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Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth

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UNIVERSITY OF HARGEISA

THESIS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF OBTAINING

THE BACHELOR DEGREE OF ECONOMCS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

BACHELOR DEGREE

ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL CIENCE

ADVISOR: c/ rahaman dirye

AXMED XASSAN NUUR


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Declaration

I declare that my research paper approved for the requirements of the University

Bachelor Degree (BA) faculty of the economic and political science at university

of the hargeisa Somaliland.

Am also announce that this paper is result my effort and I grantee all the material

whit in this dissertation has been not used in any other paper .

And decaled that any part of this book will not allowed unauthorized coping

reporting without permission.

Finally this research report I make care full planning for writings deeply research

although guiding the supervisor…………………

Student signe…………………………….

Adver singe………………………………


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Dedication

I dedicate this paper to my parents ( xasan nuur guule and Asha ibrahin abdi,) who

built me morally and physically as well as give me full support to my education

and maintain in the direction of my future and ask to ALLAH to life good days for

the live and enter paradise .


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Acknowledgement

Fists and foremost i started the name of Allah who aid me a good health (ALHAMDULILLAH)

and allow to me the ability to complete the research paper.

Second I am heartily thank full to my supervisor Abdirmahan dirye whose encouragement

guidance and supported and supper form the initial to the final level enable me to enable me to

develop understanding of the subject.

I would like to thank to all management of faculty of economics and political science especially

dean of faculty Mr. (omer yuose buux) that supported me throughout my education with

patience and knowledge at the same time as allowing me the room to wake in my own way I

attribute the level of my degree to their encouragement and effort and without them this thesis

would not have been completed or written

I gratefully acknowledge the teacher for the teaching advice and crucial contribution that made

strong backbone of my life listening, managing, and solving the problem, their involvements

with their originality has triggered and nourished my intellectual maturity that I will benefit

from, for long time to come.

Furthermore I wish to thank all my family members my beloved brothers and sisters for moral

and financial support they give me during my study in academic arena, my great sister mrs

samiira cawil gamadiid and mr mukhatar maxmed ismail. for being my side and helping

me financial and morally since I accomplished my research . also I would like to thank my

beloved anti Ash ibraahin abdi who help me along time of accomplished my degree financial

and morally.

And finally I would like to thank everybody who was hold up to the realization completion of

this thesis , I am expressing my apology as I would not mention everybody of my beloved

supporters I love you all thank again.


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Table continents’

Declaration………………………………………………………………………2

Dedication………………………………………………………………………3

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………4

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 7

The problem statement ................................................................................................................................ 8

The purpose of the study .......................................................................................................................... 9

Objective of the study ............................................................................................................................... 9

1.4.1 the General objective of the research ......................................................................................... 9

1.4.2. The specific objective of the research ...................................................................................... 10

Research questions ................................................................................................................................. 10

1.6. Scope of the research study ............................................................................................................. 11

1.7 significance of the study ................................................................................................................... 11

1.8. Limitations of the study ................................................................................................................... 11

Chapter two ................................................................................................................................................ 12

2. LITRETURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 12

2.1. Introduction of Somaliland economy .............................................................................................. 12

1.3 The nomadic pastoral production system ........................................................................................ 13

2.4 Population of different herd species. ............................................................................................... 14

2.5 pressure of livestock in Somaliland................................................................................................... 15

2.5.1. Cyclical drought ......................................................................................................................... 16

2.5.2. Water point, human settlement and transport ........................................................................ 16

2.5.3. Charcoal production .................................................................................................................. 17

2.6 livestock heath .................................................................................................................................. 18

2.7 importance of keeping livestock and animal heath .......................................................................... 18

2.8 The Livestock Trade (exported) ........................................................................................................ 19

2.9 Livestock Traders .............................................................................................................................. 19

2.10 livestock market diversification of Somaliland ............................................................................... 20


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2.11 significance livestock in Somaliland ................................................................................................ 24

2.12 Causes of Somaliland livestock ban ................................................................................................ 25

2.13 Economic impact of livestock ban .................................................................................................. 25

Livestock price: .................................................................................................................................... 25

Price of imported commodities .......................................................................................................... 26

Local Currency issue: ........................................................................................................................... 26

Government Revenue ......................................................................................................................... 26

Trade of livestock in urban centers: .................................................................................................... 27

Unemployment:- ................................................................................................................................. 27

Effects peoples live hood: ................................................................................................................... 27

2.14 Maintaining of the livestock trade .................................................................................................. 27

2.15 Livestock Regulation and policies ................................................................................................... 28

CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 29

3. RESEACH METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................... 29

3.1 research design ............................................................................................................................. 29

3.2 Methods date collection ............................................................................................................... 29

3.2.1 Questionnaires ........................................................................................................................... 30

3.2.2 Interview .................................................................................................................................... 31

3, 2.3 Sampling .................................................................................................................................... 31

Sample method ................................................................................................................................... 31

Chapter four ................................................................................................................................................ 32

4.0 analysis and findings ....................................................................................................................... 32

Chapter five ................................................................................................................................................. 44

5.1 Conclusion and recommendations ................................................................................................... 44

Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 44

Recommendation .................................................................................................................................... 45

BIBIGRAGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................... 49


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Chapter one:

INTRODUCTION

this study research paper discuss and digest the role of the livestock trade in Somaliland

economic growth and haw the trade of livestock to have importance in the society

since 1991 the people of the north west regions declared the information of the indepent

republic, who territory comprises that of the farmer British Somaliland set about rebuilding

the political social and economic institutions of government to the Somaliland people is the

pastoralist .

so this study research constrated the detail of fact point out the several key national

government police and taxation and trade at effect the economic growth and reviews the

impact of current economic in Somaliland , the pastorist is one of the primary production

system in Somaliland the majority of the people direct and indirect obtain the livestock .

this research paper involves detail analysis of livestock trade and how contributed the

economic growth of Somaliland because Somaliland economy has under gone important

structure change since the war, in deregulated free market economy the privet sector has

grow rapidly the dissolution of the state monopolies and rigid economic controls and privet

sector expansion.

So livestock are the main source of livestock for the Somaliland people, opportunities and

accounts for about 60% of GDP , account for up to 85% of the total export earnings, it

contributes to government revenues and provides employments to the wide range of

veterinary professional and other services .


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The problem statement

The livestock is one of most important factor that contributed to the Somaliland economy most

Somaliland people such as livestock exports and local livestock traders depend on the livestock

and the livestock economy, also the government gets most of its revenue from the livestock.

