .

A s i t c o n c e r n s t h e pre::"@nt s t u d y , most r e l e v a n t w o r k s

o n t h e s t u d y w e r e r e v i e w e d . And i n r e v i e w i n g t h e p r e v i o u s

w o r k s d o n e so f a r , a t t e m p t s w e r e made t o f i n d o u t how f a r

t h e y w e n t a n d why t h e p r o b l e m s t i l l p e r s i s t s . . ,

I

S e c o n d l y , l i t e r a t u r e w a s r e v i e , w e d on s im i l a r

r e s e a r c h e s c a r r i e d o u t e l s e w h e r e i n N i g e r i a b y d i f f e r e n t I

a u t h o r s . S i n c e most c i t i e s i n N l g e r i a s h a r e s i m i l a r

c u l t u r e s a s i t a f f ec t s e n v i r o n m e n t a l matters, t h e r e v i e w

o f d i f f e r e n t w o r k s o n d i f f e r e n t c i t i e s i n N i g e r i a w o u l d

h e l p o n e know w h e t h e r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of the r e s u l t s

of t h o s e a u t h o r s wou ld h e l p t o b r i n g l a s t i n g s o l u t i o n I

i n Anambra S t a t e .

T h i r d l y , w h e r e p o s s i b l e , l i t e r a t u r e o n d i f f e r e n t

p a r t s of t h e w o r l d was r e v i e w e d so as t o d r i v e home more

w h a t t h e p i c t u r e of s o l i d w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t i n t h o s e c i t i e s

l o o k e d l i k e . T h i s e q u a l l y h e l p s o n e t o know w h e t h e r t h e

a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e i r s o l u t i o n s to o u r own p r o b l e m w o u l d be

of a n y ' i m p o r t a n c e .

17

Kozmiensky (1986) analysed solid waste management as

follows: - "Solid waste management = Waste Avoidance + resources Recovery + Waste disposaln

This is a convenient background for the consideration

of solid waste management by ASESA. The background

disaggregated the Solid waste management into its

components, so that essential perspectives of the

research problem could be foreseen and that recommendations

could be meaningful.

Growth of industries gave rise to growth in volume

of solid wastes generated by the industries which created

the need for sustained solid waste collection and disposal.

According to Edwards (1988):

'Our industry proapered, our environment silently accepted our insults by accepting industrial wastes but this Laissez faire attitude miscalculated because we fail to include long-term cost in our calculus for industrial prosperity' . Cities in general absorb a great deal of material

but also transform and reject many. As a result of rapid

urbanization combined with industrialization in most of

tbese cities, there are greater concentrations of waste

than these cities' system can absorb, (~erry, 1994).

In dealing with ~olid waste in Onitsha (Nwobu 1993)

stressed that Onitsha has about one hundred thousand,

e i g h t hundred kilograms of refuse generation daily,

yet there are no storm water drainage channels,

Furthermore, the study stated:

"Where there are such channels, they serve as refuse

dumps which lead to flood disasters. Solid wastes are

used to block river channels and that is one good cause

of flood disastersw. The work attributed the recent

flood disaster at the Onitsha end of the Niger bridge to

clear demonstration of the consequence of heavy refuse .

generation and the blockage of drainage and river

channels.

It was asserted as follows:-

With trained personnel, the Authority will be able to work out a blue-print on staff and equipment as well as tactics needed for the removal of mountain heaps of refuse and the resources required for effective operation.

It went further to stress that the problem facing

ASESA seemed to be the retention of some workers who

are redundant due to old age or illness, as well as

cannibalization of vehicles, power tussle between

, management and board, and indiscriminate transfer of workers.

Other problems include the use of government

vehicles for private business, inadequate revenue

collection and constant conflict between ASESA officials

and members of the public.

29

revenue collection x d c o n s t a n t c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n ASESA

o f f i c i a l s & n d members of t h e p u b l i c ,

Nwobu (IbPd) seezed t o have captured f t all,

H o w e v e r , t h e w o r k failed t o g i v e f u l l d e t a i l s of how

t h e s e p r o b l e m s c o m b i . - e d "Loge the r l e a d to p o o r w s s t e

m a n a g e m e n t i n Anambrc S t a t e .

I n a s t u d y of e r . v i r o n m e n t a 1 p o l l u t i o n i n O n i t s h a ,

O n y e k a (19871 n o t i c e c t h a t t h e major c a u s e of l a n d

p o l l u t i o n i n Onl . t s l?a i s s o l i d w a s t e . It s t a t e d :

T h e t y p e of s o l i d w a s t e f o u n d l i t t e r e d a l l

o v e r t h e p l a c e i n c l u d e p a p e r , f o o d r e m a i n s ,

metals, r u b e r , p l a s t i c s , w o r n - o u t t u b e s ,

t y r e s a n d o c h e r r n i s c e l l a n c o u s p r o d u c t s .

A s a r e s u l t of r a p i d u r b a : ~ i s a r i o n c o u ~ l e d

w i t h i n d u s ~ r i a l i z a t i o n i n O n i t s h a , t h e r e a r e

more c o n c e n " r r n t i o n s o f . w a s t e t h a n t h e c i t y

s y s t e m c a n absorb.

I t was o b s e r v e d t h a t f o o d r e m a i n s c o n s t i t u t e t h e gre9test

p e r c e n t a g e . I t a l s o ;aid t h a t s o l i d w a s t e a s a p o l l u t a n t

, is t h e l a r g e s t source of e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n i n O n i t s h a .

I t was a l s o r e m a r k e d c h a t i n some p l a c e s l i k e Wol iwo ,

r e f u s e h e a p s b l o c k u p c h a n n e l s f o r storm wrater f l o w , " "+"- . -.

- @&

Many p l a c e s i n C n l t s h c ; a r e l i t t e r e d w i t h r e f u s e .

W h i l e we h a v e e i g h t a L t h o r i s e d r e f u s e d u m p s i n O n i t s h a . ,

the u n a u t h o r i s c d p1acc.s are many more b e i n g a t l e a s t

o n e o n e v e r y street. T h e ina jor o n e i s a l o n g G n i t s h a -

Nwobu ( I b i d ) s e e m e d t o h a v e c a p t u r e d i t a l l . I

H o w e v e r , t h e work f a i l e d t o g i v e f u 1 3 d e t a i l s o f how

t h e s e problems c o m b i n e d t o g e t h e r l e a d to poor w a s t e

m a n a g e m e n t i n Anambra S t a t e .

I n a s t u d y of e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n in O p i t s h a ,

O n y e k a (1987) n o t i c e d t h a t t h e major c a u s e o f l a n d

p o l l u t i o n i n O n i t s h a i s s o l i d waste. I t s t a t e d :

T h e t y p e o f ~ o l i & ~ w a s t e f o u n d l i t t e r e d a l l o v e r t h e p l a c e i n c l u d e p a p e r , f o o d r e m a i n s , metals, r u b b e r , p l a s t i c s , worn -ou t t u b e s , t y r e s a n d o t h e r m i s c e l l a n e o u s p r o d u c t s . As a r e s u l t o f r a p i d u r b a n i s a t i o n c o u p l e d w i t h I

i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i ~ n i n O n T t s h a , t h e r e a re more c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f w a s t e t h a n t h e c i t y s y s t e m c a n a b s o r b , . L ---

I t w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t f o o d r e m a i n s c o n s t i t u t e t h e I

g r e a t e s t p e r c e n t a g e , I t a l s o s a i d t h a t s o l i d w a s t e

a s a p o l l u t a n t i s t h e l a r g e s t s o u r c e o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l

p o l l u t i o n i n O n i t s h a , I t w a s a l s o r e m a r k e d t h a t i n

some p l a c e s l i k e Woliwo,* r e f u s e h e a p s b l o c k u p c h a n n e l s

f o r storm w a t e r f l o w , Many p l a c e s i n G n i t s h a a r e

l i t t e r e d w i t h r e f u s e , W h i l e we h a v e e i g h t a u t h o r i s e d

r e f u s e dumps i n C n i t s h a , t h e u n a u t h o r i s e d p l a c e s I

a r e many more b e i n g a t leas t o n e o n e v e r y street,

T h e major o n e is a l o n g O n i t s h a , O w e r r i Road . H e , s a i d t

t h a t a b a n d o n e d v e h i c l e bodies are a l l k o v e r t h e p l a c e . "

S u c h places according to him include: Fly-Over, 3orromeo C

R o a d , O n i t s h a - E n u g u R o a d , A k u n n i a a n d P o r t Harcour t

S t r e e t s , H e c o n c l u d e d from h i s f i n d i n g s t h a t O n i t s h a

i s d i r t y ,

O n y e k a , h o w e v e r , f a i l e d t o f i n d t h e c a u s e s o f t h e

u g l y e n v i r o n m e n t a l s i t u a t ? : ? n , . , n e i t h e r d i d h e r e c o i m e n d

t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s o l u t i o n s t o t h i s . A l s o , i n h i s s t u d y

o f O n i t s h a , O k e r e k e (1988) s t a t e d i n t e r a l i a :

I t i s v e r y u n f o r t . u n a t e t o h a v e l e a r n t t h a t ASESA a s c u r r e n t l y c o m p o s e d h a d o n l y o n e p r o f e s s i o n a l i n i t s e m p l o y . E v e n t h i s p r o f e s s i o n a l who i s a M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r h a s n o bas ic k n o w l e d g e , t a l k l e s s o f e x p e r t k n o w l e d g e a b o u t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e r e f o r e h e i s n o t a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s t .

'XI

A c c o r d i n g t o h i m t h e s i t u a t i o n t h e r e l eaves t h e c o m p l e t e

m a n a g e m e n t o f t h e e n v i r c n m e n t i n t .he h a n d s o f

e n v i r o n m e n t a l m e d i o c r e s a n d p u b l i c h e a l t h o f f i c i a l s .

He d i s c o v e r e d i n h i s s t u d y t h a t t h e above s i n g u l a r

b a s i c p r o b l e m i s t h e c a u s e of c u r r e n t n e g l i g e n c e a n d I

o m i s s i o n o f f u n d a m e n t a l ; i s s u e s 1 i'n t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f

s o l i d w 3 s t e i n O n i t s h a . T h i s a l s o i s t h e r e a s o n why . [ _.__.-

s u c h b a s i c t h i n g a s d a t a c c m p i l a t i o n a n d m e a n i n g f u l

s t u d i e s c a r r i e d o u t o n s o l i d w a s t e p r o b l e m s

are c o n s p i c u o u s l y l a c k i n g , bas ic

22

c o n s i d e r a t i L c r . s a r e nc t c i v e n t o e f f e c t s of r e i u s e

d u r r ~ i n g c c t i v l t i e s o n t h e r c s i d e n t s of C,n: t s h a .

Cn ASESA s t a f f s t r e n s t h , he w a s o f t h e v iew t k a t

s h o r t - t e r m s s l u t i o n . I n tk~e l o n g r u n , when e q u i p m e n t

s h c v l d h a v e b e e n p r o c ~ r e d , h e recomrnendsc? t h a t t t e

number be d r a s t i c a l l y r e d u c e d o r r e d e p l o y e d .

O n e q u i p m e n t , k:e c b s e r v e d t h a t >.SESA was v i r t u a l l y

c a r r y i n g o u t i t s o p e r a t i o n s w i t h h a r e hands . T h e

e q u i p m e n t a t i t s d i s p o s a l was n o w h e r e t o er;u%te t r . 2

vc lume o f work in O n i t s h a . H e t h e r e f o r e recommonue6

t k a t i n the l o n g - t e r m p l a n ~ i n y cf s o l i d w a s t e mansgemen t ,

b u d c e t s f o r the ~ r o c u r e n e n t of b a s i c equ ipmen t2

, s h c ~ l d b& n-!-.sde. Cn f i n a n c e , h e n o t i c e d t h a t l a c k o f

o p e r a t i o n cf A S E S A , H e t h e r e f o r e reccmmended t h a t

va r ious c c v e r n r z e n t s - , L o c a l , S t z t e and Federal s h o u l d

ccme to t h e aid o f ASESA. He a l s o a p p e a l e d t o f i n a n c i a l

i n s t i t u t i o n ; 2 s w e l l a s p r i v a t e orl;.3ni.s,2ticr!s t . ~ ~ i v e

lc~sr,c: and credit f s c i l i t i e s tc. t h e A u t h o r i t y .

On p u b l i c '~:sr t i c i ~ a t i o n he o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p betweer i kSESA a n d memb~.rs of the p u b l i c

was n o t c o r d i a l . A c c o r d i n g t o h im, t h i s l e d t o a p a t h y I

o n t h e p a r t o f t h e members of t h e p u b l i c . H e t h e r e f o r e

recommended t h a t i f l cca l p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n s o l i d w a s t e

management i n O n i t s h a was to be e f f e c t i v e , c o m m u n i t y

h e a d s , local c o u n c i l s , m a r k e t a s s o c i a t i o n h e a d s etc.

syould be i n v o l v e d i n t h e management o f s o l i d w a s t e i n

O n i t s h a .

I n my own v i e w , O k e r e k e , c r i t i c a l l y r e v i e w e d t h e

p o o r s o l i d w a s t e management i n O n i t s h a w i t h i n t h e

c o n t e x t o f o r g a n i s a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e of ASESA a n d h i s

c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n w a s m a r r e d by l a c k of

p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n i t s e m p l o y w a s correct a n d t o t h e

p o i n t . Howzver , h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w e r e i n a d e q u a t e .

O k o y e ( 1 9 8 9 ) d i s c o v e r e d i n h e r s t u d y t h a t v a r i o u s

a t t e m p t s a n d e f f o r t s by d i f f e r e n t g o v e r n m e n t s i n Anambra

S t a t e tc i m p r o v a t h e e n r i r o n m e n t e l c o n j ' t i c n of t h e

S t a t e h a v e rrct been e f f e c t i v e i n Oni tshc l . She o b s e r v e d

T h i z h'3s p r o S a b l y d d e to t h e i n a d e q u a t e p r o v i s i o n of

c ~ n t a i n e r s or, b u i l t - u p r e f u s e d ~ r n p s *

i Moreoyer, Okoye i n h e r r e s e a r c h f o u n d out

7 , 3 . * * - = - - S t '.- - r - - t h a t mt 3 ~ % z ~ : s attrzlrea Lrst-arcrz xrs LBnlr;sna on t n e

t y p e a n d r a t e of s o l i d w a s t e g e n e r a t i o n w a s c a r r i e d

o u t b y t h e a u t h o r i t i e s . Worse s t i l l , ASESA d i d not

f i n d i t e x p e d i e n t t o refer t o or p o s s i b l y r e l y o n

a v a i l a b l e r e s e a r c h t h a t h,a,d b e e n c o n d u c t e d o n t h e . , ,,

s u b j e c t o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i . o n i n v a r i o u s

u n i v e r s i t i e s a n d p o l y t e c h n i c s . The s t u d y o b s e r v e d :-

The i m p l i c a t i o n s of i n t u i t i v e a n d u n s c i e n t i f i c a p p r o a c h a d o p t e d b y A S E S A i s a d i rec t c o r o l l a r y o f t h e ca l ibre of s t a f f , r e t i r ed , m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l a p p o i n t e d a s t h e G e n e r a l M a n a g e r a n d o t h e r c a l i b r e b a s e d o n p a t r o n a g e a n d n o t n e c e s s a r i l y o n merit. L a c k o f manpower , f u n d a n d c o n s t a n t c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n ASESA a n d memberS 'o f t h e p u b l i c are t h e major p r o b l e m s m i l i t a t i n g a g a i n s t t h e A u t h o r i t y ' s a b i l i t y t o manage waste w e l l .

A y i k a ( 1 9 9 0 ) i n t h e s t u d y of p r a b l e m s of s o l i d w a s t e

managemen t i n O n i t s h a l o o k e d i n t o t h e q u a n t i t y of

d o m e s t i c r e f u s e g e n e r a t e d i n O n i t s h a , t h e s o u r c e s , I

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a n d t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n . A y i k a a l s o

a n a l y s e d t h e v a r i o u s m e t h o d s of r e f u s e d i s p o s a l a n d

c o n t r o l , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t of

r e f u s e a c c u m m u l a t i o n a n d c ~ n c l u d e d t h a t e a c h r e s i d e n t . <

i n O n i t s h a g e n e r a t e d a n a v e r a g e of 3 . 2 5 k g / d a y o f

domestic r e f u s e . H e o b s e r v e d t h a t O n i t s h a w i t h a n

es t imated p o p u l a t i o n of 6 7 6 , 4 6 9 p e o p l e g e n e r a t e d

2 , 1 9 8 , 5 2 4 . 2kg of d o m e s t i c r e f u s e d a i l y . H e o p i n e d

t h a t s u c h f a c t o r s a s t h e p o p u l a t i o n s i z e a n d d e n s i t y ,

l e v e l of e d u c a t i o n a n d i n c o m e l e v e l i n f l u e n c e t h e

q u a n t i t y a n d q u a l i t y of r e f u s e g e n e r a t e d i n O n i t s h a . .v.,

T h e s t u d y c a m e t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e m e t h o d s

of d o m e s t i c s o l i d w a s t e management i n O n i t s h a were

i n a d e q u a t e a n d r a t h e r c r e a t e d more e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s

of s o l i d w a s t e i n O n i t s h a a c c o r d i n g t o h i m r e s u l t e d

f r o m t h e s h o r t a g e o f p e r s o n n e l a n d r e f u s e t r a n s f e r 6

d e p o t s , a n d t h u s i n d i s c r i m i n a t e r e f u s e d i s p o s a l .

C - The p o o r s i t u a t i o n of t h e u r b a n % e n v i r o n m e n t i n

most of N i g e r i a n c i t i e s has a t t r a c t e d t h e a t t e n t i o n

o f many r e s e a r c h e r s a n d e x p e r t s i n r e c e n t y e a r s ,

A d e d i b u (1983) w h i l e w r i t i n g o n " S o l i d w a s t e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d managemen t i n I l o r i n u s t a t e d

i n t e r a l i a :

N i g e r i a l i k e mr.2,~ o t h e r d e v e l o p i n g n a t i o n s i s e x p e r i e n c i n g a r a p i d i n c r e a s e i n p o p u l a t i o n w i t h t h e a t t e n d a n t e n v i r o n m e n t a l c h a n g e s w h i c h c r e a t e many m o r e c e n t r e s o f d a i l y a c t i v i t i e s a n d t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e s e c e n t r e s a r e o f i n c r e a s i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l l i a b i l i t ies. T h e h i e r a r c h y

I o f s a n i t a t i o n i n N q g e r i a f r o m o b s e r v a t i o n c a n be f e l t f r o m t h e v i l l a g e t o t h e c i t y , W h i l e m o s t v i l l a q e s r e m a i n r e l a t i v e l y c l e a n , t h e c i t i e s a r e g r a d u a l l y b e c c m i n g s l u m s .

T h e s t u d y c a t e g o r i z e d t h e g e n e r a l w a s t e c o m p o s t i o n '*.

i n I l o r i n a s l e a f a n d l e a f c o m p o n e n t s , 3 1 p e r c e n t ; p a p e r

a n d p a p e r p r o d u c t s , 2 7 p e r c e n t ; f o o d l e f t o v e r ,

20 p e r c e n t ; t i n , a n d m e t a l w a s t e , 10 p e r c e n t a n d

u n c l a s s i f i e d , 1 2 p e r c e n t ,

On m a n a g e m e n t , t h e s t u d y stated t h a t t h e r e w a s I

i n a d e q u a t e s t a f f i n g a s w k l l a s l i m i t e d e q u i p m e n t t o 1 ..---

k e e p i l o r - i n c l e a n . I t a n a l y s e d t h e c o l l e c t i c n a n d

d i s p o s a l f a c i l i t i e s a v a i l a b l e a n d c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e y were

a q u i t e i n a d e q u a t e , I t a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t 40 dump

s i tes fo r t h e c i t y of I l o r i n a s a w h o l e w e r e n o t

s u f f i c i e n t a n d t h a t r e s u l t e d i n . t h e d u m p i n g of waste

a l o n g t h e s treets a n d o p e n s p a c e s . T h e s t u d y f i n a l l y

recommended i n t e r a l i a :

1 T h e n e e d t o h a v e a w e l l known d i s p o s a l . ., l ) i

m e t h c d i n t h e c i t y ,

2. T h e n e e d t o e n f o r c e t h e l e g i s l a t i o n o n

s o l i d waste d i s p o s a l ,

3. M o t i v a t i o n o f s a n i t a r y w o r k e r s t h r o u g h

i n c e n t i v e s a n d

4. t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of S a n i t a t i o n r a t e s among .a

o t h e r s .

O n y e k w u l u j e (1990) i n a s t u d y of ASESA c o n c l u d e d

t h a t t h e A u t h o r i t y l a c k e d t h e f o l l o w i n g : a d e q u a t e

w o r k e r s , a d e q u a t e f u n d s a n 3 a d e q u a t e F a c i l i t i e s among

o t h e r t h i n g s . tie o b s e r v e d i n h i s f i n d - i n g s t h a t t h e 1

I

l e v e l o f c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n s o l i d w a s t e d i s p o s a l , . I -.-#..

i n Enugu' i s o n l y low. H e recommended t h e r e s u s c i t a t i o n

o f p u b l i c e n l i g h t e n m e n t c a m p a i g n b y ASESA.

I n the s t u d y of s o l i d w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t i n N i g e r i a ,

~ k i n t o i a ( 1 9 7 8 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r o l e of man i n t h e

d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t c o u l d n o t be o v e r - l o o k e d .

F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e s i t u a t i o n i n I b a d a n w h i c h ' t y p i f i e d

o t h e r major u r b a n c e n t r e s i n N i g e r i a w a s r e p o r t e d b y , i, I"

. . 1 1

A k i n t o l a :

O u t o f a b o u t 1 8 0 , 0 0 0 t o n n e s o f s o l i d w a s t e g e n e r a t e d i n 1 9 7 5 , o n l y 1 4 0 , 0 0 0 t o n n e s were c l e a r e d . T h i s i m p l i e d t h a t t h e d i s p o s a l s y s t e m d o e s n o t c o p e w i t h t h e a m o u n t o f waste g e n e r a t e d . C o n s e q u e n t l y , h e a p s o f r e f u s e a r e a common s i g h t i n t h e m a j o r s treets o f t h e town. T h e g u t t e r s a re p e s t e r e d w i t h i n d u s t r j a l , human a n d s o l i d waste. T h i s c o n s e q u e n t l y , l e a d s t o t h e p r o b l e m o f l i v e a b i l i t y i n o u r t o w n s .

'XI

T h e M a c l a r e n r e p o r t of 1 9 7 0 w a s a 1 s o . a r e p o r t of

c o m m i s s i o n e d s t u d y o n t h e waste s i t u a t i o n i n I b a d a n .

The r e p o r t c o n c l . u d c d t h a t t h e " p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e

d i f f e r e n t c o m p o n e n t s i n r e f u s e o f a p a r t i c u l a r c o m m u n i t y

v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g , c u s t o m , t h e 1

f o o d h a b i t , c l imatic c o n d i t i o n s a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s " .

A l s o w i t h i n a c i t y , b o t h t h e q u a n t i t y a n d q u a l i t y

of w a s t e v a r y w i t h the soc ia l status of ~ e c ~ l e living

t h e r e . F o r i n s t a n c e , O l u w a n d e , ( 1 9 7 4 1 , M a c l a r e n I n t e r -

n a t i o n a l L i m i t e d ( 1 9 7 0 ) c l a s s i f i e d t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f

w a s t e s i n t h e d i f f e r e n t l a y o u t s i n I b a d a n .

The p o o r s i t u a t i o n o f t h e u r b a n e n v i r o n m q t i n

m o s t o f o u r c i t i e s h a s a t t ; & t e d t h e a t t e n t i o n o f many

r e s e a r c h e r s i n r e c e n t y e a r s . F a n i r a n ( 1 9 8 2 ) a n d

F i l a n i a n d Abumere ( 1 9 8 2 ) h a v e t r i e d t o s t u d y t h e

s o l i d w a s t e p r o b l e m s o f u r b a n areas w i t h t h e h o p e o f

f i n d i n g s o l u t i o n s t o sdme. O k p a l a ( 1 9 0 3 ) t r i e d t o 1

a n a l y s e o n g e n e r a l s c o p e , t h e s t a t e o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l

q u a l i t y a t t h i s time of u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t . H j . s ;

. p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t i n N j g e r i a l o o k s a t t h e

p r o b l e m o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n u r b a n

c o m m u n i t i e s . H i s c o n t r i b u t i o n i n c l u d e s t h e p r o b l e m s o f

s o l i d w a s t e d i s p o s a l a n d i t s c o n s e q u e n c e s .

