uk and usa constitution notes

8/17/2019 Uk and USA Constitution notes

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Husojh o`w caoondn sw`t



^K `me ^S camstjtutjams

Bn`turns ^.K camstjtutjam

P 09 Ejscuss tln sòjnmt bn`turns ab Grjtjsl Camstjtutjam .0. Jmtraeuctjam9‟Uln Nmdojsl Camstjtutjam l`s hèn drn`t cjrcujt ab tln doa n me l`s ncahn cahham!assnssjam ab cj"joj#ne h`m$. %&. ' (e`hs)( Camstjtutjam hn`ms cnrt`jm !rjmcj!ons am wljcl tln &a"nrmhnmt ab tln St`tn js ard`mj#ne`me wljcl entnrhjmns tln rno`tjams ntwnnm tln !na!on `me tln &a"nrmhnmt tlnCamstjtutjam ab .K js umj*un jm m`turn me l`s !ra"jene jms!jr`tjam bar muh nr ab atlnrcamstjtutjams jm tln waroe.7. Sòjnmt Bn`turns ab ^.K Camstjtutjam9Baooawjmd `rn tln sòjnmt bn`turns ab tln ^.K Camstjtutjam.J. ^mwrjttnm 9

Uln 'rjtjsl Camstjtutjam js umwrjttnm jm m`turn ut jt eans mat jh!o+ tl`t òo ab jts !`rts `rnumwrjttnm. Jt hn`ms tl`t jt l`s mat nnm rneucne ta wrjtjmd jm ` sjmdon eacuhnmt. Sahn abtln cah!amnmts `rn baume jm wrjttnm brah. Sucl `s tln ,nbarh (ct 0- / `me tln 6`roj`hnmt(ct ab 0 00 ntc.

JJ. Nvaoutjam Drawtl 9'rjtjsl Camstjtutjam js rnsuot ab `m n"aoutjam`r+ drawtl. Camstjtutjam n7arts s wnoo smnnes ab tjhn sl`!ne jts s!amt`mnaus drawtl.JJJ. Bon j!on Camstjtutjam 9'rjtjsl Camstjtutjam js ` 3n5j on Camstjtutjam `me !`roj`hnmt c`m `hnme jt oj>n òtnr`tjams jmtln st`tutar+ o`ws + ` sjh!on h`2arjt+.J". ^mjt`r#9'rjtjsl l`s umjt`r+ camstjtutjam. (oo !awnrs ab tln st`tn rn camcnmtr tne jm tln l`mes ab `sjmdon da"nrmhnmt bar tln wlaon caumtr+. Ulnrn `rn ma umjts ar st`tns jm 'rjtjsl.". Gjc`$nròjs$9

Uln 6 roj`hnmt camsjsts ab twa cl`h nrs 4ausn ab <ares `me 4ausn ab Cahhams. Uln 4ausnab cahhams js ` !a!uo`r cl`h nr wlasn hnh nr ejrncto+ nonctne + tln !na!on wljon tln4ausn ab <ares js `sjcòo+ ` lnrnejt`r+ cl`h nr `me jts hnh nr `rn mahjm`tne + tln:unnm."J. Su%rn$`c# &b 'ln (`roj`$nmt9Jm ^.K 6`roj`hnmt l`s cah!ontn Su!rnh`c+ ar sa"nrnjdmt+. ;a o`w nm`ctne + tln!`roj`hnmt c`m n clòonmdne jm tln caurt am tln !on` tl`t js d`jmst tln camstjtutjam.(ccarejmd Ua ?n <anhn9‟'rjtjsl 6`roj`hnmt c`m ea n"nr+tljmd n5cn!t ta h`>n ` h`m jmta ` wah`m$."JJ. Camstjtutjam )am`rcl#9Brah Camstjtutjam !ajmt ab "jnw tln crawm js tln rn!asjtar+ ab tln nmtjrn &a"nrmhnmt abùtlarjt+ jm 'rjtjsl."JJJ. Camtr`st Jm 'lnar# *m+ (r`ctjcn9

Ulnrn js sl`r! camtr st ntwnnm tlnar+ `me !r ctjcn jm ^.K. (s add !ajmts aut tl`t‟tlnarntjcòo+ 'rjtjsl &a"nrmhnmt js ` saoutn ham`rcl+ jts da"nrmhnmt brah sjdmj8nscamstjtutjam ham`rcl+ wljon jm !r`ctjcn tln &a"nrmhnmt structurn js coasnr ta rn!u ojc`mbrah.J,. Caoonctjvn -ns%amsj!jojt#9Hjmjstnrs hust st`me tadntlnr me tln+ c`mmat a!!asn tln da"nrmhnmt !aojc+ n"nr+ hjmjstnrjs òsa jmej"jeuòo+ rns!amsj on ta tln 4ausn ab Cahhams `me tln crawm.,. j$jtn+ Sn%`r`tjam &b (awnr9

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn /




Jm 'rjtjsl tlnrn js ojhjtne Sn!`r`tjam ab !awnr. Ulnrn js camcnmtr`tjam ab !aojtjcò !awnrs jmtln !`roj`hnmt wljon tln c` jmnt wljcl n5nrcjsns n5ncutj"n !awnr js 2ust ` cahhjttnn ab tln!`roj`hnmt. ;n"nrtlnonss h`m+ s`bndu`res l`"n nnm !ra"jene ns!ncjòo+ umenr (ct abSnttonhnmt ab 0=10 ta sncurn tln jmen!nmenmcn ab 2uejcj`r+ brah umenr jm3unmcn am tln !`rtab atlnr twa r`mclns am tln &a"nrmhnmt.,J. Jm+n%nm+nmcn &b /u+jcj`r# 9;ncnss`r+ s`bndu`res l`"n nnm !ra"jene `d`jmst òo sarts ab jmtnrbnrnmcn jm 2uejcjò!racnss. Fuedns `rn !`je oj nrò sò`rjns `me nmsurne sncurjt+ ab snr"jcn.,JJ. -uon &b `w 9^.K Camstjtutjam !ra"jens ruon ab o`w. Uln !rjmcj!on ab ruon ab o`w h`+ n en8mne `s tl`tmamn ab tln !nrsam jm ` a"n ar noaw tln o`w. (oo tln !nrsams `rn n*uò jm tln n+ns ab o`w. B`m+ !nrsam "jao`tns tln o`w ln slauoe b`cn tln trjò ab tln c`sn jm tln &a"nrmhnmt me ma!nrsam js dj"nm jh!rjsamhnmt umtjo ljs a7nmcn js !ra"ne jm tln caurt.,JJJ. Bum+`$nmtò -j6lts9Bume hnmtò rjdlts ab tln cjtj#nms l`"n mat nnm jmcar!ar`tne jm tln barh ab ` ojst jm tlnNmdojsl Camstjtutjam. Camstjtutjam o`w js mat tln crn`tar ut !raeuct ab bume`hnmtò rjdltswljcl l`"n nnm rncadmj#ne brah tjhn ta tjhn + tln Caurts.

,J". Camvnmtjams.Cam"nmtjams !o`+ ` "jtò raon jm tln 'rjtjsl !aojtjcò s+stnh. ( da"nrmhnmt js barhne `mernha"ne am tln `sjs ab cam"nmtjam. (s 6rab. Shjtl s`+s tl`t tln cam"nmtjams `rn h`jm oj"jmdsaurcn nljme tln Camstjtutjam.,". 'wa (`rt# S#stn$9

Uwa !`rt+ s+stnh js 3aurjslne jm 'rjtjsl rjdlt brah tln ndjmmjmd ab tln !`roj`hnmt`r+!nrjae. 'nbarn tln nhnrdnmcn ab tln !rnsnmt o` aur !`rt+ jm tln sncame enc`+ ab tln !rnsnmtcnmtur+ tln 8dlt w`s ntwnnm tln camsnr"`tj"ns me tln <j nrò !`rt+ ut maw tln oj nrò!`rt+ l`s oast jts !aojtjcò sjdmj8c`mcn.,"J9 ^mjvnrsò *+uot Su r`6n 9N"nr+ jmej"jeuò ab tln dn ab 0- l`s tln rjdlt ta "atn.,"JJ. )j n+ Camstjtutjam9

Uln 'rjtjsl Camstjtutjam js hj5turn ab tln ham`rcljcò `rjstacr`tjc `me enhacr`tjc!rjmcj!ò.,"JJJ. Camsnrv`tjvnmnss 9

Uln 'rjtjsl Camstjtutjam js s+h ao ab Camsnr"`tj"nmnss. Uln trnme ab tln !na!on ab ^.K js` saoutno+ jm b`"ar ab aoe jmstjtutjams me tljs camcn!t js n5jstnmcn ab camsnr"`tjsh.,J,. Nst`!ojsl$nmt &b acò Davnrm$nmt Jmstjtutjams9

Uln n5jstnmcn ab oacò &a"nrmhnmt jm ^.K. Camstjtutjam js `matlnr cah!rnlnmsj"n bn turn abtln Camstjtutjam. <acò &a"nrmhnmt jmstjtutjams rn s+h aos ab tln cj"jo oj nrtjns me brnneahab tln !na!on.,,. ^mrnòjt#9(matlnr cl`r`ctnrjstjc ab tln Nmdojsl Camstjtutjam js jts umrnòjt+. Jt l`s rjdlt+ nnm !ajmtne

aut tl`t matljmd jm jt js wl`t snnhs ar snnhs wl`t jt.. Camcousjam9

Ua camcouen J c m s`+ tl t ^.K. Camstjtutjam jm mnjtlnr ` saoutno+ umwrjttnm mar ` saoutno+wrjttnm. Jt js cah jm`tjam ab atl `me l`s hèn cjrcujt bar tln doa n `me l`s ncahn tlncahham !assnssjam ab cj"joj#ne h`m.