So this paper concerns livestock trade is link to the economic growth of Somaliland because

directly and indirectly the livestock trade and livestock husbandry is the dominate system of

production in Somaliland over half the population of Somaliland is involves in same from of

animal husbandry either as nomadic or transhumant so this research based on fact and figure that

are reliable and based on the reality , because practice of scientific research methodology that

respond haw we can understand the significance of the livestock trade in the Somaliland

economic growth .

The livestock trade always the backbone of the economy of Somaliland and the livestock

production continues trade to be the main source of daily subsistence for nomadic families and

the main source of income and employment for urban dwellers. In 1988 war broke out in

former Somalia republic between the government and Somali national movement, in that decade

of civil war which exploded every side of live in northern regions of former Somali republic.

This war finally led the total collapse of Somali state, Somaliland declared its independence in

1991, although the country Somaliland is now peace full and stable and has its own government,

yet much of the consequence of the war are still visible. The country has so far not been able to

gain international recognition and this prevents it from obtaining international long term

investments or loans.


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To make the matter worse, livestock exports which has been the background of the economy for

centuries has been banned for long time by Saudi authority whose country constituted the largest

market for Somaliland livestock banned it comes on bases suspected by diseases outbreak in

Somaliland livestock even though livestock ban has been lifted recently still Somaliland

economy suffers from the ban consequence.

The purpose of the study

The purpose of the research paper is how the to identified the valuable important of livestock

production and trade in to the foreign countries the economic growth in Somaliland people

because livestock is the backbone of Somaliland economy and most of Somaliland people get

their income from livestock directly and indirectly.

my purpose is to represent the significance of the livestock Somali society and

understanding the livestock trade is income and employment urban dwellers and government

revenue is heavily depend on livestock export.

And the other objectives of the study to the under lined the problems face the livestock and

other pressures on the environment are manmade such as the increase in the number of water

point and settlement the increase the in off – road vehicle traffic and charcoal production

This factors contributed to the degradation of the pastoral range lands .

Objective of the study

1.4.1 the General objective of the research


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The general objective is to explain the Roll the livestock trade contributed Somaliland

economic growth and how the people benefit livestock production system.

1.4.2. The specific objective of the research

The specific purpose of conducting this research paper is:

To assess the impact of livestock on Somaliland economy

To evaluate the situation of livestock distribution.

To find out ways to improve livestock health.

To understand livestock marketing ,trading, exporting

The indentify the problem against livestock economy in Somaliland and the to

find the possible solutions of the problem against livestock economy growth

of Somaliland.

Research questions

What is the importance of livestock economy in Somaliland?

Haw livestock productions contribute household income of Somaliland?


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What are the main problems against the livestock economy of Somaliland?

1.6. Scope of the research study

This study will be carried out in Hargeisa , the capital city of Somaliland where most of the

livestock exporters and local traders stay, the this research concern the significance the livestock

trade in the Somaliland economy growth.

1.7 significance of the study

The governments of Somaliland in particular the public sector service will establish

policy framework this will help the governments to improve the public sector

departments and the local population. entirely Somaliland will get a benefit from

this study

The study will benefit good decentralization in public sector enterprises such as local

NGOs in Somaliland regions to do the activities of community adjusted in enhance

the service delivery

The study will advantageous for improving selected public sector enterprises and

creation a social welfare of Somaliland regions in an efficiency of improving

livestock trade policy and the ways of looking after the livestock.

The study will also benefit most of the Somaliland people those are directly depend.

1.8. Limitations of the study

the limitation of the study or the constraint faced for the reseaher of this topic, which is not


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mainly effected was the time constrain which could weakened the reliabiliyand or the value of

the date. The data mostly were collected from Hargeisa and some other areas that really seems

the resource of the data.

Time: the time is cutting every minute as everything is going on, whatever the researcher does

is taking a suitable time and the time is little bit hard as I am working with my too much private

Cost: distributing questionnaires and interviews of data collection are the basic cost consuming,

the transportation cost, and the cost of the equipments that a researcher use et

Works.

Social Barrier: although the labor of the public sector as well as superior managers have lack of

higher education’s, the attitude of the public sector managers is something like

The common problem: is that our livestock traders are not aware and could not understand and

answer the questions economically. It was difficult to see the livestock stakeholders with specific

places and locations .the most difficult that had faced during conducting this paper understood

the questionnaire of our people because most of our society is illiterate.


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Chapter two

2. LITRETURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction of Somaliland economy The Somaliland economy has under gone important structural changes since the war in

deregulated free market economy, the privet business sector has growth n rapidly the dissolution

of state monopolies and rigid economy controls together with privet sector expansion, has

significantly contributed to the growth of Somaliland economy in the aftermath of war, providing

employment opportunities and capital investment for the process of reconstruction. Trade

through Berber port has surpassed pre- war levels, the service sector has experienced rapid

growth in the post – war – period, with a proliferation of companies provides the latest

communication facilities, airlines and financial service. Small enterprises like bakeries

restaurants convenience stores and office supplies have returned to the market places of the

urban centers.( the resource the academic peace and development in 2001)

1.3 The nomadic pastoral production system

Somali pastoral society , with its clan based political culture and devotion to Islam, has survived

recurrent droughts an man made calamities relatively intact, the current situation in Somaliland

pastoral environment , how over must be understood in terms of the changes that have taken

place in the pastoral production system over the last one hundred years.

Historically, free – foraging livestock production was the dominant land use system and Somali

pastoralist was characterized by high degree of mobility of herds and household in the words of

aburco elders.

The traditional pastoral herd consisted of goats and sheep and camel the precise compassion of

family herd reflected both the characteristics of the ranged land environment and the production

targets of the pastoralist, camels and goats in particular are better adapted to the harsh conditions


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of the nomadic environment than cattle and sheep . the different species have the ability to with

stand the harsh condition of the region and nomadic pastoralist works to maximized the marginal

opportunity offered by scarce pasture and erratic rainfall . in the past the seasons imposed

specific patterns of grazing on the communal rangelands . for example in the wet season lush

pastures allowed the livestock to forage over wide areas while the dry season restricted grazing

to the vicinities of perm ante water points shoes and camels were not grazed at the same place.

Camels which can stay without water for long periods , were sent to for place to grazed shoats

and same milk and burden camel grazed closer to the household or the nomadic hamlet , the wife

, her daughters and those male children who were not yet strong enough to go out with the camel

, stayed . the husband typically commuted between the camel camp and the nomadic hamlet.

