united states department of agriculture reference plant...
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United StatesDepartment ofAgriculture
Forest Service
Southeastern ForestExperiment Station
General TechnicalReport SE-29
Reference Plant Collection
of the Coweeta
Hydrologic Laboratory
J. Dan PittilloMartha Lee
September 1984
Southeastern Forest Experiment Station200 Weaver Blvd.
Asheville, North Carolina 28804
Reference Plant Collection of the
Coweeta Hydro logic Laboratory, North Carolina
J. Dan PittilloProfessor of Biology
and
Martha LeeGraduate Assistant
Department of BiologyWestern Carolina University
Cullowh.ee, North Carolina 28723
Introduction
Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, an outdoor research facility, is situated onthe eastern flanks of the Nantahala Mountains of the Southern Blue Ridge Provincebetween the Blue Ridge escarpment 30 km (18.5 mi) to the southeast and the westernBlue Ridge escarpment 75 km (36 mi) to the northwest. Its intercepted watersdescend from the Nantahala crest that peaks at 1,575 m (5,200 ft) elevation to thevalley floor of Coweeta Creek at 670 m (2,200 ft) over a distance of only 4.4 km(2.7 mi), and continue eastward into the Little Tennessee River Valley.
The Laboratory is comprised of three major tributaries. Shope Fork and-BallCreek come together to form what is called the Coweeta Creek Basin. The Basintotals 1,626 ha (4,016 acres) and is compartmentalized into over 40 watershedunits that have been experimentally treated (or left intact in the case of controlwatersheds) since establishment of hydrological research here the early 1930's. Athird basin, drained by Dryman Fork Creek, is situated to the south of the othertwo basins, and is separated by a major dividing ridge. Dryman Fork Basin containsabout 558 ha (1,379 acres) and has not been treated since its acquisition in the1920's (Oils 1957; Hewlett and Douglass 1968).
Since 1968 Coweeta has served as a site for a variety of ecological studiesand is currently designated a site for Long Term Ecological Research (LTER), aprogram of the National Science Foundation. This collection project is a part ofthat effort. Coweeta was also designated a Biosphere Reserve under the Man andBiosphere Program of the United Nations in 1976 (UNESCO 1981). It is paired withthe Great Smoky Mountains National Park as the main treatment unit for ecosystemstudies. While Coweeta has a long history and a series of publications dealingwith various watershed function and management studies (Douglass 1972; Crossleyand Swank 1983), it did not have a comprehensive list and documentated vascularflora until this project. The Great Smoky Mountains, on the other hand, had floralists with herbarium documentation of the flora dating from the late 1920's andearly 1930's, with documentation in herbaria at the University of Tennessee (andto a lesser extent other herbaria) and the Park Headquarters (White 1982). Thecore of the flora listing was first completed by Jennison in 1937 and published in1939. Peter White reviewed and documented 1,492 taxa, including 288 he judged tobe exotics, in his annotated checklist (White 1982). Coweeta's flora listing ispractically nonexistent except for partial lists in publications or theses (e.g.,Williams 1954). No documentation in the form of herbarium specimens is known forthe cited plant materials. As ecosystem studies become more detailed withreference to vascular plants, documentation becomes much more important.
Methods
Since ecosystem studies often deal with various life stages of plants,collection of as many representatives of life stages of the Coweeta flora aspossible was a major objective. To accomplish this, a pattern of search wasestablished to cover as much of the varied habitats of the basin as practical.Roads, paths, disturbed areas, mature forests, woodland seeps, rock outcrops,cliffs, etc., were included in a collecting plan for a 2-day period to achievethis aim. Collections were made at about 2-week intervals over the growing seasonfor the 2-year collecting period. Specimens were normally collected in duplicate(some in triplicate); rare, threatened, or endangered species were collected onlyif there were three or more specimens present at the collection site. In somecases, only pieces of a species were collected. The best clue for theidentification of early life stage of a given species was observation of the
life-stage sequences in the field population. Venation patterns, pubescence, andother physical characteristics also helped with identifications. Field notebooksorganized by families with charts of life stages were found to be very helpful inrecord keeping. The Coweeta topographic map (scale 1:144,000) with grid lines wasused to coordinate the collection locations, and these coordinates were indicatedon each label. The entire label data set was filed on four flexible computerdisks using a pfs-FILE (personalized filing system for Apple II by Software Publ.Corp.) program, which should prove useful for future data manipulation. To ourknowledge, this was the first time an attempt was designed to cover an area aslarge as Coweeta with collections of all available life stages.