P. 79 l`t `rn tln saurcns ab Grjtjsl Camstjtutjam:. ?jscuss buoo+ tln saurcns ab Nmdojsl Camstjtutjam o`w

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn




0. Jmtra+uctjam9 Uln Nmdojsl Camstjtutjam js mat baume jm amn eacuhnmt. Jt camsjsts ab ej7nrnmt nonhnmtswljcl `rn sc`ttnrne. Jt c`hn jmta n5jstnmcn wjtl tln !`ss`dn ab tjhn. Jt c`m amo+ numenrstaae + rnbnrnmcn ta oamd snrjns ab `cts trèjtjams me 2uejcjò encjsjams.7. Saurcns &b ^.K. Camstjtutjam9Baooawjmd `rn tln saurcn ab ^.K. Camstjtutjam.%J) Camstjtutjamò o`meh`r> %JJ) St`tutns%JJJ) Cahham <`w %J@) Fuejcjò encjsjams%@) Cam"nmtjams %@J) G!jmjam ab 2urjsts%@JJ) ?nond`tne ondjso`tjamJ. Camstjtutjamò `m+$`r3s9Camstjtutjamò o`meh`r> js tln cah jm`tjam ab eacuhnmts cl`rtnr o`w. Uljs c`hn jmtan5jstnmcn jm tln sl`!n ab `drnnhnmts camtr`cts trn`tjns ar rncadmjtjam ab ruons +!`roj`hnmt. Ulnsn o`ws `me cl`rtnrs `rn "nr+ jh!art`mt `s saurcn ab ^.K. Camstjtutjam.N5`h!ons9%j) H`mdm` C`rt`%0/0 ) %jj) 6ntjtjam ab rjdlts%0E/-)%jjj) 'joo ab rjdlts%0=- ) %j") (ct ab Snttonhnmts%0=10)

%") 6`roj`hnmt (ct ab %0 00).JJ. St`tutns9

Uln sncame saurcn ab ^.K. Camstjtutjam js st`tutns. (ccarejmd ta rn*ujrnhnmts ab tln !na!on`me enh`mes ab &a"nrmhnmt ^ K 6`roj`hnmt barhuo`tne tln o`w wljcl mat amo+ !o`+ne "jtòraon bar saurcn ab camstjtutjam n òsa enoj"nrne caarejm`tjam hamd tln jmstjtutjam ab&a"nrmhnmt. Baooawjmd `rn jh!art`mt st`tutns wljcl jmcouens jm tln saurcn ab ^.KCamstjtutjam.%j) Uln 4` n`s Car!us (ct 0E=0. %jj) Uln Humjcj!ò Car!ar`tjam ct 0=E0.%jjj) Uln ,nbarh (ct 0-E= %j") Uln Fuejc`tar (ct 0-=%") Uln ,n!rnsnmt`tjam ab !na!on (ct 0 0- %"j) Uln Hjmjstr+ ab Crawm (ct 0 =.JJJ. Ca$$am `w9 Cahham o`w h`+ n en8mne `s tlasn ruons wljcl `rn !raeuct ab soaw !racnss ab oamdljstarjcò drawtl njmd `sne u!am custahs `me trèjtjams. Ulnsn !rjmcj!ons `rn mat snteawm jm `m+ st`tutn ar arejm`mcn. Uln Caurts rncadmj#n tlnsn !rjmcj!ons. Uln !rnrad`tj"ns abtln crawm tln rjdlt ab trjò + 2ur+ tln rjdlt ab brnneah ab s!nncl rnst ohast nmtjrno+ amcahham o`w.J" /u+jcjò Encjsjams9(matlnr saurcn ab . K .Camstjtutjam js ta n baume jm 2uejcjò encjsjams. Fuejcjò encjsjams rntln 2uedhnmts me jmtnr!rnt`tjams ab caurts wljcl en8mn tln sca!n me ojhjt`tjams ab tlnej7nrnmt cl`rtnrs st`tutns `me cahham o`w. Baooawjmd `rn òsa o`meh`r> 2uejcjò encjsjamsjm K ljstar+.'uslnoo s c`sn %0E=1) nst` ojslne tln jmen!nmenmcn ab 2urjns.

Uln c`sn ab (ttarmn+ &nmnrò " . ?n Kn+snrs ,a+ò latno <te. %0 /1) encjene tl`t tln

ejscrntjam`r+ !awnrs ab tln crawm wnrn ojhjtne + tln !ntjtjam ab ,jdlts (ct ab 0-E1. Uln C`sn ab 4awnoo %0E=-) nst` ojslne tln jhhumjt+ ab tln 2uedns. Uln c`sn ab wjo>`s ". aae d`"n tln !ratnctjam `me oj nrt+ ab wrjtn `me utlar.v. Camvnmtjam9 (ccarejmd ta 6rab. ?jcn+ Cam"nmtjam `rn tlasn custahs ar umenrst`mejmd `s ta tln haen jmwljcl "`rjaus hnh nrs ab sa"nrnjdm ondjso`tj"n ae+ slauoe n5nrcjsn tlnjr ejscrntjam`r+`mtlarjt+.

Uln su st`mtj o !artjam ab ^ K. Camstjtutjam js `sne am cam"nmtjam. Ulnsn rn mat caej8ne jm

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`m+ aa> ab o`w. Uln Caurts ea mat nmbarcn cam"nmtjams ut lawn"nr tlnsn ruons `rnrncadmj#ne + tln camstjtutjam.(. Jh!art`mt Cam"nmtjams9Baooawjmd rn sahn ab tln jh!art`mt cam"nmtjam.%j) Uln crawm l`s ma !awnr ta "nta joo !`ssne + atl tln 4ausns.%jj) 6`roj`hnmt hust n suhhamne amcn ` +n`r.%jjj) 6rjhn Hjmjstnr wjoo n barh 4ausn ab Cahhams."J &%jmjams &b /urjsts 9G!jmjams ab 2urjsts `rn òsa `m jh!art`mt saurcn ab ^. K . Camstjtutjam. Uln 2urjsts n5!rnsstlnjr a!jmjams jm camsuot`tjam wjtl custahs trèjtjams 2uejcjò encjsjams me st`tutns. Sahnab tln jh!art`mt aa>s ab ej7nrnmt 2urjsts rn s baooaws9%j) (ustjm s <`w `me tln custahs ab tln Camstjtutjam. %jj) ?jcn+ s <`w ab tln Camstjtutjam%jjj) <ares 4òs ur+ s cahhnmt`r+ am tln K camstjtutjam."JJ st`tutar# -uons )`+n G# "`rjaus *utlarjtjns 9

Ulnrn `rn "`rjaus utlarjtjns nh!awnrne ta ondjso`tn umenr !`roj`hnmt (cts oj>n umj"nrsjtjns`me Humjcj!ò aejns. Uln <`ws `me ruons hèn + tlnsn ùtlarjtjns `rn !`rt ab tln ^.KCamstjtutjam.

D Camcousjam9 Uln camcouen J c`m s`+ tl`t tln Nmdojsl camstjtutjam js ` drawjmd ard`mjsh. Jt l`s nnmumenrdajmd soaw !racnss ab n"aoutjam bar cnmturjns. Uln jen` ab rn"aoutjam js ojnm ta jtswar>jmd. Jt js mat enrj"ne brah ` sjmdon saurcn ut barh sn"nrò `me jt js stjoo ` drawjmdCamstjtutjam

P.59 N %o`jm tln -aon Camvnmtjams jm .K.0> Jmtra+uctjam9Hast ab tln .K. Camstjtutjam js cah jm`tjam ab ruon ab cam"nmtjams. Cam"nmtjams rnduo`tnetln hast bume`hnmtò s!nct ab tln 'rjtjsl ehjmjstr`tj"n s+stnh. Uln m`hn dj"nm ta tlncam"nmtjams ab tln camstjtutjam js tln jmen8mjtn muh nr ab custahs trèjtjams me!rncnenmts brah `m jmtndrò !`rt ab tln ^.K. camstjtutjam.7> En2mjtjam &b Camvnmtjams9%J)?n8mjtjam '+ ?jcn+9‟Cam"nmtjams rn tlasn custahs ab umenrst`mejmd s ta tln haen jm wljcl "`rjaus hnh nrsab sa"nrnjdm ondjso`tj"n ae+ slauoe n5nrcjsn tlnjr ejscrntjam`r+ ùtlarjt+$.%JJ)?n8mjtjam '+ F.S Hjoo9‟Uln Cam"nmtjams rn mahjm`tne s umwrjttnm !rjmcj!ons ab tln camstjtutjam$.5> Kjm+s &b Camvnmtjams9Cam"nmtjams h`+ n ejstrj utne jmta tln baooawjmd >jmes.%j) 6`roj`hnmt `me n5ncutj"n cam"nmtjams.%jj) <ndjso`tj"n !racneurn `me !`roj`hnmt cam"nmtjams.%jjj) &a"nrmhnmt `me ondjso`tj"n cam"nmtjams.

4> J$%art`mcn &b Camvnmtjams9 Uln cam"nmtjams !o`+s ` "nr+ jh!art`mt raon jm tln ^.K. Camstjtutjam. Ulnrn `rn `sne amus`dn me js enrj"ne brah wjoojmdmnss ab tln !na!on. Uln Camstjtutjamò ljstar+ ab tln .K.drawtl `me !awnr ab tln c` jmnt js !raeuct ab tln cam"nmtjams.<> *j$s *m+ &!:ncts &b Camvnmtjams9

Uln `jh `me a 2nct ab tln cam"nmtjams js9%j) Ua nmsurn tln su!rnh`c+ ab tln 4ausn ab Cahham.%jj) Ua h`>n tln camstjtutjam war> jm cambarhjt+ wjtl tln !rn"ònmt `me cl`mdjmd jen`s `me

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn




mnnes.%jjj) Ua !ra"jen ruons bar tln caDa!nr`tjam `me l`rhamjaus war>jmd ab tln ej7nrnmt !`rts ab&a"t.%j") Ua sncurn tln èhjmjstr`tjam ab tln caumtr+ `ccarejmd ta tln wjslns ab tln !na!on.

