LearningLearning

LearningLearning

• Change in behavior due to experience with Change in behavior due to experience with environmentenvironment

• Basic reflex between stimulus and responseBasic reflex between stimulus and response

• Associative learningAssociative learningo Classical conditioningClassical conditioningo Operant conditioningOperant conditioning

• Non-Associative learningNon-Associative learning o HabituationHabituationo SensitizationSensitization

Associative LearningAssociative Learning

• Classical conditioning Classical conditioning o Pavlov’s dogsPavlov’s dogs

- Measured amount of saliva produced Measured amount of saliva produced by presenting dogs with meat powder by presenting dogs with meat powder

- When food dispenser made a sound to When food dispenser made a sound to deliver food, the dogs salivated before deliver food, the dogs salivated before it was deliveredit was delivered

- Dogs learned to associate the sound Dogs learned to associate the sound with delivery of foodwith delivery of food

Associative LearningAssociative Learning

• Classical conditioningClassical conditioningo Acquisition and extinction Acquisition and extinction o Stimulus generalizationStimulus generalizationo Stimulus discrimination Stimulus discrimination

Associative LearningAssociative Learning

• Classical conditioningClassical conditioningo Little AlbertLittle Albert

Associative LearningAssociative Learning

• Operant conditioningOperant conditioningo Learning to operate on the environment to Learning to operate on the environment to

produce a certain change that leads to a produce a certain change that leads to a rewardreward

o Behavior is strengthened if it is reinforced Behavior is strengthened if it is reinforced and weakened if it is punished/not reinforcedand weakened if it is punished/not reinforced

o Skinner – behavior is Skinner – behavior is notnot guided by inner guided by inner thought thought or cognition or cognition

o Reinforcement is dependent on organism’s Reinforcement is dependent on organism’s behaviorbehavior

• Operant conditioningOperant conditioningo Pigeon learns to touch a lighted key for Pigeon learns to touch a lighted key for

reinforcement (Skinner, 1938)reinforcement (Skinner, 1938)

Associative LearningAssociative Learning

Associative LearningAssociative Learning

• Operant conditioningOperant conditioningo Thorndike’s Law of Effect Thorndike’s Law of Effect

- If a consequence is pleasant, the behavior If a consequence is pleasant, the behavior will become more frequent in the futurewill become more frequent in the future

- If a consequence is unpleasant, the If a consequence is unpleasant, the behavior becomes less likely to occur in behavior becomes less likely to occur in the futurethe future

o In classical conditioning, the controlling In classical conditioning, the controlling stimulus comes stimulus comes beforebefore a behavior – in a behavior – in operant conditioning, the controlling operant conditioning, the controlling stimulus comes stimulus comes afterafter a behavior a behavior

• Operant conditioningOperant conditioningo Thorndike’s Puzzle BoxThorndike’s Puzzle Box

Associative LearningAssociative Learning

Associative LearningAssociative Learning

• Reinforcement Reinforcement o Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement = = presentation of a pleasant stimuluspresentation of a pleasant stimuluso Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement = = removal of an unpleasant removal of an unpleasant

stimulusstimulus

- Escape learning- Escape learning

- Avoidance learning- Avoidance learning

• PunishmentPunishmento Presentation of an aversive stimulus (spanking a child)Presentation of an aversive stimulus (spanking a child)o ““Bring a negative”Bring a negative”

• OmissionOmissiono Terminate a pleasant stimulus (withholding a Terminate a pleasant stimulus (withholding a

paycheck) paycheck) o ““Stop a positive”Stop a positive”

• Schedules of reinforcement Schedules of reinforcement o Fixed ratioFixed ratioo Variable ratioVariable ratioo Fixed intervalFixed intervalo Variable intervalVariable interval

Associative LearningAssociative Learning

Non-Associative LearningNon-Associative Learning

• Habituation Habituation o Decreased strength of a response after Decreased strength of a response after

repeated presentations of a stimulusrepeated presentations of a stimulus

• Sensitization Sensitization o Repeated stimuli creates higher sensitivityRepeated stimuli creates higher sensitivity

• ModelingModelingo Observing another’s behavior and then Observing another’s behavior and then

imitating that behaviorimitating that behavior