How over that numbers of livestock have been decreasing during the 1990s as resulted of

pastoral rangeland degradation and insufficient grass space in same areas even at time in which

the livestock export ban by suad Arbia has maximized export from Somaliland, participants in

this study asserted that the livestock population is not increasing, because most of the livestock

for export comes from beyond Somaliland borders there are also indication that pastoralist are

selling animals at lower price in to local markets in order to compensate for their lost export

earnings, as well as for household consumption..

2.4 Population of different herd species. Before we proceed in this paper livestock and its contribution to the Somaliland economic

Development we need first to define what livestock are.

Livestock is a domestic animal which lives on grass such as cattle or horse and it is raised for

home use or Profit, livestock usually lives in farms.

Livestock can also refer to animals that are kept by man to supply meat, milk and some other

product, or use

Somaliland well known livestock are Camel, Goat, sheep and cattle sheep are used for wool,

meat (mutton and lambs), and to small extent for milk


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Sheep are commonly divided in to three types based on whether their wool is fine, medium or

coarse perhaps the first animals to be used husbandry, they were domesticated in southeastern

Asia. About 1billion are now distributed throughout the world, with largest population in the

western United States .Africa, Asia Europe, Commercial sheep farming is usually conducted on

large tracks of land, divided in to operation units containing 1000 or more animals. Source of

Ministry of livestock in S/L

per unit, sheep are also raised as a secondary enterprise on many small farms, they are well

adopted to a semi arid regions and to land that is too steep or enough for the cultivation of crops

.Goats were first domesticated in same region as sheep and uses but about 1500 years later, they

are about two fifth a numerous as sheep and show a similar distribution. Source of Ministry of

livestock in S/L

cattle are usually divided in to three types beef and dual purpose ,an intermediate type used for

both milk and meat ,it’s believed that cattle were domesticated about 8500 years ago in south

eastern Europe ,with south eastern Asia probable second centre domesticated . World cattle

population is more than 1billion with half concentrated in South America, Europe and countries

of former USSR, us, India. Source of VOA (voice of America)

Most beef cattle are raised on large rangeland but feedlots. Dairy cattle are managed in

Most beef cattle are raised on large rangeland but feedlots. Dairy cattle are managed in relatively

large herds under intensive conditions near centers of dense population, cheese, dried milk and

other specialized products however usually come from small farms with cattle set out to pasture,

see dairy farming.

camels large ruminant native to desert regions of Asia and north Africa ,there are two types of

camels the Arabian or dromedary camel which has one hump ,and the Bactrian camel which has

two humps the humps are stared flesh and flat ,absorbed as nutrition when food is scarce . a cam

el can subsist without water for several weeks , the camel usually stands 2m(7ft) tall as shoulder

the hump rises about 30cm(6.5ft) Source of VOA ( voice of America )


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2.5 pressure of livestock in Somaliland

This section identified the numerous factors that are putting pressure on the pastorals

environment and effecting livestock production are following:

Cyclical drought

Increased water points, human settlement and transport

Charcoal production

Private enclosure

Increases in livestock and human production

2.5.1. Cyclical drought In Somaliland drought is a recurrent phenomenon and is considered one of the main

environmental pressures on the livestock economy between 1911 and 1974 there were eight

prolonged pried of drought in Somaliland .

The consequences of prolonged drought can be devastating A lack of rain full reduced the

vegetation cover and biodiversity of the land, which can lead to loss of livestock from starvation

or water stress. The droughts can trigger food shortage, the forced liquidation of livestock at

depressed price, migration to urban centers or comps and loss of human life form starvation or

social conflict.

And other hand some exporters argue that droughts helps to keep livestock growth in check, by

enforcing the balance between range capacity and livestock numbers.

In the risk prone environment of Somaliland, pastoralist has developed strategic to ameliorate the

impact of rainfall fail. Hiring trucks to transport water and grass to drought affected areas and

building barked to harvest rain water are two such strategies , there is some evidence, how over,

that their coping capacities have been weakened by various factors such as privet enclosures ,

and increased water point in order to soften the socio economic impact of drought on pastoralist

and to enhance their coping capacity, organizations and preparedness planes should be

established to predict and respond to drought.


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2.5.2. Water point, human settlement and transport The availability of sufficient water has been and eternal problems for the Somali nomads, whose

movement is determined by the location of water source and pasture modern development

strategies that have introduced mechanized boreholes, wells and berkedo to mitigate the problem

of water availilbity have impacted on the environment.

The first berkedo to harvest rainwater introduced in the the dry hawd zone in the 1950 there was

steady growth in their number in the 1960 and a sharp increase in the 1970, following the

drought of 1974 alhuaght many were destroyed during the war barkado construction was

reinvigorate after 1991 as people retuned to the country, Even in regions like sanaag, were

previously uncommon, berkado are now wide spread.

2.5.3. Charcoal production

The production of charcoal and firewood is a majority environmental concern fuel wood and

charcoal are the main source of energy for Somaliland and as the population and settlement s

have grown, the demand for forest products has increase , charcoal production has greatly

increased since the collapse of the last government in 1991 as result of export demand and

increased urban consumption, due to returning refugees ans out migration from the rural areas,

in the Somaliland today, an estimate eight million trees cut annually for charcoal production .

Household in Hargeise and other urban centers depend on charcoal for their cooking, and

charcoal came hargeisa each day the equivalent of roughly 29,200 tons per year and the charcoal

production consumption in the whole Somaliland was to be estimated 480,000 tone per year

based on in estimate of 300,000 families use the and average of two bags ( 15 kg each) per weak

( Berol 2000) .

The charcoal production recognized the negative environment impact of charcoal production the

Somaliland government banned the export of the charcoal. And that is only way that reduced the

charcoal activities.


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2.5.4. Enclosures and the privatization of rangeland

The enclosures of rangeland is another critical environment preoccupation of Somaliland

pastoralist, Enclosures represent the de facto privatization of communal grazing land and as such

are a point of contention between pastoralist and enclosure owners. The practice is not new, but

it is a rapidly increasing trend , enclosure owners illegally grab a portion of communal land,

sometime as large as five to ten squared kilometer in their home( clan) territory which they then

prevent other from using commenting on an area where the practiced is specially intense,

2.5.5. Increases in livestock number

Over the past 60 years an expansion in human and livestock population has been exerting

pressure on the pastoral environment. This is no exact date on the size of the herd in Somaliland.

extraploting from the 1975 somalia census of livestock , the following annual growth rate are

assumed for Somaliland goat 2.4% sheep1.5% cattle and camels1.1%( source Somaliland

ministry of planning)

2.6 livestock heath Health in livestock is defined as state in which all the body organs or parts and system are

considered normal and function normally the term disease , on the other hand , is described as

any deviation or interrupts in the state of body of animal or its organs which interrupt the proper

performance of its function .