Results and Discussion
The collection consists of 604 taxa represented by 327 genera of 97 families.Seldom was it possible to collect all the life forms for a given species (32 ofthe 604 taxa have complete life-cycle sets). We did not expect to collectcomplete sets of most plants since germination of seeds or spores is of shortduration and infrequent for many species. Additionally, some species flower andfruit infrequently and thus were not found during the study. The main collectionis deposited in the herbarium at Coweeta Laboratory. The duplicate collection isdeposited at Western Carolina University Herbarium (WCUH) in Cullowhee.
Management of the collections is an important task. With about 2,400specimens that were processed by about 12 student workers over a period of 2years, careful management was required. In addition to the usual efforts ofcollecting and herbarium preparation, this project included attempts to filllife-stage gaps, accurate mapping of collection sites, collating multiple labelswith several specimens that make up the sets, and composing several specimens onthe herbarium sheet with a sense of proportion and attention to detail. Thisresulted in an effort of at least three times and perhaps six or seven times thatinvolved with single-stage collections.
Because of the care and attention given to the above efforts, the plant lifesets will be very valuable for ecosystem biologists. Some general knowledge ofplant identification may be required, such as recognition of general groupings,like plums, apples, oaks, etc., but once this is achieved, the local herbarium issmall enough that these specimens could be quickly compared. For those interestedin species biology, specimens with various life stages may save considerable timein searching for them in the field since the season and types of habitat will begiven by the labels.
Hopefully, this paper will be an encouragement to collectors to look foradditional life stages during routine collecting. Often it is possible with a fewextra small sampling bags to collect the seedlings or early juveniles of a givenspecies at the same time that flowers or fruits are collected. We have observedthat some species have all stages present at a given time, e.g., annuals such asspeedwell (Veronica arvensis) or perennials such as grass of parnassus(Parnassia asarifolia'). Closer observation will enable the collector to recognizethe variation that a species may display at the different life stages.
References Cited
Bailey, L. H. 1949. Manual of cultivated plants. The Macmillan Co., New York.1116 pp.
Crossley, D. A., Jr. and W. T. Swank. 1983. Publications of the Coweeta ForestEcosystem Project. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Expt. Sta.,Asheville, NC. 23 pp.
Oils, R. E. 1957. A quide to Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. USDA ForestService, Southeast Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 40 pp.
Douglass, J. E. 1972. Annotated bibliography of publications on watershedmanagement by the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1928-1970. USDAForest Service Res. Paper SE-93. 47 pp.
Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany, 8th ed. American Book Co.j NewYork. 1632 pp.
Hewlett, J. D. and J. E. Douglass. 1968. Blending forest uses. USDA ForestService Res. Paper SE-37, Asheville, NC. 15 pp.
Jennison, H. M. 1937. Preliminary checklist of ferns and seed plants of theGreat Smoky Mountains National Park. 54 pp (unpublished typescript availablefrom Great Smoky Mountains Nat. Park, Gatlinburg, TN).
Jennison, H. M. 1939. Flora of the Great Smokies. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 14:266-298.
Lawrence, G. H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of vascular plants. The Macmillan Co.5 NewYork. 823 pp.
Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular floraof the Carolinas. Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 1183 pp.
UNESCO. 1981. Biosphere reserves, compilation 2, July 1981. UNESCO, Paris. 313pp.
White, P. S. 1982. The flora of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: anannotated checklist of the vascular plants and a review of previous floristicwork. Res./Resour. Man. Rept. SER-55. National Park Service, Southeast Reg.Off., Atlanta. 219 pp.
Williams, J. G. 1954. A study of the effect of grazing upon changes invegetation on a watershed in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Ph.D.dissertation. Michigan State University, East Lansing. 140 pp.
Acknowledgments
We express our gratitude to Dr. Wayne Swank for his encouragement andsuggestion that we assist in this LTER project. Project leader, Dr. D. A.Crossley, Jr., has been most helpful in acquiring project funding and advice. Theseveral colleagues who have helped by advising in collection routes we alsoappreciate. Dr. Lindsay Boring has helped in adding about 100 specimens to thecollection and is responsible for several listed species. We also appreciate thehelpful manuscript comments of Drs. J. H. Horton and Wayne Swank.