> J$%art`mt Camvnmtjams9Baooawjmd `rn sahn jh!art`mt cam"nmtjams9%J);a @nta 6awnr Gb Crawm9

lnm joo js !`ssne + atl 4ausns ab !`roj`hnmt. Jt js snmt ta tln Kjmd bar ljs ssnmt.<ndòo+ ln c`m rn2nct jt ut ccarejmd ta cam"nmtjam ln c`mmat rn2nct jt eans mat usn ljs "nta!awnr.%JJ)C` jmnt Js ,ns!amsj on Ua 6`roj`hnmt9C` jmnt js rns!amsj on ta tln !`roj`hnmt bar tln cameuct ab jts `7`jrs.%JJJ)@atn Gb ;a Cam8enmcn (d`jmst C` jmnt9

lnrn tln !`roj`hnmt jm h`2arjt+ !`ssns "atn ab maDcam8enmcn d`jmst tln c` jmnt jt slòol`"n ta rnsjdm `me "`c`tn.%J@)6rjhn Hjmjstnr Hust 'noamds Ua 4ausn Gb Cahham9(ccarejmd ta tln cam"nmtjams !rjhn hjmjstnr hust noamds ta tln lausn ab cahhams. Uln

a 2nct ab tln cam"nmtjam js ta nh!l`sjs jh!art`mcn ab lausn ab cahhams wljcl js osa tlnlausn ab !na!on.%@)Nonctjam Gb Uln S!n`>nr9

Uln nonctjam ab tln s!n`>nr t`>ns !o`cn am !`rt+ ojmns ut `btnr tln nonctjam `me ljs`!!ajmthnmt ln ncahn mamD!`rt+ h`m ln ncahns mnutrò.%@J)4jdlnst Caurt9

Uln 4ausn ab <ares js tln ljdlnst Caurt jm Nmdo`me. lnm tln lausn ab oares sjts `s tlnljdlnst caurt bar `!!nò bar cj"jo `me crjhjmò c`sns. Ulnrn `rn amo+ sn"nm <ares wla!`rtjcj!`tn jm tln ejscussjam.%@JJ),jdlt Gb G!!asjtjam Ua N5!rnss Jts @jnws9(ccarejmd ta cam"nmtjams s!nncl brah da"t. sjen slòo n baooawjmd + ` s!nncl brah tlna!!asjtjam. lnm hnh nr brah amn !`rt+ l`s s!a>nm jm tln lausn tln mn5t s!n`>nr hust

noamd ta tln a!!asjtjam.%@JJJ)Uln 6`roj`hnmt Hust 'n Còone Gmcn ( Ln`r96`roj`hnmt hust n suhhamne bar tln ejs!`tcl ab jts usjmnss `t on`st amcn ` +n`r.%J )6rjhn Hjmstnr H`+ (s> Uln Kjmd Bar ?jssaoutjam9

lnm hjmjstr+ js enbn`tne jm tln lausn ab cahhams tln !rjhn Hjmjstnr c`m da ta tln Kjmdljh ta ejssao"n tln lausn ab Cahhams.% )Barh`tjam Gb &a"nrmhnmt9(btnr dnmnrò nonctjams tln Kjmd l`s ta suhham tln <nènr ab tln h`2arjt+ !`rt+ ta brah tlnhjmjstr+. Uln !rjhn Hjmjstnr js dj"nm brnn l`mes jm tln snonctjam ab ljs caoon`duns.% J)Caoonctj"n ,ns!amsj jojt+ Gb Hjmjstnrs.

Uln hjmjstnr rn rns!amsj on caoonctj"no+ ta tln lausn ab cahhams n"nm jb amn hjmjstnr js

enbn`tne tln wlaon hjmjstr+ hust rnsjdm.% JJ)Bjm`mcn Hjmjstnr 'noamds Ua 4ausn Gb Cahham9(ccarejmd ta tln cam"nmtjams tln Bjm`mcn Hjmjstnr hust noamds ta tln lausn ab cahhams.% JJJ)S`hn Caurts Bar &a"t Snr"`mts9

Ulnrn `rn s`hn Caurts bar da"nrmhnmt snr" mt `me dnmnr o !u ojc.% J@),nDnonctjam Gb S!n`>nr9S!n`>nr c`m n rnDnonctne `s h`m+ tjhns `s ln !on`sns jt js s`je amcn `s s!n`>nr òw`+s `s!n`>nr.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn E




% @),no`tjams jtl ?ahjmjams9 Uln rno tjams ab tln hatlnr caumtr+ wjtl eahjmjams `rn rnduo tne + cam"nmtjams.% @J)Hamn+ 'joos Grjdjm`tn Jm Uln 4ausn Gb Cahhams9Jt js tln cam"nmtjam jm Nmdo`me tl`t hamn+ joos arjdjm`tn jm tln lausn ab cahhams .% @JJ)?ahjm`mcn Gb 4ausn Gb Cahham9Jm c`sn ab ej7nrnmcn ab a!jmjam tln a!jmjam ab tln lausn ab cahhams slòo !rn"`jo a"nr tl`tab tln lausn ab <ares.;> S`mctjam Gnljm+ Camvnmtjams9Baooawjmd `rn ej7nrnmt s`mctjams jm "jnw ab 2urjsts.%J)Uln Bn`r Gb Jh!n`clhnmt9Sahn wrjtnrs s`+ tl`t trun s`mctjam nljme cam"nmtjams js tln bn`r ab jh!n`clhnmt ut jt jsmat suIcjnmt s`mctjam nljme cam"nmtjams.%JJ)Uln ,uon Gb <`w9(ccarejmd ta 6rab. ?jcn+ cam"nmtjams `rn a snr"ne ncùsn tlnjr mamDa snr"`mcn wjoo saamnro`tnr onè tln a7nmenr jmta cam3jct wjtl tln Caurts. Uln barcn wljcl jm tln o`st rnsartcah!nos a nejnmcn ab cam"nmtjam js tln !awnr ab tln o`w jtsnob.%JJJ)6u ojc G!jmjam9

(ccarejmd ta add tln rnò s`mctjam nljme cam"nmtjams `rn a n+ne ncùsn tln !u ojca!jmjam. Cam"nmtjam rn a n+ne ncùsn tln !u ojc a!jmjam enh`me tl`t tln+ hust na n+ne. Uln !u ojc a!jmjam wnoo mat taonr`tn tlnjr "jao`tjam.%J@)Caen Gb 4amaur9(ccarejmd ta <awnoo. Cam"nmtjams `rn a n+ne `me a snr"ne ncùsn tln+ `rn caen lamaur.-D Camcousjam9

Ua camcouen J c m s`+ tl t cam"nmtjams rn èhjttneo+ ma o`w jm tln snmsn ab ruons wljclwjoo ln n nmbarcne + tln caurts. Stjoo tln+ `rn mn`ro+ `s jmejmd `s o`w. Uln cam"nmtjams!ra"jen tln 3nsl wljcl coatlns tln er+ amns ab o`w me l`"n nm` one rjdje br`hnwar> ab&a"t. ta >nn! !`cn wjtl tln cl`mdjmd !aojtjcò jen`s me tln mnnes ab tln !na!on.

6rnrad`tj"ns ab Crawm

P4. l`t rn +j nrnmt %rnra6`tjvns v`jo`!on ta Crawm 0D Jmtraeuctjam9

Uln Camstjtutjam o ljstar+ ab Nmdo`me ndjms wjtl `m ` saoutn ham`rcl+. Uln Kjmd w`s` saoutn Sa"nrnjdm. 4n w`s tln saurcn ab oo ondò !awnrs ut wjtl !`ss`dn ab tjhn tln!awnrs ab >jmd w`s encrn`sne. Uln !rnrad`tj"n js tln rnsjeun ab ejscrntjam`r+ ar `r jtr`r+ùtlarjt+ wljcl t m+ tjhn js ondòo+ onbt jm tln l`mes ab tln crawm.7> Ej nrnmcn Gntwnnm Kjm6 *m+ Crawm9Baooawjmd `rn tln ej7nrnmcns ntwnnm tln Kjmd `me Crawm.%j) Uln Crawm js `m jmstjtutjam wlnrn`s tln Kjmd js m jmej"jeuò wla laoes tln jmstjtutjam.%jj) Ulnrn c`m n enhjsn ab tln Kjmd ut mat ab tln crawm.

%jjj) Uln >jmd js tln !`rt ab crawm ut tln crawm js mat !`rt ab Kjmd.%j") Uln Crawm js ` ondò !nrsam 6nrsamjb+jmd tln St`tn wlnrn`s tln Kjmd js hnrno+ jstnh!ar`r+ luh`m accu!`mt.5> En2mjtjam &b Crawm?s (rnra6`tjvn9Crawm s 6rnrad`tj"ns hn`ms tln !awnrs n5nrcjsne + tln Kjmd jm "jrtun ab Cahham o`w arcustahs.4> &rj6jm &b Crawm?s (rnra6`tjvn9Jm tln n`ro+ e`+s ab trj ò cljnbt`jmc+ tln Kjmd usne ta h`m`dn tln 7`jrs ab tln !na!on. Uljs

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn =




n5ncutj"n !awnr w`s tln 8rst `me ljstarjcò saurcn ab tln Crawm s !rnrad`tj"n. Sncameo+ tln;arh`m Kjmds wla cah jmne jm tlnhsno"ns tln n5ncutj"n ondjso`tj"n `me 2uejcjò bumctjamswnrn jm tln !asjtjam ab bnueò o`me awmnr me s sucl nm2a+ne cnrt`jm rjdlts.<> (rnra6`tjvns &b 'ln Crawm9

Uln !rnrad`tj"ns ab tln crawm h`+ n co`ssj8ne `s umenr.J. 6nrsamò 6rnrad`tj"ns JJ. 6aojtjcò 6rnrad`tj"nsJ. 6nrsamò 6rnrad`tj"ns9Baooawjmd `rn tln !nrsamò !rnrad`tj"ns ab tln crawm%j) Kjmd c`m ea ramd9

Uln h`5jh l s twaDbaoe hn`mjmds9%`) Jt hn`ms tl`t + ma !racnnejmd Kmawm ta tln c`m tln Kjmd n hèn !nrsamòo+rns!amsj on bar m+ ct eamn + ljh% ) Jm sncame !o`cn jt hn`ms tl`t am amn c`m !onè tln arenrs ab tln crawm jm enbnmsn ab amo+`ct mat atlnrwjsn 2ustj8` on + o`w.%jj) Kjmd mn"nr ?jns.