It is important to note that profitable animal production demands good husbandry of healthy

animal as disease remains profit limiting factor in the tropical countries like Somaliland , correct

feeding programmed must be supplemented by knowledgeable production of the animals from

prevalent disease , animal health is the key to disease prevention and treatment of livestock

disease must therefore be complements to their measure form increase production the central of

pests and disease in livestock is vital importance if the animal are to grow and developed

properly unhealthy livestock can be problem on a farm and they are un economical to keep as

their production


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2.7 importance of keeping livestock and animal heath There are several reasons why the ensure livestock are kept health because of the livestock is

take part the significance rolle the Somaliland economy growth these era season.

i. Heath livestock grow well and fast enough to reach maturity quickly

ii. Health animals give maximum production or perform to their best I,e maintain high

productivity.

iii. Health livestock produce larger quantities of products which are also good quality and

consequently command a high market value.

iv. Healthy animal will not spread infectious and contagious disease to their animal or

human being it is very important that produce from animals specially for human

consumption, are healthy and safe to use , this is basic requirement for both local and

export markets.

v. Health livestock are economical and easy to keep as the farmers spend less money on

disease treatment hence reduction of production of cost leading to maximization of profit

and economic growth

..

2.8 The Livestock Trade (exported)

Somaliland's economic recovery owes a great deal to the livestock trade. Understanding the

dynamics of this trade is essential to understanding Somaliland's post-war economy. In postwar

Somaliland, a restructuring of livestock marketing has taken place in recent years, with new

actors involved, changes in the sources of livestock and terms of trade. The market and the

producers are also vulnerable to external forces, as is clear from the two embargoes on imports

of Somali livestock, by Somaliland's main trading partners in the Gulf in 1998 and 2000. There

is, therefore, a concern in Somaliland about the current state of the livestock marketing in

Somaliland, at production and market level. This section analyses of current livestock marketing

system in Somaliland, identifies ways to improve livestock exports and a common approach to

formulating regulatory mechanisms for the livestock market. For the purposes of this report,


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livestock marketing is understood to mean the entire system of transactions of livestock within

Somaliland.

Livestock markets in Somaliland are places where the rural producer, the urban consumer and

the exporter come together to make exchanges.

2.9 Livestock Traders

Livestock marketing in Somaliland has gone through important changes since the early

nineteenth century. Until the collapse of the last regime, livestock marketing was based on

arrangement known as the `merchant-jeeble' system (Samater, Salisbury, Bascom, 1988).

This involved a jeeble25 (middleman) purchasing animals from remote areas, trucking them to

the major local markets and selling them for a profit to export merchants. Since the war, new

developments in the livestock trade have weakened this old arrangement. A new breed of large

export-import merchant has emerged to dominate the market. In 1997, one merchant was

reportedly responsible for exporting some 60% of the livestock.26 these traders have had a

greater impact on local livestock marketing practices than their pre-war predecessors. Pre-war,

their activities were confined to exportation and they mostly purchased the livestock from the

main local markets. At the same time, commodity importers were not involved in livestock

trading. Since the war, the major livestock traders have also become commodity importers and

wholesale retailers. This gives them control over the supply of food to Somaliland and their

presence, therefore, is felt throughout the entire livestock marketing system, from pastoral areas

to the point of export. In the words of middle-level livestock trader in Burco: "Everywhere their

foodstuffs and livestock heads are being exc In recent years, the merchant-jeeble system has

been gradually replaced by the merchant-wakiil system, in which a wakiil (or agent) for a major

livestock trader purchases animals from the hinterland. In this new arrangement, the wakiil

receives as salary and a commission from the trader. This provides more direct contact between

the trader and the producer and has reduced the participation of middlemen in livestock

transactions. The traders have an extensive network of agents throughout the country, as well as


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in Somalia and Ethiopia. They purchase the livestock from these remote areas using the

merchant's foodstuffs or the income from the sales of foodstuffs and other consumables. For their

part the agents try to purchase the highest quality livestock and consequently sheep and goats,

cattle and camels exported from Berbera have a good reputation in the markets of Saudi Arabia

and Yemen (EC-FAO, 1995).

2.10 livestock market diversification of Somaliland Traditionally nomads used to derive a major portion of their diet from livestock and their

products. Today, only a tiny portion of their daily intake comes from livestock products, mainly

in the form of milk and the occasional home slaughter. Most comes from imported cereals and

other non-pastoral products. Even household utensils, furnishings and tools that used to be

homemade are imported. In order to keep pace with their growing consumption and use of non-

pastoral products, pastoralists must sell a sizeable part their produce, such as livestock, hides,

and milk. Thus most of the income of pastoral households is spent on imported items that are

available in urban centers. Commercial relationship between the producer and the exporters,

whereby one is selling to meet basic needs and the other is buying for financial gain (Samater,

Salisbury & Bascom, 1988). In this partial barter relationship, the producers and the middlemen

are asked to take

half of their payments in kind, as rice, sugar or flour. In a typical exchange a producer might

receive 60,000 Sl.Sh cash or the equivalent of 65,000 in kind, from a dealer for a single sheep or

goat. The price difference is an incentive for the producers to opt for payment in foodstuffs

rather than cash. A further incentive is that foodstuffs will be paid

Immediately, while cash may take several days. With the limited options available and ongoing

daily expenses to meet, most producers are not in position to bargain. One of the pastoralist

participants in this study describes the dilemma they face when they bring their herds to the local

markets.

Many problems are associated with selling the herds. There are no fixed prices or anticipated

prices. The prices depend on circumstances beyond our control and on the number of animals


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one brings [to the market]. We never get [the animal's] value, when you compare the price to the

effort that went into it. The offers we get from the buyers are half cash and half in kind (sugar,

rice, and flour). Sometimes we might need rice and flour, and they offer us sugar, so we literally

have to auction the sugar to buy other needs. So we are losers every time.