This project was funded as a subcontract to Western Carolina University bythe University of Georgia (subcontract No. RR271-124) from the NSF-LTER grant(DEB-8012093).
The Collection
The following charts are organized into four major groups. On the assumptionthat most users would be familiar with the differences between ferns and fernallies, gymnosperms, monocots, and dicots, these four groups were organized byfamilies, genera, and species alphabetically. Scientific names are followed bycommon names. Scientific and most common names are the same as those used byRadford, Ahles, and Bell (1968) or Bailey (1949) for cultivated species, with somecommon names after Fernald (1950) or from local usage.
Definition of symbols used below are:
S = seedlings (specimens with cotyledons or seed coverings attached).
J = juvenile (a stage in which cotyledons have fallen off the plant [annuals] orthe specimen is 2 to several years old [perennials including ferns]).
Fl = flowers (or cones of gymnosperms) (reproductive stage at anthesis).
Fr = fruit (mature sporangia of ferns and fern allies, cones of gymnosperms, ormatured ovularies of angiosperms).
Rs = rosettes (plants with more than two leaves disposed around the crown or stemat ground level) .
Other = additional specimens, or if in parentheses, an indication of the characterstate of the specified stage.
** = specimen of the given type deposited at Coweeta and WCUH herbaria.
* = specimen at Coweeta herbarium only.
Species name (Common name)
FERNS AND FERN ALLIES
ASPIDIACEAE (Woodfern family)Athyriwn asplenio'Ldes (Michaux) A. A. Eaton
(Southern ladv fern)A. thelypter aides (Michaux) pesvaux
(Silvery spleenwort)Dryopteris goldiana (Hooker) Gray
(Goldie's woodfern)D. intermedia (L . ) Gray
(Fancy fern)D. marginalis (L.) Gray
(Margin shield fern, Woodfern)Onoolea sensibilis L.
(Sensitive fern)Polystiohum acrostiohoides (Michaux) Schott
( Ch ris tmas f e rn)The1ypter>is hexagonoptera (Michaux) Weatherby
(Broad beech-fern)T. noveboraeensis (L.) Nieuwland
(New York fern)
ASPLENIACEAE (Spleenwort family)Aspleniwn montanwn Willd.
(Mountain spleenwort)A. platynew?on (L.) Oakes
(Ebony spleenwort)A. tpiohomanes L.
(Maidenhair spleenwort)
ISOETACEAE (Quillwort family)Isoetes engelmannii A. Brown
(Quillwort)
LYCOPODIACEAE (Club moss family)Lycopodium olavatun L.
(Running clubmoss)L. flabelliforme (Fernald) Blanchard
(Running pine)L, lucidulwn Michaux
(Shining club moss)
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Grapefern family)Botryehiim alabamense Maxon
(Alabama grapefern)B. dissection Sprengel
(Common grapefern)B. vipginianwn (L. ) Swartz
(Rattlesnake fern)
S J
J..J-
ft*
*
**
**
**
ft*
*•*
**
Fl Fr
**
**
**
ft*
ft*
**
ft*
ftft
*ft
*ft
**
*ft
**
**
**
*ft
ft*
ft*
Rs Other
Red petiole
Young fronds
Red petiole
Frond
Frond lobed form
Young fronds
Germinatinggemmae
Dwarfed form
S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = fruit/cone/sporangium Rs - rosette
Species name (Common name)
OSMUNDACEAE (Royal fern family)Osmunda cinnamomea L.
(Cinnamon fern)0. claytoniana L.
(Interrupted fern)
POLYPODIACEAE (Polypody family)Polypoditm virginianun L.
(Rock cap fern)
PTERIDACEAE (Pteris family)Adiantum pe datum L.
(Maidenhair fern)Vennstaedtia punotilobula (Michaux) Moore
(Hay scented fern)PteTidium a,quilimm (L . ) Kuhn var. latins oulw(Devaux) Underwood (Bracken fern)
SELAGINELLACEAE (Small clubmoss family)Selaginella apoda (L.) Spring
(Meadow spike moss)
GYMNO SPERMS
CUPRESSACEAE (Cypress family)Juniperis virginiana L .
(Red cedar)
PINACEAE (Pine family)Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poire t
(Fraser fir , She-balsam)Pinus ifigida Miller
(Pitch pine)P. strobus L.
