CRASH COURSE ON PLANTS

Movement of Materials, Monocots vs. Dicots, Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms, Plant Parts and Function,

and Reproduction

MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS

• Vascular System (pgs. 614, 643 – 645) – collection of specialized tissues that bring water and mineral nutrients up from the roots and disperse sugars down from the leaves.

• Xylem – moves water and dissolved minerals up from the roots to the rest of the plant. Tissue is dead when water moves through it.

• Phloem – moves the products of photosynthesis out of the leaves to stems and roots. Tissue is living.

MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS (CONT.)

• Capillary Action – tendency of water to rise in a hollow tube

• Transpiration – the loss of water vapor from plants

• Cohesion – ability of water molecules to stick to other water molecules. Allows water to move up the xylem.

• Adhesion – ability of water to stick to other molecules. Allows phloem to move sugars down the plant and water to stick to the sides of xylem when moving up.

• Stomata – tiny holes in leaves which close to prevent water loss or open to allow air to move in and out.

MONOCOT VS. DICOT

Monocot

• Flowering plant whose embryos have one seed leaf

• Have parallel veins in long, narrow leaves

• Flower parts in multiples of 3

• Vascular tissues are scattered throughout stem

• Ex. Corn, wheat, rice, grasses, irises, lilles

Dicot

• Flowering plants whose embryos have two seed leaves

• Have leaves with netlike veins

• Flower parts occur in multiples of 3 or 5

• Vascular tissues are arranged in rings

• Ex. Most deciduous trees (lose leaves in fall) and peanuts

GYMOSPERM VS. ANGIOSPERMGymnosperm (p. 621 – 622)

• Seeds not in fruit

• Most are cone-bearing and evergreen

• Ex. Cycad, Ginko, and conifers (pines)

Angiosperm (p. 621 – 622)

• Seeds in fruit

• Aka. Flowering plants

• Ex. Peach tree, dogwood, maple tree

FUNCTIONS OF PLANT PARTS (P. 79, 688 – 670)

• Cell wall – a rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the plant cell.

• Chloroplast – organelles that carry out photosynthesis.

• Sepals modified leaves that protect the developing flower. Usually green but can be brightly colored.

• Petals – modified leaves just inside the sepals which are brightly colored to attract animal pollinators.

• Stamen – male parts of a flower

• Filament – a stalk which supports an anther

• Anther – produce pollen grains, the male gametophyte.

FUNCTIONS OF PLANT PARTS (P. 79, 688 – 670)

• Carpel – the female structure of a flower and is found in the innermost layer of the flower.

• Stigma – the tip, which is covered with a sticky substance that holds pollen grains when they land there.

• Style – a tube that leads from the stigma to the ovary

• Ovary – produces the female gametophyte and is found at the base of the flower.

FUNCTIONS OF PLANT PARTS (P. 79, 688 – 670)

• Seed – (p. 614) structure used by some land plants to store and protect the embryo

• Endosperm – a food supply for the developing embryo

• Seed coat – protects the embryo

• Fruit – (p. 622) the mature ovary of a seed or the fluff surrounding dandelion seeds

PLANT REPRODUCTION (P. 671)

1. Male and female gametophytes: pollen grains, the male gametophytes, are produced in anthers. The flower’s ovary contains many ovules, which can each contain a female gametophyte.

2. Pollination: A bee may transfer pollen grains from one flower’s anther to another flower’s stigma. One cell of a pollen grain divides to form two sperm. The other cell forms a tube, down which the sperm travel.

3. Double fertilization: One sperm fertilizes the egg, which develops into an embryo. The other sperm unites with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm. The outer layer of the ovule becomes a protective seed coat.

PLANT REPRODUCTION CONTINUED

• 4. Seeds and fruit: many seeds develop inside the ovary of each flower. while the seeds develop the ovary tissue develops into the juicy flesh of a fruit. A few seeds will find their way into the soil to grow into new plants

PIGMENTS AND LIGHT (P. 103)

• Chlorophyll – light absorbing pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells

• Light absorption – mostly red and blue wavelengths

• Light reflection – mostly green, since chlorophyll doesn’t absorb it very well

PHOTOSYNTHESIS (P. 104 – 105)

• Takes place in the chloroplasts found in leaves and stems of plants

• Light Dependent Reactions – must have light to work• Takes place: thylakoid membrane (grana) of the chloroplast

• Needed: sunlight and 6 water molecules (comes from the roots and is transported up to the leaves)

• Made: energy (ATP- needed to power the light independent reactions; comes from sunlight) and 6 oxygen molecules (comes from the breakdown of water and is released into the atmosphere)

PHOTOSYNTHESIS (P. 104 – 105)

• Light Independent Reactions

• Takes place: stroma (space inside the chloroplast between the thylakoid membrane)

• Needed: energy (comes from light dependent reactions), 6 carbon dioxide molecules (comes from atmosphere and needed to make sugars)

• Made: 1 sugar molecule (glucose)

The equation for the reaction:

6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2