H i s i n d e p t p e r c e p t i o n of t h e u r b a n e n v i r o n m e n t i n

N i g e r i a d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e e l as t i c n a t u r e of l c c k i n g st

t h e p r o b l e m . H e p o s i t e d :

W i t h i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p o p u l a t i o n i n N j g e r i a u r b a n p l a c e s a n d t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n a n d g r o w t h o f u r b a n a c t i v i t i e s i n c l u d i n g p h y s i c a l c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t p r e s s u r e o n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t i n e v i t a b l y

I d e t e r i o r a t e s . . , . 8 $ -

I n e s s e n c e w h a t h e i s s a y i n g i s t h a t r a p i d p o p u l a t i o n

i n c r e a s e i n u r b a n c e n t r e s m e a n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n c r e a s e

i n urlban d e c a y , However , I q u i t e d i s a g r e e w i t h h im

t h a t r a p i d i n c r e a s e i n p o p u l a t i o n i n N i g e r i a u r b a n c e n t r e s

i s t h e sole c a u s e o f p o o r s o l i d waste rnanaGement i n

t h e s e c i t i e s , a f t e r a l l , c i t i e s l i k e N e w D e l h i a n d Sao

P a u l o w h i c h a r e m o r e p o p u l a t e d t h a n N i g e r i a c i t i e s are

n o t a s d i r t y a s N i g e r i a c i t i e s ,

F i l a n i a n d Rbumere (1386) i n t h e i r s t u d y o b s e r v e d

t h a t s i n c e a b o u t 1970 , t h e boom i n t h e o i l s e c t o r i n

N i g e r i a c o u l d o n l y h a v e b e e n matche 'd b y t h e boom i n t h e

t c i t i e s ' s o l i d w a s t e . B e l l o - I m a n (1968) i n h i s own

c o n t r i b u t i o n , s u b m i t t e d t h a t when societies become more

u r b a n i s e d , t h e a b i l i t y of t h e c i t i z e n s t o d i s p o s e o f

t h e i r r e f u s e & f f i c i e n t l y o f t e n becomes p r o b l e m a t i c ,

H e n o t e d t h a t r e f u s e c o l l e c t i o n a n d d i s p o s a l a r e m o s t l y

p r o b l e m a t i c a t a c e r t a i n s t a g e of a c o u n t r y ' s d e v e l o p m e n t . q+-

l B e n e v o l o ( 1 9 7 1 1 , i n h i s w o r d s o b s e r v e d t h a t x

" i n a d e q u a t e s a n i t a t i o n , r e l a t i v e l y bearable i n t h e

c o u n t r y b e c a m e i m p o s s i b l e i n t h e t o w n s b e c a u s e of t h e

o v e r - c r o w d i n g of v a s t number of b u i l d i n g f f . R e f u s e I

I I

c o l l e c t i o n a n d d i s p o s a l s y s t e m i n u r b a n c e n t r e s i s

a t bes t too weak o r a t worst n o n - e x i s t e n t ,

From h i s r e s e a r c h work O k p a l a (1983) o b s e r v e d ,

s t r o n g l y t h a t !!while t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s of s o l i d

waste are i n c r e a s i n g l y e x a c e r b a t e d b y t h e t r e m e n d o u s I I

i n c r e a s e i n u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n , e x p a n s i o n of i n d u s t r i a l a n d

commercial a c t i v i t i e s i n c l u d i n g p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e i n c r e a s e

i n t h e number o f m a r k e t s , t h e r e h a s n o t b e e n a c o m p a r a t i v e

g r o w t h i n t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n , managLment a n d i n v e s t m e n t

i n r e f u s e d i s p o s a l / e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t r o l " ,

Hopkin, (1970) and kderson, (1978) i n t h e i r own

c o n t r i b u t i o n saw together t h a t :

s o l i d wastes of a community c o n s t i t u t e t h e most o f fens ive types and i t s ind i sc r imina te d i s p o s a l leads t o more s e r i o u s he ld and o t h e r consequences t h a n we can imagine .

They a l s o quoted Okoro (1982): "The nauture, type and

composition of r e fuse being d e a l t wi th today is q u i t e

d i f f e r e n t from what has been i n t h e pas tv .

Bel lo - Iman, (1986) opined t h a t "before t h e sudden

inc rease i n urban r e f u s e which paralyzed t h e d i sposa l

system, r e fuse c learance i n Nigeria had always been

d e f i c i e n t because of bad managementtt. I n view of t h i s

bad management he d i d a good job by proposing ways t o

ensure a proper and e f f e c t i v e management of s o l i d waste.

He s a i d t h a t f o r t h e proposals t o be e f f e c t i v e it w i l l

r e q u i r e r a d i c a l over-hauling of t h e p resen t arrangements

f o r r e f u s e d i sposa l . Such over-hauling he s a i d should

inc lude , " the t r a n s f e r of r e f u s e c o l l e c t i o n t o p r i v a t e

en terprcneursw .

Egunjobi, (1986) analysed the critical issues

connected w i t h solid waste management in Nigeria.

The issues include the following:

''That the responsibility to collect; transport and dispose urban wastes may be that of municipal government i,e, local government and a quasi government agency such as a corporation or board, a contractor or a combination of governmental unit and contractor',

Egunjobi made this first suggestion on the ground

of his observations. He observed that municipal governments

are ill-eqhipped to be solely responsible for solid waste

management and that this service constitutes only one out

of the many services they are supposed to provide but it

is one that eats too deep into the budgets. He stated that

usually, the federal and state subventions are irregular

and meagre to make the required impact on the municipal

,government bud~eting system. He also quickly pointed out that

the municipal government approach has the advantage

that a continuous management is ensured as personnel

acquire experience and keep records over a long perlod

of time.

The c o r p o r a t i o n o r b o a r d a 1 t e r r i a t i v e i s p o t e n t i a l l y

a d v a n t a g e o u s a s i t i s p u r p o s e l y e s t a b l i s h e d t o d e a l w i t h &I

p a r t i c u l a r e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s , It c a n o p e r a t e

w i t h o u t r e g a r d , t o t h e mun ic ipa l . gove rnmen t f i n a n c i a l

c o n s t r a i n t s s i n c e t h e s t a t e g o v e r n m e n t is a m a j o r

f i n a n c i e r . H e a l s o p o i n t e d o u t t h e d e r n e r i t of t h i s

a l t e r n a t i v e a s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f b e i n g s u b j e c t e d t o ..I '

p o l i t i c a l i n f l u e n c e s i n c e t h e Bmard Chairman i s a

p o l i t i c a l a p p o i n t e e a n d a l s o t h e r e i s t h e l d c k o f -.--

i n c e n t i v e t o tncixirnise e f f i c k n c y a s t h e Board i s n o t

n e c e s s a r i l y s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g .

W r i t i n g on t h e D a i l y S u n r a y (1993) Akpan q u o t e d

t h e Cha i rman o f t h e R i v e r s S t a t e S n v i r o n m e n t a l S a n i t a t i o n

A u t h o r i t y - ESA, M r . Feddy In imgba a s s a y i n g t h a t I

" s a n f t a t i o n w o r k e r s a r e g i v e n a l l t h e n e c e s s a r y s a f e t y

g u i d e s b u t t h e y h ~ l v e r e f u s e d t o u s e them f o r r e a s o n s

best known t o themv. I-le d i s c l o s e d t h a t w o r k e r s a t t i t u d e

t o ' t h e u s e o f s a f e t y g u i d e s co rnpe l l ed ESA t o i n ' t r o d u c e

o p e r a t i o n lrshow y o u r work ing m a t e r i a l s b e f o r e s i g n i n g

f o r y o u r m o n t h l y s a l a r y f 1 . T h i s h s s n o t h e l p e d b e c a u s e

many o f them a r e s a i d t o h a v e s o l d o u t t h e equ ipment .

O t h e r s b o r r o w t h e m a t e r i a l s t o show a t t h e pay c o u n t e r

i n o r d e r t o r e c e j v e t h e i r s a l a r y b u t l a t e r went t o

b !

work w i t h o u t them,

T h e T e l l Magazine of J u n e , 1993 said: r,

L a g e s i s t h e c i t y o f s t e n c h . I n m o s t s t reets a n d a r o u n d most r e s i d e n t i a l h o u s e s , s m a l l and big h i l l s o f r e f u s e s t a n d d e c o r n p o s t i n g i n t o m a n u r e , The o p e n g u t t e r s w i t h t h e i r s t a g n a n t d i r t y w a t e r s d a r k e n t h e s t e n c h .

, ," P b

The same m a g a z i n e s a i d t n ' a t t h e a u t h o r i t i e s a r e

I t s t u d y i n g p r o p o s a l s to c o n t r a c t r e f u s e d i s p o s a l t o p r i v a t e 1

o p e r a t i o n s " . I f a[ p r o v e d by t h e t h e n S t a t e ' s G o v e r n o r , * L _.---

M i c h a e l O t e d o l a , "a new a n d e f f e c t i v e means o f c o l l e c t i n g

w a s t e d i s p o s a l f e e s would b e p u t i n p l a c e w . A c c o r d i n g

t~ t h e T e l l , t h i s p l a n i s b a s e d o n t h e w a p p a r e n t

i n a b i l i t y " o f t h e L a g o s S t a t e Waste Management A u t h o r i t y ,

LAWMA, t o d e a l w i t h t h e p r o b l e m o f w a s t e d i s p o s a l i n

t h e S t a t e .

The D a i l y Champion o f S a t u r d a y J a n u a r y 2 2 1994

s a i d t h a t i n t h e p a s t o n e y e a r , "Lagos h a s w i t n e s s e d i t s

w o r s t e n v i r o n m e n t a l d e g r a d a t i o n e v e r " . The p a p e r w e n t

36 I

.-

f u r t h e r t o s a y t h a t v i r t u a l l y , a l l L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t

a r e a s w i t h i n L a g o s m e t r o p o l i s were o v e r t a k e n b y m o u n t a i n s

of r e f u s e w h i c h i n s m e places obstruct t r a f f i c , "not even

t h e h i g h w a y s h a v e b e e n s p a r e d a s some e x p r e s s w a y s h a v e

e i t h e r b e e n b l o c k e d a l t o g e t h e r b y t h e r e f u s e o r

c o n s t r u c t e d t o s i n g l e l a n e s t t , t h e p a p e r s a i d ,

lVNicjeria i s n c t o r i o u s f o r i t s g r o s s mj.smanagernent ,

t r e a t m e n t a n d d i s p o s a l &'"wastes. E n t i r e s t reets i n

. many a n u r b a n centre may he c l o s e d t c v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c

b e c a u s e o f m o u n t a i n s o f r e f u s e t h a t b l o c k msny o f t hem

t h e way a n a t h l e t e ' s f o o t w a r m l y f j t s i n t o a n A d d i d a s t l ,

Newswatch ( 1990). T h e p a p e r c o n t i n u e d : "The s i t u a t i o n

h a s n o t e x p e r i e n c e d :: d r a m a t i c , c h a n g e f o r t h e be t te r

i n s p i t e o f t h c d r a m a t i c , much c e l e b r a t e d f i ' o n t h l y

e n v i r o n m e n tsl s a n i t a t i o n p r o g r a m m e t h a t m a n d a t o r i l y

r e q u i r e s c i t i z c n s , n a t i o n - w i d e , t o c l e a n t h e i r

i m m e d i a t e homes a n d o f f i c e s f t . T h e p a p e r a l s o q u o t e d

a s e n i o r o f f i c i sl of t h e L a g o s S t a t e Waste D i s p o s a l

B o a r d i n I k e j a who l i s t s l V l a c k cf f u n - d s , l a c k o f I L

v e h i c l e s , l a c k o f s p a r e p a r t s a n d lack of p u b l i c . L ..-s-

c o o p e r a t i o n a s s e r i o u s p rob l . ems m T l i t s t i n g a g a i n s t

m i l i t a t i n g a g a i n s t e f f e c t i v e p e r f c r m a n c e of t h e b o a r d w .

O k a l i , Tade and A i n a p o i n t e d o u t that i n a successful

war a g a i n s t t h e a b u s e s of t h e environrr ient and i t s d a n g e r s ,

t h e c i t i z e n h a s a g r e a t r o l e to p l a y , I\!ewswa&,ch, (1930).

Osunda ro w r i t i n g on Newswatch ( 3 9 9 0 ) s a i d t h a t o n e o f

t h e most u b i q u i tos s o u r c e s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l v i o l e n c e

i n Id g e r i a was g a r b a g e p o l l . u t i o n . Accord ing t o him: m . . < '

"Mounta ins of d o m e s t i c w a s t e g o b b l e u p t h e l a n d s c a p e ,

* l e f t t o s w e l l and s m e l l by a gove rnmen t which d o e s n o t c a r e ,

and a c i t i z e n r y t o o p o w e r l e s s t o hake i t c a r e . S t a r i n g Y -. -<-

u s e l e s s l y a t t h e s e r e p u l s i v e m o u n t a i n s a r e e x p e n s i v e ,

f o r e i g n l o a n - p r o v i d e d i n c i n e r a t o r s t h a t n e v e r worked - d e p r e s s i n g monuments t o y e a r s o f bad ( and d i s h c n e s t )

Wr i ' t ing on T e l l Magaz ine , Adegbenro, (1333) s a i d :

When a f e w y e a r s back Lagos, t h e n t h e o f f i c i a l c a p i t a l o f Nigeria, was g i v e n t h e u n e n v i a b l e m a r k of t h e d i r t i e s t c a p i t a l j n t h e w o r l d , t h e p r o t e s t f rom L a g o s i a n s and i n d e e d N i g e r i a n s d i d n o t r i se above a whimper .

38

He went on to say that, "not the appellation was a

welcome one but there was no ground for objection, for

urban squalor, rural ;poverty and degradation of the

environment were hard realities that stared everybody

in the face". He said that even as the world celebrated

yet another World Environmental Day, Saturday, June 5,

the situation had not changed. According to him, the

only difference was now the discernible vicious circle of

poverty and environmental degradation which had now

become fact of human existence in most countries of the

Third World. He concluded by saying that "to most

Nigerians, especially urban dwellers, heaps of refuse,

stench and putrefaction are the rules rather than the

exceptiontt.

According to a World Bank report on Ghana (1993),

per capita solid waste (~unicipal and ~ndustrial) averages

between 0.5-0.6 kg/day in the Accra Metropolitan Area, - AMA, with wealthy households generating double the

output of low income dwellers (~ngmann, 1990).

The composition is mainly putrescible organic matter (up

to 90%) with paper and metal consisting (5% - 'lo% of the waste stream. About 750 tonnes, or 75% of municipal

solid waste are collected daily, most of which is used

for landfill, with about 10% being composited. Only 7 1 %

of the population benefits from house-to-house collection,

c c l l - c t i o . ; s a n i d i s p o s a l s s r v i c 5 s (Song-cr 1991).

of r n u n l c i p a l solid w a s t e p e r d 2 y , w h i l e t h e Sao P a u l o

ccllection and d i s ; o s s l of the 4 , 0 9 3 t o m e s of s o l i d

:.~;ste p e r d a y t h a t are not processed by the formal

t o h a n d l e t h e a m o u n t o f r e f u s e g e n e r a t e d ( a b m t 5 0 0 0

t o n s a d a y ) a n d t h a t a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n w a s n o t c o l l e c t e d

e s p z c i a l l y i n t h e p o o r areas , H e c o n t i n u e d : " a t t h e

sawe t irne, g a r b a g e c o l l e c t e d f r o m u p p e r - i n c o m e

n e i g h b o u r h o o d s i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e c i t y i s

t r a n s p o r t e d t o dumps i n t h e n o r t h , w h e r e 4 m i l l i o n s of

R i o t s p o o r l i v e u . s i n c e d i s p o s a l a n d t r e a t m e n t s y s t e ~ s

are i n a d e q u a t e , a l a r g e p a r t i s n o t b u r n e d , b u r i e d , or

r e c y c l e d , t h u s , i t j u s t f e s t e r s a n d e v e n t u a l l y f i n d s

i t s way i n t o t h e r i v e r s ; s a y s Menezes . Ca i ro , E g y p t

w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n o f more t h a n 9.5 m i l l i o n p e o p l e , i s

o n e o f t h e most r a p i d l y g r o w i n g c i t i e s i n t h e w o r l d .

A p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 , 0 0 0 t o n s of s o l i d w a s t e i s g e n e r a t e d

d a i l y b y r e s i d e n t s o f t h e c i t y ; c o l l e c t i o n a n d d i s p o s a l

o f t h i s waste i s a g a r g a n t u a n t a s k ( T h e C!rban Age , 1 9 9 2 ) .

Some t w o t h i r d s o f a l l s o l i d w a s t e s f r o m b o t h

r e s i d e n t . i a 1 a r e a s a n d f r o m c o m m e r c i a l e z t e r p r i s e s

4 1

Cornrn2nting o n S o l i d W a s t e Kanagernant i n G u a t e m a l a C i t y

Di Pace, ( 1 9 9 2 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t o f Lome 1 , 1 0 0 t o n s o f

g s r b a q s g e n e r a t e d e v e r y d a y ; o n l y some 750 t o n s a r e

c o l l e c t e d b y p r i v a t e a n d m u n i c i p a l c a r n p a n i e s , t h e rest

i s t h r o w n i n t o c l a n d e n s t i n e g a r b a g e dumps or l e f t to r u t

i n t h e r a i n e s t h a t s u r r o u n d t h e c i t y . I n J a k a r t a , a b o u t

80 p e r c e n t of t h e s o l i d w a s t e i s collected a n d

t r a n s p o r t e d t o o p e n dump sites. C o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t s of

w a s t e a re b u r n e d , b u r i e d , t h r o w n o n o p e n l a n d s ; o r dumped

i n t o d r a i n s , c a n a l s a n d r i v e r s w h e r e i t c l o g s d r a i n a g e

c h a n n e l s a n d c a u s e s e x t e n s i v e f l o o d i n g d u r i n g t h e r a i n y

s e a s o n , C l a r k e (1991).

W r i t i n g i n t h e same v e i n , B o r k i e w i c z ( 1 9 9 1 ) r e v e a l e d

t h a t a n e s t i n a t e d 70 p e r c e n t o f t h e r e s i d e n t s i n t h e

c o m m u n i t i e s o f t h e V o i v o d e s h i p b e n e f i t f r o m r e f u s e

c o l l e c t i o n , w i t h c o v e r a g e r a n g i n g f r o m 40 - 1 0 0 p e r c e n t

i n t h e c i t i e s a n d 0 - 22 p e r c e n t i n o t h e r c o m m u n i t i e s .

U N D P ( 1 9 9 4 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t o n l y 37 p e r c e n t of t h e

s o l i d w a s t e s g e n e r a t e d i n P o r t - a u - P r i n c e i s c o l l e c t e d .

A c c o r d i n g t o i t ,, i n h a b i t a n t s l i v i n g close t o t h e r i v e r s

t h r o w t h e i r w a s t e d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e r i v e r . , " I n o t h e r

a r e a s , waste i s d i s p o s e d o f t h r o u g h o p e n a i r b u r n i n g

close t o h o u s i n s . T h e fumes from i n c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n

of t h e waste c a u s e s i g n i f i c a n t a i r p o l l u t i o n " , t h e

o r g a n i s a t i o n c o n c l u d e d .

I n h i s s t u d y o f S a o p a u l o , ~ e i t m a n n (1991)

r e v e a l e d t h a t a l m o s t 95 p e r c e n t of t h e h o u s e h o l d s %, i n

t h e s a o P a u l o ~ e t r o p o l i t a n Area r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e i r

w a s t e ... was c o l l e c t e d , ~ c c o r d i n g t o him, ' 1 t h e p r i v a t e

s e c t o r c o l l e c t s and d i s p o s e s a t o t a l o f 1 6 , 0 0 0 t o n s

o f s o l i d w a s t e s p e r d a y , l e a v i n g 3 , 6 0 0 t o n s t o b e c o l l e c - % ,,*

..I

t e d a n d d i s p o s e d o f inform ally^^, I

I n Dhaka, r e f u s e c o l l e c t i o n i s o r g a n i z e d by t h e ' L --.--,

m u n i c i p a l c o r p o r a t i o n , T h e r e i s an i n v e n t o r y of p l a n t

a n d v e h i c l e s t o g e t h e r w i t h o n e l i s t i n g s o l i d w a s t e

c o l l e c t i o n p o i n t s . ~ h a k a s h a r e s s i m i l a r s y s t e m w i t h

c o t e d t I v o i r e , whe re s o l i d w a s t e c o l l e c t i o n i s t h e

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of SITAF, whose d u t i e s a r e l a i d down by

Town all andDCGTX, T h e r e a r e s k i p s p o s i t i o n e d i n

t h e m a r k e t a r e a s , w h i l e i n ~ e x i c o c i t y s o l i d w a s t e

managemen t i s s u p e r v i s e d by t h e D i r e c t o r ~ e n e r a l d e

s e r v i c i o s Urbanos (DGSU); which i s a s e c t i o n o f t h e

D e p a r t m e n t d e l D i s t r i t o F e d e r a l (DDF). T h e r e a p p e a r

t o b e a d e q u a t e r e c o r d s of t h e o p e r a t i o n a l s y s t e m w i t h

c o l l e c t i o n s i t e s w e l l documen ted ; a s a r e t h e r o u t e s I

f o r r o a d b s w e e p i n g , David e t a 1 ( 1 9 9 3 ) .

CHAPTER THREE

Trl tl STtJDY /I* EAq -- 3 . 0 0 : T h i s c h a p t e r l o o k s i n t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l as r " - - - -

t w e l l a s human ~ h ~ a r a c t e r i s t i c s + o f Anambra s t a t e i n

g e n e r a l a n d t h e t h r e e chbsen urban c e n t r e s i n

p a r t i c u l a r .

3 - 1 0 : - PHYSICAL A N D HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS OF

ANAMBRA STATE

3 . 1 0 1 ; LOCAZION : 0

Anambra s t a t e i s l o c a t e d b e t w e e n l o g i t u d e 7 0 2 ' ~ 3 ..

a n d 7O 0 9 1 ~ a n d b e t w e e n " l a t i t u d e 6O 0 2 ' ~ a n d 6O 0 9 1 ~ .

.. I t i s l o c a t e d i n t h e s o u t h - e a s t e r n ~ i g e r i a a s shown i n

t h e ' g e o g r a p h i c a l Map o f ~ i g e r i a ( f i g . 1 ) b e l o w . I t i s

b o u n d e d i n t h e n o r t h by Enugu a n d ~ o y i s ta tes , i n t h e

w e s t by D e l t a s t a t e , i n t h e e a s t b y A b i a s t a t e a n d i n t h e

s o u l t h b y I m o s t a te . ~t i s made u p o f s i x t e e n l o c a l

g o v e r n m e n t a reas ( f i g . 2 ) .

T h e s t a t e h a s t w o m a j o r r i v e r s , n a m e l y : ~ i v e r s

N i g e r a n d Anambra f r o m w h e r e i t d e r i v e s i t s n a m e .

3 .102: T-OPOGRAPHY

B o t h n a t u r a l a n d a n t h r o p o g e n t i c f a c t o r s h a v e

c o m b i n e d t o f a s h i o n t h e t o p o g r a p h i c f e a t u r e s o f ~ n a n b r a

s t a t e . T h e m a i n f a c t o r s i n c l u d e n a t u r e o f u n d e r l y i n g

e c o l o g y , s o i l s , h y d r o g e o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , c l i m a t i c

f a c t o r s , d i f f e r e n t i a l m a s s - w a s t i , n % o f l a n d s u r f aces,

v e g e t a l , c o v e r a n d p o o r I anc l -use p r a c t i c e s . ~ o c a l

v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e i n t . e n s i t y of p a r t i c u l a r p r o c e s s e s 'XI

c h a n g e n o t i c e a b l y i n r e s p o n s e t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n f a c t o r s

43

s u c h a s t e m p e r a t u r e , m o i s t u r e , a1 t i t y d e / s l o p e ,

s o i l / r o c k e x p c s u r c , l i t h o l o g y , amcrcnt and t y p e of

v e q e t a l c o v e r , ~ g b o k a ( 19%). ~ i c r o - c l i m a t i c

v a r i a t i o n s c o u l d b e o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n a v a l l e y f k o o r

a n d a h i l l t o p . T h e s e create l o c a l v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e

r a t e o f w e a t h e r i n g , m a s s - w a s t i n g , e r o s i o n a n d d e p o s i -

t i o n . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h ~ g , e a r e a p p r e c i a b l e c h a n g e s .< i n q e o m o r p h i c p r o c e s s e s , a n d f e a t u r e s .

3 . 1 0 3 : CLIMATE

T h e c l i m a t e i s t y p i c a l l y a n e q u a t o r i a l t r o p i c a l

r a i n f o r e s t t y p e . I t i s c h a r a c t & r i s e d by two m a i n

s e a s o n s - t h e r a i n y ( w e t ) s e a s o n a n d t h e d r y s e a s o n .

T h e r a i n y s e a s o n i s c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y heavy'"'

t h u n d ~ r s t o r m s , a n d l a s t s b e t w e e n t h e m o n t h s o f A p r i l

a n d O c t o b e r w i t h i t s p e a k b e t w e e n t h e m o n t h s o f J u n e

a n d ~ u l y , he d r y s e a s o n l a s t s f r o m November t o K a r c h

e v e r y y e a r . T h e r a i n y s e a s o n i s a l s o c h a r a c t e r i s e d

b y r e l a t i v e l y h i g h f i & n p e r a t u r e s (33Oc.) a n d h i g h

r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y ( 8 5 % ) . T h e d r y s c a s o n i s

c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y c h i l l y a n d d r y H a r m a t t a n w i n d . T h i s

1 o w e r s t e m p e r ~ t u r e a p p r e ~ i a b l y e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e m o n t h s

o f ~ecember a n d J a n u a r y . he t e m p e r a t u r e , h o w e v e r ,

r i s e s a p p r e d i a b l y i n M a r c h , i t s m a i n f e a t u r e s a r e :

e x c e s s i v e e v a p o r a t i o n , l o w r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y ( 2 6 % ) ,

l o w r a i n f a l l a n d g e n e r a l d r y n e s s ,

i n rxst p a r t s cf A n a x b r a S t a t e , t e ~ p s r s t u r e is

u s u a l l y h i s h a l l o v e r t h e y 3 a r . T h e a v e r a g e maximum '

0 a ~ 3 minimum t e m p e r a t x r e s a r e a b o u t 32 c acd 2soc - r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

A n n u a l r a i n f a 1 . l i s a l s o r e l z , t i v e l y high, w i t h

2 msan of a b o u t 2030 mn. This r a i n f a l l u s u a l l y i n f o r m

o f t h u n d e r s t o r m s c o n c e n t r a t e d , d u r i n g t h e r a i n y s e a s o n

w i t h l a r g e r u n - o f f v o l u m e s , i s o f s i g n i f i c a n t

e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p c r t a n c e . I t i n i t i a t e s d e e p w e a t h e r i n g

and l e a c h i n g o f s o i l s a n d r o c k s i n t h e a r e a . T h e i n t e n s i t y

of r a i n f a l l a n d t h e c o n c o m i t t a n t l a r g e v o l u m e s of r u n - o f f

g e n e r a t e d a n d a c c e l e r a t e d e r o s i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s , a n d

c o n s e q ~ e n t l y d e g r a d e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . The p r e v a l e n t

e r o s i o n a l a z t i v i t i e s i n t h e f o r m o f s h e e t w a s h , r i l l /

c h a n n e l e r o s i o n a n d g u l l y e r o s i o n h a v e c a u s e d h u g e

e n v i r o n m e n t a l d a m a g e s t o t h e l a n d s c a p e e s p e c i a l l y a l o n g

' t h e s l o p e of t h e Awka-Orlu e s c a r p m e n t w h i c h t r a v e r s e s

much of t h e c e n t r a l p a r t s o f Anambra S t a t e .