(White pine)Tsuga ccoiadensis (L.) Carr
(Canada hemlock, Eastern hemlock)
ANGIOSPERMS - MONOCOTS
ALISMATACEAE (Water-plantain family)Sagittaria latifolia willd. var. pubesoens(Muhl.) J .G. Smith (Duck potato, Wapato)
AMARYLLIDACEAE (Amaryllis family)Eypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville
(Yellow star grass)
S
**
ft*
J
*
* ft
ft ft
ft ft
j.
ft
i-
n
ftft
ftft
Fr
ft ft
ftft
ft ft
ftft
Aft
ft ft
ftft
ftft
ftft
ftft
Rs
ftft
Other
Mature frond
Mature frond
Immature frond
Immature frond
Immature frond,sterile frond
Sterile branch
Sterile branches
Young shoots
Tuberous root
S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = fruit/cone/sporangium Rs - rosette
Species name (Common name)
AMARYLLIDACEAE CONT .Narcissus jonquilla L.
(Jonquill)N. pseudo -narcissus L.
(Daffodill)
ARACEAE (Arum family)Arisaema triphyllum (L . ) Schott
(Indian turnip, Jack— in -the -pulpit)A. triphyllum (L.) Schott (=A. quinatum(Nutt .) Schott) (Indian turnip)
COMMELINACEAE (Dayflower family)Commelina communis L.
(Dayflower)Tradescantia ohioensis Raf.
(Spiderwort)T. subaspera Raf .
(Spiderwort)
CYPERACEAE (Sedge family)Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Clarke
(Bulb-styled sedge, Rush)Carex sp.
(Sedge)Carex sp.
(Sedge)C. aestivalis M.A. Curtis
(Sedge)C. austvo-caroliniana Bailey
(Sedge)C. oommunis Bailey
(Sedge)C. orebri flora Wei gland
(Sedge)C. crinata Lam.
(Sedge)C. debilis Michaux var. pubera Gray
(Sedge)C. debilis Michaux var. rudgei Bailey
(Sedge)C. inoomperta Bicknell
(Sedge)C. intunesaens Rudge
(Sedge)C. laxiflora Lam.
(Sedge)C. leptalea Wahlenberg
(Sedge)
S J
**
-k
I
Fl
**
-A-5'c
ft*
ft*
ft*
ft*
^ J.
*ft
*
*
ftft
ft*
ftft
ftft -
ft*
Fr
*ft
*
j-
j_
**
* ft
ft
ft*
ftft
ft ft
**
ftft
ftft
ftft
**
ftft
ftft
ft*
Rs Other
Double flowerform
(Fl. male)
(Fl. male)
(Fl. male)
Lvs . 2 forms(Fl. male)
m "Do — : t-r\ Got" •f'P
Species name (Common name)
CYPERACEAE CO NT.Cavex lucidjoi Wahlenberg
(Sedge)C. muvioata L. var. rufhii (MacKenzie)Gleason (Sedge)C. pensylvan'ica Lam.
(Sedge)C. soabvata Schweintz
(Sedge)C. tribuloidss Wahlenberg
(Sedge)C. vulpinoidea Michaux
(Sedge)Cymophyllus fraseri (Andrz.) MacKenzie
(Erasers sedge; apparently a transplant)Cyperus sp.
(Umbrella sedge)C. strigosus L.
(Umbrella sedge)Rhynoliospora oapitellata (Michaux) Vahl.
(Beakrush)Soir>pus expansus Fern aid
(Bulrush)S. po lyphy 1 lus Vahl .
(Bulrush)Sclevia tviglomerata Michaux
(Nut rush)
DIOSCOREACEAE (Yam family)Diosoorea batatas Dene.
(Cinnamon vine)D. villosa L.
(Wild yam)
IRIDACEAE (Iris family)Iris sanguinea Donn
(Japanese iris)Sisyrinchium albidum Raf.
(Blue -eyed grass)
JUNCACEAE (Rush family)Juneus acuminatus Michaux
(Rush)J. effusus L.
(Bulrush, Soft -stem rush)J. gyrmocarpus Coville
(Bulrush)J. mavginatus Rostk.
(Rush)
S J
*>'e
Fl
&*
**
As1:
**
5'"
5<- j.