Uln >jmd l`s tln `ttrj utn ab jhharòjt+. Uln enhjsn js jhhnej tno+ baooawne + tlnSuccnssjam.

JJ. 6aojtjcò 6rnrad`tj"ns9 Ulnsn h`+ n burtlnr ej"jene jmta baooawjmd.(. ?ahnstjc 6rnrad`tj"ns '. Barnjdm 6rnrad`tj"ns(. ?ahnstjc 6rnrad`tj"ns9Baooawjmd `rn tln eahnstjc 6rnrad`tj"ns.8J= *+$jmjstr`tjvn (rnra6`tjvns9Baooawjmd `rn tln èhjmjstr`tj"n !rnrad`tj"ns ab tln crawm.

Uln crn tjam ab !rnss Uln crn tjam ab Car!ar tjams Uln `!!ajmthnmt `me ejshjss o ab Hjmjstnrs `me atlnr &a"nrmhnmt GIcjòs.?nco`r`tjam ab w`r

Uln Crawm js tln Cljnb Cahh`menr ab (rhne Barcns.8jj=:u+jcjò (rnra6`tjvns9%`) Baumt`jm ab Fustjcn9

Uln Kjmd js tln baumt`jm `me dnmnrò camsnr"`tar ab tln !n`cn ab tln Kjmdeah. (oo crjhjm o!racnnejmds rum jm tln Kjmd s m`hn.% ) (!!ajmthnmt ab Fuedns9

Uln Kjmd l s tln rjdlt ab nrnctjmd Caurts ab 2ustjcn `me 2uedns `rn !!ajmtne jm tln Kjmd sm`hn.%c) 6awnr ab 6`ream9

Uln Kjmd c`m wjtl bnw n5cn!tjams !`ream òo a7nmcns `d jmst crjhjm o o`w njtlnr nbarn ar`btnr cam"jctjam.%e) ;at Su 2nct ta <`w9

Jt js tln Kjmd jm 6`roj`hnmt wla h`>ns òo o`ws. 4n h`>ns tln (cts ab ljs su 2ncts `me mat barljhsnob. Ulnrnbarn tln Kjmd js mat aume + tln st`tutn umonss jt js hèn `!!ojc` on ta ljhn5!rnsso+ ar + mncnss`r+ jh!ojc`tjam.8jjj= Ncconsj`stjcò (rnra6`tjvns9%`) 6awnr ab (!!ajmthnmt9'+ "jrtun ab tlnsn !rnrad`tj"ns tln Kjmd `!!ajmts ljdl ncconsj`stjcò GIcnrs n.d.`!!ajmthnmt ab (rcl 'jsla!.% ) 4nè ab Clurcl9

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn -




Uln crawm js tln ln e ab tln Clurcl jm Nmdo`me9%c) Suhhamjmd ab Cam"nmtjams9

Uln Crawm Suhhams Clurcl Cam"nmtjams.8jv= n6jso`tjvn (rnra6`tjvns9%`) 6awnr ta <ndjso`tn9

Uln Kjmd l s !awnr `t Cahham <`w ta ondjso`tn bar cam*unrne me cnene caoamjns.% ) Suhhamjmd ab 6`roj`hnmt9

Uln Kjmd l s tln !awnr ab Suhhamjmd tln 6 roj`hnmt.%c) ?jssao"jmd ab 6`roj`hnmt9

Uln Kjmd òsa l`s tln !awnr ab ejssao"jmd tln 6 roj`hnmt ab tln è"jcn ab 6rjhn Hjmjstnr.%e) (ssnmt am 'joos9

Uln Kjmds osa l`s tln !rnrad`tj"n ab dj"jmd ,a+ os `ssnmt ta 'joos ! ssne + atl 4ausns ab6`roj`hnmt.%n) (eernss ta 6`roj`hnmt9

Uln Kjmd òsa èernss ta !`roj hnmt jm n"nr+ mnw Snssjam.%b) (!!ajmthnmt ab 6nnrs9

Uln `!!ajmthnmt ab !nnrs `rn hèn + tln Crawm.

G. Barnj6m (rnra6`tjvns9Baooawjmd `rn tln 6rnrad`tj"ns ab tln Crawm jm rno`tjam ta barnjdm `7`jrs.(jj) pawnr ta H`kn Urn`tjns9Jt js tln !rnrad`tj"n ab tln Kjmd ta h`>n trn`tjns.%jjj) ?nco`r`tjam ab `r `me 6n`cn9Jt js tln Kjmd wla enco`rns w`r `me !n`cn wjtl atlnr caumtrjns.%j")6awnr Gb ,ncadmjtjam9

Uln Kjmd l s tln !awnr ta rncadmj#n tln !awnr st tus ab ` barnjdm caumtr+ ar ab jtsda"nrmhnmt. 4n c`m ea sa + rncnj"jmd tln rn!rnsnmt`tj"ns ab atlnr st`tns.%")(!!ajmthnmt ab (h `ssèars9

Uln Kjmd `!!ajmts tln rn!rnsnmt`tj"ns ar h `ssèar ab ljs awm caumtr+ ` raè.ED Camcousjam9

Ua Camcouen J c m s`+ tl`t tln !rnrad`tj"ns js tln m hn bar tln rnh`jmjmd !artjam ab tlnCrawm s arjdjmò ùtlarjt+. Jt easn mat jmcouen tln !awnrs n5nrcjsne + ljh jm "jrtun ab `!`roj`hnmt`r+ St`tutn. (t !rnsnmt tln Crawm s js hucl rnstrjctne `s ln c`mmat co`jh `m+!rnrad`tj"n a!!asne ta Cahham <`w ar (ct ab !`roj`hnmt ar oj nrtjns ab tln su 2nct men5cn!t !nrsamò !rnrad`tj"ns jt js tln c` jmnt tl`t n5nrcjsn tln !rnrad`tj"ns !awnrs jm tlnm`hn ab tln Kjmd.

P.<9 Ejscuss tln Ca$%asjtjam `m+ n6jso`tn %awnr ab 1ausn ab ar+s.0> Jmtra+uctjam9

Uln 4ausn ab <ares js tln aoenst lausn jm tln waroe `me l`s nnm jm Camstjtutjam n5jstnmcn jmamn brah ar atlnr bar harn tl`m tlaus`me +n`rs. Jt js tln u!!nr lausn ab tln 'rjtjsl

6`roj`hnmt. Jt js dnmnròo+ st`tne tl`t tln lausn ab <ares js ` lnrnejt`r+ lausn.7> Ca$%asjtjam &b 1ausn &b ar+s9

Uln hnh nr ab lausn ab <ares bòo jmta sn"nm ejstjmct c`tndarjns.J. 4nrnejt`r+ 6nnrs9( aut mjmnDtnmtl ab tln hnh nrs noamd ta tljs c`tndar+D!nnr`dn js dr`mtne + tln crawm`me ln h`+ crn`tn `s h`m+ !nnrs `s ln oj>n. Uln H`2arjt+ ab !na!on ncahns !nnr ncùsntln+ 6nr cl`mcn l`!!nm ta n noenst &r`me sams ab `m `mcnstar wla w`s 8rst crn`tne `6nnr.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn




JJ. ,n!rnsnmt`tj"n 6nnrs Gb Scato`me9 Ulnjr muh nr js 0E `me rn nonctne + Scattjsl !nnr jm ccare`mcn wjtl tln !ra"jsjams ab tlntrn`t+ ab umjam 0=1=.JJJ. ,n!rnsnmt`tj"n 6nnrs Gb Jrno`me9

lnm Jrno`me w`s umjtne wjtl Nmdojsl tln orjsl !nnrs wnrn nmtjtone ta nonct 0/- hnh nrs utsjmcn 0 // wlnm Jrno`me w`s enco`rne ` brnn st`tn ma mnw !nnr l`"n nnm crn`tne.J@. <ares Gb (!!nò9

Uln+ `rn jm muh nrs `me `rn `!!ajmtne + tln crawm umenr tln !ra"jsjams ab tln (!!noo`tn 2urjsejctjam (ct 0-=E ta `ssjst tln lausn jm tln !nrbarh`mcn ab jts 2uejcjò bumctjams.@. S!jrjtuò 6nnrs9

Uln+ `rn /E jm muh nr twa `rn (rcl 'jsla! s ab Lar> `me C`mtnr ur+ `me / rn Snmjar'jsla!s ab tln Clurcl ab Nmdo`me.@J. 6rjmcns Gb Uln ,a+ò 'oaae9Hòn èuot hnh nrs ab ra+ò b`hjo+ wla l`"n `tt`jmne h`turjt+ `me `rn wjtljm s!ncj8neendrnn ab rno`tjamslj! `rn `!!ajmtne `s hnh nrs ab 4ausn Gb <ares.@JJ. <jbn 6nnrs9

Ulnsn hnh nrs `rn crn`tne umenr tln !ra"jsjams ab tln ojbn !nnr dn `ct 0 -. Uln+ `rn tln

!nrsams wla l`"n lnoe ljdl aIcns jm tln st`tn `me l`"n sjmcn rntjrne n.d. hjmjstnrs!n`>nrs ntc.5> Fu$!nr &b )n$!nrs 9

Uln muh nr ab hnh nrs `rn mat 85ne. Uln muh nrs "`rjns brah tjhn ta tjhn.4> F`turn9