3,104 VZGETATION

T h e H i g h fores t B e l t i s c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y g r o w t h

of t a l l trees a m i d s t a t h i c k u n d e r g r o w t h . T h e trees h a v e

l u x u r i a n t f o l i a g s . The p r e s e n c e o f climbers a n d e p i p h y t e s

f ~ r n i n g c o m p l e x t a n g l e s i s common p l a c e , T h e f o r e s t s

w i t h g r a d e d t o p s a n d c o n t i n u o u s c a n o p y o f w i d e l e a v e s

are t y p i c a l w h e r e human a c t i v i t i e s a r e l i m i t e d . , O i l

p a l m t rees are common, a n d swsmpy a reas h a v e t h i c k c o v e r

o f r S n f f i n palms ( f i g . 3). ?.'his t y p i r a l , t r o p i c a l ,

h igh f3z1cst vegc ta t l io :~ i.s f as t d i s a p p e ~ i r - i n g i z l n?~zny

p a r t s o f AnCmb-n S t a t e , thus q i 7 i . n ~ wi7 t o d e r i v e d

phenclmenon i s not; unconncctcd with h i ~ h r a t e o f h w m n

a c t i v i t i e s i n form o f d e f o r e s t a t i o n , bush-5urnin.q an3

o t h e r d e v e l ~ p r n e n t a l a c t i v i t i e s o I

3e105 LilND USL

The ma jo r land. uses i n Anambra S t a t e i n c l u d e ,

. a g r i c u l t u r a l , r c s i den t i n l , cammercia.1 ;211d o f r c c e n t , i n d u s t r i a l .

Agrbicultur.e a - t i l l . t n p s o t h e r land uses as t h e

people o f Anamb1:a S t a t e a r e pred.om.i.fiant1.y f a rmers - 3 k u t 70"/0, Hbwever a g r - i c u l t u ~ ~ e i s still mainly a t

subsis tence l e v e l , The rna.jor a g r i c u l . t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s i n

t h e s t n t e axbe: fa rming , g r a z i n g , f i s h i n g , lo.gging and

p o u l t r y o R e s i d e n t i a l a c t i v i t y occup ic s a high p o s i t i o n

i n t h e l and use a c t i . v i . t i e s o f t h e people as .2 man's

honour i n t h e s t a t e i s c ~ n t i n g e n t upon t h e nuhber o f

houses he has ,

Comnierci.al n i : f ; iv i t ies come second t o a g r i c u l t u r e i n

t h e s . t a t e e '?he yr.op1.e o f th 'e stat;e a r e known f o r t h e i r

conmr,alc:ial, entex'pri.:;~:;. T h i s i s mident ; i n t h e number ,

I - o f markets i n t h c x t s t n t c a Thc gkop le o f t h e s t a t e are

ll,-Jlul' ji'f i' 1 1 , - IL -.-..-. - someti!nes contciup%uousl;y r e f e r r e d t;o a s = o

Traders Association, I n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t y is qu i t e

taking i ts roo t i n the s t a t e espec ia l ly i n places l i k e

Onitsha, Nnewi and Awka,

3.106 POPULATION AND HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS

The uplands nature of t he topography of t he S t a t e

have long favoured set t lements, The s t a t e is densely

peopled. The 1991 population census (Provisional r e s u l t s )

f o r the Anambra S t a t e showed t h a t the S t a t e has a t o t a l

population of 2,767,903. The breakdown of t h e population

shows t h a t female tops with 1,393,102 while male follows

with 1,374,801. The people speak two languages namely:

Igbo and I g a l l a , The Igbo language dominates with

over 9% of the people speaking it, The people receive

v i s i t o r s from outside t h e s t a t e w i t h warm hands.

3*20. ONITSHA METROPOLIS PHYSICAL AND HUMAN CHARACTERISTIC2

LOCATION

Physically, Onitsha i s located on t h e r i g h t bank

of the Niger River (see f i g . 4 ) , It is s i t ua t ed i n a

narrow basin between the Nkisi River t o t he north and

Idemil i River t o t he south and land which s lopes gently

down t o the Niger f lood pla in . It is bounded i n t h e

west by Nsugbe, i n t he nor th by Nkpor, i n t h e e a s t by

Obosi and i n t h e south by Ogbaru, Onitsha metropolis

i s made up of Onitsha North and South Local Government

Areas, some p a r t s of Nkpor and Obosi i n Idemil i Local

Govornncnt A r e a and C k ~ s r c i n ~ ~ c j b a r u L o c a l G o v e r n x e n t

a ( 5 2 3 f i g u r t ? 4).

3.202 T @ P O ~ ? W H Y

TO t h e ~ : c r t t l S C ~ O S S t h z ~ k f s i 'Fi ivx valley, t h s

t e r r a i n i s c7nj d i f f i c u l t , c o m p r i s i n g t h e s o u t h - . r n

e x t r e m i t y of i t h e U d l p l a t e a u , T o t h e t a s t is r e l a t i v e l y

f l a t , r i s i n g g r a d u a l l y t o b e t w e e n 150rn a n d 160m,

p r o v i d i n g yood b u i l d i n g l a n d and s n a t u r a l e x p a n s i o n .

T o t h e S o u t h ? t h e l a n d is f l a t a n d swampy, c o m p r i s i n g L

t h e w i d e f l o o d p l a i n of t h e Niger a n 3 I d e m i l i ~ i v e r s .

'1';>? l a c j f o r m is nade u p o f p r e d o m i n a n t l y s e d i m e n t a r y i r o c k s , t h o u g h igneous a n 3 r n e t a a o r p h i c a r c a l s o p r c s 2 n t .

Large q u a n t i t i e s o f s e d i m g n t a r y r o c k s p r e s e n t is a

resdlt o 5 . t h e p r e s e n c e of l a r g e water bodies.

3,204 S C I L - T h e s o i l c o n s i s t s of g r a v e l , sand a n d s i l t y c l a y .

T h e s o i l i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y p o r o u s , thus g i v i n g rise

to f1oo : I ing . I T h e s o i l i s f e r t i l e bccause o f t h e r a i n f a l l .

w h i c h i s h i g h . T h e q u a n t i t y an83 q u a l i t y of humus c o u p l e d

w i t h r a g u l a r r a i n f a l l , makes i t s u p p o r t a l u x u r i a n t

v!- .g: tat ion. !The m i l I .s firm and a b l e t o s u p p o r t

b u i l d i n g s t r u c t u r e s of a l l s i zes , i f w e l l b u i l t .

3 .205 CLIMATE

T h e a r e a 2 s s i t u a t e d i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n a r e a

b e t w e e n t h 2 suS-equa tor ia 1 s o u t h a n d t h e t ropica l

h i n t e r l a n d of ~ i 3 e r i a - The seassna: v a r i a k i o n is

same a s t h a t o f Anambra S t a t e d i s c u s s e d a h o v e .

R a i n f a l l i s h i g h a t abc te 1 8 5 0 mm, Mean t e m p e r a t u r e s

a r e r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t t h r o x g h o u t t h e y e a r a t a r o u n d

25Oc. R e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y is g e n e r a l l y b i g h t h r o u g h o u t

t h e y e a r b z t w e e n 70% a n d 83%- T h o c l ima t i c t e m p e r a t u r e

i s b e t w e e n l g O c - 34Oc- A v 2 r a g e maximum a n d minimum

d a i l y t e m p e r a t u r e i s 30Oc a n d 24Oc r e s p e c t - i v e l y .

3.206 VEGETATION

T h e v e g e t a t i o n i n O n i t s h a i s t h a t o f t h e forest

v e g e t a t i o n m o s t l y . I t h a s t h e w i n d mixed e v E r g r e e n

a n 3 d e c i d i o u s trees a s w e l l a s t a l l g r a s s e s a n d c r e e p e r s

i n t e r s p e r s e d w i t h trees. T h e v e g e t a t i o n is a l u x u r i a n t

t y p e b e c a u s e o f h e a v y r a i n f a l l . P l a n t g r o w t h is

c o n t i n u o u s t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r ,

M u l t i p l e s p e c i e s o f trees a b o u n d . N a t u r a l

v e g e t a t i o n h a s b e e n a l t e r e d t o h g r e a t e x t e n t a s a

r e s u l t o f u n c c n t r o l l e d d e v e l o p m e n t . T h i s t r e n d h a s

e x r o s e d t h e m e t r o p o l i s t o a l l sor ts o f c l ima t i c f o r c e s .

Even t h e llAkpaka F o r e s t R e s e r v e w , e s t a b l i s h e d ,

b y t h e t h e n g o v e r n m e n t o f E a s t C e n t r a l S t a t e . t o p r o v i d e

w i n d b r e a k h a s now d i s a p p e a r e d .

3.207 L A N D U S E

T h e dajor l a n d u s e s i n O n i t s h a m e t r o p o l i s are:

r c r s i 3 s n t i a l , c~rnmercial and i n d u s t r i a l , H o w e v e r

sn ; a l l a g r i c ~ l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s a r e r - i c t i ced a r o u n d t h e

S a n k o f t h e R i v e r N i g e r . T h e r e s i d e n t i a l l a n d u s e

c o n F r i s e s o f h i g h , medium a ~ . 3 low d e n s i t i e s . Tho !-.igh

and medium d e n s i t y r e s i d e n t i a l areas a l s o s u p p o r t some .

fcym o f commercial a c t i v i t i e s t h e r e b y g i v i n g room

t o m i x e d l a n d u s e s . O n i t s h a m e t r o p o l i s h a s m o r e t h a n

t w e n t y m a r k e t s . T h e s e m a r k e t s a r e c e n t r a l l y c o n t r o l l e d

b y t h e O n i t s h a M a r k e t s A m a l g a m a t e d T r a d e r s A s s o c i a t i o n

Heavy i n d u s t r i e s a r e l o c a t e d a t t h e Okpoko

i n d u s t r i a l l a y o u t . However , o n ? t y p e o f i n d u s t r y

o r t h e o t h e r is f o u n d i n almost e v e r y n o o k a n d c r a n n y o f

t h e t o w n .

T h e p o p u l a t i o n o f O n i t s h a m e t r o p o l i s i s d i f f e r e n t

fro;: t h e p o p u l s l t i o n o f t h e t w o L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t s t h a t .

m a k e u p C n i t s h a town . The 1 9 9 1 p o p ~ l a t i o n c e n s u s

( p r o v i s i o n a l r e s u l t s ) g a v e t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f , t h e t w o

L o c a l G o v ? r n m e n t s a s f o l l o w s : -

H o w e v e r , t h e aSove f is:.lre is different from the

p o p u l a t i o n of o n i e s h a mztropolis w k , i c h is undsr study.

t s w n h z s ncde i t d i f f i c u l t . t o no t i ce t h e t r u e o&ners

y h i s has l e d t o series of l a n d squat3les Setween

i n d i g e n e s and t h e ad j o i n i n g

per,:rdnen t l y o c c u p i e d Aw'sa Town and i t s e n v i r o n s a r e

telievec! t o 5e d ~ s c e n d a n t s of l a n ( 3 l o r d n a t i v s s .who were

alre3dy l i v i n g i n the p r e s e n t day Ibo land a t leas t by ?

c, 'I:

L

c 0

'-2

t h z y ? a r , t h e rainy sezson and t k , ? d r y s e a s o n . A b r i e f

,--, ..=riod 0 5 c o l d d r y znd d u s t y w e a t h e r - t h e h a r ~ s t t a n - . i s e x p e r i e n c e d b 2 t w s e n December a n d F e b r u a r y , Awka l i e s

w i t h i r : t h e h i g h e s t p 5 i n t of r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y i n t h e

S t a t e . The r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y i s g e n e r a l l y h i g h - b e t w e e n 70 t o 80 - t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r . Thg peak o c c u r s ,

h o w ? v e r , d u r i n g t h e w e t s e a s o n , a n d t h e lowest i s

r e c o r d e d d u r i n g t h e d r y s e a s o n ,

5 z a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n s u n s h i n e h o u r s o c c u r

t k i r o u g h o ~ t t h e y e s r . These a f f e c t a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s .

The d r y and w e t s e a s o n s u s u a l l y e x p e r i e n c e a l o t o f

. s ~ ~ n s h i n e w h i l e r a i n f a l l ' p e a k p e r i o d s h a v e less s a : ? s h i n e .

T h e v e g e t a t i o n i s t h a t o f f o r e s t v e g e t a t i o n . I t h a s

t h e w i n d mixed e v e r g r e e n a n d d e c i d i o u s trees and t a l l

g r a s s e s , The v e g e t a t i o n is a l u x u r i a n t t y p e , c e u r t e s y

o f t h ~ h e a v y r a i n f a l l t h a t O C ~ U ~ S jn t h ~ s r p a ,

3. 304 FOFULrlTIO; AN3 HUPlAN CH.4.3>.CTS?I STICS

Th? s t u d y a r e a w i t h i n Awka L o c a l G o v e r n n e n t Area

t h - ; t i s l.:.,w'Pra 1 rbacl i s d e n s e l y p o p u l a t e d . T h e

settlement p a t t e r n i s n g t d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t of Ibo

p e o p l e i n g e n a r a l . ?

,- T h e 1 9 9 1 p o p u l a t i o n c e n s u s exercise g a v e t h e ,-,

#

p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e town as 1 2 1 , 5 7 0 i n h a b i t a n t s . T h e %

b r e a k d o w n s h o w s t h a t f e m a l e i s o n t o p w i t h 62 ,285 9-

w h i l e m a l e t a k e s t h e rear w i t h 5 9 , 2 8 5 , H o w e v e r , t h e

t o w n h a s r e c o r d e d c o n t i n u o u s g r o w t h d u e t o t h e s t a t u s

o f t h e town a s t h e c a p i t a l o f Anambra s t a t e . p e o p l e

who were h i t h e r t o l i v i n g i n Enuyu S t a t e h a v e a l l come

d o w n t o ~ w k a t o t a k e u p a p p o i n t m e n t s . his i n f l u x o f b..

..I.' I

p e o p l e s i n c e t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e s t a t e h a s made

a c c o m m o d a t i o n a s c a r c e c o m m o d i t y i n t h e t o w n . 1 _ < _ _ -

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y , a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e a b o u n d

t o p r o v e t h e c o n t i n u i t y o"f o c c u p a t i o n o f ~ w k a Town.

T h e same g r o u p o f p e o p l e a re known t o h a v e c o n t i n u o u s l y

o c c u p i e d t h e town a n d a r e known t o h a v e n o t r a d i t i o n s I

o f m i g r a t i o n . ~ o d a y , c i v i l s e r v i c e t o p s t h e o c c u p a t i o n s

t h a t a re f o u n d i n t h e town . T h e m a j o r o c c u p a t i o n o f '

t h e o r i g i n a l i n h a b i t a n t s i s b l a c k - s m i t h i n g . T h e y e n j o y

t r a d i t i o n a l c e r e m o n i e s l i k e rtIrno ~ w k a " .

3 - 4 0 PHYSICAL A N D H U M A N CHARACTERISTICS

LOCATION A N D B H I EF HISTORY

, Nnewi w h i c h i s e t h n i c a l l y i n h a b i t e d b y t h e ~ g b o s

s t a r t e d a s a n a rea a d m i n i s t e r e d u n d e r o n i t s h a a s f r o m

1 9 1 0 when Erne n a t i v e c o u r t was b u i l t o n t h e l a n d

area.

8

i n t h e L I Z S ~ , e a s t , s o u t h and n o r t h r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

' ~h ,? t o w n h.2 s f i v e t r a c j i t i o n a l ~ ~ 3 r d ~ ~ nameiy :

' ~ t ~ l o , u:r;urlim, U r u a y u , h n r . w i c h i a n d Nd iakwu ( f i g , $1

Area.

N n e w i h a s m a i n l y h i l . l y t o ~ o g r a p h y a n d i s p r o n e

Lo g u l l y e r o s i o n . The t c w n is blgss-d w i t h b i g a n 3 small

s t r e a n s . Arong t h z b i g ones a r e , ' u l a s i ~ i v e r p a s s i n g

t k c i n f i u x sf p e o p l e f r o m all walks of l l f e d ~ l e to its

commercia ?, . p o k e n t i a 1 i t . i e s . T ~ ~ L s h a s resilltecl i n

o - ; e r - c o r g e s t i o n 3rd h i g h rents. A first time visitor

t o N ~ e d i would inLti3l.l~ sinply d i s m i s s it a s just one

?

CHAPTER FOUR

4,OO METHODS AM) PROCEDURES

This chapter dea l s with the methods and procedures

used f o r t h e collection of data for %he research, This

study was based on a f i e l d work car r ied out from

December 1993 t o June 1994 i n t he th ree chosen urban

centres i n Anambra S t a t e , Below is the s t e p by s t e p

approach applied t o obta in data throughout the durat ion

of the study,

For e f f ec t ive co l lec t ion of da ta f o r the current

study the layout maps ( f igures : 4, 5 and 6) of t he

s tudied urban areas of Anambra S t a t e were used t o

fden t i fy the various layouts i n Onitsha, Awka and Nnewi

Respectively.

4.10 TYPES AND SOURCES OF DATA

This sec t ion dea l s with types and sources of data ,

research methods, population studied, sampling techniques

and instrument used, For a study of t h i s nature, data

a r e necessary so as t o ensure r e l i a b l e f indings and r e s u l t s ,

The researcher obtained da t a which were used i n t he current

study from two sources v iz : Secondary and Primary da ta sources

respectively. The two sources a r e discussed below,

4.101 SECONDARY DATA

VARIABLES

The reseamher obtained the f o l l ~ w f n g key variables

through the secondary data collection:

Volume of waste disposed by the organisation during

the periods under study.

Manpwer available to the organisation

(staff strength),

The fund available to the organisation during the

same periods.

The equipment of the organisation,

The public support among others (appendix i).

SOURCES

The researcher obtained the above secondary data

from the following sources:

Information from ASESAts looseleaf organisational

manual kept in ASESA Administrative Department.

Written documents on the activities of ASESA given

by heads of various departments in ASESA, -

6 Information given by the sole Administrator of the

organisation and the general manager of the three

zones studied during the interview studies.

Demographic data from Ministry of Economic Development

as well as National Population Commission Onitsha,

Awka and Nnewi.

-. r JY.. 8 3 7 . L X ~ L S S

-, , i .. r?sezrch.?r 0 b k 2 i n l d the f o l l c i : i c ~ k e y v a r i a b l e s

frcr, r , r izar*. / .i.it- 53~jrc.3:

- c . S n x of b o t h r ? s i d ? n t s of the s t u d i e d a r e 3 s a n d

.4ZZSri S t 3 f f e r s .

b. ~ d . ~ z a t i o n a l . q u 3 l i f i c a t i o n s .

c. i 'atuze of b u i l d i n g s .

d . Reg ~ l a r i t y af r e f u s a c l e a r i n g .

'~istance t o ths trznsfer dzpot.

/

he f u l l d e t a i l s of t h e variable,^ a r e shown i n

a p p e n d i c e s ii and iii.

o t h e r p r i m a r y d a t a v a r i a b l e s a r e , l a y o u t -%. b y l a y o u t

i n s p e c t i o n of t h e s o l i d w a s t e s i t u a t i o n i n t h e s t u d i e d

a r e a s , i n s p e c t i o n of ASESA v e h i c l e s a n d men w h i l e

c a r t i n g away r e f u s e a n d p h o t o g r a p h s o f v a r i o u s d u m p s

a n d ASESA e q u i p m e n t , , i "W.

..l '

4 - 2 0 SAMPLES Cik' THL'STUDY A N D SAIVlt.L81NG TECHNIQUE I

4 . 2 0 1 SAMPLE OF THE STUDY

Two p o p u l a t i . o n s were s t u d i e d . T h e r e a s o n w a s

t h a t t h e t w o p o p u l a t i o n s i.e. t h e r e s i d e n t s of t h e

s t u d y a n d ASESA a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s o l i d w a s t e

g e n e r a t i o n a n d m a n a g e m e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y . S o i n

o rder t o . p r o v e t h e s t a t ed p r o b l e m , t h e r e s e a r c h e r

t h o u g h t . i t w i s e t o a s c e r t a i n t h e r e a c t i o n s i.of t h e

r e s i d e n t s of t h e s t u d i e d a r e a s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h a h

o f t h e A S E S A w o r k e r s .

T h e t w o p o p u l a t i o n s i n c l u d e : -

a . R e s i d e n t s of. t h e s t u d i e d a r e a s

D a t a were o b t a i n e d from h e a d s o f h o u s e h o l d s i n

t h e s t u d i e d a r e a s ,

4

b) M E S A s t a f f I n T h e s t u d i e d Areas

D a t a were o b t a i n e d f r o h ASESA w o r k e r s i n t h e

s tud ied areas* r his was made p s s i k P e khrcugh

q u e s t i o n n a i r e a d m i n i s t r a g i o n c a r r i e d o u t among t h e

r a n k a n d . f i l e o f ASESA w o r k e r s .

4 .202 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

s i n c e t h e r e s e a r c h e r s t u d i e d t w o p o p u l a t i o n s , t w o

d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s w e r e u s c d . ..4"

H o w e v e r , t h e s a m p l i n g t e c h n i q u e u s e d f o r b o t h

p o p u l a t i o n s w a s s t r a t i f i e d r a n d o m s a m p l i n g . T h e u s e

o f t h i s t e c h n i q u e was t o g i v e a p p r o p r i a t e w e i g h t t o

d i f f e r e n t p o p u l a t i o n s i z e s . T h i s w a s d u e t o t h e

h e t e r o g e n e o u s n a t u r e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n t y p e s .

T h e t e c h n i q u e h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e olf g i v i n g e a c h e l e m e n t

t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f b e i n g s e l e c t e d i n t o t h e s a m p l e .

T h e r e s e a r c h e r h a d t o g r o u p t h e e n t i r e p o p f l a t i o n i n t o

s u b s e t s c a l l e d s t r a t a w h e r e e q u a l c h a n c e o f s e l e c t i o n

i n t o t h e s a m p l e was g i v e n t o e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t ,

o zongwu ( 1 9 9 2 ) .

BY t h i s s y s t e m , t h e r e s e a r c h e r w a s a b l e t o homoge-

n i z e t h e e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n . F o r t h e r e s e n d e n t s o f t h e I

(I

s t u d i e d a r e a s , h e a d s o k h o u s e h o l d s w e r e s t u d i e d . 1 .-

S i n c e t h e y h a v e d i f f e r e n t o d c u p a t i o n a l p a t t e r n s , c a r e

w a s t a k e n t o make s u r e t h a t t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e

t h r e e h a j j o r o c c u p a t i o n s n a m e l y : T r a d e r s , C i v i l

I

S e r v a n t s a n d F a r m e r s w e r e s t u d i e d . * ( -

I n t h e h i g h d e n s i t y areas, o n e o u t uf e v z r y t h r e e

b u i l d i n g s i n a s treet w a s s s a m p l e d , i n t n e med ium

d e n s i t y a r ea , o n e o u t o f e v e r y f o u r b u i l d i n g s i g a

s t r e e t was s a m p l e d a n d i n t h e l o w d e n s i t y a r e a , o n e

o u t o f s i x b u i l d i n g s was s a m p l e d .

I n a l l 65'0 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w e r e a d m i n i s t e r e d . 5 , W**

. 4

p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e t o w n s w a s t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n

b e t o r e d i s t r i b u t i n g t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e . o n i t s h a r e c e i v e d

t h e l a r g e s t b u l k o f 3 5 0 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w h i l e ~ w k a a n d

Nnewi r e c e i v e d 1 5 0 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s a p i e c e . T h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d c o l l e c t i o n o f q u e s t i o n n a i r e s a r e shown #,.

o n t h e t a b l e b e l o w : ,.\a .5" I

T a b l e 4 . 1 s h o w s how t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s . w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d

a n d c o l l e c t e d among t h e town:

TOhN

O n i t s h a

~ w k a

N n e w i

T o t . a l

(5: o u r c e : - R e s e a r c h e r t s c a l c u l a t i o n r , , 1 9 9 4 .

N O . OF QUEST. DI S'L U ,

3 5 0

1 5 0

1 5 0

6 5 0

I

%

86

83

8 0

8 4

1 , %

5 4

23

2 3

1 0 0

N O . OF QUEST, 00LLCTD.

3 0 0

1 2 5

1 2 0

5 4 5

T a b l e 4.2 show in^ h o w t h e q u e s k i c n n a i r s s %ere *

d i s t r i b u t e d and c o l l e c t e d among t h e l a y o u t s i n o n i t s h a :

S o u r c e s : R e s e a r c h e r s s u r v e y 1994.

I

' 1 ----

%

83.3

82.5

90.0

-8 6.7

87.5,

85.C

86.6

82.5

90.0

85.0

P

N O . COLLCTD.

2 5

3 3

2 7

26

35

34

26

33

27

34

300

LAYOUT

G RA

F EGGE

0 DOAKPU

I N L A N D TOWN

0 KPOKO

A WADA

H E A D B H I D G E

WOLIWO

OMOBA

N KPOR

TOTAL

N O . OF QUEST. DISTD. A N D COLLCTD.

30

4c a %

I

30

30 ----- 40

40

30

40

30

40

350

d

Tab le 4 . 3 s h c w i n g how th)-? q u - ; s t i o n n a i r c s w e r e

d i s t r i b u t e d and c c l l - ? c t d i n Awka:

1 LAY C?JT

Govt. Fiouse l.-----

S o u r c e s : R e s e a r c h e r t s s u & e y 1994.

