UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE FOR INFORMATION SHARING TOWARDS SPATIALLY ENABLED LAND

ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYSIA

ABD. HALIM BIN HAMZAH

FK 2013 35

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THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE

FOR INFORMATION SHARING TOWARDS SPATIALLY ENABLED

LAND ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYSIA

ABD. HALIM BIN HAMZAH

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

2013

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THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE FOR INFORMATION SHARING TOWARDS

SPATIALLY ENABLED LAND ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYSIA

By

ABD. HALIM BIN HAMZAH

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

July 2013

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COPYRIGHT

All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holders. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia

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DEDICATION

I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my wife Hajjah Norhabibah

binti Haji Abu Bakar; my daughter Nur Ismahani, Nur Insyirah, Nur Iffah

and Nur Izzah; and my son Nur Muhammad for giving me continuous spirit

especially in moral and mental support and love as a one family forever.

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE FOR INFORMATION SHARING TOWARDS

SPATIALLY ENABLED LAND ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYSIA

By

ABD. HALIM BIN HAMZAH

July 2013

Chair : Associate Professor Abdul Rashid bin Mohamed Shariff, PhD

Faculty : Faculty of Engineering

The land administration activities related on land tenures, land values and

land use towards computerised system aims to improve the land

administration information sharing. Meanwhile, that activities need towards

2nd generation of spatial data infrastructure (process based model involve

knowledge infrastructure, information sharing and more coordination). Non-

technical integration issues such as institutional, legislation and jurisdiction,

structure and cultural human resources management practices, land

information delivery services, and cross-government collaboration model

also play an important role in information sharing. These issues have turned

out to be the main problems in land administration information sharing

between multiple level of government land administration agencies and also

in countries with multiple level of government administration (federal, state

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and local). The idea is to implement the spatial data infrastructure concept to

reduce issues of information sharing and produce better decision making

towards spatial enabled land administration. This research chooses the

qualitative method (interpretive research with ethnographic approach) and

involves interview, observation and questionnaire. Analysis (with frequency

statistic analysis and likert scale analysis) of the relevant issues in land

administration information sharing practices with spatial data infrastructure

was done. The targeted respondents were land administration (land use,

land value and land ownership) government staff involved in the land

administration information application and sharing practices. The major

contribution of this research is the proposed Integrated Land Administration

Information Sharing (ILaIS) model. Integrated with the capability

information system, cooperation and steering committee, legislation and

jurisdiction also spatially enabled land administration in ILaIS model is very

helpful for land administrative purpose in the multiple level of government

administration. The research findings based on the Delphi Method to

validating the research contribution could act as a guideline for the making

of policy, strategy and management for current land administration

information sharing between the multiple level of government land

administration agencies. It can modify the current policy and management

strategy for greater effectiveness and efficiency; help to improve the

integrated capability of information systems towards spatial enabled land

administration.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia Sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk Ijazah Doktor Falsafah

PERLAKSANAAN INFRASTRUKTUR DATA RUANG BAGI PERKONGSIAN MAKLUMAT KEARAH PENGGUNAAN

MAKLUMAT PEMETAAN PENTADBIRAN TANAH DI MALAYSIA

Oleh

ABD. HALIM BIN HAMZAH

Julai 2013

Pengerusi : Professor Madya Abdul Rashid bin Mohamed Shariff, PhD

Fakulti : Fakulti Kejuruteraan

Aktiviti pentadbiran tanah berkaitan dengan hakmilik tanah, nilai tanah dan

kegunaan tanah mula kearah gunapakai sistem berkomputer bagi

mewujudkan perkongsian maklumat pentadbiran tanah. Namun, ia

memerlukan anjakan paradigma infrastruktur data ruang generasi kedua

(model pemprosesan seperti pengetahuan terhadap infrastruktur,

perkongsian maklumat dan lebih selaras). Seterusnya ditambah dengan

beberapa isu berkaitan dengan integrasi bukan teknikal di dalam

perkongsian maklumat seperti amalan institusi, amalan perundangan dan

bidang kuasa serta struktur, budaya dan amalan pengurusan sumber

manusia, penyampaian perkhidmatan maklumat; dan penyelarasan model

kerjasama pentadbiran diantara kerajaan. Ia dikenalpasti sebagai masalah

utama di dalam perkongsian maklumat pentadbiran tanah di pelbagai agensi

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kerajaan dan negara pelbagai peringkat kerajaan (persekutuan, negeri dan

tempatan). Perlaksanaan konsep infrastruktur data ruang akan dapat

mengurangkan dan menyelesaikan beberapa isu di dalam perkongsian

maklumat dan mewujudkan pembuat keputusan yang lebih baik kearah

membenarkan penggunaan ruang pemetaan pentadbiran tanah. Kajian ini

menggunapakai kaedah kualitatif (kajian tafsiran dengan pendekatan

ethnografik) dan melibatkan temubual, pemerhatian dan borang soalselidik.