The revenues generated by livestock sales do not accrue to the producers alone. Before the civil

war, at least seven individuals, excluding the producers, had claims on each head of exported

livestock before it was shipped out of the country, without adding any value (Samater, Salisbury,

Bascom, 1988). Today, at a time of peak unemployment, local livestock markets have become

the place where many unemployed people try to get their enough to survive in one day

consequently, it is not surprising that the number of individuals making claim on each head has

increased. In every local market, brokers and other intermediaries visibly outnumber buyers and

sellers. Armies of brokers carrying sticks form human circles around small clusters of animals,

and much of the time there are more people in the circle than heads of livestock. Each of these

brokers gets some of the proceedings from the sale. One participant has estimated that as many

as twenty-five people become involved in single transaction at a local market. Producers and the

middlemen see these intermediaries as parasites that are siphoning off their earnings. Some of

these intermediates are very well aware of these concerns, but argue that they deserve to be paid

for their efforts in the marketplace. One broker explained the services they render: Once the

herds reach the local market, they fall under our responsibility as brokers.

Urban livestock markets are the meeting place for the rural producer and urban consumer,

livestock exporters and various intermediaries, and as such are the barometer of Somaliland's

economic health (WSP/SCPD, 2000).

Large-scale export-import businesses, medium and small scale entrepreneurs, urban middlemen,

rural agents and vast network of retailers are engaged at different levels in distributing imported

goods within the country and outside the country and ensuring the flow of production from

producers to the point of export. Urban livestock centers can therefore be described as critical

distributors of wealth, services, goods and a source of employment. A persistent burden on the

livestock trade is multiple local taxation. On the way to local markets and on the return trip, there

are often several checkpoints at which producers have to pay local taxes. Although the


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government has introduced legislation to eliminate multiple taxation, the problem still persists in

district is away from the tarmac roads.( rebuilding Somaliland issues and possibilities

book2000)

Women marketing

In the past war period the number of women involved in trading activities has increased

including in livestock trading activities , they dominant in domestic meat and milk marketing ,

although few have ventured , as livestock traders ,

Slaughter markets

Women tend to be involved in all aspects of the slaughter market ( daabax) form selling to

butchering , it is trade that provides income and occupational opportunities for many lower

income women , women as jeeble purchase female livestock across the border inside Ethiopia

same other consumption and others sent to Djibouti , and animal for slaughter arrive at the local

markets by various means and in various number , most of them come by vehicles and few are

bought on foot, they are either sold restaurant owners or women butchers , who then go to the

local markets ( sayled) to sell either cash and credit , most of the meat vendors have regular

customer , who are close relatives and friends , this trade is not without problems,

Milk markets: :-The demand for milk is growing in the sprawling towns with their rapidly

expanding population. Milk sales have been increasing in Somaliland, developing into an

important source of income for the pastoralists. According to one report some 80% of the daily

income of pastoralists comes from the sale of milk (Bertolli, 2000). Women dominate this sector,

either bringing the milk directly into the urban centers or selling it to associations of women in

permanent settlements, who send it on to the urban centers. In Boorame, each day from dawn to

noon, hordes of women carrying milk in one or two litres containers converge on the town from

the west, some walking a distance of up to 30kms. Some of these women described their

work."We sell this little bit of milk, just to get some sugar, rice, and tea, and if it is possible, we

buy tobacco for our husbands. If we don't sell the milk in time, we leave it with someone and we

borrow money to meet our needs. In the afternoon they return to their homes carrying with them


24

what they have bought from the market. In Hargeysa, women go door-to-door selling milk to

meet their family necessary need,

Skins and hides

In the pre-war period and historically hide and skin has been major trading item export in hide

and skin has resumed and was profitable in the early nineties, export, encing an increase in

export. As a result of flooding the market, prices went down and exports fell sharply in the mind

90s .

Now in Burco there is antennary plant with a processing capacity of 2000 skin per day that has

been working for about two year and processing about 800 pieces per day, same of these product

are being used locally and some are for export, also at the time of writing there is anther skin

and hide tannery plant under construction in lasqoorey.

2.11 significance livestock in Somaliland Somaliland’s economy is heavily affected by its arid and semi arid climate and the mainstay of

the economy has long been nomadic pastoralist. No other country in Africa is self reliant and the

fortunes of so many of its people depend on livestock production. According to a recent World

Bank report, about 60 percent of Somaliland’s GDP and employment is related to livestock

production and trade. The government of Somaliland is heavily dependent on Livestock export

which provides as much as 80 % of its tax revenue. Historic data provided

by the UNDP also shows in 1997, Somaliland’s livestock exports was estimated to be around US

$ 120.8 million which accounted for more than 80 % of the total foreign exchange earnings of

the country.

The contribution of livestock sector to the generation of the GNP was about 60%.Contribution of

livestock to the national economy is estimated at 60-65%.About 60% of the Somaliland


25

population rely mainly on the products and by products of their livestock for daily sustenance.

The importance of livestock industry in Somaliland represents about 65% of the house hold

economy of the population of the country, and to the national economy as well. The livestock

sector development should grow ascending to challenge the poverty levels of livestock producers

and meet livestock production demand both at local market and foreign trade requirements. The

contribution of the livestock industry to the national economy includes providing livelihood

requirements to about 70% (pastoral and agro-pastoral) of the population. Source of UNDP

report

2.12 Causes of Somaliland livestock ban

Livestock bans came in response to fears by the importing countries of the Arabian peninsula of

the health risks involving animal transmission of epizootic rift valley fever(RVF) and subsequent

outbreaks of the disease in human, the livestock ban by KSA in 1998-1999 was precautionary

measure, taken in response to a confirmed epizootic RVF out breaks in northern Kenya and

southern Somalia, in contrast the second ban was a direct and immediate reaction to a fatal

outbreaks of RVF in Saudi Arabia and in Yemen, in that outbreaks more than 300 people died,

many others were hospitalize and millions of dollars mobilized to limit the spread of the disease.

Disease transmission:- rift valley fever(RVF) is an cute mosquito both viral disease affect

mainly rum anal animal and humans, it causes spontaneous abortion in pregnant animals and is

responsible for increased mortality rates in young animals, in humans it manifest it’s an acute

flu-like illness with fever, shivering, headache and vomiting.

Disease transmission:- rift valley fever(RVF) is an cute mosquito both viral disease affect

mainly rum anal animal and humans, it causes spontaneous abortion in pregnant animals and is

responsible for increased mortality rates in young animals, in humans it manifest it’s an acute

flu-like illness with fever, shivering, headache and vomiting.


26

2.13 Economic impact of livestock ban

Livestock ban has severe economic impact on Somaliland economy, we cannot deny the fact

that livestock ban changed many economic factors and leads to decline in overall economic

condition in Somaliland.

Livestock price: There was an immediate decrease in livestock prices following the imposition

of the imports ban on Sep 2000, in real terms export livestock quality price reached their lowest

price ever in years, since august 2000 goat/sheep lost 55% decrease in value compared to their

prices effort to the ban.