Table 4.8 showing how t h ? ; q u e s t i o n n a i r e s were

d i s t r i b u t e d a n d collecte9 i n h!n-wi:, (

_II-

N n o b i R o 3 Y '

Sources: R e s e a r c h ? r t s s u r v e y 1394. 1

'.

T h e s e c o n d ~ o p u l a t i o n s t u d i e d was ASZSA. One p r o ' s l e n 1

was e n c o u n t e r e d by t h ? r e s e a r c h e r d u r i n q c h s i c e of - correct p o p u l a t i o n f o r ASESX s t a f f . The p r o b l e m w a s

a s regards d e f i n i t i o n cf correct g a ~ ~ l s t i o n w h i c h w 3 x l d

s u p p l y ccrrect d a t a n e c e s s a r y f o r s u c c e s s f u l i n v 9 s t i g a -

t l o n i n vF-w 0 5 'the f a c t t h a t ASZZ.4 h 3 s t w 2 t y p s o f

w o r k e r s v i z : ASESA* s s t a f f a n d ASESA's wage e a r n e r s

o t h e r w i s e known a s llDLStl ( D a i l y L a b o u r e r s ) w i t h i n

ASESA c ircle.

T h e b a s i c d i f f e r e x ? b e t w e e n t h e two c a t e g o r i e s o f

-ASESA w o r k e r s is w h e r e a s ASESA's s t a f f c o u l d be set

i n c h a r g e o f ASESASs c o r p o r a t e r e s o u r c e s , t h e ASSSA*s

wage e a r n e r s cot.ild n o t . I n o r d e r to o v e r c o z e th.3 aSoyre

d i f f i c u l t y , t h e r e s e a r c h e r h a d t o d e v i c e two m e t h o d s

name ly : T n e i n t e r v i e w method a n d t h e u s e o f

q u e s t i o n n a i r e s .

i D c r i n ~ t h e i n t e r v i e w ( a p p e n d i x . . . 1 t h e r ? s % r c h e r

o n l y g o t i n f c r r n 3 t i o n f rom t h e ASZSA's s t a f f bzcause

t h e y w e r e t h e c n e s p l a c e d i n c h a r ~ e of ASZSA's

r s c o u r c e s a n d were t h c 2 r 2 f o r e i n t h e a p p r o ~ r i ~ t e p o s i t i o n s

t o ansq.4sr t h e q u e s t i o ~ s .

I n t h ? q l e s ~ i o n n a i r a a z l ? t i n i s tratior t h e r e s e a r c h e r

1"; S s z p l ? s i z e n=

1 + ~ ( e ) 2

wh; ._ . re ?i = t h e c o r r e c t ~ o p u l a t i o n ( i e . ASESA s t a f f c o n p r i s i n g 630 p e r s o n s )

e = s e l o c t e d m a r g i n of error ( 1 0 % )

T h e r e f o r e , s a m p l e s i ze n = 400

1 + 4 0 0 ( 0 . 1 ) ~

-. I n ~ r e f o r e , t h e r e s e 2 r c h e . r w a s c o n c e r n ? d ~ L t h col l e c t i n 3

d z t a a b o u t t h e e n t i r e ASSSX s t s f f f r o m a n y 8 0 rne~b3rs

of ASSS& s t a f f d u r i n g t h e q u 2 s t i o n n a i r e a d n i n i s t r s . t i o n

and t h 3 i n t e r v i e w s t u d i e s .

T h e r e s e a r c h e r p r o b e d the 80 s a m p l e d ASSSA s t a f f

i n a random s z x p l i n g m a n n 3 r w i t h r e s t r a i n t s .

Tb#-l r e s t r a i n t was a s s result o f :

(a) >.SS3.;.A h a s d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s o f s t a f f s u c h a s

j u n i c r , i n t e r m e d i a t e a n d s e n i o r c a t e q o r i e s ,

( b ) T h s r s w s s n e e d t o p r e v e n t o n e c a t e g o r y o f

ASSSA s t a f f f r o n d o z i n a t i n g t h e 2 n t i r e 80 s a r p l e

s i z e , b e s i d e t h e p r e v e n t i o n , t h e v a l i d i t y o f d a t a

f r o m q u e s t i o n n a i r e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d i n t e r v i e w . "

w o l ~ i d b? q u e s t i o n e d .

4.331 QUXSTION3IAIRZ AD?.IINISTP,,%TIOK

T h e r e s e a r c h e r emp loyed ttro b r o a d m e t h o d s o f

i r i v e s t i 2 a t i o n a s r e g ~ ~ r d s q u e s t i o n n a i r e a d r i n i s t r s t i o n .

T h e two broscl m e t h o d s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n a re .(a) c l o s e d

e n d e d a n d ( b ) o p e n ended m e t h o d s f o r t h e two p o p u l a t i o n s ,

( 2 ) CLGSED EN3CD METHCD

T h e c l o s e d e n d e d method o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n emp loyed

co3sists o f c l o s e d e n d e d q u e s t i o n s b e a r i n g m u l t i p l e

cP,oi.ce a n s w e r s a n d r e q u i r i n g r e s p o n d e n t s t o select

o n e o f t h e answers, T h 2 r e s e a r c h e r u s e d c l o s e d e n d e d

q u e s t i o n s ar,d r e g L i l a r p r o S i n 5 s u c h a s " o t h e r s p l e a s e

s p e c i f y u w'riich ena5 led him t o col lec t e x h a u s t i v e and

rr:.:t;ual l y . e ; < c l ~ ! s i v ? a n s w e r s . T h e c loss ended qu-ls t i c n s

w 3 r e a l s o u s s d b y t h e r s s e a r c h e r a s g u i d e t c p r e v e n t

h i 3 f r o n m i s i n t - ? r ~ r e t i n g t h e i n t l 2 n t i . o ~ o f , and t h e

t h z scale in t h e q u e s \ i o n n a i r e s were a s r e g a r d s ,

a

q u e s t i c A nunbers 12 and 20 of AS3S.A and oni tsha r e s i d e n t s

a n s w 2 r s o t h z r ~ ~ i s e known a s l e a d i n g q~r2s t i o n s , and

A CP,TAININC IYJCERVI5 ' r J

r:any s t r a t e g i e s w e r e u s e d b y t?-,? r e s e a r c h s r i n

- crdsr t o o b t a i n i n t e r v i e w s w i t h t h e s a m p l e mezSers,

P,:r=st o f t h e s t r a t e g i e s w e r e a ssoc ia ted w i t h

l o c z t i o n of t h ? sarn7le members. T h e s a m p l e ~ernbers w e r e

q = . n c r s l l y l o c a t e d i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e o f f i c e s d u r i n g

A,s?sA ' s c f f S c i a 1 w o r k i n g p e r i o d , ho . , $eve r , s o w of t h s

w 5 r k e r s refused t o h a v e a n y t h i n g t o d o w i t h t h e

r ? s - ? a r c h e r , s a y i v ! g similsr e x e r c i s e s i n t h e p a s t

v i e l d e d n3 r \ z s a l t b u t a f t e r n s c h p l e a d i n g t h e y e v e ~ b u a l l y

y i e l d e d .

. ASKING Q U E S T I O N S

- 1 h 2 r e s e a r c h e r s t r i c t l y a d h e r e d t o t h ? u s e o f s a m e

... :l;-?zd qceskions d ~ r i n g tt-:~ i n t e r v i e w s . i n 3 r d e r t o

e : ' i n i n 3 t e b i a s a n d s a f e g u a r d v a l i d i t y of d a t s f r i m

i r , t e r v i . w s t u d i e s .

C. RECC9DIKG ANSfdZ iS

9 z r i n g th:; i n t e r v i e w s t h e r e s e a r c h e r r e c o r d e d

a n s w e r s f r o m r e s p o n d e n t s e i t h e r v e r b a t i m or s 2 l e c t i n g

p r e c o b e d a n s w c r s . c n t h 2 b a s i s o f open q u e s t i o n i n g or

preceding p r i n c i p l e s r e s p ~ c t i v e ~ y ,

: S o r e o v e r , t h e i n t e r v i . e w s wer2 s t r ~ c t u r e d b ~ c m s e

t h e t h o r o u g h k n o w l e d g e o f ASESA e n 3 b l e d t h e r e s e a r c h e r

a s k p r e m e d i t a t e d q u e s t i o n s t o r e s p o n d e n t s d u r i n g t h e

i n t e r v i e w s t u d i e s . T h e s t r u c t u r e d f e a t u r e o f t h e

i n t e r v i e w s t u d i e s a n d t h e r e s e a r c h e r ' s t h o r o u g h

k n o w l e d g e of ASESA i m m e n s e l y f a c i l i t a t e d t h e -answer

r e c o r d i n g p r o c e s s b e c a u s e t h e r e s e a r c h e r r e c a p t u r e s

t h e correct precoded a n s w e r b e f o r e a r e s y o q d e n t

c o i n p l e t e d a n s w e r i n g a q u e s t i o n . T h i s e x p e d i t e d t h e

e n t i r e i n t e r v i e w s t u d i e s a n d g u a r a n t e e d s u s t a i n e d

v a l i d i t y o f d a t a f r o m i n t e r v i e w s t u d i e s .

4.333 DIRSCT C 3 3 5 3 V A T ' I O N

F i e l d s u r v e y w a s e m p l o y e d f o r t h 2 p a r t s of t h e

s t u d y t h a t w e r e o b s e r v a t l e . ~ S s e r v a t i o n s w e r e made w i t h

r e g ~ r b s t o t h e a t t r a c t i v e n e s s o r o t h e r w i s e of a n

a r e a , I ; S ~ S X F-- L ~ L I - - C i ~ ~ , F- : 7 j c t h e r e s i d ? r . t i a l b u i l d i n g s ,

t h e e n v i r o n n e n t s u r r o u n d i n g %he b u i l d i n g , r e f u s e

d i . s p o s s 1 s i t e s , c o n d i t i o n s o f p a r k s a n d o t h e r

f a c i l i t i e s n o t w i t h i n t h e b u i l d i n g s u z h a s d r a i n a g e ?,

f a c i l i t i e s , t r a f f i c jams c a u s e d b y w a s t e s dumped

b e s i d e t h e roads, the s o c i d characteristics of 2he

i n h a b i t a n t s s u c h a s w h a t t y p e s o f b e h a v i o u r t h e y are

l i k e l y t o e x h i b i t a n d t h e r a t e a t w h i c h A S E S A v e h i c l e s

c a r t away r e f u s e a s w e l l a s i n c i d e n c e o f l i t t e r i n g

n o t i c e d d u r i n g s u c h c a r t i n g . T h e o b s e r v a t i o n s were I

r e c o r d e d o n t h e s p o t i n o r d e r t o m i n i m i z e b i a s a n d , +w

I '

d i s t o r t i o n o f f a c t s .

~t t h e s a m e t i m e , a c a m e r a w a s u s e d t o t a k e

p h o t o g r a p h s o f v a r i o u s f e a t u r e s s u c h a s dump s i t e s ,

ASESA f a c i l i t i e s a n d v e h i c l e s , c o m m u n a l / h o u s e h o l d s

b i n s , m a r k e t b i n s , l a n d f i l l s among o t h e r s .

4 . 5 0 ANALYSIS TLCHNIyUE

M u l t i p l e R a n d c o r r e l a k i o n c o e f f i c i e n t w e r e u s e d

. t o c o m p u t e t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e i n t e r v i e w s t u d i e s .

M u l t i p l e R h e l p e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e R s q u a r e d

v a l u e o f t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s t o t h e i n d e p e n d e n t

v a r i a b l e s w h i l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t t e s t e d t h e

s i g n i f i c a n c e a n d t h e e x t e n t o f c a u s e and e f f e c t

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n thc: d e p e n d e n t a n d i n d e p e n d e n t

v a r i a b l e s .

CHAPTER FIVE

This chapter deals with the presentations, analysis

and findings of the data obtained &wing the course of this

study, As earlier mentioned, three methods were

employed to obtain data during the study, The methods

once more include, administration of questionnaires to

the residents of the studied areas, administration of

questionnairs to ASESA workers and the granting of

interview to various heads of departments in ASESA.

"5.10 PRESENTATION OF DATA COLLECTED FROM THE RESIDENTS

OF THE STUDIED AREAS :

The data are presented in the tables below while a * C.J " " . . .,*. "" *, . . sample of the questionnaire is contained in appendix ii.

The data presented here are those that are mainly

concerned with the research questions in chapter One,

SEX - 379 People out of 545 questionnaires collected

represented males while 166 represent females,

From the table below males account for 70% of the

respondents while females account for 30 Per cent,

Table 5,l SEX DISTRIBUTION

, Sex , No, of Respondents I Percentage

Source: Researcher's calculation,

Male Female Total

379 166 545

70% 30% 100

U A

QUALIFICATION From t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n tab, le b e l o w , - r e s p o n d e n t s w i t h

n o formal e d y c a t i c n are 59 0 7 2 t of 5 4 5 w h i c h r e p r e s e n t , 11%,

t h o s e w i t h p r i m a r y s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n are 216 w h i c h

a z c o u n t for 40%. T h e number of r e s p o n d e n t s wit 'h

T a b l e 5.2 : QfJALIFICATICN -= ., OF RESFONDENTS Qu-1 i f i c z t i o n I No. of R e s p o n d e n t s ] Fcrce?".ce 1

-an obszrve t l - l ; ? !t:e prel3ar:!.nant o c c u ~ a t i r ~ z i n the areas

i s b u s i n e s s w n i c h a c c o u n t s for 48% or 2 5 9 r e s p o n d e n t s .

Others w h i c h ' i n c l u d e t h e ur,er;;.ploy+xl ar,d sc cr, c a w dis!;ar.t

secor~d c;f 39% or 103 responm5ezts . Wie rest i n order of '

3 r+:.:-=,:~:!dents a n d l a w y e r s 5% or 26 r e s p o n d e n t s .

Doctor k 35 . L " .-.. .-.. . . -.- . . . - . . -

Source: R e s e a r c h e r ' s c a l c u l a t i o n .

U S E OF BUILDIMG 4

T a b l e 5.4 b e i o w s h o w s hob- t h e G u i l c l n g s w i t h i n t h e

r e s p o n d e n t s cr 32% a n d i t i s c l o s ~ l y follcwed by

use, 1 3 0 r e s p o n d e n t s or 24%, i n d u s t r i a l use, 4 8 r e s p o n -

i 3 2 R e s i d e n t i a l i 1 7 5 I I . C o m m e r c i a l i 1 3 0 i 2 4 1

i

I n d u s t r i a l 48 f 9 ! 1 / ~ e s . / C o m r n e r c i a l { 1 7 6 1 32 f

I R e s . / I n d u s t r i a l 1 6 3 L

T o t a l . i 5 4 5 100 I . - --

S o u r c e : R e s e a r c h e r ' s c a l c u l a t i o n .

METHOD O F DISPOSAL T h i s i s o n e o f t h e major f a c t o r s w 5 i c h n e c e s s i t a t e d

t h i s s t u d y

a n d c r a n n y

a l o n g w a y

t h e e n t i r e

d i r t i n e s s .

b e c a u s e w a s t e i s b e i n g dumped a t e v e r y nook

o f t h z s t u d i e d areas. T a b l e 5.5 below g o e s

t o b u t t r e s s t h e r e s e a r c h e r ' s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t

s t u d i e d areas are i n f l i c t e d w i t h t h e wound of

From t h e t a b l e d u m p i n g of r e f u s e i n u n a u t h o r i s e d

p l a c e s h a s t h e h i g h e s t ; e s p o n d e n t s o f 316 w h i c h a c c o u n t s

f o r 58% w h i l e p u b l i c r e f u s e dump comes d i s t a n t s e c o n d

w i t h 1 6 6 r e s p o n d e n t o r 31%.

Others are: i n c i n e r a t i o n , 39 r e s p o n d e n t s or 7%;

cornposi4ting 2 4 r e s p o n d e n t s o r 4%; r e c y c l i n g 0 r e s p o n d e n t s

and s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l 0 respondents a s well..

! nethod of Disposal I N o . of R e s p o n d e n t s 1 P e r c e n t a q e I I 4

~ n c i n e r a t i o n 39 7 .

I Total I 545 t 1 0 0 ! I


b e i n g g e n e r s t e d w i t h i n t h e s t u d i e d areas. O u t o f 2 4 E 8

5 0 1 r e s p o r , d % n t s r e p r e s e n t i n c ; 20%. Food rei~la i n s come

w h i c h a l s c account for 167L. L==;I~? - s come f o r t h with 374

Metal S c r ~ ~ c s -.-- ----- L"- i - - -- 345 -I__

I O t h e r s 4 0 1 16 ---t

. Source: E c _ " s s a r c h ~ r ~ s c d l c c l a t i o n .

FREQUENCY 8F CLEARING

This section represents how frequently ASESA clears the

wastes generated within the studied areas.

From table 5,7, kSESA does not carry out daily disposal

of refuse. Only 6 respondents agree that ASESA cldars the

waste once a week. 61 respondents which represent 11%

say that ASESA clears the waste once '.' forthnight.

233 respondents or 43% agree that ASESA performs its duty

of clearing waste once a month, A total of 245

respondents out of 545 respondents which also have the

highest percentage of 45 say that ASESA does not clear the

wastes at all.

I . - -

Source: Researcher's Calculation. I

- Table 5,7 FREQUENCY OF CLEARING

cOLLECTION/DISPOSAL TECHNIQUE USED BY ASESA t

Frequency of clearing

Once a day Once a week

. Onee a forthnight Once a month No day at all

This section deals with how ASESA goes about doing

the business of waste clearing. From table 5.8 below,

No. of Respondents

- 6

61 773 -&&

245

only 20 respondents representing 4% of the entire respondents

Percentage

. 1

11 b3 .I

45

agree that ASESA carries oht house to house waste clearing

while 69 respondents or 13% are of the opinion that ASESA

collects the waste street by street. A whopping number of

456 respondents which account for 83% say ASESA

clears th? waste from communal/transfer stations. A

!

Source: Researcher's calculation.

F A Y N E N T O F S A N I T A T I O N R A T E

~ a S l e 5.9 below sho:.:s 'h~s.i t h z r - l s i d e n t s of the s t u d i e d

ereas r e s p o n d t o t h e call for p a y m e n t of s a n i t a t i c n r a t e .

Gut of t he 545 r e s p o n s e s o b t a i n e d $24 r e s p o n d e n t s - w ! ~ i c h

account f o r 78% pay s a n i t a t i o n r a t e while 121 r e s p o n d e n t s

or 22% do n o t pay.

COPIFLICT W I T H ASESA OFFIC1"ILS -- Tne r e s e a r c h e : - s c u g h t t o know f r o ~ t h e re.; il3cr; ts

s a i > i t ~ t i ~ > ~ \ r $ k s w h i l s t w a s t e s l i t t e r e v e r y w t - e r e ,

r c m t a b l e 5 . l 0 !:elcw, a t o t a l . nunber of LC€ rcs!or.cer,t~

o r 75% a g r e e t h a t t h e y hsve c o n f l i c t v i t h ASZSA O f f i c i a l s

w:;ilc "19 re: ;pcr .dents o r 25% s a y t h a t t h e y da n c t h a v e ,

T a b l e 5 .10: COPJFLICT WITH AS55.4 GFPICI"f&&S - *"-"".- . , -

S o u r c e : R e s e a r c h e r ' s c a l c u l a t i o n

The r e s e a r c h e r w a n t e d t o know how f a r t h e r e s i d e n t s

t r a v e l t o dump t h e i r w a s t e a t t h e n e a r e s t t r a n s f e r

d e p o t . From t a b l e 5 . 1 1 , 9 1 r e s p o n d e n t s r e p r e s e n t i n g

1 7 p e r c e n t t r a v e l 1-100 metres t o dump t h e i r w a s t e -

266 r e s p o n d e n t s w h i c h s t a n d f o r 31 p e r c e n t t r a v e l a

d i s t a n c e o f 2 0 1 - 5 0 0 metres. 2 4 7 r e s p o n d e n t s o r 45

p e r c e n t t r e k 5 0 1 metres t o 1 krn t o dump t h e i r w a s t e .

1 km an3 abcve t o ?.x=ty t h e i r w a s t e t o t h e n e e r ~ l s t 1

t r a n s f e r depot.

1 kn a n d a b a v e I 41 I 7 I I T o t a l 1 5 4 5 -- 1 0 0 I I - _ .


ASSESSMENT O F ASESA'S PERFORMANCE

T h e r e s e a r c h e r a s k e d t h e r e s p o n d e n t s t o assess

t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f ASESA s o f a r . From t h e d a t a

p r e s e n t e d o n t ab le 5 .11 , 7 r e s p o n d e n t s or 1% g a v e

A S E S A e x c e l l e n t mark, 26 r e s p o n d e n t s o r 5% g a v e t h e

o r g a n i s a t i o n v e r y good mark. 5 1 r e s p o n d e n t s

r e p r e s e n t i n g 9% g a v e ASESA s a t i s f a c t o r y mark. A s t h e

t a b l e s h o w s , 1 4 3 r e s p o n d e n t s or 26% assess t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e o f ASESA a s f a i r , w h i l e 318 r e s p o n d e n t s

or 58% r a n k e d t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f ASESA poo r .

T a b l e 5 .12: ASSESSMENT OF ASESA'S PERFORMANCE

I I

1 5 4 5 I 1 0 0 t S o u r c e : R e s e a r c h e r ' s c a l c u l a t i o n .

S U G G S STION S FOE IMPROVEMENT i

S i n c e m a j o r i t y of t h ? r e s g o n d e n t s w e r e n o t happy

w i t h t h e p e r f o r a a n i e of ASSSA, t h e researcher asked them

t o bare t h e i r o p i n i o n o n how Sest t o i m p r o v e the

p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n . 298 or 24% r e s p o n s e s

o b t a i n e d s u g g e s t an increase i n f u n d i n q . 3 8 1 r e s r Q n -

d e n t s or 31% s u g g e s t i n c r e a s e i n manpower . 384 or 32%

c a l l f o r i n c r e a s e i n e q u i p m e n t .

N& s u r p r i s i n g l y , 33 r e s p o n s e s or 3% s u g g e s t

r e d u c t i o n i n manpower w h i l e 1 2 2 r e s y o n s e s o r 10%

s u g g e s t total s c r a p p i n g of ASESA.

Increase i n F u n d i n s -- I n c r c . 3 s e i n K a n p o w e r

I n c r e a s e i n E q u i p K e n t .-

Reductior, i n !.:anpower

5. 20 4 f? 3.S~r~!TX310Y DATA @STAINED Tti3C)l lGk: - -- - - -- E I S 3 C T C.EC$$WVATICN OF THT -- S ~ L I D G>.Ti'f' -- - c T ~ W > T ~ , " js @? ' TF:~-L~T,$ ' ; Io ' _ '~ 1'F; THE I --- --- - - .- . i------ - -- -- CHOJZN s 3 3 ? . N CzhiTP"S

-,-- - -- T h i s s e c t i o n d e s l s wit:h the p r e s e n t a t i o n a n d

i : t ; r p - ~ h f j.e.16 i;~rI.t i rx b;-.$: a n a l y s i s o f ths data obtair;eJ

studied u r 5 s n a reas . T h i s on - th2 - - syc t a ss2ssn :e r ; t of

ti>e s c l i d waste i t u a t i o n af th-. tc;.v:'r-.::: 1.13s c-'s-:,- k c

c o m p l e m s n t t h e i-esponses fro^: q u e s t i o n n a i r e

of v a r i o u s festcres. T h e urban a r e a s and t b c i r m l i d

waste p r o b l e m s i n c l u d e :

5.202 O?:IS'SHA ,

O n i t s h a i s t h e d i r t i e s t town akong t h s three

Tr! A c l f r i t ~ k ~ , d i s p o s a l cr is is i s t r o u S l i . n g e v e r y b o d y

"<'cC' A m u n i c i p l i t y w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n of 660,0130, t13k ah

P,.?Z.?-? (1993) h a s fro defined method o f s o l i d w a s t e

d i s p s a l , The chos~:n layouts a n d t h e i r s o l i d w a s t e

pcblerxs include:

pranou:!ced t h e r e , T h e r e is .7- r e f u s e b i n ir. e v e r y

cr.rbi-un 2 1 Sins which are located a t s t r z t e g i c

of t h e 9 S i g shots' in t h l a y c u t , Plate 5a sk.'rrzws ASESA

v e h i c l e and men a t work i n G.R.A.