Bahagian analisis (melibatkan analisis statistik kekerapan dan analisis

pengukuran likert) dilakukan keatas isu yang berkaitan dengan amalan

perkongsian sistem maklumat pentadbiran tanah dengan infrastruktur data

ruang. Sasaran responden tertumpu kepada kakitangan kerajaan yang

terlibat di dalam melaksanakan perkongsian serta aplikasi maklumat

pentadbiran tanah (guna tanah, nilai tanah dan hakmilik tanah). Sumbangan

utama kajian ini adalah mencadangkan model Integrasi Perkongsian

Maklumat Pentadbiran Tanah (ILaIS). Penyatupaduan keupayaan sistem

maklumat, kerjasama dan jawatankuasa pemandu, perundangan dan bidang

kuasa serta penggunaan maklumat ruang pemetaan pentadbiran tanah di

dalam model ILaIS adalah sangat membantu di dalam pelbagai peringkat

kerajaan. Penemuan hasil kajian berlandaskan pengesahan dengan

mengunapakai Kaedah Delphi dapat dijadikan panduan di dalam

pengurusan strategi dan pembentukan polisi perkongsian maklumat

pentadbiran tanah diantara pelbagai agensi kerajaan pentadbiran tanah. Ia

juga akan menjadikan pengurusan strategi dan polisi semasa lebih cekap dan

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berkesan serta membantu di dalam meningkatkan keupayaan integrasi

sistem maklumat kearah membenarkan penggunaan maklumat ruang

pemetaan pentadbiran tanah.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am thankful to Allah S.W.T for making things possible, Alhamdulillah. I

would like to express my most sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Associate

Professor Dr. Abdul Rashid bin Mohamed Shariff, for his untiring guidance,

advice, support and encouragement throughout my study and research in

UPM.

I am very much grateful to the members of my supervisory committee,

Associate Professor Dr. Ahmad Rodzi bin Mahmud, Professor Datuk Dr. Nik

Mohd Zain bin Nik Yusof, Associate Professor Dr. Hishamuddin bin Mohd

Ali, for their valuable suggestions that led to refinement of the thesis.

I am very grateful to e-Tanah Project Team, Department of Director General

of Land and Mines (JKPTG), Malaysian Centre for Geospatial Data

Infrastructure (MaCGDI), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,

Malaysia; Department of Valuation and Property Services (JPPH), Ministry

of Finance, Malaysia; Department of Federal Town and Country Planning

Peninsular Malaysia (JPBD), Ministry of Housing and Local Government,

Malaysia for providing the data and information.

I am thankful and appreciative to my helpful colleagues in Spatial Research

Group (SRG) during the period 2008-2012 (Ruzinoor, Hafiz, Fadhil, Zakri,

Roshidul, Ebrahim, Ramin, Khosro, Osama, Meftah, Harib, Mobarak, Nik,

Wan, Veena, Ranya, Islah and Shahzard) and all staff at Geospatial

Information Sciences Research Centre (GISRC), Faculty of Engineering,

Universiti Putra Malaysia for their moral support during my study and

research. Thank you very much to all.

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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 22 July 2013 to conduct the final examination of Abd. Halim Bin Hamzah on his thesis entitled “The Implementation Of Spatial Data Infrastructure For Information Sharing Towards Spatially Enabled Land Administration In Malaysia” in accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Doctor of

Philosophy. Members of Thesis Examination Committee were as follows: Borhanuddin bin Mohd Ali, PhD

Professor

Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) Mohd Amin bin Mohd Soom, PhD

Professor Ir.

Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner) Abd. Rahman bin Ramli, PhD

Professor Madya Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner) Abbas Rajabifard, PhD

Professor University of Melbourne Australia (External Examiner)

_________________________________ NORITA OMAR, PhD

Associate Professor and Deputy Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Date : 20 November 2013

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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows: Abdul Rashid bin Mohamed Shariff, PhD

Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) Ahmad Rodzi bin Mahmud, PhD

Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) Nik Mohd Zain bin Nik Yusof, PhD

Professor Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) Hishamuddin bin Mohd Ali, PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Member)

_____________________________ BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD

Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Date :

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DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis is my original work expect for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and it not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at any other institution.

___________________________ ABD. HALIM BIN HAMZAH

Date : 22 July 2013

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page DEDICATION i ABSTRACT ii ABSTRAK iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii APPROVAL viii DECLARATION x LIST OF TABLES xiv LIST OF FIGURES xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / NOTATIONS / GLOSSARY OF TERMS

xviii

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Overview of Land Administration Information

Sharing 3

1.3 Research Problems 7 1.4 Research Goal 12 1.5 Research Objectives 12 1.6 Research Scope 13 1.7 Research Area 14 1.8 Research Methodology 15 1.9 Structure of the Thesis 17 1.10 Significance of Research 18 2 LAND ADMINISTRATION INFORMATION

SHARING

2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Definition 21 2.2.1 Land Administration 22 2.2.2 Spatial Data Infrastructure 23 2.3 Land Administration Component 25 2.4 Land Administration Practices 31 2.5 Land Administration Information System

Activities 33

2.5.1 Land Administration Information Sharing

40

2.6 Land Administration and Spatial Data Infrastructure

42

2.7 Spatial Data Infrastructure and Spatially Enabled Land Administration

47

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2.8 Malaysian Land Administration Information System Practices

50

2.8.1 Land Ownership Activities 54 2.8.2 Land-Use Activities 60 2.8.3 Land Value Activities 62 2.8.4 Malaysian Land Integrated Information

Services 63

2.9 Malaysian Land Administrations and Spatial Data Infrastructure

65

2.10 Conclusion 67 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Qualitative Research 69 3.3 Applications of Interpretive Research to

Information System 70

3.4 Analysis, Design and Validation 72 3.5 Conclusion 78 4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Case Study and Respondent 79 4.3 Questionnaire Form Structure 81 4.4 Descriptive Statistics Summary 82 4.4.1 Land Administration Information

Sharing Activity 83

4.4.2 Malaysian Government Land Administration Agency and Spatial Data Infrastructure

89

4.4.3 Spatially Enabled Land Administration Practices

103

4.4.4 National Integrated Land Administration Information Sharing Plan

105

4.5 Likert Scaling Analysis Summary 106 4.6 Analysis of Findings 109 4.7 Conclusion 111 5 INTEGRATED LAND ADMINISTRATION

INFORMATION SHARING

5.1 Introduction 112 5.2 Integrated Land Administration Information

Sharing Model 113

5.2.1 Integrated Capability of Information System

113

5.2.2 Integrated Cooperation and Steering Committee

115

5.2.3 Integrated Legislations and Jurisdiction 117 5.2.4 Integrated Spatially Enabled Land

Administration

119

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5.2.5 Integrated Land Administration Information Sharing Model

120

5.3 Validation 122 5.3.1 Integrated Capability of Information

System 124

5.3.2 Integrated Cooperation and Steering Committee

125

5.3.3 Integrated Legislations and Jurisdiction 127 5.3.4 Integrated Spatially Enabled Land

Administration 128

5.3.5 Ranking Analysis 129 5.4 Suggestion the Implementation of ILaIS Model 132 5.5 Conclusion 134 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Research Achievement 136 6.3 Significance of Research to Theory and Practices 141 6.4 Recommendations for Further Research 142 6.5 Conclusion 145

REFERENCES 146 APPENDICES 158 BIODATA OF STUDENT 230 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 232

THE IMPLEMENTATION OFSPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTUREFOR INFORMATION SHARINGTOWARDS SPATIALLY ENABLEDLAND ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYSIAABSTRACTTABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduction1.2 Overview of Land Administration Information SharingFigure 1.1. Cadastral Systems Facilitate Three Key Attributes of Land Administration toward Spatial or Land Information (adapted from Dale & McLaughlin (1999), Steudler & Williamson (2002) and Enemark et al. (2005)

1.3 Research ProblemsFigure 1.2. The Challenging of Malaysian Land Administration (adapted from Ishak (2011)

1.4 Research Goal1.5 Research Objectives1.6 Research Scope1.7 Research AreaTable 1.1. The Main Custodian of Malaysian Government Land Administration Agencies