*A
Aft
Aft
Aft
j. j-
ft A
Aft
Fr
ft ft
ftft
AA
AA
ft ft
ftft
ftft
AA
Aft
AA
A A
Aft
AA
ftft
Aft
Rs Other
(Fl. male)
Single leaf
Tubers
Young shoots
Young shoots
ITYI T?o s= v~r\ a o t" t"PS = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = fruit/cone/sporangium Rs = rosette
Species name (Common name)
JUNCACEAE CONT.Juncus suboaudatus (Englem.) Coville & Blake
(Rush)J. tennis willd.
(Path Rush)Luzula aouminata Raf. var. camlinae (Watson)Fernald (Woodrush)L. echinata (Small) Hermann
(Woodrush)
LILIACEAE (Lily family)Aletvis farinosa L.
.(Stargrass, Colicroot)All-turn tricoacum Alton
(Ramps )A. wineale L.
(Field garlic)Amianfhiwn mus catoxicion (Walter) Gray
(Fly-poison)Clintonia wnbellata (Michaux) Morong
(Speckled wood lily)Disporwn lanuginoswn (Michaux) Nicholson
(Yellow mandarin)Erythroniun americanwn Ker.
(Dog-tooth violet, Trout lily, Fawn lily)Hemerocallis fulva L.
(Day lily)Lilium miohnuxii Poiret
(Turk's cap lily, Carolina lily)L. superbim L.
(Turk's cap lily)Medeola virg-iniana L.
(Cucumber root)Melanthium hybridun Walter
(Bunch- flower)Polygonatim biflonm (Walter) Ell.
(Solomon's seal)P. pubesoens (willd.) Pursh
(Solomon's seal)Smilasina racemosa (L.) Desf.
(False Solomon's-seal)Smilax glauca Walter
(Catbrier, Greenbriar, Smilax)5. herbaeea L. var. herbaeea
(Carrion flower)S. potmdifolia L.
(Greenbrier, Catbrier, Smilax)Strep topus roseus Michaux
(Twisted stalk)
S J
**
**
;'<*
A ^f
sV^t
**
sV*
ft
ft*
ft ft
ft ft
ftft
ftft
i.aniii. ii ii "I
Fl
ft ft
ftft
ftft
ftft
ftft
ft ft
ftft
ftft
ftft
ft
ftft
ftft
ftft
ftft
ft'ft
ft
j-J-
ftft
ftft
ftft
in mi "
Fr
ftft
ft ft
ftft
..U..I.
ftft
ftft
ft*
ft ft
ftft
ft ft-
ft ft
ftft
ftft
ft*
ftft
ftft
ftft
ftft
i — *
Rs
ftft
ft
Other
Leafed plant
Early shoots
Young shoots
Young fruit
Twigs , roots to ck
S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr - f ruit/cone/sporangium Rs rosette
Species name (Common name)
LILIACEAE CONT.Trillium aatesbaei Ell.
(Trillium)T. evectwn L. var. eveatim
(Wake robin, Red trillium)T. erectwn var. vaseyi (Harbison) Ahles
(Wake robin, Red trillium)T. grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisbury
(Large white trillium)T. undulatwn Willd.
(Painted trillium)Uvularia grandiflora Smith
(Bellwort)U. pevfoliata L.
(Bellwort)U. pudica (Walter) Fernald
(Bellwort)U. sessilifolia L.
(Wild oats)Vevatrum parviflorwn Michaux
(Hellebore)
ORCHIDACEAE (Orchid family)Apleotrwn hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torrey
(Putty root, Adam-an d-eve )Cypripedium aaaule Ait on
(Pink lady's slipper)C. calceolus var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll
(Yellow lady's slipper)Goodyera pubesoens (Willd.) R. Brown
(Downy rattlesnake plantain)Habenaria oiliavis (L.) R. Brown
(Yellow-fringed orchid)H. olavellata (Michaux) Sprengel
(Small green wood orchid)H. flava (L . ) R. Brown var. herbiaola(R. Brown) Ames & Correll (?)
(Southern reinorchid)H. psycodes (L . ) Sprengel var. gpandiflora(Bigelow) Gray (Large purple-fringed orchid)Isotpia vevticillata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Raf .
(Large whorled pogonia)Liparis lilifolia (L.) Richard
(Lily-leafed twayblade)Orchis speatdbilis L.
(Snowy orchis)Spiranthes oernua (L.) Richard
(Nodding ladies' tresses, Twisted stalk)
S
*#•
5';*
J
s'"A-
A/V
3\i\
A j.
**
j- A.