( 1 Fegqe

This i s s n o t l - c r c . ~ l o n i a l area b u t i t ic; d e n s e l y

peop led , Though it has g u t t e r s and communal b i n s , the

h i g h d e n s i t y n a t u r t ? of t h e area and t h e res idents ' 'dirty

by r:,cur:ldln:. ~f r ~ f u s e . The ASESP, o f f i c i a l s d o nct help

r-~ztters e i t h s r . Wheriever , f.t,ey cct?c tc ~ C r t 31-Z-y

r e f u s e , t h e y col.;ect less t k i r , 2*? rer c e n t of t h e r e f u s e

of t!lc refuse pro ' s l en , t h e residents have turned t h e

t a p s run ?ry i s riot cpzred e i the r . It has ncw t u r z c d

i n t o a dump site to such a n e i t . e n t t k t cne hardly

recognizes i t a s a streaz asy more. A s a resl-~lt of

filling u p of the stream w i t h refuse, the c a t t l e rearers

h a v t u r n e d i t into a b r e e d i n g g r o u n d (plate 5c : .

as a resclt cf c o r n u b a t i o r ; that i s tc?k i.r.5 p lace a m u n d

b i n s n e i t h n r 69 they t .ave hcuseI-:old b i r 8 - T h i s is t h e

lo,,ic:st income l a y c u t in ti?? city, 3u; t a pla:;l-ss

n a t u r e of th? arez, g u l l y erosion v' t i ich developed a s a

I - 2 s u l t of poor drs- inace s;.stem has ravagnd scne ~artz

r:; t h e l ~ y o l l t ,

T h i s l a y o u t w h i c h w a s p l a n n e d t o be a medium d e n s i t y

a rea d u r i n g t h e c o l o n i a l e ra has now t u r n e d i n t o a high

d e n s i t y a r e a d u e t o u n c o n t r - o l l e d i n f l u x o f p e o p l e f r o m

t h e h i n t e r l a n d . C u r r e h t l y , t h e l a y o u t h a s s i m i l a r s o l i d

w a s t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w i t h F e g g e d i s c u s s e d a b o v e . see

p l a t e 5 e .

e ) I n l a n d Town

T h i s i s t h e l a y o u t ..lJtriere t h e o r i g i n a l i n h a b i t a n t s I

o f O n i t s h a d w e l l . T h i s l a y o u t w h i c h i s p o p u l a r l y c a l l e d . , --<

o nu-0nit.sha b y t h e f r s t r a n g e r s f l hAs n o t c j o t t e n ' m u c h s o l i d

was t e p r o b l e m d u e t o t h e - f a c t t h a t O n i t s h a c i t i z e n s a r e

m a i n l y c i v i l s e r v a n t s who d w e l l i n d i f f e r e n t c i t i e s i n

N i ~ e r i a . H o w e v e r , s o l i d was te p r o b l e m h a s s t a r t e d t o

m a n i f e s t now t h a t t h e f f s t r a n g e r s r ' h a v e s t a r t e d i n h a b i t i n g

t h i s . a r e a .

f ) H e a d ridge

his i s e n o t h e r a rea w h i c h h a s s e r i o u s s o l i d waste

m a n a g e m e n t p r o b l e m . T h e a r e a i s m a d e u p o f m a i n l y

commercial a n d i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t i e s , , . , . . -

w h e n e v e r t h e p e o p l e make a n y move t o w a r d s c l e a n i n g

t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e R i v e r N i g e r r e c e i v e s t h e e n t i r e I

r e f u s e g e n e r a t e d ( p l a t e 5 f ) .

g ) o m o b a

his i s a medium d e n s i t y l a y o u t , I t i s i n h a b i t e d

b y m i d d l e i n c o m e e a r n e r s . ASESA s e r v e s t h e l a y o u t w i t h

c o m m u n a l b i n s i n a d d i t i o n t o h o u s e h o l d b i n t h a t is

Plate Sa: .~,SJSA v e b f . c ; ~ ! snd men 2t; VIOL-;( in . v . E . , 4 . - Cn l tsk .a

Researcher' s Survey, 1994.

Pls ' ie 5 5 ,

Opsn space t u r w d . i n t o durrip s'ite i.r, Fegge

moynted i n f r o n t o f e v e r y hous?. T h e f a c t t h a t t h e

s o l i d d a s t e management p r o b l e m o f t5is l a y o u t h a s n o t I

w o r s e n e d is t h s t i t is still a new fayuut carve3 i n thc2

l a t e s e v e n t i e s , N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e p o i n t w h i c h c o n n e c t s

t h e l a y o u t w i t h t h e O n i t s h a - Enugu e x p r e s s w a y , p o p u l a r l y '

c a l l e d . llomogba j u n c t i o n v by b u s d r i v e r s h a s now t u r n e d

i n t o a dump s i t e dile . t o ti-,e h i g h c o n s u m p t i o n p a t t e r n

o f t h e r e s i d e n t s ( p l a t e 5 9 ) . ( h ) W o l l i w o

T h i s was o r i g i n a l l y d e s i g n e d t o be a medium d e n s i t y

l a y o u t b u t t h e c o n s t a n t i n f l u x o f p e o p l e f r o m f a r and

w i d e - h a s f o r c e d t h e a r e ' a to become a h i g h d e n s i t y zone .

C u r r e n t l y , t h e l a y o u t h a s o n e o f t h e w o r s t s o l i d

w a s t e management p r o b l e m i n O n i t s h a , t h e w o r s t a f f e c t e d

s treet i n t h e l a y o u t i s A k u n n i a - N j o t e s t r e e t w h i c h h a s

now b e e n made u n p a s s a b l e b y r e f u s e w h i c h i s b e i n g

i n d i s c t i m i n a t e l y dumped a l o n g t h e s t ree t . P a r t s o f t h e

l a y o u t h a v e become b r e e d i n g g r o u n d f o r p i g s w h i c h h a v e

f o u n d a ' s a f e h e a v e n ' i n t h e l a y o u t c o u r t e s y o f

i n c e s s a n t l i t t e r i n g o f t h e l a y o u t w i t h r e f u s e of s l l

k i n d s . .See p l a t e 5h.

(i) Awada

T h i s is o n 2 o f t h e a r e a s ti-,at make u p t h e e n v i r o n s .

I t i s a h i g h d e n s i t y a r e a w i t h h i g h r ise b u i l d i n g s o f

' f o 3 ~ r f l o o r s . I t was d e v e l o p e d a s a r e s u l t o f s a t u r a t i o n

o f O n i t s 5 a a n d t h e c o n s e q u e n t c o n t i n u o u s demand f o r '

t

housing, Though this layout was planned, it has no d

single tarred road, neither is it well served by ASESA

in terms of waste management, A layout %ha% had a large

population before the last census exercise is served with

no communal bins. From the 1991 census population exercise,

the layout is one of the largest environs and people have

been trooping into the area since after the census

exercise. This situation is environmentally dangerous

and as a result the residents have turned the roads and

yet-to-be developed plots into dump sites (plate 51).

( 3 ) Nkpor

This is another environ, It situates along the

Onitsha - Enugu express way (Kilometre 7-14). Majority of

the parts of this layout lack basic amenities like water and

electricity, This layout which has a population of about

150,000 people, has no single communal bin. In order to

justify the sanitation rate which the residents pay, ASESA

has illegally d.esignated bus-stops (plate 53) as collection

centres thereby worsening the health situation of the people.

Awka - In Awka, the problem of solid waste generation and

management has not actually assumed a catastrophic dimension

as it is the case with Onitsha, however, the study was

extended to Awka since the town is now the capital of

Anambra State and with the attendant influx

source: Resesrcherl s s u r v e y , 1394.

O n l .-. t.3!.ra-Z:;: .-I,_. . ..._ :s,.l . .. , -x jxess -... .-.__ ...... ~ __..... ?oad . .._- _ .. now tu rncd zi d u n k s i t e ,"__ ...-, ^ -..._ __ .-_-. . .._. ... I

Sourcr: Researcher) s su rvdy , 1994

Bus s t o p a t N k p x i-~m a darn; s i t e

(a) Enuqu Road --,-

, . T h i s is t h t rozd that runs t h r o u g h t h e c e n t r e of

t h e town. It' is tlre lor iqes t s t r ' c - e t Ir, t h c ~ C : L ; T I . :!LIE t o

t h e comaercial a c t i v i t i e s t c k i r : $ ~ l a c c o n t h e street

i t is n i c k n a m e d "Broad streetP9. I t i s a ~ : ~ i r ; t u r e of high.,

nediurn and 'low d z n s i t i e s . The densi . i : .y n a t i ~ r c o f t h e

s t reet i s not u n c s m e c t e d w i t h t h e i x t t h a t the

i n d i g e n e s o f t h e tohm a l o n g w i t h the stra:;gcrs Zirc

. . l ~ v j ; ~ ~ t r l s - r f r t . sslid w a s t e is a common s i te o n t h e

ASESA dvr,;; s i t e cn the skeet ( p l a t e 5 k l h a s been

damaged d u e t o h e a v y a m o u n t s of r e f u s e t h a t are dumped

o n t h e s t a t i o n d a i l y a n d a l s o d u e t o ASESA's i n a b i l i t y t o

c l e a r t h e r e f u s e on t i m e , T h i s s t a t i o n w h i c h l ies

e x a c t l y o p p o s i t e t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h s * T r a n s p o r t

C o r p o r a t i o n of Anambra S t a t e (TRACAS) h a s b, wome a n

u g l y scene d u t o t h e r e f u s e t h a t i s l i t t e r e d a r o u n d

t h e s t a t i o n . I t sometimes c a u s e s t r a f f i c h o l d u p s ,

i t i s o n l y Heaven t h a t ! knows t h e a m o u n t of d i s e a s e s

L ' ... 3,. i- ; 1 s e n g e r s who w a i t t o board TRACAS c o n t a c t d a i l y 1

d u e t o e m a n a t i n g s t e n c h from t h e s t a t i o n . I n f a c t , -

t h e s i t e i s be t t e r s o e n t h a n d e s c r i b d ,

(b) A c h a l l a Road

T h e s t ree t r u n s from t h e E k e A w k a r o u n d a b o u t t o t h e

Nnamdi A z i k i w a U n i v e r s i t y ( t e a p o r a r y s i t e ) a l o n g t h e

O n i t s h a - Enugu E x p r e s s w a y . T h e timber shed and o t h e r

S x i l d i n g ma te r i a l s s h o p s a re located a l o n g t h i s r o a d .

ASESA h a s o n l y o n e r e f u s e S i n ( p l a c e 5 L ) o n t h e s t ree t

. a n d d u e t o h e a v y w a s t e g e n e r a t e d b y b o t h t r a d e r s a n d

s t u d e n t s o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y , t h e b i n h a s b r o k e n down

a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e a r e a i s l i t t e r e d w i t h r e f u s e .

S t u d e n t s a l s o w o r s e n t h e s i t u a t i o n b y t h e i r i g n o 5 1 e

a c f s o f t h r o w i n g a w a y r e f u s e from t h e i r w i n d o w s t o t h e '

s t reet .

( c ) O l d G o v e r n m e n t L o d q e - OGL

T h i s w a s t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s of t h e o l d AwXa L o c a l

G o v e r n m e n t a n d c u r r e n t l y i t i s t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s of Awka

S o u t h L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t Area. It is c a l l e d O l d G o v e r n m e n t

L o d g e b e c a u s e i t w a s t h e c e n t r e of G o v e r n m e n t b u s i n e s s

i n t h e Awka z o n e before a n d s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e c r e a t i o n

of t h e Anambra S t a k e i n 1 9 9 1 . I t c u r r e n t l y h o u s e s t h e

f o l l o w i n g G o v e r n m e n t r s i n s t i t u t i o n s :

i. T h e G o v e r n o r v s L o d g e

i i T h e Anambra S t a t e P o l i c e h e a d q u a r t e r s '4

102

iii. T h e F e d e r a l P r i s o n s ,

A. T h e S t a t e ' s S p o r t s C o u n c i l a n d

Y. The High C o u r t av%ong 0 t h - "rs.

D L I ~ t o t h e s e n s i t i v e n a t u r e of t h i s n e i g h b o u r h ~ ~ d , ASZSA

m a k e s s a r r t h a t t h e a r e a i s k e p t c l e a n a t a l l cost ,

H o w e v e r , t h a t d o e s n o t mean t h a t t h e e n t i r e n e l q h S w r h g o d

i s w a s t e - f r e e . A r e a s l i k e t h e p r i s o n s s u r r o u n d i n g s ,

Amawbia Motor P a r k s , o l d c a t t l e m a r k e t a n d t h e

t r a d i t i o n a l h o m e s of AmawSia p e o p l e w e a r u g l y l o o k

e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y , ( p l a t e 5n7).

(d) G o v e r n m e n t H o u s e

. T h i s i s t h e p r e s e n t sea t o f t h e Anambra S t a t e

G o v e r n m e n t . I t w a s f o r m e r l y t h e s i t e o f t h e A n a n b r a S t a t e

C o l l e g e o f E d u c a t i o n Awka (ASCEA). ASESA m a k e s s u r 2

t h a t t h e G o v e r n x e n t L o u s e a n d i t s immediate s u r r o u n d i n g s

a r e k e p t c l e a n so a s n o t t o i n c u r t h ? w r a t h of t h e

powers t h a t be. T h e o n l y ASES.4 p r e s e n c e i n t h e areas

o u t s i d e t h e G o v e r n m e n t H o u s e is t h e r e f i ~ s e s t a t i o n

s i t u a t e d a t A40MA j u n c t i o n ( p l a t e 5 n ) w h i c h is now i n a

s o r r y s t a t e d u ? to n o n - c a r t i n g a w a y of r e f u s e dumped

t h e r e .

( e ) Eke A w k a M a r k e t ( E X ! ) 7--

T h i s i s t h e l a r g e s t m a r k e t

I t i s s , i t u a t e d a t t h e c e n t r e of

t h e m 2 r k e t for t h e f i r s t t i h e w

i n A w k a a n d e n v i r c n s .

t h e t o w n . A p e r s o n v i s i t i n g

01Jld n o t w i t h s t a n d t h e

n a t u r e of nu i s . s n c e c a u s e d b y u n c l e a r e d w a s t e i n t h e a r k e t ( p l a t e 5 0 ) .

\

P l a t e 5k: - 103

S o u r c e : Resea rch l r9 s sur-dey , 1934

4 CI ~ c u r c e : Researcher' s s u r v q , 1234. . . ; .

Source: 2ssearciier1 s survly, 1334

~ ~ f u s . 2 dump at Eke Aqv9:ka rr,arlce5

Source: Researcher's s u r v e y , 1991

t h i s m-ix ture i s c c x c c ~ t r z k c d wi thlr! cl s : : ~ ? l r a d i 1 ~ 5 of

t h e town. T h e town h a s f i v e t r a d i t i o n a l w a r d s namely :

O t o l o , Umudim, U r u a g u , N n e w i c h i a n d Ndiakwu ( f i g . 7 ) .

Heavy d e v e l o p m e n t takes p l a c e a t t h e c e n t r e o f t h e s e

w a r d s . T h e r e s e a r c h e r d i d n o t b o t h e r h i m s e l f t o go

r i g h t i n s i d e t h e w a r d s s i n c e t h e n a t i v e s h a v e t h e i r

t r a d i t i o n a l way (compound c o r n p o s t i n g ) o f g e t t i n g r i d

o f w a s t e s r a t h e r h e c o n c e n t r a t e d h i s r e s e a r c h o n t h e

' u r b a n core1 w h e r e h e a v y cbmmercial a c t i v i t i e s t a k e p l a c e .

T h e u r b a n core c o n s t i t u t e s a b o u t 95 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l

p o p u l a t i o n of 2 0 1 , 2 6 3 p e o p l e (1991 c e n s u s ) .

T h e streets a n d t h e i r s s l i d w a s t e p r o b l e r r s are: d i

( a ) O n i t s h a Road

~ n i s i s a m a j c r r o a d t h a t r u n s f r o m t h e Nnewi

r o u n d - a b o u t t h r o u g h O b a t 2 O n l t s h a ( f i g . 7) . I t c o n t a i n s

h i g h - b r o w b u i l d i n g s a n d is a l s o t h e commercial h e a r t b e a t

o f t h e t o w n . A S E S A h s s n o s i n g l e r e f u s e b i n located o n

t h i s a l l - i m p o r t a n t s t reet , r a t h e r w h a t ASES.4 o f f i c i a l s

d o when t h e wastes a c c u m m u l a t e m u ~ h a l o n g t h e road is t o

g o a n d c lear i t w i t h t h e i r v e h i c l e s . T h o s e i n ' t e r v i e w e d

c l a i m e d t h a t ASSSA cleared t h e r e f u s e o n l y when p a l m s

o f i t s o f f i c i a l s w e r e g r e a s e d , A n a l l e g a t i o n w h i c h . -

ASESA o f f i c i a l s a t t h e Nnewi z o n a l o f f i c e d e n i e d ,

T h e r e s e a r c h e r n o t i c e d t h a t arrears o f r e f u s e l i t t e r

t h e .stre?t.

( h ) O w e r i - l ~ c ~ d - This rol! wh ich s t a r t e d a t t h e Nnewi round--about

( f i g . 7) rsr; s o 3 ~ t h w 2 r d s tc* Oz-.riL-;~lr_! ar!d t c C a d e r r i Imo

S t a t e w e a r s t h e s a n e u g l y e n v i r o n m e n t a l l o o k w i t h

O n i t s h a Road . A l m o s t a l l t h e b u i l d i n g s a l o n g t h i s

s t r ee t a r e dump s i tes since A S E S A p r e s e n c e i s n o w h e r e t o

be f o u n d o n t q i s street, The r e s i d e n t s of t h i s street

t h r o w o u t r e f u s e i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y a l ' o n g t h e r o a d a n d

a n y a v a i l a b l e s p a c e . Even t h e C h u r c h p r e n i s a s a re n o t

s p a r e d iri t h i s u g l y e n v i r o n m e n t a l act .

!

(c) O r i z u 2oad

Thi; i s t h z r o a d t h a t r u n s t h r o u g h t h e h o u s e o f t h e

t r s d i t i o n a l r u l e r o f t h e t o w n - I g w e K e n n e t h C r i z u tt)-?

111 t o A m i c n i i n Nnewi S o u t h L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t A r e a ,

T h i s s t r ee t i s c m i x t u r e o f r e s i - i e n t ' i a l , commercial a n d

i n d u s t r i a l n e i g h b o u r h o o d s . Heavy i n d u s t r i e s s ~ l c h a s

c u t i x ~ l c , Ibe to I n d u s t r i e s L i m i t e d among o t h e r s a r e

l o c a t e d o n t h i s s t reet , T h e r e s i d e n t 3 o f t h i s stre3t

c o u l d be c a l l e d f r i e n d s o f w a s t e a s a r e s u l t of t h e way

t h e y l i t t e r r e f u s e i n a n d a r o u n d t h e i r b u i l d i n g s .

T h e r e s i d e n t s h a v e e v e n i g n o r e d ASYSA's o r d e r ( p l a t e 5 p )

r e s t r a i n i n g t h e m f r o m d u m p i n g r e f u s e a t a b r o k e n down

communa l b i n .

( d ) N n o b i Road

T h i s r o a d w h i c h r u n s e a s t w a r d s from t h e Nne*,$i

r o u n d a b o u t i s t h i c k l y p o p u l a t e d w i t h h e a v y cornm3rcial

a c t i v i t i e s t a k i n g p l a c e a l o n g t h e r o a d . I t h a s n o s i n g l e

r e f u s e b i n p r o v i d e d e i t h e r b y A S E S A o r t h e r e s i d e n t s

t h ? r n s e l v e s a n 3 a s a r e s u l t , t h e p e o p l e resort t o d u m p i n g

t h e i r wastes a l o n g t h e road. SEE p l s t e 5q.

(e) Nkwo M a r k ? t

T h i s is t h e c e n t r ~ l ~ a r k 2 t o f t h e t o w n . A l m o s t

a n y ccmmercial a c t i v i t y o n e c a n t h i n k o f e x i s t s i n t h i s

r n a r k 0 t . I f o n e l o o k s a t t h ? r e f u s e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e

t o w n , z n e w i l l d i s c o v e r t h a t ti-,is i s t h e d i r t i e s t area

. a

cf ~newi, T h e wastes g e n e r a t e d t h e r e r a n g e from metal & 1

s c r a p s ( c o u r t e s y of motor s : - 2 - e p a r t s d e a l e r s ) t o food

r e r n n a n t s.

C o n s t a r , t t r a f f i c j a m s i n t h i s m a r k e t are n o t

u n c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e w a s t e t h a t is u s e d t o b l o c k t h e

r o a d s l e a d i n g t o t h e m a r k e t . T h e b l o c k i n g of d r a i n a g e

c h a n n e l s w i t h r e f u s e c o u l d a l s o be l i n k e d t o t h e

e r o s i o n m e n a c e now r a v a g i n g the s u r r o u n d i n g s of t h e .

m a r k e t . T h i s g u l l y e r o s i o n h a s c l a imed a f o u r - s t o r e y

b u i l d i n g a n d i s c u r r e n t l y t h r e a t e n i n g o t h e r b u i l d i n g s

w i t h i n 4 t . s v i c i n i t y . T h e t r a d e r s a n d r e s i d e n t s of t h i s

a r ea a r e now u s i n g t h i s g u l l y e r o s i o n s i t e a s d u m p i n g

g r o u n d f o r t h e i r wastes. See p l a t e 5r,

. Resource: Researcher1 s s u r v e y , 1994

r la te . 5q: Nnewi-NnoSi Road now l i t t e r e d w i t h refuse

with

Researcher ' s s u r v e y 1334

Plate 5 s :

Source: Researcher1 s s u r v e y 1994

of ASZS,i+. t o e f f e c t i $ . , e l y m a n a c e t h e w a s t q t h a t i s

g L - " e r ? t e d w l t h i n t h e s t u d i e d areas i s as a r e s u l t o f

t i o n i t se l f . I n o r d e r to a s c e r t a i n t h a t , t h e r e s e a r c h e r

a d m i n i s t e r e d q u 2 s t i o n n 3 i r e s t o t h e w o r k e r s of A S S S A

t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t u d i e d areas. T h e r e s u l t of t h e

c ; , ~ z s t i o n ' n a i r e ( a p p e n d i x i i i ) i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e t ab les

heloqd. T h e r e s e a r c h e r w a s ab l e t o g e t a l l t h e 80

q d e s t i o n n a i r e s a d m i n i s t e r e d b e c a u s e h e t o o k t i m e t o g e t

the w g r k f i r s d u r i n g o f r i c e h o u r s . Here now are som2 o f

the r e s u l t s .

I13

d o m i n a t e d t h e h a v i n g

Source: Rssearchcr' s cahculation.

years zre f O or 23%. 31 to 40 years = 15 or 193,

edcc~tion a r o n g the r s s p n d e n t s are 9 r c ~ r s s e n t i n ~ 1.05.

From t h e t a b l e 5.17 above ou t of 14 people who

f i l l e d the ques t ionna i res from opera t ions (ops) depart-

ment 12 agree t h a t t h e s o l i d waste management resources

a v a i l a b l e t o ASESA a r e not adequate while 2 do n o t agree.

I n t h e revenue ( r e v ) department, 6 workers agree while 4

do no t agree. I n t h e l i t i g a t i o n ( l i t . ) department,

6 workers agree while 4 do not agree. The h e a l t h ( h l t h . )

department recorded 6 and 5 p o s i t i v e and negat ive

responses r e spec t ive ly , I n t h e workshop (wohp.) department,

6 workers agree t h a t t h e resources a v a i l a b l e t o

ASESA a r e no t adequate while 2 say t h a t t h e resources

a r e adequate. Out of 16 workers whose opinions were

sought i n t h e accounts department, 15 do n o t be l i eve

i n t h e adequacy of t h e a v a i l a b l e resources while 1 person

agrees . From t h e admin i s t r a t ion department 9 workers

* say t h a t the resources a r e not adequate while 2 be l i eve

t h a t t h e resources a r e adequate. I n a l l 60 workers

accounting f o r 75% of the workforce agree t h a t the

resources a v a i l a b l e t o ASESA a r e no t adequate while

20 workers of 25% agree t h a t t h e resources a r e adequate

MOTIVATION OF WORKERS The resea rcher wanted t o a s c e r t a i n ( r e sea rch

ques t ions No. 33 whether t h e problem of s o l i d waste

management i n t h e s tud ied urban a r e a s was as soc ia ted with

t h e management func t ions of ASESA, which could be

a5 i; r e s ~ l t c:f r , c ~ , - - : , ~ ~ jva t ion of t h z workers of t k , e

a a t h o r i l y . From t h e ressonses o n t a b l e 5.18 below,

s? the i s s u e , 1 E resgonJe7ts agree t k , 3 : non-r>k i 7 / a t i3r:

I n - a l l , 80 r e spon i j en t . s l c~?ii-ii~7fis were e l i c i t e d ,

;12rt:ent a ~ p r,f C,!IE c g i ~ - ' i . r ! iL;ai. n a n - r x ; k i i \ f s t i o n of t h e

, Table 5.2e: P : c T I v A T I ~ ? OF LiCi?i(?S 5 --" " -- -. - -

-- Source: Researcher$~ chlculation.

. %

A

-. . r- .# 5 . 4 0 P R E SE'J TAT ..-,.--...- T C r; PA. , 3 &&iYb~.T.>33C~-~.thhi~-II ,F'.S:& 21 I N T E R ' ; ~ - ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I E S - A S WELL A S 3 I R 3 C T O3SERVXT'ION -- --a- -" .

A

- Q P FACILITIES AVAILABLS; TO ASESA - -.----. ---

ASZSA, t h e r e s e a r c h e r c o l l z c t e d d a t z o n a c t i v i t i e s o f

ASsSX f o r t h e p a s t s i x y e a r s i.e 1983 - 1 9 9 3 . T h i s was

made p o s z l b l e t h r ~ u g h t h e g r a n t i n g o f in ter - . i ic3ws

( a p p z n d i x 1 ) t o m e b i d i f f e r e n t h e a d s . o f d e p a r t m e n t s

w i t h i n t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n .

5.431 O3IGIN: COPPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS OF ASSSA: .-

ASESA w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 8 5 t h r o u g h t h e e n a c t m e n t

o f E d i - c t No. 1 5 of 1385; S e f o r e t!-!at t h e r e w a s

:-~:~:t i z:n :? ( a ) of t h e ASESA E d i c t spec i f i e s t h e L

b a z b c f L n c t i o n o? A 3 7 3 i s s o l i d w a s t e f : , s n q e ; : z n t as ,

befo-e described i n c h a p k e r one u n . 3 c r s t a t e r ; . r . n t i , f t h 2

p r o S 1 . m . Th?? f u n c t i o n s of ASFSSA whkch f a l l i n t o +

3. Cr8.;snis:? a n 3 c a r r y out th? c c l l e c t i c s n , r? . r lu1lsl

a n d d i s p o s a l of r .3fu~3.2 i n , t h ? ur5ar-1 to.,ms, ii I

2. O r g a n i s e and c a r r y o u t s t k e e t c l e a n i n g .

3 - P r o r n ~ t e , e n c o u r a g s a n d f o s t e r t h ? n : a i n k e n x n c e

of c l e a n and h e a l t h y e n v f r o n m n t .

t l ovev ; l r , d i s ~ u s ~ i o n ~ c a n n o t be comF{ete w i t h o u t m e n t i o n i n g

- s t r e n g t h s n l . n g of P . S 3 S A V s p e r r ' o r n a n c c . T o s a t i s f y t h e

i nc.?d, the g o v e r r , n 7 z n t a r r an : j c? j a t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e

p r o j - c t o n e n v i r o n n e n t s l s a n i t a t i o n w i t h t h e World E s n k

o n b r n a l f of ,4535.9. Th? h'orld B a n k t ea r i u n l ? r GK'd ( f i g . 7 ) < 5

of Ger inan \ j e n t e r e d t h ? s y s t e m i n 19 8 , r s c s r g a n i s e d t h e 9 exis t i r i g deg a r t n l e n t s tc j c o r r e s ~ - . o n j w i t ! ? t h e w o r l d

picture or; clis;osal of w~tstes. h e w d e p a r t m e n t s were also

tPa:i r z o r g a n l s e d f t a f t e r t h e e x i t of t h e tdam i n 1991.