Uln 4ausn ab <ares js c oone camsnr"`tj"n cl`h nr. Jt w`s cahhamo+ enscrj ne `s tlnlnrnejt`r+ `me !`rto+ enhacr`tjc jm cah!asjtjam. 6nnr`dn atl lnrnejt`r+ `me ojbn `rncrn`tne + sa"nrnjdm am tln è"jcn ab 6rjhn Hjmjstnr.<> Ejs@uòj2c`tjam9Baooawjmd !nrsams c`mmat ncahn tln hnh nrs ab tln lausn ab <ares.0. Jms`mn /.Hjmar . Cam"jct . '`m>ru!t

> (rnsj+jm6 & cnr9 Uln 4ausn ab <ares js 6rnsjene + ` <are Cl`mcnooar wla js hnh nr ab tln c` jmnt.;> (rjvjon6ns &b 'ln 1ausn ab ar+s.Baooawjmd !rj"jondns `rn `"`jo` on ta tln lausn ab <ares.J. Brnneah Gb S!nncl9

Uln <ares c`m n5!rnss tlnjr "jnws brnno+ c m `ccnss ta tln Sa"nrnjdm ta ejscuss !u ojc`7`jrs.JJ. Brnn (ccnss Ua Uln Sa"nrnjdm9N"nr+ hnh nr ab lausn ab <ares c`m ccnss ta tln Sa"nrnjdm ta ejscuss !u ojc 7`jrs.JJJ. ,jdlt Ua ?ntnrhjmn Jts Gwm Cah!asjtjam9

Uln oares l`"n rjdlt ta entnrhjmn jts awm cah!asjtjams.J@. ,jdlt Ua 6u ojsl G!jmjam9

Uln <ares c`m !u ojsl tlnjr a!jmjam jm aIcjò !`!nrs.@. Brnneah Brah (rrnst9;a hnh nr c`m n `rrnstne wlnm !`roj`hnmt js jm Snssjam.@J. ,jdlt Ua ,ncnj"n rjts Gb Suhhams9

Uln+ l`"n tln rjdlt ta rncnj"n jmej"jeuòs wrjts ab suhhams ta ttnme 6 roj`hnmt.@JJ. Urjò Gb Jh!n`clhnmt C`sns9

Uln+ l`"n tln rjdlt ta tr+ jh!n`clhnmt c sn raudlt + 4ausn ab Cahhams.@JJJ. N5nh!tjam9

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn 01




Jt nm2a+s n5nh!tjam brah snr"jmd `s 2urars.J . ?ntnrhjm`tjam Gb 6nnr`dn9

Uln 4ausn l s tln rjdlt ta entnrhjmn ejs!utne co jhs ta !nnr`dn.> (awnrs *m+ Bumctjam &b 1ausn &b ar+s9

Baooawjmd `rn tln !awnrs ab 4ausn ab <ares9J. n6jso`tjvn (awnrs9(btnr tln !`ssjmd ab 6`roj`hnmt (ct 0 00 tln ondjso`tj"n !awnrs ab tln 4ausn ab <ares h`+

n ejscussne umenr tln baooawjmd lnès.%j) (s ,nd`res Hamn+ 'joos9(s rnd`re camtrao a"nr 8m`mcjò joo tln 4ausn ab <ares js !r`ctjcòo+ jmn7nctj"n. (oo tlnhamn+ joos jmtraeucn jm tln lausn ab Cahhams me jb tln 4ausn ab <ares wjtllaoes tlnjr`ssnmt ta jt bar harn tl`m hamtl jt wauoe n !rnsnmtne ta tln Kjmd me wauoe ncahn o`wam rncnj"jmd tln ,a+ò (ssnmt ens!jtn tln b`ct `t tln <ares eje mat camcur wjtl jt.%jj) (s ,nd`res ;amDhamn+ 'joos9;amDhamn+ joos h`+ n jmtraeucne jm tln 4ausn ab <ares. ( mamDhamn+ joo !`ssne + tln4ausn ab Cahhams jm twa Succnssj"n Snssjams wjtl m jmtnr"ò ab t on`st ab amn +n`r

ntwnnm jts 8rst rnèjmd jm tln 8rst `me sncame rnèjmd jm jts Sncame Snssjam jt wjoo ncahn

` o`w `btnr l`"jmd rncnj"ne tln ,a+ò (ssnmt jrrns!nctj"n ab jts l`"jmd nnm rn2nctne + tln<ares. Sa jm ondjso`tj"n s!lnrn 4ausn ab <ares l`s oast hucl ab jts sjdmj8c`mcn.JJ. N ncutjvn (awnrs9

Uln <ares l`"n tln !awnrs ta `s> *unstjam brah tln &a"nrmhnmt `me l "n ` buoo rjdlt taen `tn jts !aojcjns ut tln 4ausn c`m amo+ crassDn5`hjmn tln c` jmnt hjmjstnrs `me tlnc` jmnt js mat rns!amsj on ta jt.JJJ. /u+jcjò (awnrs9

Uln 4ausn ab <ares l`s tlrnn baoe Furjsejctjam ar !awnrs jm tljs rnd`res.%j) Jt l`s arjdjmò !awnr ta tr+ !nnrs jm c`sn tln+ rn jm"ao"ne jm m+ trn`sam ar bnoam+`d`jmst m`tjamò jmtnrnst.%jj) Jt js osa utlarj#ne ta ln`r jh!n`clhnmts snmt ta jt + tln 4ausn ab Cahham ut mawtljs 2urjsejctjam l`s oast òo jts jh!art`mcn eun ta tln `ccn!t`mcn am hjmjstnrjò rns!amsj jojt+.%jjj) Jt osa cts s tln ljdlnst Caurt ab `!!nò jm .K.J". &tlnr (awnrs9

Uln 4ausn ab <ares !nrbarhs `m jh!art`mt bumctjam ab ejscussjmd sucl sacjò `me !aojtjcò*unstjams wljcl `rn mat rnè+ bar ondjso`tjam.

D camcousjam9 Ua camcouen J c m s`+ tl t tln 4ausn ab <ares js `m `mcjnmt jmstjtutjam ab tln waroe wljcl!o`+s ljs raon jm Cam"nmtjamò w`+ bar `ccah!ojslhnmt ab ondjso`tjam. 'nbarn tln !`ss`dn abtln 6`roj`hnmt (ct ab 0 00. Uln 4ausn ab <ares w`s jm òo rns!nct caDarejm`tn jm !awnrs wjtltln 4ausn ab Cahhams ut btnr tln 6 roj`hnmt (ct ab 0 00 tln !asjtjam js *ujtn ej7nrnmt`me maw tln 4ausn ab <ares js ` hnrn slèaw ab jts barhnr snob.

P. 9 1ausn ab ca$$ams js tln $ast %awnrbuo ar6`m ab tln Grjtjsl%`roj`$nmt N %o`jm .0> Jmtra+uctjam9‟ Uln Sa"nrnjdmt+ ab !`roj`hnmt rnsjens jm tln 4ausn ab Cahhams.$%,.& ;nuh`mm)‟ 4ausn ab Cahhams js tln cnmtnr ab tln Nmdojsl !aojtjcò s+stnhO.. Uln sum raume wljclòo atlnr aejns rn"ao"n$.%&oèstamn)

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn 00




Uln lausn ab Cahhams js tln oawnr `me !a!uo`r cl`h nr ab tln 'rjtjsl !`roj`hnmt. Jt js hastrnh`r>` on `ssnh o+ jm tln waroe `me js nonctne + tln !na!on jm dnmnrò nonctjam.7> Ca$%asjtjam &b 1ausn &b Ca$$ams9J. Strnmdtl9

Uln !rnsnmt strnmdtl ab 4ausn ab Cahhams js E 1.JJ. Unrh Gb 4ausn9

Uln hnh nrs ab tln 4ausn ab Cahhams `rn nonctne bar tnrh ab 8"n +n`rs umonss tln4ausn js ejssao"ne n`rojnr + tln :unnm am tln è"jcn ab tln !rjhn Hjmjstnr.5> Puòj2c`tjam *m+ Nonctjam &b 1ausn &b Ca$$ams9J. :uòj8c`tjams Gb C`meje`tns Gb 4ausn Gb Cahhams9Baooawjmd rn tln *uòj8c`tjam bar c`meje`tn ta camtnst nonctjam bar lausn ab cahhams.%j) 4n ar sln s tln c`sns h`+ n hust n 'rjtjsl su 2nct.%jj) Hust `tt`jm tln `dn ab /0+n`rs.%jjj) ;at atlnrwjsn ejs*uòj8ne sucl s%`) 4aoenr ab 2uejcjò aIcnrs% ) '`m>ru!ts%c) Cj"jo snr"`mts

%e) Hnh nrs ab tln `rhne barcns `me tln !aojcn barcn%n) Uln ejrnctars ab tln m`tjamòj#ne cahhnrcjò cah!`mjns me%b) Conrd+hnm.JJ. Nonctjam96`roj`hnmt nonctjams `rn ab twa Kjmes.%j) &nmnrò nonctjam lnoe wlnm mnw 4ausn ab cahham js ta n nonctne me tlnsn hust nlnoe wjtljm /1 e`+s ab tln ejssaoutjam ab sjttjmd !`roj`hnmt.%jj) '+ Mnonctjams lnoe wlnm "`c`mc+ accurs jm tln 4ausn eun ta tln en`tl ar rnsjdm`tjam ab ` sjttjmd hnh nr ar wlnm hnh nr js hèn hnh nr ab tln 4ausn ab <ares.(. (euot Br`mcljsn9(ccarejmd ta tln rn!rnsnmt`tjam ab tln !na!on (ct 0 `s `hnmene + tln 0 E (ctbaooawjmd rn tln *uòj8c`tjam ab !nrsam nmtjtone ta "atn%j) Hust n 'rjtjsl su 2nct%jj) 0- +n`rs ab dn ar ` a"n%jjj) lasn m`hn js rncarene jm tln "atnr s rndjstnr ab ljs camstjtunmc+.4> (rnsj+jm6 & cnr &b 1ausn &b Ca$$ams9

Uln hnntjmd ab tln 4ausn ab Cahhams `rn !rnsjene a"nr + s!n`>nr. 4n js nonctne + tln4ausn wlnm mnw !`roj`hnmt hnnts bar tln 8rst tjhn.<> (awnrs *m+ Bumctjams &b 'ln 1ausn &b Ca$$ams9J. n6jso`tjvn (awnrs9

Uln lausn ab cahhams nm2a+s " st !awnrs jm tln 8one ab o wD h`>jmd. Jt c`m haejb+ tlnn5jstjmd o`w `me tln c`m h`>n ar rn!nò `m+ o`w wl`tsan"nr. Jt en8mn tln m`tjamò !aojc+`me l`s tln rjdlt ta cl`mdn tln camstjtutjam.