"'"jfe
A*
A A
A A
AVc
A A
/
Fl
AA
J-J»
A A
-t- J-
AA
AA
j^Vc
AA
A A
AA
A A
A
AA
A
A
j.
AA
A
A A
A A
_ / _ _
Fr
AA
AA
AA
A A
A
A
A A
AA
A A
A
A A
A A
AA
AA
A A
A A
in ii i '—
Rs
A A
Other
(Fr. young)
(Fl. buds)
S = seedling J = juvenile Fl =
10
Species name (Common name)
ORCHIDACEAE CONT .Spivanthes graoilis (Bigelow) Beck var.grao-ilis (Slender ladies' tresses)
Tipularia d-isoolor (Pursh) Nut tall(Crane fly orchid)
Triphom trianthophora (Swartz) Rydberg(Three birds orchid)
POACEAE (Grass family)Agrostis elliottiana Schultes
(Bent grass)A. pevennans (Walter) Tuckerman
(Bent grass)A. stolonifeva L.
(Redtop)A. tenuis Sibthorp
(Bent grass)Andvopogon gerardii Vitman
(Bluestem, Turkeyfoot)A. ssoparius Michaux
(Little bluestem)A. tevnar-ius Michaux
(Broom-straw, Beard grass)A, virgi-n-iaus L.
(Broom sedge)Anthoxanthum odovatim L.
(Sweet vernal grass)Arundinaria g-Lgantea (Walter) Muhl.
(Cane)Eva/shy elytnm erectum (Schreber) Beauvois
(Brachyelytrum)Bromus purgans L.
(Broom grass)Calamagrostis ainnoides (Muhl.) Barton
(Reed grass)Danthonia eompressa Austin
(Oat grass)D. sericea Nut tall var. sepioea
(Wild oatgrass)D. spioata (L.) Beauvois
(Oat grass)Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trinis
(Hair grass)Vigitaria ischaemion (Schreber) Schreber Muhl.
(Crab grass)Elymus vivg-ini-cus L.
(Wild rye grass)Eragrostis hirsuta (Michaux) Nees
(Love grass)
S
**
A A
J
J. J.
5V A
A*
JL £
Fl
A
A A
A A
/v /'C
AA
A A
A A
A A
A A
A A
A A
AA
Fr
A
A A
A A
A A
AA
A A
A A
A A
AA
AA
A A
AA
A A
A A
A A
AA
A A
Rs Other
Old shoots
Old shoots
Old shoots
Current & over-winter shoots
S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr - f ruit/ cone /sporangium Rs rosette
Species name (Common name)
POACEAE CONT.Epianthus dlopeoia>oides (L.) Ell.
(Beard grass, Plume grass)Festuaa elati-ov L.
(Fescue)F. oct-L flora Walter
(Six -weeks fescue)F. lubva L.
(Red fescue)Eolous lanatus L.
(Velvet grass)Hystm-x patula Moench
(Bottlebrush grass)Leevsia virginiaa Willd.
(Cut grass)Loli-wn pevenne L.
(Rye grass)Miorostigewn vimineum (Trinius) A. Camus
(Eulalia)Muhlenbergia sehvebevi J .G. Gmelin
(Muhly grass)M. tenuifolia (Willd.) BSP.
(Muhly grass)Paniawn anoeps Michaux var. anoeps
(Panic grass)P. angust-ifoliim Ell.
(Panic grass)P. alandes-binwn L.
(Panic grass)P. Qommutatim Schultes
(Panic grass)P. depauperatwn Muhl.
(Panic grass)P. didhotomiflorum Michaux
(Panic grass)P. lanuginosim Ell.
(Panic grass)P. villosissimun Nash
(Panic grass)Paspalun laeve Michaux
(Pa sp alum grass)P. setaceum Michaux
(Paspalum grass)Phlewn pmtense L.
(Timothy)Poa palustris L.
(Fowl bluegrass)P. sylvestv-Ls Gray (?)
(Blue grass)Setaria vividis (L . ) Beauvois
(Foxtail grass)
S
JUA
A*
J
Jt.»t.
j- j-
A*
A A
Fl
*A
* 5V
AA
•k*
A A
A A
AA
A A
AA
Fr
AA
A
A A
AA
A A
A A
AA
AA
..I. J-
A A
A.
A A
A A
AA
A
AA
A A
A A
A A
AA
Rs
A A
Other
In f lo re s cen cesprouts
S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr =
12