1 f a c t s v i z :

( a ) t h 2 o r g ~ n f s a t i ~ n a l structure of A ; ;SAP a n d

and s t a f f c a t - g o r y . I t i s i n f a c t , a m i x t u r e of

. e x e c u t i v e reslS6rlsibil i t ies w i t h s y e c i a l i s e d a n c i l l i a r y

s e r v i c e s . ! Thn world Bank team s e l e c t e d t h e s t r u c t u r e i n order

t o a p p l y c r a d l e - t o - q r a v e p r i n c i p l e f o r o r g a n i s a t i o n a l i

The p r i n c j . p l e stressed t h a t s t r u c t u r e o f s3l i .d w a s t e

f ron ccllcctidn t o d i s ; o s a l of w a s t e so t h a t members of I

t h e ~ u S 1 i . c c a n subscribe t o s l n i t a t i o n t s r i f f s f r e e l y .

T'hc o r g a n k s s t i o n a l c h a r t alsa e x h i b i t s t h e d e p a r t m e n t s t

(1) T C ? O P 7 9 9 T I O N T nEPA9T iYEN~

~ h d basic f u n c t i o n of o p e r a t i o n s d e p a r t m e n t

i s c o l l e c t i o n a n d disposal of wastes. T h e s t u d y a r e a s ?

a r e divi-i::d i n t o z o n e s i n o r d e r t o f a c i l i t a t e s u s t a i n e d

collection of S o l i d waste . F i n a l d i s p o s a l o f t h e C 4

\

waskcs i s c a r r i e d out i n l a n d f i l l b u i l t by the ! J5 r ld

Bank teap ( p l a t e 5 t a n , j SU). T h e o p e r a t i o n s d e p a r t m e n t :

is mad? up of t h e f o l l o w i n g worknrs:

(a) 2 1 T o u r s L d r s ( R e f u s e e v a c u a t i o n o f f i c i a l s ) I

d e p a r t r r , = n t r f u s e c o l l e c t i o n c 2 n t r e s a r e shown

i n f i g u r e 9 !*

( ii) TFis HEALTH DEFARTFISNT

The p a i n f u n c t i o n of P.STSA h e a l t h d e p a r t m e n t is L \

p r e v e n t i o n . of n u i s a n c e in t h e s t u d i e j a reas , ASE,SA

p u b l i c h e a l t h a g e n t s c a r r y o u t d a i l y i n s p - 2 c t i . b n of private i

a n J p ~ b l i c Fseiiriscs s e n d i n g a b a t e m e n t n o t i c e t o a n y d i r t y

A n a b a t e r e n t n o t i c e i s an order i s s u e d by AT-,:SA

h 2 a l t h d p p a r t r n ~ n t t o rnern1;ers of d i r t y Freais9s a s k i n g

t h e m t o cleantap t h e i r premises w i t h i n a s p e c i f i e d p-r iod

of t i m e . As w r i t t e n o n t h o s a x p l e a 5 a t e n e n t n o t i c e shown

i n f i g u r e "1, i n d i c t e d n e m b e r s of d i r t y premises are . - f in - . . j i f tt:2y f a i l tr.-, c l e a n u p t h c ? i r p r e . is23 w i t h i n t h ~

Revenue c o l l e c t i o n ~ . i s t h z r a i n f u n c t i o n of A s r ; 5 . ? \ r s

r e v e n u e depa rk rnzn t . The o f f i c i a l d e s i g n a t i o n of r e v e n u z r I

co l l ac te j by t h z d e ~ a r t z 2 n t i s " s a n i t a t i o n r a t e w . f

F a r 9asy co l l e c t i . o n of r e v e n u e , e n u m s r a t i o n a n d I . *

121

~ S S P S S ; T ~ E ' ~ o f p r e m i s e s a re u s u a l 1) - . c a r r i e d o u t a 11 o- re r

t h z s t u d y areas .

T h e r e a f t e r , t h e i r r e v e n u e c o l l e c t i o n a g e n t s a rc

s ? n t to v i s i t t h e a s s e s s e d p r e m i s e s a n d co l l ec t t h e

r . 3 n i t a t i o n r a t e . I f a n e w . p r e a i s e s is e s t a b l i s h e d ,

--he p re :F i s e s i s assessed and a r t i c u l a t e d t o a l r e a d y

. ~ssessed 7~remi . sn s .

TWD t y p e s o f b o o k s known a s l e d g e r are m a i n t a i n e d

by t h e d e p a r t m e n t . One t y p e w h i c h is h e l d by head o f

r e v e n u e d e p a r t m e n t be3rs t h e names o f t h e w h o l e p r e n i s e s

" i.r, t h e s t r ~ d y a r e a s . The s e c o n d t y p e w h i c h i s h e l d b y

eT!ery r e v e n u e c ~ l l e c t i o n ' a ~ e n t b e a r s t h e name o f

p r e m i s e s i n a s p e c i f i e d p a r t of t h e s t u d y a r e a s u n d e r

t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e a g e n t . Whenever a b u s i n e s s p r e ~ i s e s

pays s a n i t a t i o n r a t e , a t i c k i s made a g a i n s t i t s name

i n s i d e t h e two l e d g e r s . Where no t i c k i s made o n b e h a l f

. of a b ~ ~ ' s l ~ e s s p r e n i s e s name, t h a t p r e m i s e s i s i . n d i c t e d .

T h e r e a f t e r , l i t i g a t i o n d e p a r t m e n t is s e n t t o impound a n y

p r o p e r t y f o u n d w i t h i n any impeached p r e z i s e s i n o r d e r

tc c o ~ p e l t h e p r e n i s e s t o pay u p and r e t r i e v e t h e

impounded p r o p e r t y .

( i v ) L I T I G A T I O N DEFA!?TMZNT

The m a j o r f u n c t i o n s of l i t i g a t i o n D e p s r t - I I

men t are :

( a ) Impound ing o f p r o p e r t i e s w h i c h b e l o n g to

p e o p l e who d e f a u l t i n payment o f s a n i t a t i o n

r a t e , and

(b) D e f e n c e o f A S E S A i n c o u r t s of l a w . A

Figure 1% bears t h e s a n p l e of a n i n s t r u a z n t

u s z d by t h e d e p a r t m e n t d u r i n g r o u t i n e

p e r f o r m a n c e o f its d a t i e s , T h e i n s t r u x c n t

i s known a s ce r t i f i ca t e o f s e i z u r e of v e h i c l e s ,

a r t i c l e s o r gaods, To r e g a i n o w n e r s h i p of

the s e i z e d items, t h ? i m p e a c h e d members of a

b u s i n 2 s s p r e m i s e s p a y t h e a c c r u e d s a n i t a t i o n

r a t e i n c a s h a n d t e n d e r a n o f f i c i a l r e c e i p t .

GKLV --. NIGERIA L I W E D -- C3r(lrbu-,nG 1 ' T b I Y . Z E i I r i

u c A r n l ~; I IS :L I~ , I , ; 20 I : ~ A I L I - , J ~ ,

. Source: R?searchert.s s ~ r v e y , 1994

p l z t ~ ! st: EL. c h i l d s c a v e n g i n g -at t h e l a r i d f i l l . - . . . . . -. . - . -.

...------I_

f

( v ) ACCOUNTS DEPAQTMSNT

~ h ; m a i n f u n c t i o n o f B c c o u n t s d e p a r t m e n t i s

e x ~ e n d i t u r e a s o p p o s e d t o t h e m a i n f u n c t i o n of r e v e n u e

d e p a r t r n z n t w h i c h i s r e v e n u s d r i v e .

A c c o u n t s d e p a r t m e n t u n q e r t a k e s payment of salaries/

wages a n d a l l sorts o f e m o l u m e n t s I, t o w o r k e r s a

I

s i m i l a r l y , p u r c h a s i n g e x F e n s e s a r e c a r r i e d o u t by

t a c c o u n t s d e p a r t m e n t u s i n g l ~ c a 1 p u r c h a s e o r d e r s . 9 3 m p l e I I!

d o c u m e n t u t i l i z e d d u r i n q p a y m e n t 'of s a l a r i e s / w a q e s is

shdwn i n f i g u r e 12 , whilk t ab le 5.1% s h o w s ~ n i t s h a

T h e m a i n f u ' n c t i o n of ASS5Ats w o r k s h o p d e p a r t m e n t

I-

z o n e t s i n c o m e a n d e x p e n d i t u e. i 4" ! Y E43LY ' I ~ C O ? ~ E AND"ExPENDITURE OF AS?SA FiiOK 1 9 3 8 - 1 9 9 3 -

i s t o g i v e l o g i s t i c s u p p o r t t o A S ~ S A t h r o u g h p r o m p t

I YEAR +

r e p a i r o f f a u l t y v e h i c l e s a n 3 e q u i p m e n t . I t a l s o t G k e s

I NCCbll E EXP Z b ! D I T U 2 E

; . , , i n v e n t o r y o f a l l t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n t s e q u i p m e n t a n d v e h i c l e .

I I 1 9 8 8 I 1 9 7 5 9 8 9 . 6 1 1 9 7 5 989.09

1 3989 1 3 0 7 4 0 5 5 . 7 0 f 1 3074 030.66 I ' 1993 3242 382.95 i 3 0 4 7 6 0 1 . 6 5

1 9 3 1 I

I 3 5 1 9 5 7 8 . 3 0 . 3 3 2 8 8 9 7 . 1 2

1 9 9 2 4 0 2 8 708.13 I 4 0 0 0 505 .41 1 1993 I 4 5 1 0 53e.67;- 4309 549.42

T o t a l 2 0 3 5 1 274 .36 I

- 1 9 736 653.46

' > !, i

T a b l e 5 . 1 % s o u r c e ; A S 7 S A V s A c c o u n t s D s p a r t r n e n t .

4 130

I t has a modern workshop conta in ing f o u r s e r v i c e p i t s ,

numerous l a t h e machines, a hydrau l i c veh ic le l i f - t e r and

a warehouse f u l l of i n v e n t c r i e s - cour tesy of t h e World

Bank team, It has a seasoned engineer who co-ordinates

t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h i s department.

Tables 5.19b and 5.20 show ASESA's worthy and unworthy

equipment and veh ic les r e spec t ive ly and while p l a t e s 5v and

5w show equipment and v e h i c l e s respect ive ly .

NAME OF EQUIPMENT Hydraulic p r e s s Degreaser p r e s s Brake Drum l a t h e and A l t e r

1000kg Egine Stand 2000kg Egine s t and Mil l ing machine 2 tonne Jack Wheel and Chamber P u l l e r Set

NUMBER AVAILABLE

One One One One One One One One One

Table 5.19b Source : ASESAv s works Department.

VEHICLSS , ' N U M X i F : .-.VAILABLE I I

I I M e r c e d e s E e n z 1513 I

I - 2 3

G p e n T i p p e r - 1 I 12 I ?

Ampiroll Renaults 5

Ford Wheel T r a c t c r s 2

I Ford V e c t c r (Jetting T r u c k ) 1 I .-

Peugeok 5 0 k Salcon i 1

c o n t r o l l e r . Tht? m a i n f u n c t i o n s of t h s d e p a r t r e n t a r a

S o u r c e : R e s e a r c h e r t s s u r v e y , 1934

P l a t e 5w: ASESA Grounded V e h i c l e s ,

t h e r e s p o r . s i b i l i t i e s a s s i g n e d t c $.SzS>,.

ASESA. The credit f a c i l i t i e s i n c l ~ ~ d e call money w h i c h

G c v e r n r n e n t s r e p r e s z n t s u n d r y credi tors and htnce s 9 u r c s s

c. A c c u r a l s --- A c c u r a l s c o n s i s t , of S a n i t a t i o n r a t e s , street t r a d i n g

t a r - l f f s , sani ta t . i .or ! f l n e s , s~:r.l?r.>*, revenue s u c h as iccoce

frori: disposal of >..3zSi-. writter.-sf f v e h i c l e s , i l l e g a l

p~r:F:ir.c; f i n e s from v e h i c l e s a b s n d o n e d c;n . m a i n roads arid

i l l e g a l s t r u c t u r e f i n e s whi.ch are owed t o t h e ASZSA.

i s dezaed n ? z ? s s a r y becz.ase it r ~ - ~ e a l s !:ow the o r g a n i s a -

t i o n i s b e i n g funded.

1 3 5

5.406 U S E 5 CF ASESA F U h D S

A - Lk:z p u S l l c , These p u b l i c p l a c e s are k e p t clean by t h e

A S E S A u s e s h e r f c n d s t o p u r c h a s e pieces of

f u r n i t u r e a n d e q u i p m e n t s u c h a s t a b l e s , c h a i r s , w h e e l - b a r r o w s

etc,

( i v ) MOTOR VEHICLES, PLANTS A N D SANITATION TOOLS

ASSSA m a k e s u s e of h e r a v a i l a b l e f u n d s t o

p u r c h a s e or m a i n t a i n t h e e x i s t i n g l o g i s t i c s s u p p o r t s ,

C u r r e n t l y , mast .of t h e items p u r c h a s e d by the w o r l d

B a n k s team h a v e e i t h e r b r o k e n down or b e e n v a n d a l i z e d ,

( v ) FUEL, .-. LU3RTCAPXS A Y 3 TYRES . -"- . - D U ~ t o labour i ~ t e n s i v e nature of A S S S A * ~ w o r k s ,

h e r eq id ipment s u f f e r c o n s t e n t wear ar:d t e a r snd as a r e s u l t ,

~ h c u ~ c s t h c a v a i l a h 1 . e f u n 3 t o p u r c h a s e t h e w o r n - o u t items.

T h i s , i s t h s g r e a t z s t s e c t i o n t h a t c o n s u m e s A S E S A 1 s

(b) Dai ly P a i d W o r k e r s - 72

These a r e workers w h o 2re c o n t r a c t e d on daily

D ~ 7 s i s . - T h e y a r e paid bi20,00 p e r cle.y, They are 72 ir!

t h e a u t h o r i t y may m n t them t o dc;.

( c ) ' c o ~ t r a c t - o r s .-

r. ihese a r e b i g t i m e contractors who sre c o n t r a c t e d

by ASESA. tc c l e ~ r r e f u s e in t h e study area 332 to l a c k

many f i c~t i ig s a l a r y arrears, Kost- . of t h e w o r k e r s i n t e r v i e w e d

. -

p r o m o t i o n s , n o a d v a n c e s a n d n o a n y f o r m of train in^.

. -? .ccnrding t o t h e w o r k e r s ' , when t h e Wor ld Bank O f f i c i a l s

' w e r e a r c l ~ n b , w o r k e r s w e r e n o t o n l y p a i d o n time but w e r e

t h a t . ' £ h z r e w a s a l s o r i s k a l l o w a n c e g i v e n t o t h o s e who

work i n t h e l a n d f i l l b u t i t 5s n o more a g a i n t o d a y .

"Th? World Bank t e a m s e n t some p e o p l e t o Germany for

t r a i n i n g i n s o l i d w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t , b u t t o d a y nobody

t a l k s a b o u t a n y f o r m o f t r a i n i n g or e v e n s y h p o s i u m t o

e n l i g h t e n t h e w o r k e r s more a b o u t t h e w o r k w h i c h t h e y

h a v e n o b3sic t r a i n ' i n g l 1 , a w o r k e r s a i d .

4.407 ASES.4 FINANCIAL BUDGET AND BUDGETARY CONTROL

" A S 5 S A f i n a n c i a l b u d g s t a n d b u d g e t a r y c c n t r o l

r e p r e s e n t a d e t a i l e d commi tment t o a p l a n o f f i n a n c d a l

a c t i o n " , usin!; J a m i e s o n v s a p t d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e

o r g a n i s a t i o n ~ s b u d g e t e n s h r i n e d i n ASESA o r g a n i s a t i o n a l

nan.Js.1 k e p t i n i ts a d n i r : i s t r s . C i e n department.

5.403 MAJOS VARIASLTS O F THE INTERVIEW STUDY -..-.-.. - - - up---. - --.- Here i s t h e r e su l t o f . t h e i n t e r v i e w 5 s I t cqyr.cerns

t h ? m a j o r v a r i a b l e s neLded for t h e h y p o t t , c s i s .

T h e v o l u m e s of d o l i d w a s t e c l e a r e d b y t h e f r u t h o r ' i t y

w i t h i n , t h e periods u n d e r rcvizw are p r e s n a t e d i n t h e

t a b l e b e l c w . \

F U N D I N G ( F U N 3 )

O n the f u n d s a+a l l s5 l e t o the organisation (1999 - 1993) the following data were o b t a i n e d - Tables 5-22: A S E S A ' s F u n d i n g (198E - 1993)

- . . , Y e a r . Funding ( W ) ( Percentaqe

1

1988 2289814.08 1 9 1989 ' 3518532.09

3593850.00 1 5 18 -i

5121852.00 5671827.68

/ T o t a l 1 24530811.00 ! ----

bY,NFGKER (Fu;Ab!p ) The data on naKpcwcr (staff) available tc ASESk w i t h i n

FUCLIC INFUT (FP)

g i v e n hy the p u b l i c ,tc t k i : . u tho r i t y w i t h i r , t h e same

t a b l e b?lo~.~:.

Source: &SESA, 1994 .

140

5.50 TEST OF EYPOTHESIS

A

T h e d a t a collecked from the i n t e r v i e w s conducted

in t~:.h!-c 5 - 2 7 and 5.28 r e s ~ e c t i v e S y , The dependent

v a r i a b l e 2 represect the o u t p u t i . c . vcltlr;.c cf waste

t h e i n t 3 e ~ c n d ~ r - t vsriatrles represent t h e input i ,e.

nanagenient resourcPs ( f u n d s , manpower, equipaent and -

. same p e r i o d s .

i Year 1 Volume of W.aste I Fsrcentase 1

I

Tota l 1 - C_* I --.---

: T h e d a t a o n f u n d i n g w e r e d e f . i a t e d t o a o r r e s p o n d -

1930

1991

1992

1993 '

T o t a l

w i t h t h e t r u e v a l u e o f t h a e m o u n t i n v i e w o f t h e i n f l a t i o n a r y

r a t e o f t h e c o u n t r y . T h i s w a s made p o s s i b l e t h r o u g h t h e

S o u r c e : ASESA, 1994,

3593850-00

4342936.00

5121852.00 .-- 5671827;OO

24530811.00

u s e o f p r i c e i n d e x o b t a i n e d from t h e C e n t r a l .Bank o f

N i g e r i a , C3N ( a p p e n d i x i v ) . T h e d e f l a t e d f i g u r e s a r e

. 722 - - 712

653

472

4018

shown i n t a b l e 5.28 below,

T a b l e 5.28 DEFLATED FIGURES , I

I Year .I F o r m e r F i q u r e ( e ) ) '1 P r e s e n t F i g u r e ( Y ) 1

70

55

30 -- 19

322

511

1021

.- 2636 - - 3812

8724 -

1993 1

5671827.00

T o t a l 1 24530811.00 1073600.00

7235209.00. I

I ,. , . s o u r c e : R e s e a r c h e r ' s c a l c u l a t i o n .

I

Before t ? s t i n g t h e h y p o t h e s i s , it would be w i s s t o

o n c e more r e s t a t e t h e h y p o t h e s i s so t h a t a n y r e a d e r /

r e v i e w e r c a n e a s i l y ' g r a s p w h s t t h e s t u d y i s a l l a b o u t

N u l l H y p o t h e s i s HO:

terms o f f u n d i n g , manpower, equipineri",ncl co-o;ted

p u b l i c i f iput : , i n form of vehicle support.

ALTERNATIVE l j y p o t h e s i s H I : . -

T h e p e r f o r m a n c e of ASESA a s measu red b y va lume of

w a s t e d i s p o s e d by i t i s r e l a t e d t o i t s r e s o u r c e s i n terms

o f f u n d i n g , manpower, e q u i p m e n t and co -op ted p u b l i c

i n p u t i n fo rm o f v e h i c l e sup ; )o r t ,

Hav ing r e s t a t e d t h e h y p o t h e s i s , one: c a n o b s e r v e t h a t

the r e a l . i n t e n t i o n o f t h e r e s e a r c h e r was t o f i n d o u t

t h e r e l a k i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e i.e,

vo lume o f w a s t e c l e a r e d and t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a j l e s

' i.e. f u n d i n g , ' m a n p o w e r , e q u i p m e n t and co -op ted p u b l i c

i n p u t i n fo rm o f v e h i c l e s u p p o r t .

BY a p p l y i n g m u l t i v a r i a t e a n a l y s i s , t h e r e s e a r c h e r

combined a l l t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s and r e g r e s s e d

them aga F n s t t h o d e y e n d e n t v a r i a b l e ( a p p e n d i x v ) . . .

2 The a n a l y s i s g a v e a n R s .quared ( R ) v a l u e o f -97 and

s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f .51. The computed F v a l u e was 8.52 'A

which i s s i g n i f i c a n t . The p o s i t i v ~ r e l a k i o n s h i p .

s 4 3

means t h e a c c e p t a n c e of A l t e r n a t i v e h y p o t h e s i s A

r e j e c t i o n of N u l l h y p o t h e 3 i s .

However , t h e r e w a s a n e g s t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n

a n d t h e

( a s p e n d i x vi j b e t w e e n t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s and t h r e e

o f t h e i i d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s t-zmely: f ~ ! r . d , , manpower

and e q u i p m e n t . E u t p u b l i c i n p u t showed a positive

corrc la t ic :n of .3?, T h i s p o s i t i v e c o r ' r e l a t i o n b2 tween

p u b l i c i n p u t and vo lume of w a s t e c l e a r e d a g a i n means

t h e a c c e p t a n c e of A l t e r n a t i v e h y p o t h e s i s and r e j e c t i o n

of N u l l h y p o t h e s i s .

5.60 GENERAL FINDINGS

The analyses from the direct observations of the

solid waste situations of the studied areas were used

to buttress the responses from the questionnaires

administered to the residents of those areas and;%he .

ASESA workers and these in turn were usedto answer the

research questions. ' The interview studies were used to tes? the

hypothesis. To make the findings more meaningful, the

researcher grouped them into three sections namely:.

(a) Those associated with the research questions.

(b) Those associated with the hypothesis.

( c ) Those associated with direct observations.

A, FINDINGS ASSOCIATED wIm THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

Before going into the findings, it would be

necessary to reask the questions so as to refresh the

memory of the reader.

RESTATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

The following research questions were asked.

They included:

1. Are there solid waste management problems in

Anambra State?

2. What are the factors responsible for these

problems if they exist?

3. Are these problems associated with the management functions of ASESA?

( i ) THOSE A3SOCIATED WITH RESEARCH QUESTION NUMBER ON?:

Ftom t h e a n a l y s i s of m e t h o d of d i s p o s a l d n

t a b l e 5 .5 o n e c a n o b s e r v e t h a t o u t o f 545 r e s g o n d e n t s

316 p e r s o n s r e p r e s e n t i n g 58% dump t h e i r w a s t e s

i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y i n o p e n dumps. On r e g u l a r i t y o f r e f u s e

c l e a r i n g w h i c h is a n a l y s e d o n t a b l e 5.7, i t i s e v i d e n t l y

c lear t h a t t h o s e who s a y t h a t ASSSA d o a s n o t c l e a r t he

' w a s t e a t a l l c a r r y t h e d a y ' w i t h 2 4 5 r e s p o n s e s r e p r e s e n t i n g

45%. On c o l l e c t i o n t e c h n i q u e t ab le 5 .8 , t h e h a u s e t o

h o u s e c o l l e c t i o n w h i c h c o u l d h a v e g i v e n ASESA t h e much

n e e d e d a d m i r a t i o n f ron t h e p u b l i c a c c o u n t s f o r o n l y 4%

w h i l e communal dump a c c o u n t s fo r 83%. On c o n f l i c t

406 p e r s o n s r e p r e s ~ n t i n g 75% of t h e r e z p o n d e n t s s a y t h a t

t h e y h a v e c o n f l i c t . w i t h A S E S A . O n t h e a s s e . s s m e n f o f

ASZSA' t a b l e 5 . 1 1 , 318 r e p r e s e n t i n g 58% p e r s o n s s c o r e d

t h e k u t h o r i t y p o o r .

, F r o n t h e f o r e g o i n g f i n d i n g s o n e c a n a u t h o r i t a t i v e l y

s a y t h a t s o l i d w a s t e ProSlems e x i s t i n t h e s t u d y areas

a n d t h i s g o 2 s a l o n g way t o a n s w e r t h e r e s 3 a r c h q u e s t i o n

number o n e .

i i i ) . F I N i ) l l \ l G S ASSOCIA?'E9 X I T H RESSARCil QUESTION

R e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n n u n b e r t w o s o u g h t . to know

t h e f a c t o r s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s o l i d w a s t e p r o b l e m s i n

t h e ? ? areas. F r o n the' m e t h o d of d i s p o s a l o n t ab l e 5 . 5 , , .

or,.;- c 2 ~ l l d see t h a t t h e oper; dump s y s t e m w h i c h i s t!i.dtlly

:n f r e q u e n c y of c l ~ s r : n g , 245 r?s ;>sr ,den: s r e ; - ? s s , T k i n . - J

t h t 3 :-li:,l.:.,-st ; ? r z - _ n t a g e o f L;i) r e s i d e r , t s were C? t h e v i c v v

t h a t AsE;A d o ? s n o t clear t h e w a s t e a t a l l . T h i s g o e s

a l o n g way t o p r o v e t h a t n o n - c l e a r i n g o f t h e w a s t e

g e n e r 3 t e d i s a s e r i o u s f a c t o r r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p o o r

h a n a g e r n e n t . T a b l e 5 .10 i n d i c a t e s t h a t 4 0 6 r e s i d e n t s

r e p r e s e n t i n g 75 p e r c e n t a g r e e d t h a t t h e y u s u a l l y h a v e

c o n f l i c t w i t h ASCSA o f f i c i a l s a n d f r o m a l l i n d i c a t i o n s

t h i s i s a major f a c t c r r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p o o r m a n s g e v z n t

o f t h e w a s t e .