1.8 Research Methodology1.9 Structure of the Thesis1.10 Significance of ResearchCHAPTER 2LAND ADMINISTRATION INFORMATION SHARING2.1 Introduction2.2 Definition2.2.1 Land Administration2.2.2 Spatial Data InfrastructureTable 2.1. Various Definition of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) (adapted from Tyng (2002)

2.3 Land Administration ComponentFigure 2.1. The Four Basic Components of Land Administrationi. Land Ownership/Tenureii. Land Valuationiii. Land-Use Planning

2.4 Land Administration PracticesFigure 2.2. A Global Perspective of Modern Land Administration Systems

2.5 Land Administration Information System ActivitiesFigure 2.3. The Strategic Alignment ModelTable 2.2. The Characteristic of Sub-Components Alignment in SAM (adapted from Luftman (2000)Table 2.3. The Four Era Model of IS (adapted from Ward & Peppard (2002)Figure 2.4. Capability Information SystemFigure 2.5. A Conceptual Model of State Wide Parcel-Based Land Information Systems Based On a Legal CadastreFigure 2.6. Sustainable Development Needs Sound Land Administration2.5.1 Land Administration Information SharingTable 2.4. Land Administration Information Sharing Indicators

2.6 Land Administration and Spatial Data InfrastructureTable 2.5. Comparison between SDI Level and Core Components (adapted from Rajabifard, Feeney, & Williamson (2003); Warnest, Rajabifard, & Williamson (2005) and McDougall (2006)Figure 2.7. Product and Process Based Models for SDI DevelopmentFigure 2.8. Continuum of SDI DevelopmentFigure 2.9. SDI and Land Administration Arrangements in Land Management Model (adapted from Rajabifard & Binns (2006)

State SDI2.7 Spatial Data Infrastructure and Spatially Enabled Land Administration2.8 Malaysian Land Administrations Information System PracticesTable 2.6. Five Strategic Responses Related To Land AdministrationTable 2.7. The Main Custodian Malaysian Government Land Administration Agencies2.8.1 Land Ownership ActivitiesFigure 2.10. Land Ownership Activities for Malaysian Government Land AdministrationTable 2.8. Malaysian Land Ownership Activities Toward World-Class ServiceFigure 2.11. The Concept of the e-Tanah SystemFigure 2.12. e-Tanah Project Management at Federal GovernmentFigure 2.13. e-Tanah Project Management at State and District GovernmentFigure 2.14. Design of e-Tanah Application

2.8.2 Land-Use Activities2.8.3 Land Value Activities2.8.4 Malaysian Land Integrated Information ServicesTable 2.9. Malaysian Land Integrated Information Services Activity

2.9 Malaysian Land Administrations and Spatial Data InfrastructureTable 2.10. Comparison between SDI Hierarchy and SDI Components for The Malaysian Land Administration (adapted from Rajabifard et al. (2003); Warnest et al. (2005) and McDougall (2006)

STATE SDI2.10 ConclusionCHAPTER 3RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY3.1 Introduction3.2 Qualitative Research3.3 Applications of Interpretive Research to Information SystemTable 3.1. Applying Reference Interpretive Research Frame (adapted from Klein & Myers (2001)

3.4 Analysis, Design and ValidationFigure 3.1. Data Collection and AnalysisTable 3.2. SOA Governance Checklist for Land Administration (adapted from Bieberstein, et al. (2008)Figure 3.2. Research Methodology

3.5 ConclusionCHAPTER 4DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS4.1 Introduction4.2 Case Study and RespondentTable 4.1. The Number of Respondents

4.3 Questionnaire Form StructureTable 4.2. Questionnaire Form Structure

4.4 Descriptive Statistics Summary4.4.1 Land Administration Information Sharing ActivityFigure 4.1. Land Administration Information System Activities among The Main Custodian Malaysian Government Land Administration AgenciesFigure 4.2. Unit/Section/Division Manage The Land Administration Information SystemFigure 4.3. Experience in Managing The Internal Land Administration Information SystemFigure 4.4. Support From Organisation Related To Internal Land Administration Information System PracticesTable 4.3. Land Administration Information Sharing QuestionsTable 4.4. The Evaluation of Land Administration Information Sharing Between the Main Custodian Malaysian Government Land Administration Agencies