JJ. Bjm`mcjò (awnrs 9 Uln 4ausn ab Cahhams wjnoes drn`t utlarjt+ a"nr tln m`tjam s !ursn. (ccarejmd ta a!jmjamab 6rab. Hèjsam wla laoes tln !ursn laoes tln !awnr. (ccarejmd ta tln (ct ab 0 00 òohamn+ joos hust arjdjm`tn jm tln 4ausn ab Cahhams me tln !awnr ab 4ausn ab <ares jsojhjtne jm tljs rns!nct.JJJ. *+$jmjstr`tjvn (awnrs9

Uln 4ausn ab cahhams òsa `tt jms tln !awnrs ab (ehjmjstr`tjam nc usn tljs 4ausncamtraos tln ehjmjstr`tjam + w`+ ab *unstjamjmd tln c` jmnt hnh nrs.

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(ccarejmd Ua 6rab .Humra9(m a ojd`tjam rnst u!am tln 4ausn ab Cahhams ta n5nrcjsn e`+ ta e`+ camtrao a"nr tlnHjmjstr+ jm sucl ` w`+ tl`t bume`hnmtò ejs`drnnhnmt ntwnnm tln n5ncutj"n `me tlnrn!rnsnmt`tj"ns ab tln !na!on wjoo n con`r `me h`mjbnst.J". Enon6`tn+ n6jso`tjam96`roj`hnmt njmd Su!rnhn h`+ enond`tn !awnrs ta wlahn"nr jt wjoo `me jt h`+ sjhjo`ro+wjtler`w tln !awnrs tl`t jt l`s enond`tne. Jt h`+ enond`tn jts !awnrs ta &a"nrmhnmt?n!`rthnmt ta Su!!onhnmt h!ojb+ me !!o+ st`tutns !`ssne + tln !`roj`hnmt.

> (rjvjon6ns &b 'ln 1ausn &b Ca$$ams9Baooawjmd `rn tln !rj"jondns ab tln 4ausn ab Cahhams9J. Brnneah Gb S!nncl9

Uln 4ausn nm2a+s brnneah jm tln 4ausn jm tln h ttnr ab en `tns.JJ. ,jdlt Ua ,nduo`th94ausn l`s tln rjdlt ta rnduo`tn jts awm Camstjtutjam jmcouejmd tln rjdlt ta n5couen ar n5!nohnh nrs.JJJ. N5cousjam Gb Str`mdnrs9

Uln 4ausn osa l`s tln rjdlt ta n5couen str`mdnrs barh tln 4ausn.

J@. ,jdlt Ua 6ralj jt 6u ojc`tjam94ausn l`s tln rjdlt !ralj jt !u ojc tjam ab jts awm en `tns.@. Brnneah Brah (rrnst9Brnneah barh `rrnst jm Cj"jo C`sns bar ` !nrjae ab 1 e`+s nbarn `me `btnr tln Snssjams ab!`roj`hnmt ut tljs !rj"jondn mat n5tnme jm Crjhjmò C`sns.@J. ,jdlt Ua Nmbarcn 6rj"jondns94ausn l`s tln rjdlt ta nmbarcn jts !rj"jondns me cahhjt bar camtnh!t bar rn`tl ab jts!rj"jondns.=D Camcousjam9

Ua camcouen J c m s`+ tl t tln 4ausn ab Cahhams js tln hast "jtò ! rt ab tln 'rjtjsl6`roj`hnmt. Sjmcn 0 // tln 4ausn lè `ssuhne 8mò !awnrs ab o`w h`>jmd wljcl `rn 8rho+sl`rne wjtl tln 4ausn <ares. Jm rnòjt+ !`roj`hnmt hn`ms. 4ausn ab Cahham wlnm `hjmjstnr camsuots !`roj`hnmt n camsuots tln 4ausn ab Cahham wlnm tln :unnm ejssao"ns!`roj`hnmt sln ejssao"ns tln 4ausn ab Cahham wlnm !`roj`hnmt l`s hèn o`w jthn`ms tl`t tln 4ausn ab Cahhams l`s ondjso`tne u!am jt.

Hjmjstnrjò ,ns!amsj jojt+

P;9 Ejscuss buoo# tln )jmjstnrjò -ns%amsj!jojt# um+nr GrjtjslCamstjtutjamò S#stn$.0> Jmtra+uctjam9Gmcn ab Sòjnmt Bn`turn ab tln 'rjtjsl c` jmnt js Hjmjstnrjò rns!amsj jojt+. Uln c` jmnthnh nrs rn rns!amsj on ta tln 4ausn ab cahhams jmej"jeuòo+ s cts ab cahhjssjam ar

ahjssjam wjtljm tlnjr en!`rthnmtò ar da"nrmhnmtò s!lnrns.7> )n`mjm6 &b )jmjstnrjò -ns%amsj!jojt#9(ccarejmd ta 6rab. ?jcn+ jt hn`ms twa uttnro+ tljmds `s umenr.J. 6`roj`hnmt`r+ ,ns!amsj jojt+9

Uljs js tln oj` jojt+ ab Hjmjstnr ta oasn tlnjr aIcns. lnm tln+ cn`sn ta rnt jm tln cam8enmcnab tln 4ausn ab Cahhams. Jb Hjmjstnr ea mat ea mat rnsjdm brah ljs aIcn tlnrn js ma!ra"jsjam jm o`w ta cah!no ljh ta "`c`tn ljs aIcn. Uljs js h`ttnr ab cam"nmtjams me mat abo`w. Jt js còone !`roj`hnmt rns!amsj jojt+.

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JJ. <ndò ,ns!amsj jojt+9<ndò ,ns!amsj jojt+ hn`ms tl`t n"nr+ hjmjstnrs js `mswnr` on ta ` <`w ab Caurt bar tln `ctsCrawm ncùsn n"nr+ `ct ab tln Crawm js caumtnrsjdmne + tln Hjmjstnr. Uljs js ` h`ttnr abo`w me mat hnrno+ h`ttnr ab cam"nmtjams.5> &rj6jm &b )jmjstnrjò -ns%amsj!jojt#9'nbarn tln &oarjaus ab ,n"aoutjam ab /E-- tln 'rjt`jm Kjmd wnrn saoutn ruonrs ut wlnm!`roj`hnmt ncahn tln Sa"nrnjdm ae+ jt ndd`r ta !umjsl tln hjmjstnrs + hn`ms abjh!n`clhnmt. Uln Kjmd tlnm nd`m ta claasn Hjmjstnr brah !`roj`hnmt. Ulus cam"nmtjam

nd`m ` hjmjstnr slauoe wjm tln cam8enmcn ab tln !`roj`hnmt `me ln slauoe rnsjdm jb b`jo.?urjmd tln mjmntnnmtl cnmtur+ tln camcn!t ab Hjmjstnrjò rns!amsj jojt+ w`s buoo+ en"noa!ne.4> )`jm *s%ncts &b )jmjstnrjò -ns%amsj!jojt#9(ccarejmd ab 6rab Humra tlnrn `rn tlrnn `s!ncts ab Hjmjstnrjò rns!amsj jojt+ wljcl `rn tlnbaooawjmds.J. ,ns!amsj jojt+ Ua Kjmd9Jt js tln rns!amsj jojt+ ab tln hjmjstnrs ta >nn! tln >jmd jmbarhne ab wl`t tln+ ea. Uljs s!nctab rns!amsj jojt+ amo+ hn`ms tl`t jt js tln eut+ ab c` jmnt ta >nn! tln >jmd jmbarhne ab oo jtencjsjams.

JJ. ,ns!amsj jojt+ Ua Gmn (matlnr9 Uln C` jmnt s ` wlaon js `mswnr` on bar tln `cts ab jt hnh nr. Uln hjmjstnr slauoe njtlnr`drnn wjtl tln encjsjams ab tln C` jmnt ar rnsjdm. Uln Hjmjstnrs `rn òsa rns!amsj on ta amn`matlnr. Uln Hjmjstnrs l`"n baooaw tln !aojc+ wljcl l`s nnm encjene u!am jm tln 2ajmthnntjmd ab tln hjmjstnrs.JJJ. ,ns!amsj jojt+ Ua Uln 4ausn Gb Cahhams9

Uln hjmjstnr rn osa rns!amsj on ta tln lausn ab tln cahhams. Uln hjmjstnrs c`m osacrjtjcj#ne + tln hnh nrs ab tln 4ausn ab Cahhams. N"nr+ Hjmjstnr js rns!amsj on ta tlnlausn. Uln c` jmnt c`m rnh`jm jm aIcn amo+ sa oamd sa oamd s t nm2a+s tln cam8enmcn abtln lausn ab cahhams.<> Sca%n &b )jmjstnrjò -ns%amsj!jojt# 9

Uln rns!amsj jojt+ ab hjmjstnr js jmej"jeuò `s wnoo `s caoonctj"n.J. Jmej"jeuò Hjmjstnrjò ,ns!amsj jojt+9Jmej"jeuò n`cl hjmjstnr js rns!amsj on ta !`roj`hnmt bar tln war> ab ljs en!`rthnmt ab wljclln js ` !aojtjcò lnè ln js òsa !nrsamòo+ oj` on bar `m+ rn`cl ab o`w bar wljcl ln js`mswnr` on nbarn ` Caurt.( Hjmjstnr wla cahhjts hjst`>n jm tljs en!`rthnmtò !aojc+ me js mat enbnmene + tln!rjhn Hjmjstnr js jmej"jeuòo+ rns!amsj on bar jt `me hust rnsjdm. 'ut jb tln !rjhn Hjmjstnr artln C` jmnt cahns ta ljs enbnmsn jt ncahns ` h`ttnr ab caoonctj"n rns!amsj jojt+.JJ. Caoonctj"n Hjmjstnrjò ,ns!amsj jojt+9Jt hn`ms tln rns!amsj jojt+ ab òo Hjmjstnr wlntlnr tln+ `rn jmcouene jm tln C` jmnt ar mat arl`"n !`rtjcj!`tne jm tln c` jmnt tln !aojc+ ln rnh`jms n*uòo+ rns!amsj on bar jt.