F r o 3 t h e f o r e g o i n g , o n e c a n o b s e r v 2 t h e f a c t o r s

. r e s r o n s i b l e f o r t h e p o o r s o l i d w a s t e rrianagnrnent i n t h e

s i u d i e d areas a n d t h i s h a s p o s i t i v z l y a n s w e r e d t h e

r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n number t w o .

( t i i ) ? I b l 3 T I ' G S i?:;l;OCT9TFn WITH RESE4FCH p - m - - - - - - - - . - - . - - - - - - . --- QUESTIOI: KUfY:3;:? YFJ;i Z Z -- ".- - - Tro,T. t1 .p r ~ n l l y s f s of t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e

d e p a r t m e n t s art= o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e s o l i d w a s t e

f m a n a g e m e n t r e s o u r c 2 s a v a i l a b l e t o ASESA a re i n a d e q u a t e .

- v2 7 T h i s 3haws an p r e e n t a g e of 75 a g a i n s t 25% who

p r o b l e m s i n the study areas are a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e

r tsesr-ch c ,ues t ion number t h r e e .

Havir,g treated the f i n d i n g s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t i-ic

r c s o a r c h - . - l es t i o n s , t h e researcher now goes i n t o t h e

f i n d i n g s associot.ed w i t h t h e h y p a t h ~ . % i s .

T h r e e o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s i.e, funding,

,-l? " ., an~z.-,,~.::r and e q u i p m e n t were n e g a t i v e l y c o r r s l a t e d w.i t b

known s f p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n ( p p ) on t h e com?uter s h e e t

( a p p e n d i x v i ) g a v e a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n o f -89.

A g a i n s t t h i s b a c k d r o p o f t h e i n c r e a s e i n p u b l i c

i n p u t , t h e r e s e a r c h e r i s o f s t r o n g o p i n i o n t h a t t h e

i n c r e a s e i n t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e i.e. volume o f w a s t e

c l e a r e d i s as a~ ~ s u l t o f p u b l i c i n p u t i n form o f

of t h e s c l i d w 3 s t e s i t u a t i o n i n t h e three s t u i i c 5 urban

s i t u a t i o n . T h s l i ~ v u u t t o I ~ ~ y s d f s u r v z y of the t owns

a s pr?s-?nt;3 ~ j n sections 5-20 ?:G 5.293 w h i c h ~ 3 s

s i t e s an3 ott-.er solid w a s t e features ( ~ ! d t e 55 to 5s)

cc;:!al?.y a t t e s t e d t-s t1;e r e s u l t s o f t h e r e s e a r c h quss t ionc

t h e r e s e a r c h e r i s of t h e v iew t h a t t h e n u n b e r 8 f times

per week was i n a d e q u a t e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s o c i o - e c o r , o ~ i c

a c t i v i t i e s t h a t take place i n t h e s e a r e a s .

T n i s 1.~2:; e q u a l l y s u p p o r t e d by p l a t e s 5t, 5 u , 5.r and 5w

w f . i c i showed :'.SESAt s b r o k e n down l a n d f i l l ~ n d e q u i p m e n t b

respect i v c l y .

The i n a d e q ~ a c y of t h e number of times w a s to a l a r g e

e x t e n t ir. a g r e e m e n t with t h e i n a d e q u a c y of .\SESA1 s s o l i g

waste m a m q t w e n t r e s c j u r c e s ;which b o i l s down t o t.he

organisation's i n e f f i c i e n c y .

management equipment i s v e r y expcns l . ee and i s used on

smaller scsle.

CHAPTER. S I X

6-00 RZCOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLIJSIONS 1

Having o b s e r v e d t h a t s o l i d w a s t e management p r o b l e m s

exist i n t h e s t u d i e d a r e a s and h a v i n g d i s c o v e r e d t h e ,

fac tors t h a t m i l i t a t e a g a i n s t e f f e c t i v e s o l i d w a s t e

management by t h e ~ n a n b r a S t a t e E n v i r o n m e n t a l s a n i t a t i o n .

~ u t h s r i t y o t h e r w i s e known a s A S E S A , t h e r e s e a r c h e r now

g o e s o n . t o make m u l t i - f a c e t e d r ecommenda t i o n s t h a t w i l l -

y i e l d l a s t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l s o l u t i s n s a s w e l l as E Q Q C ~ U ~ ~

t h e icsearch. T h e s e t w o b a s i c s e c t i o n s make u p t h i s

l a s t c h a p t e r .

1 RECGMMZN3ATICNS:

Based o n the f i n d i n g . of t h e s t u d y which i n i t s e l f

w a s c ~ n t i n c e r . t upor, the s t z ter-ier.t o f the p r o b l e m , t h e

h y p o t h e s i s t e s t e d , t h e f o l l o w i n g s o l u t i o n s t o w a r d s t h e

a c h i e v e y e n t of t h e objectives of t h e r e s e a r c h are

recommended, The r e c c n n e n d a t i o n s

h e r e i n are g r o u p e d i n t o t h r e e , namely: r e g u l a t o r y ,

<i:;cal c3nd z d m i n i s t r a t i v e i n s t r u m e n t s of s o l i d k ~ a : ; t e

6 10 REGULATORY INS';EClI'iENTS --..- -. -- ' Under t h e r e g u l a t o r y i n s t r u m e n t s ; t h e f o l i r , , e r i r i g

messur2s are recommended: I

a. Stand :;~-lc

S t a n d a r d s a p p l y t o a l l a s p e c t of s o l i d w a s t e npnag2men t

i ~ c l i ~ 8 3 i n g waste s to rage , c o l l z c t ; i o n , t r a n s f e r , r e s o u r c e 149

r e c o v e r y , a n d f i n a l d i s ~ o s a l , hey i n c l u d e t e c h n i c a l and

o p e r a t i w a l s t a n d a r d s w h i c h a p p l y t o s o l i d w a s t e s t o r a g e ,

c o l l e c t i o n , t r a n s f e r , a n d d i s p o s a l a s w e l l a s t h e

management , o p e r a t i o n a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f a s o l i d w a s t e

f ac i l i t s . They a l s o i n c l u d e r e g u l a t i o n s o n w a s t e

r e d u , c t i o n and r e c y c l i n g ( U K P , 1 9 9 1 ) .

i, Under t h e t e c h n i c a l a n d o p e r a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s

r e l a t i n g t o s o l i d w a s t e c o l l e c t i o n ; ASESA w i l l

s p e c i f y t y p e s o f s t o r a g e b i n s , l o c a t i o n s f o r Vans

and t h e amount o r t y p e s o f w a s t e s t o be c o l l e c t e d .

p r e s e n t l y t h i s method i s l a c k i n g i n the s t u d i e d

areas. T h i s meth6d a l s o s p e c i f i e s t h e f r e q u e n c y

o f c o l l e c t i o n ( f o r e x a m p l e , or,ce or twice a w e e k

it-. r e s i d e n t i h l a r e a s ) a s w e l l as r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r

:he c o l l e c t i o n v e h i c l e s t h e m s e l v e s . Sore

s t a n d a r d s require the c ~ l l e c t l c l m v s h i - c l e t o be

c o v e r e d a t all t i m e s e x c e p t w h i l e 1o:ading and

u n l o a d i n g . It w i l l a l so r e q u i r e the v e b i c l e t o

be r m i n t a i n e d i n good r e p a i r a n d c a p t i e s e v e r y

n i g h t ,

s t a t e w i d e l a w s r e q u i r i n g r e s i d e n t s to h a v e r e c y c l a b l e s

p i c k e d u p a t t h e c l ~ r b l i ' k e r e g u l a r r e f u s e . T h e

F r e n c h g o v e r n m e n t r e g u l a t e s t h e u s e of c e r t a i n

m a t e r i a l s t o f , ? c i l i t a t e t h e r e c o v e r y of c o n s t i t u e n t

m a t e r i a l s . I n K o r e a , t h e W a s t e P l a s t i c Ftecovery

Law r e q u i r e s r e c y c l i n g of w a s t e p l a s t i c s by t h e

a p p r o p r ia t 9 c:c?rp,ra t i 01-1s.

i i i T c c i . n i c a l and c p e r c t i . n r : a l s t a n d a r d s n .us t a l s o

g o v e r n t h e s i t i n g , d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d

c l o s u r e o f s o l i d waste fac i l i t i es . Today t h e o n l y

l a n d f i l l u s e d by ASESA ( p l a t e s S t a n d 5 u ) i s no

l o n g e r w o r k i n g a s t h e f a c i l i t i s s t h e r e h a v e e i t h e r

d e c a y e d or b e e n v a n d a l i s e d . I n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ,

f o r e x a m p l e , t h e R e s o u r c e C o n s e r v a t i o n and R e c o v e r y

A c t ( R C R A ) o f 1976 s e c t i o n 6944 b a n o p e n dumps

and r e q u i r e s s u c h f a c i l i t i e s t o be c l o s e d o r

u p g r a d e d t o s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l s b y a d e s i g n a t e d d a t e .

T h e r e g u l a t i o n s h o u l d c o v e r l e a k d e t e c t i o n , g r o u n d -

w a t e r m o n i t o r i n g , l o c a t i c n r e s t r i c t i o n s and c o r r e c t i v e

a c t i o n s . I n some c o u n t r i e s , t e c h n i c a l s t a n d a r d s

r e l a t e t o s i t e l a y o u t , l a n d s c a p i n g a n d c o n t r o l and

management o f s o l i d w a s t e .

b. p e r m i t s a n d L i c e n c e s

T h o s e p r a c t i c e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n i n e x i s t e n c e i n o t h s r

c o u n t r i e s s h o u l d be a d o p t e d by ASESA f o r e f f e c t i v e

1 5 2 of w a s t e i n t h e s t u d i e d a r e a s . Unde r t h 2

s y s t e m , 1 i c e n c e s and p e r m i t s are issued t o a p p r o v e d A

solid w a s t e f a c i l i t i e s t o e n s u r e sa fe waste . d i s p o s a l

p r a c t i c e s , T h i s , FSESA h a s t o d o i n c s n j u n c t i c j n 1~'it:h

tt.e TOK: Flznr i n s ~ u t h o r i t ! e s w i t h i n t h z s t u d i e d areas,

I n E n g l a n d , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e c o ~ t s o l of F o l . l u t i o n

Act of 1 9 7 4 ~ u t h o r l ~ s s t: car ; :~ re t :~ r , s I t ' e l i c e n s j f i g systerr:

f o r the d i s p o s a l c1f w a s t e s over ' a n d a b o v e e x i s t i n g

p l a n n i c ~ c o n t r o l s ( U M P , 1 9 9 1 ) . When i n f o r c e , the

re. , - : l lat ion s h o z l b iri2kt-; it a n o f f e n c e t o depos5.t

h o u s e h o ~ b , comiilercisl or i n d u s t r i a l : . ~ r ~ s t e 03 l a n d or

t o u s e wss t f . d i s p o s a l sites u n l e s s the l a n d i n q u e s t i o n

i s lic~nc-3 hy t h e w a s t e d i s p o s a l a u t h o r i t y . S i t e

l icer ice : ; chrl b2 i s s u e r : ~ ) i * i l y i f the r e q u i r e d p l a n n i n g

p e r m i s s i o n fo r t h e s i t e i s ic force.

c , % l i d waste P l a n s -- By t h i s m e t h o d , ASESA s h s u l 3 be r e q u i r e d tc p r e p a r e

p l a n s f c - r t h e disposal of a l l t m u s e h o l d , commer-cia1 and

i n d u s t - r i a l waste l i k e l y t-c ar ise i n its areas of

a p p r o p r i a t e , T h e plan w i l l i n c l u d e i n f o r m a t i o r ; on:

the k i n d s a n d q u a n t i t i e s of waste t h a t v:il . l a r i se or be

b r o u g h t i n t o t h e p l a n period, w h a t w a s t e o t h e r s a r e

e x p e c t e d t o d i s p o s e o f ( e . 9 , ) c o r p s e s e t c ) t h e m e t h o d s

of d i s p o s a l , t h e sites a n d e q u i p m e n t b e i n g p r o v i d e d

3nd t h s cos t . O t h e r p l z n s may i n c l u d e m e a s u r e s f o r

w a s t e r e a c t i o n , r e u s e a n d r e c y c l i n g ,

6.102 F I S C A L INSTRUYZNTS

S i n c e i t h a s b e e n p r o v e d t h a t AS7SA l a c k s s t ~ f f i c i e n t

r e s o u r c e s a n d t h e s u b v e n t i o n f r o m t h e g o v e r n m e n t i s n o

l o n g 3 r c o m i n g , t h e r e s e a r c h e r . f e e l s t h a t t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n

s h o u l d f i n d more c ' o n v e n i e n t - ways o f b o 9 s t i n g . i t s

r e s o u r c e s so as t o a v o i d t h e c o n s t a n t c l a s h e s b e t w e e n

i t s r e v e n u ? o f f i c i a l s a n d r e s i d e n t s of t h e s t u d i e d

S i n c e ASESA i s rnea'nt t o be s e l f - s u s t a i n i n 9 a n d s i n c e

i t h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e r e s i d e n t s

o f t h e s t u d i e d a r e a s are w i l l i n g t o p a y s a n i t a t i o n r a t e

( t a b l e 5 . 9 ) b e c a u s e o f ' t h e i r d e s i r e t o h a v e a c l e a n

e n v i r o n m ? n t , t h e r e s e a r c h e r recommends t h e f o l l o w i n g

f i s c a l m e a s u r e s fo r ASESA.

- c. C h a r g e s

I f A S E S A a p p l i e s t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r e e t y p e s o f I

d

c h a r g e s h e r r e v e n u e w i l l be improved .

i. User C h a r g e s :

User c h a r g e s are comxonly a ~ p l i e d t 3 the

collect i o n and t r e a t m e n t o f m u n i c i p a l s o l i d w a s t e .

~ h ? y a r e c o n s i d e r e d ncstrr;.al payrr,er.ts Fl?r such z r ? r v i ~ t > . ~ ;

a n d r a r e l y act a s i r i c ~ r . t i v e s . I n most cases, ' t h e

c h a r g e i s calculate? tcl c o v e r t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e s 2 n d

does n o t r e f l e c t t h e margir .81 s o c i a l ccsks of e n v i r o n -

. r e n t a l e f ie:::~. ASESW s h c u l d e q u a l l y i c s t i t u t e s<jlic:

w a s t e p r i c i r q s y s t e n ; ~ t h o t w i l l p r c v i d e c o n t i n u o u s

i n c c n t i v e s f o r h o u s e h o l d s t o r e d u c e w a s t e g e n e r a t i o n .

Fo r e x a a p l e , ~ ' - / ? i r i a b l e g a r b a g e c a n rates?' ( f o r example ,

i n S e a t t l e , F a s h i n g t o n ) a s w e l l a s 11pay-per-S3g s y s t e m s T t

( a s ir. Ney J e r s s y , P e n n s y l v a n i a , I l l i n i o s ) h a v e r e d u c e d

s o l i d . w a s t e c o l l e c t i o n s s u b s t a n t f a l l y ( U M P 1 9 9 1 ) .

Based on e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , t h e

e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f m a r g i n a l ~ r i c i n c j i n r e d u c i n g t h e

volunie of s o l i d was te is enhanced when c o m m u n i t i c , ~

clso i np l e rnen t r e c y c l i n g programmes for newspxps r ,

g l a s s , p k s s t i c and n?etals , (Ander son e t a l , 1989).

However, c h a r g e s s h o u l d be b a s e d o n t h e volume of

M S S ~ ~ c o l l e c t e d .

Some c o u n t r i e s app1.y c h a r g e s an waste disposal. d I

I r ; ~ ~ : l g i u r n , a charge f s levied or! cJumpinq ~f i n d u s t r i a l -

atid m u n i c i p l w a s t e , The r a t e depef ids 07 th;,. t y p e s f

saste and t h e ~ e t h o b of treatment before d i l m ~ i n s .

orr s o l i d ws.ste from househc ld s and i n d u s t r i a l f i r m s ,

ASESA car1 eEfrezf.ft;icly c'.o this by posting its s t a f f to

' w a s t e r e c y c l i r q ,

iji. Products C h a r y ~ s : -. .- ASESI"., should make sure that a l l the i rsd~str ies

taxed for tk:c on-rcturnckle corrt;:ine:rz, lubricant c i l s ,

plastic bags, f e e d s t o c k , tir-es etc. t h e y produce.

, ASESA cai: e q c a l l y , l e v y h i g h tsz. on i n d u s t r i e s , and

sorll~zn!es ~ r c d : i c i a i g rtzt:~,rn.3F.~?~: p r o d u ~ t s SO t h a t the

ccrnpanfes w i l l i n tu rn c h a r g e h i g h d e p o s i t t o t h e i r

cuttl=rr;lt3rs. This ~sil-ctice wS.11 force t te cazt ;oinsrs tc

t h a t i s n o t garbage ' : ,

b, Subsidies: ~ h ~ , t : P:SESA is s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g s h o u l d not be zr! excuse

t f o r gz , t~nrnrnents n o t to come t o h e r rescue. T h e t h r e e

I cve l : ? of q ~ ~ v e r n r n e n t i ,e , F e d e r a l , State and local i

s h o u l d h;ve t h e d u t y t o ' g i v e a n n u a l g r a n t s t o a l l t h e

! w a s t e d i d s p o s a l a u t h o r i t i e s i n t h e c o u n t r y . T h e F e d e r a l

G o v e r n m n t s h o u l d g i v e a l l t h e a u t h o r i t i e s i n t h e

f e d e r a t i o n , The S t a t e Gove rnmen t s h o u l d g i v e t o a l l

t h e a u t h o r i t i e s i n t h e s t a t e w h i l e L o c a l Gove rnmen t

s h o u l d g i v e g r a n t s t o waste d i s p o s a l a u t h o r i t y w i t h i n

i t s a r e a .

I n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , f o r e x a m p l e , federal g r a n t s

h a v e b e e n made a v a i l a 3 l e t o s t a t e s f o r d e v e l o p i n g a n d

i m p l e m e n t i n g t h e i r own c o m p r e h e n s i v e p l a n s f o r so l id

w a s t e management , r e s o u r c e c o n s e r v a t i o n and r e s c u r c ?

r e c o v e r y , T h e y a l s o a r e a v a i l a S l e fo r t r a i n i n g ,

r es~?arch and de i : lx is t ra t i o n p r o j e c t s f o r e n e r g y a n d

mate r ia l s r e c o v E r y , a s w e l l as f o r p l a n n i n g f o r s o l i d

w a s t e d i s p o s a l .

for t h e de-iclopment o r i n s t a l l e t i o n of t e c h n o l o g y t h a t

~ . r c ~ d u c , c s lesz: w a s t e o r r e u s e s w a s t e , s m m i l i s r l y J a p a n q s

Waste ~ i s p o s a 1 and Treatr::er.t Law s t i p u l a t e s ' t h a t the

s t a t e should s u b s i d i z e v a r i o u s c a t e g o r i e s 05 l o c a l

n e c e s s a r y e x p e n d i t u r e s f o r m a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r of

d i s p o s a l of w a s t e s c a u s e d by n a t u r a l h a z a r d s o r o t h e r

factors.

1 5 7

I n F i n l a n d , t h e M i n i s t r y o f ~ n v f r o n m e n t p r o v i d e s

a s u S s i d y f o r r e d u c i n g i n t e r e s t o n l o a n s f i n a n c i n g

w a s t e r e c y c l i n g i n v e s t m e n t s ( U N D P / U N C H S / W O ~ ~ ~ B a n k , 1 9 9 1 ) .

c. D e p o s i t - r e f u n d s y s t e m s :

D e p o s i t - r e f u n d s y s t e m s - w h i c h i m p o s e s p e c i a l t a x e s ,

c h a r g e s o r f e e s o n c o n s u m e r s - a r e d e s i g n e d t o e n c o u r a g e

r e c y c l i n g a n d p r e v e n t p o l l u t i o n .

S i n c e ASESA i s t h e sole a u t h o r i t y t h a t a d v i s e s t h e

S t a t e g o v e r n m e n t o n e n v i r o n m e n t a l m a t t e r s , i t c a n

c o n v i n c e t h e g o v e r n m e n t o n t h e n e e d t o e n a c t a n e d i c t

t h a t w i l l make v e h i c l e s / m o t o r c y c l e r e g i s t r a t i o n a u t h o r i t i e s

t o c h a r g e s p e c i a l d e p o s i t s f r o m t h e o w n e r s o f t h e s e '

v e h i c l e s / m o t o r c y c l e s d u r i n g r e g i s t r a t i o n . When t h e

o b j e c t i s n o l o n g e r i n use t h e o w n e r w i l l col lect t h e

d e ~ o s i t a f t e r p r e s e n t i n g a c e r t i f i c a t e from'ASESA w h i c h

w i l l Y n d i c a t e t h a t t h e object h a s b e e n p r o p e r l y d i s p o s e d .

T h i s is b e c a u s e metal s c r a p s h a v e b s e n f o u n d t o c o n s t i t u t e

m a j o r s o l i d w a s t e p r o b l e m w i t h i n t h e s t u d i e d areas.

T h i s s y s t e m may s o u n d s t r a n g e a n d f u n n y b u t o n c e i t i s

s t a r t e d t h e d e s i r e d e f f e c t w i l l i m m e d i a t e l y be f e l t .

6.103 ADYINISTRATIVE INSTRUMSNTS

H a v i n g g i v e n t h e r e g u l a t o r y a n d e c o n o m i c m e a s u r e s

a i m e d a t a c h i e v i n g l a s t i n g environments 1 i m p r o v e m e n t s i n

t h a s t u 3 i z d aress i n p a r t i c l ~ l a r a n d P l i g n r i a i n g e n e r a l ,

t h e r e s e a r c h e r h e r e n.ow d i s c u s s e s t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e

i n s t r u m e n t s a i m e d a t a c h i e v i n g t h e same p u r p o s e . I n t h e

1 5 8 l i g h t o f t h above, t h e f o l l o w i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e

i n s t r u r e n t s a re h e r e S y recommended :

- ( a ) P r i v a t e S e c t o r P a r t i c i p a t i o n

P r i v a t e sector p a r t i c i p a t i o n is a p o s s i b l e

o p p o r t u n i t y n o t a p a n a c e a . I n s i t u . z t i o n s i n w h i c h

e x i s t i n g s e r v i c ? d e l i v e r y i s e i t h e r t o o c o s t l y . o r

e x a m i n e d a s a m3ans of e n h a n c i n g e f f i c i e n c y ( a n d t h u s

l o w e r i n g costs) a n d m o b i l i z i n g p r i v a t e i n v e s t m e n t

( a n d t h u s e x 2 a n d i n g t h e r e s o u r c e s a v a i l a b l e f o r u r b a n

i n f r a s t r u c t u r e and e q u i p m e n t ) , c o i n t r e a u ( 1 9 9 4 ) . . -

S i n c e i t h a s b e e n ' p r o v e d t h a t p u b l i c p a k t i c i p a t i o n

i n s o l i d w a s t e d i s p o s a l i n t h e s t u d i e d a r e a s so f a r

y i e l d s t h e maximum r e s u l t ( a p p e n d i x v i ) , i t is h e r e b y

d u t i e s w i t h t h e p r i v a t e s ? c t c ) r . T h e g o v e r n m e n t c ~ u l d

* d o t . h i s ty er r ip loy ing th;? f o l l o w i n g t y p c s o f p r i v a t e

(i) -- C o n t . r a c t i n ~ : - T h e g o v e r n ~ o n t a w a r d s a f i n i t e - term c o n t r a c t

t o n ~ r i v i t t t ? f i r i ~ for t h e c l e l i v e r y o f s o l j d

ly:? ste c c l l e c t i o n S P Z - V ~ C C , street s w e e p i n g

s e r v i c e , t h e collect i o n of r e c y c l a b l e s , t r a n s f e r s t z t i .m o p e r a t i o n , d i s p ~ s a l s i t e

o p e r a t i o n or f l e e k m a i n t e n a n c e . T h e

c ~ ~ n t r z c t aq,+arcl should be msdc a f t e r a c o n p e t i t i v e

brccurernent p r x e s s . he p r i v a t e f f m is p l d fcr

E F r l - v a t e firn t o se t up a f a c i l i t y t h a t u t i l i z e s

s u c h a s p a p e r , ?-?last: i c , r i ~ t a l , q l a s s etc. fro:;;

r e f u s e , t o r e c o v e r r?..sour-ces ( c o m p o s t , h@?. t ,

of rz fuse . T h e c o n c e s s i o n s h o u l d be i n t h e f o rm o f

( i i i) F r a n c h i s e : T h e y o v e r n r n m t a w a r d s a f i n i t e - term

% z o n a l monopoly ( a f r a n c h i s e ) t o a ~ r i v a t e f i r m f o r

t h e d e l i v e r y o f s o l i d waste c o l l e c t i o n s e r v i c e ,

The f r a n c h i s e s h o u l d be made a f t e r a c o m p e t i t i v e

q g a l i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s , T h e p r i v a t e f i r n d e p o s i t s

a p e r f o r m a n c e b o n d w i t h t h e governrnsn t z!13 p a y s a

l i c e n c e f e e t o c o v e r ASSSA's costs o f m o n i t o r i n g .

