united states constitution case law review & notes
TRANSCRIPT
United States Constitution
Case Law
Review & Notes
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Constitutional Issue Can federal laws or
actions be declared unconstitutional?
Supreme Court Ruling YES JUCIDIAL REVIEW –
the Supreme Court has the authority to review all laws and government actions
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Constitutional Issue Can states tax federal
agencies?
Supreme Court Ruling NO SUPREMACY CLAUSE
- makes federal institutions higher than state institutions
ELASTIC CLAUSE – Bank of United States is constitutional
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Constitutional Issue Who regulates trade?
Supreme Court Ruling INTERSTATE COMMERCE
– trade between states controlled by the federal government
INTRASTATE COMMERCE – trade inside a state controlled by the state government
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Constitutional Issue Can states force Native
Americans to move to western reservations?
Supreme Court Ruling SUPREMACY CLAUSE
– only the federal government can negotiate treaties
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Constitutional Issue Was Dred Scott (a
slave) a citizen of the United States?
Supreme Court Ruling Slaves were not
citizens Slaves were property Slaves had no legal
standing Slaves cannot be taken
from owners without due process of law
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
Constitutional Issue Can the United States
Congress pass laws barring discrimination under the 13th & 14th Amendments?
Supreme Court Ruling Congress cannot
regulate discrimination by individuals in the private sector
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad v. Illinois (1886)
Constitutional Issue Can a state
government regulate railroad prices on tracks within its’ border?
Supreme Court Ruling Railroads are a form of
INTERSTATE COMMERCE and can only be regulated by the United States Congress
United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895)
Constitutional Issue Does the Sherman Anti-
Trust Act outlaw manufacturing monopolies?
Supreme Court Ruling No In this case the manufacture
of sugar by the E.C Knight Co. was INTRASTATE COMMERCE and thus regulated by the state government – the federal government had no authority
In Re Debs (1895)
Constitutional Issue Does the Federal
government have the authority to stop railroad workers from striking?
Supreme Court Ruling Yes Railroads are
INTERSTATE COMMERCE and thus are regulated by the federal government
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Constitutional Issue Are laws segregating
the races allowed and legal?
Supreme Court Ruling Establishes the
principle of SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
Northern Securities Co. v. United States (1904)
Constitutional Issue Can the United States
Congress regulate a holding companies’ efforts to eliminate competition?
Supreme Court Ruling Yes A holding company
designed to eliminate competition was an illegal monopoly or trust
Lochner v. New York (1905)
Constitutional Issue Who can make laws
regulating hours of work?
Supreme Court Ruling States have the power
to regulate working conditions in the area of health and safety
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
Constitutional Issue Should there be
differences in regulated work hours between men and women?
Supreme Court Ruling Yes There are differences
between the genders and states regulate work hours for women in order to protect them
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Constitutional Issue What are the limits and/or
restrictions on free speech and the 1st Amendment?
Supreme Court Ruling Free speech and the 1st
Amendment are not unlimited
Speech was not constitutionally protected if it presented a CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER
i.e.- you cannot yell fire in a crowded theater
Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States (1935)
Constitutional Issue Does the President
have the authority to regulate commerce during the Great Depression under the National Industrial Recovery Act?
Supreme Court Ruling No The United States
Congress has the power to regulate INTERSTATE COMMERCE not the President
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
Constitutional Issue Did Executive order #9066
(Japanese Internment Camps) violate the 14th Amendment (EQUAL PROTECTION) and the 5th Amendment (RIGHT TO LIFE, LIBERTY& PROPRETY)? Does World War II create a special circumstance that allows these rights to be suspended?
Supreme Court Ruling An entire race could be
labeled a “suspect classification” and their rights could be denied or suspended because of military considerations.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas (1954)
Constitutional Issue Is SEPARATE BUT
EQUAL from Plessy v. Ferguson constitutional?
Supreme Court Ruling Rejects SEPARATE
BUT EQUAL RULING in Plessy v. Ferguson
Schools must be INTEGRATED
Watkins v. United States (1957)
Constitutional Issue Does an individual have the
right to refuse to answer questions from a Congressional Committee under the 5th Amendment?