> )nrjts &b 'ln Camcn%t &b )jmjstnrjò -ns%amsj!jojt#9

Uljs eactrjmn cambnrs tln tlrnn hnrjts am tln 'rjtjsl s+stnh ab &a"nrmhnmt.J. ,ns!amsj jojt+ Ua 6u ojc9Jt h`>ns tln &a"nrmhnmt `mswnr` on ta tln !u ojc.JJ. mjt+ Gb C` jmnt9Jb jmbusns umjt+ jm tln &a"nrmhnmt tln Hjmjstnr >maw tl`t tlnjr c` jmnt wjoo rnh`jm jm aIcnamo+ sa oamd `s tln+ `rn umjtne. (m+amn wla ejs`drnns wjtl tln !aojc+ slauoe njtlnr rnsjdm ar

n rnha"ne + tln :unnm am tln è"jcn ab !rjhn Hjmjstnr.JJJ. NIcjnmc+ Jm &a"nrmhnmt9

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Jm nml`mcns nIcjnmc+ jm tln Hjmjstnr ar>. N"nr+ Hjmjstnr hust >nn! ljhsnob jmbarhne abwl`t ljs caoon`duns `me tln c` jmnt `s ` wlaon `rn eajmd.=D Camcousjam9

Ua camcouen J c`m s`+ tl`t eactrjmn ab Hjmjstnr ,ns!amsj jojt+ enn!o+ jm3unmcne tln drawtl`me en"noa!hnmt ab tln !`roj`hnmt me c` jmnt s+stnh ab &a"nrmhnmt !`roj`hnmt`r+&a"nrmhnmt js mat &a"nrmhnmt + !`roj`hnmt ut ab hjmjstnr wla `rn `mswnr` on nbarn!`roj`hnmt bar tlnjr cts me !aojcjns.

.P 9 N %o`jm tln Ca$$jttnn S#stn$ ab Nm6o`m+ (`roj`$nmt.:. wrjtn cah!rnlnmsj"n matn ab tln Cahhjttnn ab tln 4ausn ab Cahhams0> Jmtra+uctjam9

Uln Cahhjttnn S+stnh js nh!oa+ne + òo tln ondjso turns ab tln waroe. Jt l`s ncahn mnssnmtjò !`rt ab ondjso`turn s !racneurn. Jm ^.K. n"nr+ joo l`s ta da tlraudl `m `!!ra!rj`tnCahhjttnn btnr tln sncame rnèjmd. Jt nm` ons tln !`roj`hnmt ta ejs!asn ab harn joos jm `tjhn.7> Ca$$jttnn S#stn$ Jm ^.K.Hast ab tln war> jm tln 4ausn ab Cahhjttnn js eamn + tln Cahhjttnns. Uln !racnnejmds ab

tln Cahhjttnns `rn sncrnt jm m`turn `me tln ruons `rn mat rjdje.J. -n`sams Bar Ca$$jttnn S#stn$9Baooawjmd `rn tln rn`sams wljcl one ta tln jmcrn`sjmd usn ab Cahhjttnn.%J) 4ausn ab Cahhjttnn js ludn ae+ me tln trun !ur!asn ab hn`surns jmtraeucne jm tln4ausn c`mmat n !ra!nro+ umenrstaae umonss jt `ssjdm !rnojhjm`r+ war> ta cnrt`jmcahhjttnns.%JJ) Cah!ojc`tjam jm tln ondjso`tjam me tln ensjrn ab tln hnh nrs ta s!n`>.%JJJ) Uln drn`t !rnssurn ab ondjso`tj"n war> wljcl c`mmat n burmjslne wjtlaut lno! brahshòo Cahhjttnn.JJ. Snonctjam &b Ca$$jttnn9(oo tln Cahhjttnn n5couejmd tln cahhjttnn ab tln wlaon 4ausn `rn Snonctne + tlnCahhjttnn ab Snonctjam. Uln hnh nrs ab tln Cahhjttnn rn clasnm t cambnrnmcn

ntwnnm tln &a"nrmhnmt me a!!asjtjam onènrs.5> Kjm+s &b Ca$$jttnn9Baooawjmd `rn tln ej7nrnmt Kjmes ab Cahhjttnns jm ^.K.%J) Cahhjttnn Gb Uln laon 4ausn %JJ) St`mejmd Cahhjttnns%JJJ) Snonct Cahhjttnns %J@) 6rj"`tn 'joos Cahhjttnns%@) Fajmt CahhjttnnJ. Ca$$jttnn &b 'ln laon 1ausn9Jt camsjsts ab tln hnh nrs ab tln 4ausn ab Cahhams n5couejmd tln s!n`>nr. Jt js !rnsjenea"nr + tln cl`jrh`m clasnm jm tln ndjmmjmd ab n`cl !`roj`hnmt. Baooawjmd `rn tlnejstjmdujsl bn`turns ab jts hnntjmds wljcl ejstjmdujsl jt brah tln sjttjmd ab tln 4ausn jtsnob"j#.

%j) Uln ruons ab !racneurn `rn rno`5ne.%jj) ( hnh nr c`m s!n`> `s h`m+ tjhns `s ln oj>n.%jjj) ;a coasurn hatjam c`m n ha"ne.%j") Uln h`cn wljcl js tln s+h ao ab tln s!n`>nr s utlarjt+ js !o`cne umenr tln t` on.(. U+!ns Gb Cahhjttnn Gb Uln laon 4ausn9Baooawjmd `rn tln ej7nrnmt t+!ns ab cahhjttnns ab tln wlaon 4ausn.%j) Grejm`r+ Cahhjttnn ab tln laon 4ausn am 'joo9Jt cahns jmta njmd wlnm tln 4ausn rnsao"n tl`m m arejm`r+ joo slòo da ta tln Cahhjttnn

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ab tln wlaon r`tlnr tl`m ta st`mejmd Cahhjttnn ar Snonct Cahhjttnn.%jj) Cahhjttnn ab tln laon 4ausn am ( Hamn+ ,nsaoutjam9Jt enòs wjtl tln 8m`mcjò ondjso`tjam `me h`ttnrs.%jjj) Cahhjttnn ab Su!!o+9Jt cahns jmta njmd ta ejscuss tln n5!nmejturns.%j") Cahhjttnn ab `+s `me Hn`ms9Jt cahns jmta njmd ta camsjenr rn"nmun hn`surns.JJ. St`m+jm6 Ca$$jttnn9Jt js m jh!art`mt Cahhjttnn me ohast oo !u ojc joos n5cn!t hamn+ joos da u!st`jrs ta St`mejmd Cahhjttnn. Ulnsn rn 8"n jm muh nr amn ab wljcl js n5cousj"no+ bar Scattjsl joos`me tln atlnr baur rn >mawm o!l` ntjcòo+ s ( ' C me ?.%j) ;uh nr ab Hnh nr9N`cl Cahhjttnn Camsjsts ab 0E ta 1 hnh nrs me tln s!n`>nr !!ajmts tln !rnsjenmt. UlnScattjsl Cahhjttnn camsjsts ab oo hnh nrs brah Scato`me me bnw atlnrs wla l`"nn5!nrjnmcn ar Kmawonedn ab Scattjsl ar wnosl 7`jrs. Jm òo atlnr Cahhjttnns tln&a"nrmhnmt `me tln G!!asjtjam l`"n !ra!artjam`tn rn!rnsnmt`tjam.JJJ. Snonct Ca$$jttnn9

Snonct Cahhjttnn rn !!ajmtne ta ejscuss aut tln s!ncjò joos. Ulnsn Cahhjttnnscamsjsts ab n5!nrt !nrsams wljcl !ra"jen tln jmbarh`tjam rnd`rejmd jh!art`mt `7`jrs `mernsn`rcl ` aut tln ondjso`tjam !racnss. Uln+ `rn rnòo+ Cahhjttnn ab jm"nstjd`tjam `men5`hjm`tjam. Jt caooncts n"jenmcn n5`hjmn wjtmnssns Sjbt n"jenmcn `me er`w u! rn`samnecamcousjams me rn!arts ta tln lausn.%j) ;uh nr ab Hnh nr9( snonct Cahhjttnn usuòo+ camsjsts ab 0 hnh nrs.%jj) Kjmes ab Snonct Cahhjttnn9Brah tln !ajmt ab "jnw ab tlnjr n5jstnmcn tlnrn `rn twa >jmes ab Snonct Cahhjttnns.%`) (eDlac Snonct Cahhjttnn9Jt cn`sn ta n5jst s saam s jt war> ab jm*ujr+ l`s cahn ta `m nme.% ) Snssjam Snonct Cahhjttnn9Jt tnrh o`sts ` Snssjams ab tln 6`roj`hnmt.J". (rjv`tn Gjoos Ca$$jttnn9

Ulnsn `rn `!!ajmtne ta ejs!asn ab tln !rj"`tn joo jm 6 roj`hnmt. Jt war>s *ujtn jh!`rtj oo+`me jts rn!art wlntlnr bar ar `d`jmst tln joo js òw`+s `ccn!tne + tln 4ausn. Jm tln 4ausnab Cahhams tln muh nr hnh nrs ab !rj"`tn joo Cahhjttnn rn baur wljon jm tln 4ausn ab <ares jt js 8"n.". /ajmt Ca$$jttnns9

Ulnsn camsjsts ab hnh nrs brah atl 4ausns ab 6 roj`hnmt `me hutuòo+ camsuot `mecamsjenr aut tln joo jm caoonctj"n w`+ wljcl rno`tns ta tln atl 4ausns.