In general local livestock quality price have decreased to a lesser degree than export livestock

quality, in Buroa livestock market, the price of local quality sheep/goat was at SlSh151, 000 in

august 2000 but the price fell to SLSh131, 500 during the first six months in February 2001, in

hargeisa the local quality sheep/goat was 70,000 per head before the ban and by June 2001 the

has dropped to SlSh45, 000.

Price of imported commodities: - price of the imported commodities have displayed an

inflationary trend in local currency during the livestock ban, based on hargeisa prices sugar

increased from SlSh1400/kg in august 2000 to SlSh 2400 by august 2002, and this applicable to

the prices of sugar and rice. Pastoralist depends on the terms of trade between livestock and

commodities they need so falling price for their livestock accompanying rise in commodities

price makes their life difficult.

Local Currency issue: there has been a significant depreciation in Somaliland shillings since the

imposition of livestock ban on mid sep 2000, as livestock exports is major source of foreign

exchange earnings for Somaliland, the immediate effect of fewer dollars available combined

with the anticipation of future shortages led to an immediate increase in the prices of the dollar,

since sept 2000 the SlSh has experienced a depreciation from SlSh 3487/US in August to SlSh

6200/us in Dec 2002.


27

Government Revenue:-In normal times about 30% of the government revenue is earned from

livestock export trade, amounting US10million or SlSh 2.5billion,somaliland reliance on

international trade for over 73% of the entire revenue earnings makes it highly vulnerable to

external shock out of it control.

Livestock export duties are also one of the main sources of foreign exchange for Somaliland

government; the export levies on livestock are 3.50 per goat/sheep 12.50 per cattle and 17.50 per

camel.

Trade of livestock in urban centers: The trade and marketing of livestock has undergone a

number of changes since the civil war ended in 1991, the general trade has been towards

commercialized system of trade with smaller number of large exports and a reduction in the

number of middlemen involved in transaction. Livestock ban in 1998/99 and 2000/2009 forced

may shipper and traders out of the market, in 1999 there were approximately 50-70 individual

shippers and livestock exporter, with three large exporters controlled most of the trade, today the

same number of large exporters still dominant but there is now any handful of secondary

exporters. The value of imports of basic commodities (sugar, rice, wheat) etc and livestock will

come to be controlled by small number, opening the way for price manipulation.

Unemployment:-Lost export trade translate directly into increased unemployment in urban

centers since the imposition of the livestock ban, the major livestock market are lifeless empty

grounds with only minor.

Effects peoples live hood: First, pastoral activities are the reality of many people’s livelihood

practices around the globe. Extensive pastoral production takes place on some 25 per cent of the

world’s land area; it comprises herds of nearly a billion head of camel, cattle and smaller

livestock and provides 10 per cent of global meat production. Livestock production is crucial for


28

the livelihoods and well-being of up to 200 million households until recently the largest share of

benefits generated by pastoralist was obtained from grazers on marginal lands, where other

economic activities provide lower returns or were not viable at all. But land use and market

systems are changing at a rapid pace Globalization.

Pastoralist is one of the live style ships which people follow head of camel, cows, sheep and

goats by natural Pastoralist subsistence system based primary on domesticated animal production

meat, milk hiding pastoral classified in to three type .

2.14 Maintaining of the livestock trade In order to avoid future ban Somaliland need to regulate it livestock trade to conform

international health standards and this can be accomplished through well managed well funded

and highly trained vaternity services such as surveillance and control of trans boundary diseases,

preparedness for animal disease emergencies and veternity health and origin certificate of export

livestock.

Investment is required in infrastructure that support the exportation of livestock and the livestock

in general, investment in livestock sector is during 19970s and 1980s facilitated large growth in

livestock export, livestock export infrastructure was damaged and looted in civil wars and has

largely remain un restored since the end of the war, for example holding facilities at the port( e.g.

quarantine, marshalling yards fodder storage shelter from sun etc.

As we know Somaliland depend only on single market for its livestock export, Somaliland needs

to diversify its livestock export in order to lessen its vulnerability to single market shocks

alternatives market such as those in Jordan Egypt and Iran should be explored along with the

possibility for diversified product i.e. leather product chilled meat


29

2.15 Livestock Regulation and policies

Somaliland's livestock export trade suffers from an institutional crisis and a totally unregulated

environment. According to one veterinarian, out of seventy livestock dealers to Somaliland

whom he used to offer services, only nine are now in business and they are all close to

bankruptcy. The development of positive regulations and policies by the government that would

promote livestock export and the adherence to these by the actors involved in this sector is one

way out of the crisis; also livestock sector suffers from problems such as multiple taxation and

absence of financial institution


30

CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEACH METHODOLOGY

3.1 research design

Before examining types of research design it is important to be clear about the role and

purpose of research design, we need to understand what research design is. We need to know

where./design fits into the whole research process from framing a question finally analyzing

and reporting date. This is the purpose of the research design the research design manly

categorized into two types descriptive and explanatory.

3.2 Methods date collection

The research methodology that was used in conducting this research is qualitative approach

and this method had chosen to answer our specific question in the research paper, because

qualitative studies may ask broad, open-ended, and interconnected questions that are not

always specifiable as conventional hypotheses. The applicant expects that key in sights may

emerge during the course of the research that steer the project in unforeseeable direction. It is

openness to unanticipated findings.

As the term specified aims, reviewers expect clearly delineated precisely research aims. The

tools have used to collect the date with the combination of other methods were effectively

fits for coverage of collecting the entire date finding are interview and questioner.

The primary data is the result through administering questionnaire, interview which is the

simplest way of data collection were used by the different stakeholders of livestock, the

secondary data is the earlier studies of the field of Somaliland livestock, reports, books and

net source.


31

The are many methods of collecting primary date and the main method include:

3.2.1 Questionnaires

Questionnaires are a popular means of date collection date, but are difficult to design and

analysis and often required many rewrites before an acceptable questionnaire is produced.

My questionnaires was very sensitive when I asked the people because I look both paper

pencil- questioners ( self administrated ) and interviewer administrated ( structural

interview) then I met the people more admiration and respect because majority of the

people who receive my questionnaire they don’t see because it need enough time and

immediately answer and retune them, but as we know the homogenous society their a

little or no different of them hence sometimes when all responders answer as a same I

select sample.

3.2.2 Interview

Interview helps me gather valid and reliable date because my study that talk about is the

role of livestock trade in Somaliland economic growth it is more interest according the

Somaliland I can gather information need for survey since my questionnaire is short and

concise, so my study there is wide interviewing that is relevant my research questions and

object question.