Supreme Court Ruling Congressional Committees
are required to uphold the Bill of Rights and must grant citizens freedom of speech.
Congressional Committees are restricted to the areas of investigation delegated to the committees
No witness can be made to testify on matters outside those areas.
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Constitutional Issue Can the police forcible
search a home?
Supreme Court Ruling This is a violation of the 4th
Amendment protection from SEARCH & SEIZURE
The 4th (SEARCH & SEIZURE) & 14th (EQUAL PROTECTION) Amendments protect individuals from unwarranted federal and state intrusion of their private property
Baker v. Carr (1962)
Constitutional Issue Do legislative districts
have to be equal in population?
Supreme Court Ruling Yes Unequal districts
based on population violate the 14th Amendment right to EQUAL PROTECTION
Engle v. Vitale (1962)
Constitutional Issue Does school prayer
violate the 1st Amendment?
Supreme Court Ruling YES School prayer violates
the 1st Amendment guarantee of SEPARATAION OF CHURCH AND STATE
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Constitutional Issue Do individuals accused
of state crimes have the right to defense counsel?
Supreme Court Ruling Yes Individuals accused of
both state and federal crimes have the right to counsel under the 14th Amendment
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)
Constitutional Issue Can the US Congress
require private businesses within a state to comply with the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Supreme Court Ruling Yes The commerce clause
of the Constitution empowers Congress to regulate both commercial and non-commercial INTERSTATE travel
Miranda v. Arizona (1964)
Constitutional Issue Do accused criminals have
to be advised of their constitutional right to remain silent?
Supreme Court Ruling The Court held that the
police must inform suspects that they have the right to remain silent, that anything they say may be used against them, and that they have the right to counsel before the police may begin to question those held in custody
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
Constitutional Issue Do students have a 1st
Amendment right to free speech and protest in school?
Supreme Court Ruling Yes The wearing of
armbands is the exercise of students’ right to free, silent, symbolic speech protected under the 1st Amendment
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
Constitutional Issue Does the President
have the power to stop the publication of historical news that might have an impact on the Vietnam War?
Supreme Court Ruling Noted the Supreme
Court was often wrong on this issue in the past
The Government’s attempt at censorship was unconstitutional
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Constitutional Issue Do state laws banning
or regulating abortion violate a women’s right to privacy or personal choice in matters of family decisions or marriage?
Supreme Court Ruling States could regulate
abortions only in certain circumstances
Women did have a right to privacy and reproductive autonomy
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Constitutional Issue What are the limits of
executive privilege and immunity from any court demands for information and evidence?
Supreme Court Ruling Presidential power is
not above the law Presidential power
cannot be used to protect evidence that may be used in a criminal trial
New Jersey v. TLO (1985)
Constitutional Issue Can a school search a
student and/or their possessions?
Supreme Court Ruling School officials who
have “reasonable suspicion” that a student has done something wrong may conduct a reasonable search of the suspicious student
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990)
Constitutional Issue Can the state intervene to
stop the termination of a life support system in a patient in a “persistent vegetative state”?
Supreme Court Ruling The termination of life
support systems could only take place if there was “clear and convincing” evidence that the patient was competent at the time of decision that the individual did not want artificial support to keep them alive
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania et. al. v. Casey (1992)
Constitutional Issue Do parents of minors or
husbands of wives have to be notified of a women’s choice to have an abortion?
Supreme Court Ruling Reaffirmed the ruling of Roe
v. Wade that women have a right to privacy in choosing an abortion
Specifically, most of the provisions of the Pennsylvania law were determined not to be an “undue burden” preventing access to abortion
Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995)
Constitutional Issue Does drug testing of
student athletes violate their protection against unreasonable search and seizure provided in the 4th Amendment?
Supreme Court Ruling Yes Student rights were
lessened at school if it was necessary to maintain student safety and to fulfill the educational mission of the school