The p r i v a t e f i r m w i l l c o v e r i t s c o s t and

p r o f i t t h r o u g h d i r s c t ct,:-rges t o t h e h o u s e h o l d s

a n 3 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s t h a t a r e s e r v e d , Government

t h r o u g h ASESA p r o v i d e : c o n t r o l o v e r t h e t a r i f f

c h a r g e d t o t h ? cons t l rner t h r o i l g h : d

a. d s v - ? l 6 p m e n t o f a d e q u a t e c o m p e t i t i o n a n d c o n t r o l

-of p r i c e c o l l u s i o n , ar.d

b. p r i c e r e ~ u l a t i o n .

( i v ) O p e n C o m p e t i t i o n : I n t h i s ease, g o v e r n m e n t

f r e e l y a l lows q u ' : l i f i e c l p r i v a t e f i r m s t o c o m p e t e f o r

r e f u s e col lect i o n , r e c y c l i n g , or d i s p o s a l s e r v i c e . I n o p e n .

c o n p e t i t i o n , i n d i v i d u a l h o u s e h o l d s a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ,

make p r i v a t e a r r a n g e m e n t s w i t h i n d i v i d u a l f i r m s fo r r e f u s e

. c o l l e c t i o n a n d / o r r e c y c l i n g . N o f i r m sho1.ild be a l l o w e d

t o h o l d a z o n a l m o n o ? o l y , a n d a n y n u m b e r of f i r m s may . -

c o m p e t e w i t h i n t h e same z o n e ,

The g o v e r n m e n t ' s role i n o p e n c o m p e t i t i o n s h o u l d

be t o l i c e n s e , n o n i t o r , a n d , a s n e e d e d , s a n c t i o n p r i v a t e

f irrns. U n d e r cpen c o m p e t i t i o n , costs a r e d i r e c t l y

b i l l e d , by the p r i v z t e f i r m s t o t h e i r c u s t o m e r s + U n d e r

t h i s s y s t c r n , h S E 3 A w i l l be c o m p e t i n g w i t h p r i v s t e

h a u l e r s . T h i .:, systrer: i s l o n e i n s ta tes l i k e Oyo and

:r,-:c-dc:.> if C? *LScIr, arc! c r c o ~ ~ ~ t ~ r l r i l i t y to r L l r k e t forces

a s a y a i c s t ~ o v e r n m e n t ' s b ~ r ~ ~ ~ u c r a k lc b o t t 1 . e - r l ~ c k s a n d f o r

public Good S

I . E n v i r o n m e n t a l % I u z a t i o n ..- C a m p s ! g ~

h a s 2ccessfully r5rjrke6 i n C u r i t i b a c i t y of B r a z i l w h e r e

i t i. cn!;ed ' 'Garbage t h a t i s not d a r b a g e programme"

i nc rease p u b l i c ewarenesa a b o u t t h e w a s t e prckler : by

c c r : , m u n i c ~ k i n g i t to c h i l d r e n a n d to i n f o r m h o u s e h o l d s

a b o u t t h ? C ~ S ~ S cf khe week f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l waste

collect:.on, 'A t e l e v i s i 5 r ; c 6 ~ ~ ~ i g n will e q u a l l y sustain

w i l l i r ; ~ t o psy zny amount a s s a n i t a t i o n r a t e p r o v i d e d t

t ke a z t i v i t i e s of A.LSS?, w e r e f e l t i n t h e i r l a y o u t : ; .

P.SSSA stmould p r w ::'-r: t h e n e c e s s a r y f a c i l i t i e s r a n g i n g 1

4

from s t a n d a r d h o u s e h o l d r e f u s e r e z e p t a c l e s t o r e f u s ?

t r z n s f e r d e p o t s i n t h e l a y o u t w i t h i n t h e s t u d i e d areas.

A s z S A c a n e q u a l l y d i s t r i b u t e . p l a s t i c bags t o the

r e s i d e n t s w h i c h t h e y w i l l u s e t o g a t h e r w a s t e . ASZS.4

w i l l e x c h a n g e t h e s e b3q; o f w a s t e w i t h b33s of food.

T h i s c a n be ca l l ed t h e ' G r e e n E x c h a n g e P r o g r a m m e * .

(ii. L i a i s o n O f f ices

S i n c e t h e m a j o r o c c u p a t i o n w i t h i n t h e s t u d i e d

. areas i s b u s i n e s s ( t r a d i n g ) i t w i l l p a y ASESA t o h a v e

O f f i c e s i n a l l t h e r n a r k t s ( a b o u t 250 of t h e m ) Notor p a r k s ,

L a y o u t s ete. i n t h e s t u d i e d areas. T h e s e o f f i c e s w i l l

h e l p ASSSA t - oe i n c o n s t a n t t o u c h w i t h t h e p e o p l e .

T h e s i t u a t i o n w h e r e b y t h e p e o p l e see ASESA O f f i c i a l s o n l y

d u r i n g r e v e n u ? d r i v e does n o t s h o r e u p t h e i m a g e o f t h e

o r g a n i s a t i o n . Thtt d u t y of t h e w o r k e r s of t h e s e o f f i c e s

w i l l be t o h o l d c o n s t a n t m e e t i n g s w i t h t h e u n i o n l e a d e r s

o f t h e s e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s so a s t o s e n d b a c k t h e i r f e e l i n g s

t o t h e A S E S A h e a d q u a r t e r s f o r p r o m p t a c t i o n s .

i v . S a n i t a t i o n C o r n p e t i t i o n

C o n s s q u e n t u p o n t h e a 3 o v e r e c o m n e n d a t i o n ,

ASESA s h o u l d i n t r o d u c e s a n i t a t i o n c o r n p t ? t i t i o n s arrong t h e

m a r k e t s , l a y o u t s , motor p a r k s etc. w i t h i n t h e s t u d i e d

areas. C e r t a i n r e w a r d s 1 i k e more r e f u s e d i s p o s a l

f a c i l i t i e s , c a s h a n d o t h e r i n c e n t i v e s s h o u l d be g i v e n

t o t h z w i n n e r s o f t h 2 s e c o m p e t i t i o n s . T h i s w i l l h e l p t o

boos t t h ? morale of t h e w i n n e r s a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y s p u r 4 I

t h e losers i n t o a c t i o n d u r i n g t h e n e x t r o u n d o f t h e

c o m p e t i t i o n .

v. T r a i n i n g

?tSESA s h o , ~ l d a r r a n q e f o r t e c h n i c a 1 t r a i n i n g

f o r i t s s t a f f . T h e c o u r s 2 s w h i c h w i l l f o c u s o n

s o l i d w a s t e management w i l l be i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h

u n i v e r s i t i e s and r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e s . T h i s w i l l g o a l o n g

wzy t o i m p r o v e t h e e d u c a t i o n a l n e e d s o f A S S S A s t a f f .

v i . S t a f f W e l f a r e I m p r o v e m e n t - A s t h e l a s t m e a s u r e t o w z r d s a c h i e v i n g c l e a n

e n v i . r o n 1 7 : ~ n . t i n t h e s t u d i r d a r e a s , D.SESA s h o i l l d e n a s r a g e

her w c r k e r s by g i v i n g somn i n c e n t i v e s . Sirice t h e i r

p r o n i ~ t l y i n a d d i t ior! t~ s t;.:Ff F:-orr:ctions, T h e s e measures

t : i l l k e l p t o boost t h e eflicLency cf I s b r - a - ,

r r I.. i~ie c o n d i t i o n of s e r v i c e of ASS3.q w o r k s r s s l ~ o u l d

be d l f f e r e n k f rm t h e g e n e r a l c i v i l s e r v i c e c c c d i t i c n

cf service. P.nd t h e sit^: t i o n hhere?,i\i t h e w c - k s r s

a r e owed upc 'zrd of t h r e e rc:,,nths s z l a r y a r r ea r s s h c u l d

ts s t o p p e d .

q ; . ~ e s t i o n s a n d p r o v i n g r ~ f the t i ; p o t h e s i s , the r e s e a r c h s r -

~=rld prospeck: a s s o c i a t e d w i t h iC r:sztc: r;,ancgcn:tr:tk

of t h e waste ~ ' ~ a r a c t e r i s t i c s , d i s p o s a l and m a n a g e n e n t

itbin bin t ! -e s t u d i e d sress. T h e r e s e a r c h h a s eqaally

a r e a s , -

d i s p o s a l 05 t h e w a s t e , t h e r e s e a r c h e r i s of t h e v i e w

t h a t e v e r y e f f o r t . s h o u l d be mzde t o s a v e ASESA f r o m i t s

p r e s e n t p r e d i c a m e n t s , I t h a s b e e n p r o v e d t h a t ASESA

l a c k e d t h e w 9 s r c w i t h a l f o r e f f e c t i v e s o l i d w a s t e

r ~ z ~ n a g % m e n t i n t h e s t u d i e d a r e a s . T h i s m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f

i n t h e a r eas o f p o o r f u n d i n g , l a c k o f e q g i p r n e n t a n d

s ~ o r t a g ? o f manpower 311 o f w h i c h h a v e n e g a t i v e r e s u l t s

as. c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e vo luz?e o f w a s t e c l e a r e d h y t h e

r , x b l i c P C - r t i c i p a t i o n w h i c h h a s t o do w i t h t h e number o f

would p r o . ~ i d * e f a r environmentally s o u n d m e t h o d s of - ; . s l i d waste rnanagem2nt i n the s t u d i e d a r e a s i n t h e

n e a r f u t u r e . Hz however , c o n c l u d e s t h a t constant

r e s e a r c h e s be e n c o u r a g e d i n t h i s area of s t u d y s i n c e t h e

p r o b l e m c o u l d m a n i f e s t i t se l f ' _ r . d i f f e r e n t f o r m s w h i c h

t h e r e s e a r c h may h a v e f a i l e ' d t o address.

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Adegbenro, A. (1 993) .

kkintola, F. 0. (1978)

Akpan, N.(1994).

Ayika S. A, (1990).

"Solid Waste Characteristics and Mananement in Ilorinm. Journal of the Ni~erian - fnstitute of owr rim era Vol. 111, No. 1 May, 1983,

lfTodayls Struggle, Tomorrowls Doomn. Tell Magazine, No. 26, June 28, 1993. pp. 34 and 35.

"Aspects of Solid Waste Management in Ibadancityw. Geographer and planning in higeria, pp. 111-124.

!!Lack of Vehicles, Equipment Grounds Monthly Clean-u ellt Sunrary, Tuesday May 2 , 1994 p.4.

llProblems of Solid Waste (Domestic) Managenlent in Niger Urban Centresn. A case Study of Onitsha. Unpublished BURP Dissertation, Ulliversity of Nigeria.

Bartone, C. etal. (1994)~ Towards Environmental Strategi for Cities: Policy Considerati for Urban Environmental Management in Developing. Countries, Urban Management Programme. World Bank, Washington D. C .

I

Renevelo, L. (1971).

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ltAdministra-tive Framwork for Emphasis on Refuse Collection and Disposal, in Development and the Environmentaln - Proceedings of a National, Eni oba 0 , , Adeni yi and I. 3. Uello-Iman (eds.) Ibadan, NISER Publication, 7986.

The Origin of Modern Town

. Press, Paperback Alternative Approaches to m o q * & o n t r o l and Waste Management. Urban Management ~ro~Famme. - The World Bank Publication pp.53.

ttApproaches to Regional Analvsis, a Svnthesisw ~ourhal of the AAG., 54 (1 ) , Rarch, pp. 2 - 10.

Environmental Profile of Katowide. Urban Management Programme. D m f t Case Study. Washington, D.C., World Bank.

Central Bank Price Index.

"Private Sector Participation in Municipel Solid Waste Services in Developing Countriesw, Urban Management Programme. Washington D.C.

Clarks, G., et al. (1331). "Environmental Profile of Urban Management Programmew Draft Case Study. , Washington D. C. World Bank,

David F. et al. (1993). I1Utility Napping and Record Keeping f o r Infras-tructureI1. Urban Management Progxmme. Washington D. C. World. Bank.

Di Pace, M. et al. (1992). "Latin American. Sustainable Citiesw: Urbanization and the ~nvironmekt in International perspective. Boulder: Westview Press.

Egulijobi, T.O. (1986). llProblerns of Solid Waste Management in Kigeria Urban Centres1, in Development and the Environ~ent - Proceeding of - a National Conference Enioba O., Adeniyi an$ Bello-Iman (eds) Ibadan, NISER Publication.

Egboka B.C.E. (1993). The Raging War: Erosion, Gulzies and Landslides Ravage Anambra State. Government of Anambra State, Awka,

"Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation. (GwSC)" . GWSC Quarterly Report No. 77 GWSC, ACCRA, December, 1990.

A 170

Fasina, G.O. (1991). '*Management of Sectoral IssuesH (Solid Waste Management ) Environmental ~anagement Workshop

in Nigeria, Abuja.

f*Solid Waste Managementw. A Preliminary Survey of Environ- mental Pollution in Filiani M.E. ed., Ibadan Region, Ejapter 13, pages 189 - 205.

Filani, M. et a1 (1982). "Solid Waste Generation in Selected Nigeria Citiesm, Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, unpublished.

Cadi, M. (1989). Public Health Aspects of Solid Wastehanagement . (Lagos, l~niversity - of Lagos Press.

Hardoy, J. et a1 (1992). ItEnvironmental Problems in Third World Citiesff: An Agenda for the Poor and the Planet. London International Institute for Environment and Development.

Karl J.T.K. (1986). Solid Waste Management, Berlin, v E ~ L A G fur Engergie - and

Umwelttechnike GMRH, pp. 1.

Karl J.T.K. (1986). Waste Manageme Countries, (Ge LAG fur ~ n e r ~ i e -and GMBN) pp. 71.

Kirkpatrick, E. M. (1980). Chambers Universal Learners bictionary, (Edinburgh, Ward R. Chambers Limited) pp. 181, 209 and 546.

Kulaba, Sa (1989).

Leite, La (1989).

Leitmann, J. (1991 ) .

Mgclaren International (1970).

"Local Government and the Management of Urban Service in Tanzaniagt. In African Cities in Crisis, Eds, Richard E. Strem and ~odney-R. White. Bomlder: Westview Press.

"Private and Public Service: Different Approaches to Solid Wasto Management in Sao Paulo and Rio de JaneiroIt . Unpublised World Bank manuscript, and CTESB reports.

"Environmental Profil of Sao Puulol1. Draft Urban Management Programme Case Study, Augyst.

Immediate Measures Report. Master Plans for Wastes Disposal and Drainage, Ibadan Ministry of Works and Transport.

Martin E.T. et al. (1983). Core Business Studies, Statistics. MItchell Beasley Publishers London, pp. 90.

Melchor, T.G., (1989). Public Health Aspects of Solid kaste Management; (Lagos, University of Lagos Press, 1989) pp. 62.

N.P,C. (1991 ).

Newswatch, (1 990) .

Newsweek, (1983).

B'-:'-" "

Nwobu, 0. (1993).

"Rio: Big City Mudslides, Floodsn, the Urban Edge vol. 1 , No. YL~epternber/0ctober, 1991, pp* 5.

National Population Census Figures.

"Environment - The Dangers Aheadv Vol. 11, No. 24 June 11, 1990, page 18 and 22.

"Price of Urban Pulln, Volume 13, No. 4 January, 21, 1991, pp. I4 - 15. "An-Age of Nightmare Citiesff The International News Magazine, October 31, 1983, pp. 26 - 30. ..".- *+.,-++

?*rrd

"Checking Urban Flood in Onitsha. ABS News Commentary of 12th October, 1993, Unpublished.

4

Nwobu, 0. (19943.

Okoye, N.J. (1989).

Okpala, D.C.I. (1986).

Oluwande P.A. (1974).

Onyalra, Y.D. (1987).

nSoluti on to Refuse Problemstt, ABS News Commentary of 19th January, 1994. Unpublished.

*#Solid Waste Managementm, The Case of Onitsha in Anambra State, BURP Dissertation, University of Nigeria. Unpublished.

"Towards Effective Control of Environmental Pollution in Onitsha Metropolitan Arean, A case study, BURP Dissertation, University of Nigeria. Unpublished.

wInstitutional Problems of Nigeria Environmentw, Monography Series No. 15 NISER Ibadan.

Investigations into Certain Characteristias of Refuse from Western State of Nigeriatt, Solid Waste Management, London, pp. 22 - 32. "Environmental Polution in Onitshaw, Analysis, Problems and Solutions. BURP Dissertation, University of Nigeria. Unpublished.

Onyekwuluje, 0. (1990). "Solid Waste Management in NNigeriaW, The Case Study of Enugu Unpublished BURP Dissertation, University of Nigeria.

PAHO, (1990) .

Savas, E.E. (1977).

Songore, J. (1991).

Introduction to Research Methodo- logy, Africana - Fep Publishers Limited Onitsha, pp. 168 - 169. Guide to Proposal Writing in Social and Behavioral Sciences, SNAAP Press Lirnited. Enugu, pp. 44 - 46. Health Conditions in the Americas Vol. I. Pan American Health Or~anisation, 1990.

The Organisation and Efficiency of Solid Waste Collection, Lexington Books, D.C. Health and Company, Lexington Massachusetts, U.S.A.

"Review of Household Environmental Problems in Accra Metropolitan Areaw, Department of Geography and Resources Development - University of Ghana/Legan, Accra, (prepared for Stockholm Environment ~nstitute) 1991 .

Tell, (1993).

UNDP/UNCHS/World Bank, (1993).

Urban Age, (1992).

nToday's Struggle, Tomorrow's Doomn, Tell Magazine, No. 26 June 28, 1993, pp. 34 - 35. Environmental Innovation and Management zn Curitiba, Brazil, %he World Bank Publication. Washington D.C., 1993.

"Rapid Urban Environmental Assessmentv. Lessons from Cities in the Developing World, Washington D.C.

"Cities and UNCED: Broadening the Environmental Debate, "

Journal of the World Bank, September 1992, pp. 9.

Environmental Sanitation In The Geneva, World. Health Technical Report

Services 1950.

"Urbanism as a way of likeH, American Journal bf sociolo~y Pol. 44 No. 2, July 1938, pp.1.

5nst i s the nsxe of t h i s orgarzistion t h a t i s r e s r ~ o n s i b l e

f o r waste ranagement i n Anambra S t a t e ? .

\;;hen was it e s t a b l i s h e d ?

Yas i s evzr been reorganised s i n c e i t s incep t ion? .

If y2s, what was the n a t u r e of t h e reorgagi .sat ion?

,8iThxt i s tk? o r g a n i s e t i o n z l s t r u c t u r e of t h i s Authority?

'iiht i s " L e c ~ ~ s n t i t y of nlunic ips l s o l i d w z s t e

gene ra t ed i n a y e a r i g t h i s town ?

15.. What i s t h e q u a n t i t y of r u n i c i p s l s o l i d was te d i sposed by t h i s o r g a 2 i s a t i o n i n a y e a r f o r t h e

p a s t s i x y e a r s i e . 1958 - , I993

Do t h e c i t i z e n s r e n d e r any t y p e of h e l p d u r i n g

s o l i 3 waste d i s ~ ~ o s a l e x e r c i s e f o r tize p a s t s i x

years i e . 1955 - 1993

1 7 . If they do, w h s t i s t h e n a t u r e of t h e i r help? w i t h i n t h e s aze p e r i o d ?

1s. How do you c o l l e c t t h e w3s tes so genz ra t ed ?

1 9 . F-Io;;l d o you d i s 2 o s e of th-l was te c o l l e c t e d ?

This q u s s t i c n m i r e i s des igned f o r t h e purpose of

ascert-n..ining t h e na tu re of - .as te mnagercent i n Anambra

S t a t e . This i s wit:? 2. vie?,: t o acl.ding t o t h e cu r r en t s o l i d

."fa. s t e ma n,. g emdm t . Your co-operation and p r m e r a n s w r i n g of t h e

q u e s t i o n s vil-7. bo very much a p p r e c i a t e d . P ~ e s s e c i r c l e t i e cod" e.g. I, 2, 3 c tc . t4rhich bea rs

t h e ansvcr t h a t anpl- ies t o y o u an?, f i 7 l i n the space

To~m . . . . . . . . . . (Ozi t sh2 ; J--.lka and Nnewi )

Name o f ?-a yoi;-t; . . . . . . . . . (Awda, 'kl'l-iw, TJkpor , F e g ~ e , G.E. A , , Snugu Road, AmawSia , Acha~.?a Road,

Orizu Road, Nnobi Road, N':-.yo Market s t c )

X a r i t a l S ta tus :

I . Sinz1- e ,

m 5 . Nar r i e?.

3 ~ i v o r c e d ?

4 . Sopa r.? t ed

5 T ~ r i c~ 0 v

2 . F r i m a r y S?hoo7!

3 Secondary

4 NC Z/IZTiTD

5 . U n i v e r s i t y

6. '%ere a r e you e:n?~oyec'i?

I. Pi37 i c S5c t o r

2 P r i v a t e Sectqr

3 Eon eap7. oyxen t

5 . BUSINESS

I . Less than X500 !

2 . Ef1003 .OO

3 W2000.00 \

9 . T o ~ ~ h a t u s e is your b u i l d i n g put?

I. RSSIDGNTIAL

2. C O E N M C IAL

5. RYSIDENTIAT,/ INDUSTR IAL

3. DUPLEX

4. K!! ISOXPCTTE

7. BA TCHZ?

11. HOV do your dispose of y o u r w ~ s t t ?

I. O P W DUi!3P ING

6. CTHTBS (F1-ease S p e c i f y ) , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. HOV o f t e n does ASFISA clear t h e m s t e so generated in

yo:ir r e s idence?

I. O Y C 3 6 DAY

layout?

3 COMMUNCAL B I K / T ' . \ N S F 5 . S T A T I O N S

!

&

15. '*%at is t h e ns-hlre o f nuisance cc%used 'by t h e

u n ~ ~ e a r ~ d ~ q s s t e i n your 7 ayavt,? -

I O??SYS IVZ 093-m.

16. Xov o f t e n do you pay your s a n i t a t i m r a t e ?

3 NOT AT ALL

17. Do your norma7.7 y have conf7.i.c ts ~ ~ i t h AS3SI.1 OfficiaT-s?

I YES

2 . NO

18. Do you p a r t i c i p a t e i n the month'ly/weck'l_g clean-up

exerc i se i n your layout?

I YFS

IS. NO

I8a. If yes, vhere d o y ~ ~ l dump t h e ~ ~ ~ a s t e so generated?

1. IhTSIDE ASSSB'S ' , rAITING T3UCK

2. I BITHN THTN

I8b. '1f your ansT.l.r t o ques t ion no I8 is No ~ ~ h y ?

19. Yilat is the 2is t ; ance between yorrr r e s i d e n t an3 t h e

t,rznsf e r d e p o t n s t r e s t t o you?

I. 001 - IOG P!E!E9S

2. IOI - 500 M S ~ E S .

3 501 - IW 4. MOliF TdAN IKN

20. . '~3z.t i s your o;itra'll- asstssment of t h e p e r f o r n ~ n c e ?

of A S 3 S so f a r

2. V S 3 Y GOOD

3 4 SAT ISFACTORY

APPEIliDIX I1 CONTEI.

1

21. That i d a r e your sugg~stion ( s ) f o ~ i m p ~ o v i n g the

s c r ~ i c e s offe-cd by ASESA?

2. INCRUSE IY EI;^IK?Ot@Zi

3 ITCR3AiX IN E JUIPl13XT

4. EISDUZTION IN PZ31J?O5,Ei

5 SCRAPPING OF AS93A

185 APPENDIX 111

d

Dzzr Sirfiladan,

This q u 2 s t i o n n a i r e i s designed t o he7.p e x t r a c t

i n f o r m z t i o z from t h e entire ~ . ~ o r k e r s o f ASESA i n Anmi5ra

S ta te . The in f 'o rna t ion i s meant f o r 3 r e s e a r c h y o r k

P7.aniling. The r c se s r zh 7 . y i l 7 a7 s o he'!p t o f i n d l a s t i n g

s o ? u t i o n s t o t h ~ ~ - U I ? ~ . C X S f a c i n g your organ i sa t ion (ASESd) . Fro= t h e q u e s t i o n m i r e i t s e l f , n e i t h e r m n e nor

address of t h e respon6cnt i s necc1t.d 7 t h i s approach ensures

conf iden t i s y i t g of informat i o n given.

swmra Q?

F'lezse c i r c l e t h e code e.g, ' I, 2, 3, e t c . vheye

a?p! i.cab7-e and f i l l in blanl.: spaces l , , h e r ~ e?so appl-icab7.e.

I. ~ o n a i Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (On: t sha , A d m and Nnnvi '

2. Sex

3. EI?1BITAL STATUS:

11, A G S :

0 - 1 0 I

f 2 nDUShTlf7YAT_l BACKG9r3UND

Mo forma?- Educxtim I

F r i i m r y Education 2

8. Are y m s a t i s f i e d ? y i t h tn? amouflt; of so l ic ! y,.aste

9 s l ) ~ you t h i n k AS%-4 has t h e sol-id msts mc n;g ?am$

r e s o u r c e s i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y ?

YES I

NO 2

10. ; h a t .is your c u r r e n t sc'l'l-2x37 !.evet- i n ASSSA?

I6 and above 4

I1 Your c u r r e n t s a l a r y grade level. i s coxr?ensura t e

,,!it% t h e amount of ~.:ork, you a r e d o i n g f o r ASTSA?

12. Do you opt f o r gener2.l i n c r e ~ s e i n s a l a r y g m d e

15. If yes, vhat is t h e number of such c o q f l i c t s

e n ? . ~ ? m t er ed by your sw tion W r i n g t h e pa s t one

month? ................... ...........,..........

If yes, have Brou ever expressed the i r z p ~ r t s n c z of

ef f ' k i e n t manpowr dep7-oyment to ASESA s Z9;za.l

3 mmngci- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PI-ease r a n k h 0 ~ i m p o r t e n t t h e a v a i ? n S i l i t y o f

fund i s t o your s e c t i o n .

V Z I Y TM"C3TBNT' I

INP33TAYT . 2

22 HOT.: important i s t ' ?e nlirnination of c o n f l i c t t o

your s e c t i ~ n ?

I

APPENDIX IV

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