3, 2.3 Sampling

The selected twenty five people who are among the field of the livestock in Somaliland

and they are among household producer, traders, in both domestic and foreigner trade

were selected as sample. The interview was designed to supplement the information

provided by questionnaires on how the traders solve or manage their for operation of

livestock business that they maintaining the street children.


32

The person interviewed included household producers, traders, livestock sector and how

discuss how they increase the contribution of economic national growth in the GDP by

generating funds to foreign and the degree of dependence, utilizing the barrier of affected

on livestock during their operation from domestic and international,

The questionnaire consisted of fifteen questions the people which will fill the

questionnaires are the livestock producers and livestock traders in the Somaliland society,

My research project paper is about the impact of livestock trade in Somaliland economy

growth, the subject targeted and interviewed were public and private sector individuals

interested in livestock in Hargeisa.

Sample method

This sample research is the simple random technique in hargeise city specially targeting

the market of livestock in hargeisa which meet the livestock producers and traders it most

important of research paper and get reports and other reverent information about

livestock and role of the Somaliland economic growth


33

Chapter four

4.0 analysis and findings

a The only things that I used when my questionnaires and interview goes run was date collecting

This research were carried out in Somaliland through survey the date were collected hargeisa

citya, specially the livestock market for both local and exportation of live animals and their

producers and livestock producers, when I research this date focused on specific person who

rearing the livestock and local traders for local consumption and international trade, we need to

make a sense or touchable meaning of our date and don’t forget to utilize the concept chart and

study questions.

The purpose of this chapter is to help you to grasp the language and terminology of qualitative

date analysis.

1. Which gender you are?

I took a sample of 25 people which are15 out of 25were male represent 60percent of them and 10 out of 25 were female represent 40 percent of them.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

male femal Total

Valid

Percent

Frequency


34

1. Which gender you are?

This study 60% was a male male so my study is more involves gentlemen, and most of

responders was guys because is available everywhere or you can easily contact the

gender you are that is why men more concern in this study then female

2. What type of the animal species do you rear?

The above diagram show as the how Somali people respect and rear livestock, and the

most important one for society was camel as you see the above figure the camel was 48%

of animal they rear because camel facilitate more things among the Somali society

generally, especially Somaliland pastoralist these purpose they rear camel may include

they used as transportation, they paid dowry for girls families during wedding and also as

meat/milk, but most species that Somali rear is the sheep and goat in above figure the

sheep is 28% and the goat is 16% and the cattle is smallest percent if figure is 8% any

way main resoun that the rear of cattle is less because of environmental cattle usually

need grass and water and Somaliland is semi derst.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

camel cattle goat sheep Total

Frequency

Percent


35

3. The economic purpose does you rear livestock?

Choices Respondents Percentage

Yes 20 80

no 4 16%

Don’t know 1 4%

Total 40 100

3. The economic purposes do you rear livestock?

The above figure show as the Somaliland pastoralist rear livestock for many purpose but the

common one is economic purpose because most of the society livehood is based on the livestock,

some household income directly and indirectly related in the livestock.

The 20 responders select (yes)

no yes Total

Valid

1 4 20 25

4.0 16.0

80.0 100.0

Diagrammtitel

Frequency Percent


36

4. How describe Somaliland livestock condition?


Very good 13 52

Good 8 32

Bad 4 16

Don’t know 0 0

Total 25 100

4. How describe Somaliland livestock condition? The above diagram show as how the people

describe the livestock condition in the recent year so our research questions are 52%

responders described to developed livestock quality and health facilities although 32%

responders the livestock condition good, while the 16% responders defined the livestock

0 20 40 60 80 100

bad

good

verygood

Total

Va

lid Percent

Frequency


37

condition there is no great change the overall livestock sector in Somaliland, and most society

don’t like to rearing livestock and rural live.

5. Somaliland economic is directly depending on livestock?

The responder argue the statements of the livestock is the directly depend on the economy of

Somaliland but most of the responders agree that livestock directly depend upon Somaliland

economy, because of 84% of responders are strong agree the livestock importance while they

believed that Somaliland economy is not directly depend on the livestock, but the Somaliland

economy directly depend on Diaspora.

agree

84%

disagree

16%

Total

100%

Frequency


38

6. Does livestock market system is the free market in Somaliland?

The above figure show as the answer of responders , how the livestock market is, 68% of

responders agree livestock market in Somaliland are places where the rural producer, the

urban consumers and the exporter came together to make exchange so majority of responders

seems agree market , while 32% of the responders disagree that Somaliland livestock market

is no free.

7. 44% argue that broker determines the price and the 36% of the responders are agree that the

livestock price to set in the buyers because its related the demand and supply in the market,

while the 20% responders believes that domestic livestock and their price in the Somaliland

no yes Total

8 17 25 32.0

68.0

100.0

Diagrammtitel

Frequency Percent

0 20 40 60 80 100

brokers

buyers

government

Total

Percent

Frequency


39

and determines adamintration of government that regulates the market and provides essential

public service is need.

8. As the above figure exhibits people who involves this business practiced this for different

years as we know livestock sector is main source of getting our daily live especially those

who rear our economy depends on livestock sector whether it is national income or

household directly or indirectly related the livestock business , therefore 52% of the people

practiced this for 2 year anther 36% of the people that practiced the livestock trade in 3 year

while the 12% of responders were related trade of livestock in 1 year it is the start point.

0 50 100 150

1year

2year

3year

Total

Frequency

Percent


40

9. What are the major constraints that faced you during selling livestock?

The above figure show as the terms of purchasing have became the dominant force in

livestock marketing in Somaliland, influencing every aspect of market including transport

cost, and pricing 52% of responders suffered the high transport cost and 42% of responders

believes that agreat constraint existing during sell livestock’s, such as ,the local currency the

Somaliland shilling, for example may fluctuate in its value against the us dollar this great

problem during selling livestock , and other hand tge pastoralist usually changes the livestock

a bag of sugar with market of a ram in term of the us dollar exchange rate same responders

believes problems faced during selling the livestock is lack of market in formation

10. Does livestock have necessary facilities?


Yes 15 60%

No 10 40%

Total 25 100%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

lack of

market in

formation

price transport

cost

Total

Percent

Frequency


41

10. The above figure show as that 15 out of the 25 sample said ( yes) with60% of the responders

believes in the early years of the Somaliland social revolution and livestock health care

expended rapidly in nomadic area along with other basic social service , the animal facilities

provides exclusively by the Somaliland government through ministry livestock and other

activities are reforests , range management which was central control and other facility the

health keeping centers during export the livestock.