4.4.2 Malaysian Government Land Administration Agency and Spatial Data InfrastructureTable 4.5. Collaboration Practices among the Same Land Administration Expertise in Land Administration Information SharingTable 4.6. Collaboration Practices among the Different Land Administration Expertise in Land Administration Information SharingTable 4.7. Intra/Inter-Jurisdiction Collaboration among the Main Custodian Malaysian Government Land Administration AgenciesTable 4.8. Inter-Jurisdiction Collaboration between the Main Custodian Malaysian Government Land Administration Agencies and Other AgenciesFigure 4.5. Legislative or Circular Used in Malaysian Land Administration Information System ActivitiesFigure 4.6. The Staff Background Related To Land Administration Information SystemFigure 4.7. Department Staff Take Opportunity To Improve Their SkillsFigure 4.8. Department Staff Create Information Sharing Opportunity After Training from Internal Human Resources Management DivisionFigure 4.9. Issues Related To Fundamental Dataset and Technical Standards among the Main Custodian Malaysian Government Land Administration AgencyTable 4.9. Restrictions or Limitation to Access Land Administration Information SystemFigure 4.10. Type of Limitation and Restriction To Access Detail Land Administration Information SystemTable 4.10. The Way of Internal or External User Need to Find Land Administration Information System

4.4.3 Spatially Enabled Land Administration PracticesTable 4.11. Spatially Enabled Land Administration PracticeTable 4.12. Spatially Enabled Land Administration Practice between the Main Custodian Malaysian Government Land Administration Agency

4.4.4 National Integrated Land Administration Information Sharing PlanTable 4.13. Purpose Element for National Integrated Land Administration Information Sharing Plan

4.5 Likert Scaling Analysis SummaryFigure 4.11. Likert Scalingi. Land Administration Information Sharingii. Spatial Data Infrastructure and Malaysian Government Land Administration Agencyiii. Spatially Enabled Land Administration Practices

4.6 Analysis of Findings4.7 ConclusionCHAPTER 5INTEGRATED LAND ADMINISTRATION INFORMATION SHARING5.1 Introduction5.2 Integrated Land Administration Information Sharing Model5.2.1 Integrated Capability of Information SystemFigure 5.1. Integrated Capability of Information System (adapted from Ward & Peppard (2002)

5.2.2 Integrated Cooperation and Steering CommitteeFigure 5.2. Integrated Cooperation and Steering Committee

5.2.3 Integrated Legislations and JurisdictionFigure 5.3. Integrated Legislation and Jurisdiction

5.2.4 Integrated Spatially Enabled Land AdministrationFigure 5.4. Integrated Spatially Enabled Land Administration (adapted from Williamson & Wallace (2006)

5.2.5 Integrated Land Administration Information Sharing ModelFigure 5.5. Integrated Land Administration Information Sharing Conceptual Model

5.3 ValidationFigure 5.6. Delphi Method Process5.3.1 Integrated Capability of Information SystemFigure 5.7. Integrated Capability of Information System after Validation

5.3.2 Integrated Cooperation and Steering CommitteeFigure 5.8. Integrated Cooperation and Steering Committee after Validation

5.3.3 Integrated Legislations and JurisdictionFigure 5.9. Integrated Legislation and Jurisdiction after Validation

5.3.4 Integrated Spatially Enabled Land AdministrationFigure 5.10. Integrated Spatially Enabled Land Administration after Validation

5.3.5 Ranking AnalysisTable 5.1. Validation of the Main Elements of ILaIS Model Based On RankingTable 5.2. Validation of the 20 Sub-Elements of ILaIS Model Based On Ranking

5.4 Suggestion on the Implementation of ILaIS ModelFigure 5.11. The Implementation of Land Administration Information Practices Between the Multiple Level of GovernmentFigure 5.12. Suggestion the Implementation of ILaIS Model for the Multiple Level of Government

5.5 ConclusionCHAPTER 66.1 Introduction6.2 Research Achievementi. Objective One: To determine the level of efficiency in information sharing in land administration information system between multiple level of government land administration agenciesTable 6.1. Research Achievement

ii. Objective Two: To determine the level of the significance of SDI practice in information sharing towards spatially enabled land administrationiii. Objective Three: To design and validate the Integrated Land Administration Information Sharing (ILaIS) conceptual model

6.3 Significance of Research to Theory and Practices6.4 Recommendations for Further Researchi. ILaIS Ontologyii. ILaIS Smart Partnership

6.5 Conclusion