The 10 out of 25 of responders disagree this idea because most of them believes that

government have no involves support to the livestock and there is lack of livestock

infrastructure.

no; 10

yes; 15

Total; 25


42

11. Does livestock trade important in Somaliland economic growth?

As above figure show as the 88% of the responders underline that the livestock trade is over

half of population directly and indirectly household in came depend on the livestock and the

government revenue is the main source income, the livestock trade is take part the growth of

the economic in the recent year. And small number of the people responder 12% are disagree

that the livestock trade is important to the economic growth.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

noyes

Total

3 22 25

12.0

88.0 100.0

Frequency Percent

dont know; 4

financial

constraint; 8

natural

constraint; 13

Total; 25


43

12. The main constraint that faced the livestock produced?

As the above figure indicate 13 of the responders should agree that the main constraint of

the livestock are the natural constraint which is the prolonged the dry weather special the

trough and lack of grazing pasture area in the rural . While the 8 of the responders are agree

the constraint of the livestock producers are lack of the financial constraint because loss the

income of the livestock producers to cover the essential needs and other basic needs of the

livestock to increase the health.

13. What is the major constraint that faced the livestock trade?


Quotation 16 64%

Disease 7 28%

Competitive trade 2 8%

Total 25 100

competitive trade

diseases

quotation

Total

2

7

16

25

8.0

28.0

64.0

100.0

Diagrammtitel

Frequency Percent


44

13. The above figure show as the constraints trade have become the dominant force in the

livestock marketing in Somaliland, influencing every aspect of the market , including

movement in transactions but as answered the responders 16 of them agree that trade

constrain is quotation which is the obstacle for livestock merchants give the license for few

people who have the rights to trade any amount of livestock they want and this constraint is

estimated 64% in the other hand the 7 of the responders believe the trade constraints are

disease because of Somaliland livestock lack health facilities in the rural and urban so that is

led livestock ban it is estimated 28% while the other constraints competitive trade although it

is less effect but is need arranged it.

14. Which one was affected most livestock ban? 64% of the respondents chose government; they

believed that the governments have full responsibility the overall livestock in s/l 24% chose the traders,

while the 12% chose the producers.

0 50 100 150

government

producers

traders

Total

government producers traders Total

Frequency 16 3 6 25

Percent 64.0 12.0 24.0 100.0

Diagrammtitel


45

Chapter five

5.1 Conclusion and recommendations

Conclusions

Livestock makes a fundamental contribution to the national economy and quality of lifestyle; it

also plays a major role in cultural and social relations.

The study also found that our economy is directly and indirectly dependant on the livestock

sector. Livestock the is main source of livelihood for the majority of the population.

The study found out that, the ban on livestock imports from the Horn of Africa imposed by

Saudi Arabia has severely affected the livestock export oriented economy of Somaliland. The

rapid decline of purchasing power is forcing people to return to a traditional subsistence

livestock economy.

Recommendation

The central government should guide the overall policy and strategic farmwomen for the

livestock sector in Somaliland. in order to ensure that police respond to the changing nature of

the sector and the needs of various stakeholders it is recommend that the policy formation

process be as consulate as possible in addition to exiting police.

For immediate action , it is proposed that national task force should be set up , under the

leadership of the government , comprising public of official , local community leaders

professions and concerned citizens , the task force would be responders for developing a plan of

action intended to;


46

Implement existing police and regulation with same modifications, to accommodate

recent development

Enforces the ban on charcoal exports , improve production method reduce wood fuel

consumption and investigate alternative energy source.

Stop the unregulated expansion of all enclosure settlements tracks water points and

coachable production sites

Eradicate illegal enclosure illegal enclosure or settlement especially locate in sensitive

marginal areas

Propose consolidation of certain settlement and water point

Organza an awareness campaign on the value and the important of the pastoral

environment for our livestock.

Private sector actors should bear much of the responsibility for developing structures that

are effective, efficient and crucial for the development of the domestic livestock and

animal products trade.

economic and social development in pastoral areas

A public awareness campaign about pastoral and environmental crises , involving the

media, field projects, seminars and workshops throughout Somaliland and outside the

country

The government should look for opportunities to explore new market.

government should make incentives through provision of credit facilities and tax

exemption

Pastoralists should be trained in basic animal health treatment and awareness should be

increased of the diverse effect of incorrect use of veterinary drugs such public awareness

can be carried out at local market Friday prayers and social gather.

Greater pastoral participations in animal health service delivery , both the government

and international NGOs should involves herd owners through community based programs


47

, the minster should encourage and facilities international NGOs to work with local

communities as well as with privet sector.

Both the government and in traditional NGOs involved in the sector should encrouged

and promoted great intersections and accessibility between veterinary professionals

Premont veterinary post.


48

Questionnaire

My name is AXMED HASAN NUUR I am senior student studying bachelor degree in

economics from university of the hargeisa ( UOH) .as partial fulfillment for the award of

my degree , I am required to write a thesis , this questionnaire will help me collect the

necessary date for my research, my topic is the role of livestock in Somaliland economic

growth ,

Please answer all questions, it will take you 5 minute to complete this questionnaire, the

information you provide will treated in the strictest confidence, please don’t hesitate.

1. Gender

o Male

o Female

2. What type of the animal species do you rear?

o Camel

o Cattle

o Sheep

o Gout

3. The economic purpose do you rear your livestock?

o Yes

o No

4. How describe Somaliland livestock condition?

o Good

o Very good

o Bad

5. Somaliland economy is directly depending on livestock?

o Agree


49

o Dis agree

o Don’t know

6. The livestock market system is the free market in Somaliland?

o Yes

o No

7. Who determines the livestock price?

o Government

o Brokers

o Buyers

8. What role does Somaliland government play improving livestock price?

o Enforce regulation

o Provides service

o Export new markets

9. How long have you been working or involved in this type of business?

o 1year

o 2year

o 3year

10. What are the major constraints that faced you during selling livestock?

o Transport cost

o Lack of market information

o Price

11. Does the livestock in Somaliland have necessary facilities?

o Yes

o No

12. Does livestock trade important in Somaliland economic growth?

o Yes

o No

13. The main constraint that faced the livestock producers are?

o Natural constraint

o Financial constraint

o Don’t kwon

14. What is the major constraint that faced livestock trade?

o Quotation


50

o Competitive trade

o Diseases

BIBIGRAGRAPHY

Minister of livestock

Minister of planning

Food organization agriculture

Somaliland rebuilding book

Peace and development academy


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