D Camcousjam9 Ua camcouen J c m s`+ tl t Cahhjttnn st dn js "nr+ jh!art`mt jm tln ojbn ab ` !ra!asne joo

`btnr tln sncame rnèjmd tln joo js l`mene a"nr ta amn ab camcnrmne Cahhjttnn sa tl`tent`jo "jnws ab joo h`+ n cah!ontne me tln 4ausn camsjenrs tln joo o`tnr t tln rn!artst`dn jm tln ojdlt ab tln rn!art ab tln Cahhjttnn.

P. 9 N %o`jm tln c`!jmnt s#stn$ um+nr tln Grjtjsl Camstjtutjam:. ?jscuss ;`turn (me Bumctjams ab Nmdojsl c` jmnt0> Jmtra+uctjam9‟c` jmnt js cnmtrò stamn ab !aojtjcò rcl.$

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%6rab. <awnoo). Uln c` jmnt js tln rnò n5ncutj"n ab tln 'rjtjsl S+stnh. Jt js osa còone tln hjmjstr+ ab tlnda"nrmhnmt. Uln c` jmnt l`s nnm en8mne s ae+ ab ra+ò e"jsnr clasnm + tln !rjhnHjmstnr jm tln m`hns ab tln crawm. Uln C` jmnt hust c>mawonedn tln Su!rnh`c+ ab tln!rjhn Hjmjstnr `me baooaw tln !aojc+ o`je eawm + tln !rjhn Hjmjstnr.7> Nvaoutjam &b C`!jmnt S#stn$9Grjdjmòo+ c` jmnt w`s cahhjttnn ab tln !rj"+ caumcjo wljcl nc`hn taa o`rdn barèhjmjstr`tjam war>. Kjmd Cl`rons JJ %0EE1D- ) nd`m ta camsuot shòo drau! ab !rj"+caumcjoars jm h`ttnr ab st`tn. Uln c` jmnt js còone tln cljoe ab 6rj"+ Caumcjo. Jm tln rnjdm abCl`rons JJ tln C` jmnt c*ujrne barhò sl`!n. Uln c` jmnt s+stnh burtlnr en"noa!ne eurjmdtln rnjdm ab jooj`h JJJ `me :unnm (mmn. ?urjmd tln rnjdm ab &nardn J tln GIcn ab tln !rjhnHjmjstnr c`hn jmta n5jstnmcn.5> F`turn &b 'ln Grjtjsl C`!jmnt9

Uln C` jmnt js ` ae+ umrncadmj#ne + o`w. Jts n5jstnmcn js amo+ custah`r+ j.n. sne amcustah ar cam"nmtjam.4> Ca$%asjtjam &b Grjtjsl C`!jmnt9

Uln Crawm snmes bar tln rncadmj#ne onènr ab !aojtjcò ! rt+ wljcl l`s tln h`2arjt+ còone

!rjhn Hjmjstnr me s>s ljh ta barh tln C` jmnt.<> Bn`turn &b 'ln C`!jmnt S#stn$9Baooawjmd `rn tln bn`turns ab tln c` jmnt s+stnh.J. N5cousjam Gb Uln Kjmd Brah C` jmnt9

Uln :unnm ar Kjmd easn mat `ttnme tln c jmnt hnntjmd. Jt l`s ncahn Camstjtutjamòcam"nmtjam.JJ. CaDG!nr`tjam 'ntwnnm C` jmnt (me 6`roj`hnmt9

Ulnrn js cah!ontn caDa!nr`tjam `me l`rham+ ntwnnm tln c` jmnt `me tln !`roj hnmt.JJJ. <nènrslj! Gb Uln 6rjhn Hjmjstnr9

Uln !rjhn Hjmjstnr !o`+s eahjm`mt raon c` jmnt. Uln c` jmnt js barhne + tln !rjhn Hjmjstnr.4n js tln Kn+stamn ab tln c` jmnt `rcl.J@. Sncrnc+9

Uln hnntjmds ab tln c` jmnt rn sncrnt `me !rj"`tn. N"nr+ hnh nrs ab c` jmnt t`>ns tlna`tl ab Sncrnc+. Uln ejscussjam js mat ejscoasn jm tln !u ojc.@. ;a <ndò St`tus9

Uln 'rjtjsl c` jmnt l s ma ondò st`tuns. Ulnrn js ma hnmtjam ab c` jmnt jm tln wrjttnm !`rt abtln Camstjtutjam. Uln C` jmnt js còone tln cljoe ab tln cam"nmtjams.@J. Hjmjstnrjò ,ns!amsj jojt+9

Uln C` jmnt hnh nrs `rn rns!amsj on o ta tln lausn ab cahham jmej"jeuòo+ s wnoo scaoonctj"no+ `me tln+ `rn oj` on ta o`w bar tlnjr `cts.@JJ. 6aojtjcò 4ahadnmnjt+96aojtjc o 4ahadnmnjt+ hn`ms s tl`t òo tln hnh nrs ab tln C` jmnt slauoe l`"n sjhjo`r"jnws ab tlnjr !aojcjns tln hnh nrs ab c` jmnt l`"n s`hn "jnws ncùsn tln+ noamd ta amn

!aojtjcò !`rt+.@JJJ. Caoonctj"n ,ns!amsj jojt+9

Uln hnh nrs rn caoonctj"no+ rns!amsj on. Uln rnsuot js tl`t òo tln hnh nr s war> `s tn`h. Uln c` jmnt st`mes ar bòos tadntlnr s umjt.J . mjt+ Gb C` jmnt9^mjt+ ab c` jmnt js tln autst`mejmd bn`turns ab 'rjtjsl c` jmnt s+stnh. Uln c` jmnt ow`+s`cts `s ^mjt+. Uln+ `rn su!!asne ta b`cn tln 4ausn wjtl amn "ajcn.

> Bumctjams &b 'ln Grjtjsl C`!jmnt9

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Baooawjmd `rn tln jh!art`mt bumctjams ab tln 'rjtjsl !`roj`hnmt.J. 6aojc+ ?ntnrhjmjmd Bumctjams9

Uln C` jmnt js !aojc+ barhuo`tjmd ae+. Uln C` jmnt ejscuss `me encjen òo sart ab m`tjamò`me Jmtnrm`tjamò !ra onhs. Uln C` jmnt encjens tln hn`surns wljcl `rn tj rncnj"ne !rjarjt+.JJ. N5cnucjt"n Bumctjams9

Uln c` jmnt js tln rnò n5ncutj"n.%j) Uln C` jmnt barhuo`tns tln dnmnrò !aojc+ ab tln &a"nrmhnmt.%jj) Jt entnrhjmns tln barnjdm !aojc+ ab tln &a"nrmhnmt.%jjj) Uln C` jmnt entnrhjmns hn`surn bar w`r `me !n`cn.%j") (oo jh!art`mt !!ajmthnmts rn hèn + tln c` jmnt.JJJ. <ndjso`tj"n Bumctjams9

Uln C` jmnt tln camtraos tln <ndjso`tj"ns `ctj"jtjns.%j) Uln !`roj`hnmt js suhhamne am tln e"jcn ab tln c` jmnt + tln Kjmd.%jj) Uln s!nncl ab tln Kjmd jm !`roj`hnmt js !rn!`rne + tln c` jmnt.%jjj) Uln c` jmnt n5!o`jms òo joos wljcl `rn ta n !`ssne jm tln !`roj`hnmt.%j") Uln c` jmnt dujen ln onènr ab lausn jm tln !`roj`hnmt.J@. Bjm`mcjò Bumctjams9

Uln C` jmnt !o`+ jh!art`mt raon tln rnd`re. Jt !rn!`rns tln uednt bar tln caumtr+ `me jsrns!amsj on bar tln wlaon n5!nmejturn ab tln stac>. Uln cl`mcnooar ab n5cln*unr js tln8m`mcn hjmjstnr ab tln caumtr+ me jm tln hnh nr ab tln c` jmnt.@. Fuejcjò Bumctjams9%j) Uln 2uedns ab jh!art`mt Caurts rn !!ajmtne am tln e"jcn ab c` jmnt + tln >jmd.%jj) Uln ruons `me rnduo`tjam bar 2uejcj`r+ `rn !rn!`rne + tln c` jmnt.%jjj) Uln !awnr ab !`ream rn!rjn"n `me rns!jtn js n5nrcjsne + tln >jmd am tln è"jcn ab tlnC` jmnt.=D Camcousjam9

Ua camcouen J c m s`+ tl t tln war>jmd ab tln c` jmnt s+stnh jm Nmdo`me js !racnss ab soan`me n"aoutjam !rjhn Hjmjstnr js tln lnè c` jmnt wla barhs ljs c` jmnt umenr tln arenr ab>jmd `hamdst wla hnh nr ab tln !`roj`hnmt c` jmnt n5nrcjsns o`rdn !awnrs jm òhastn"nr+ s!lnrn ab &a"nrm`mcn.

P.0 9 l`t `rn +j nrnmt %awnrs `v`jo`!on ta (rj$n )jmjstnr ab Nm6o`m+0> jmtra+uctjam9Jm 'rjtjsl tlnrn js !`roj`hnmt`r+ brah ab da"nrmhnmt. Uln 6rjhn Hjmjstnr njmd tln lnè abtln St`tn accu!jns "nr+ jh!art`mt !asjtjam. 4n js rjdlto+ còone tln Kn+stamn ab tln C` jmnt`rcl. 4n js tln autst`mejmd !nrsamòjt+ jm Nmdo`me. (ccarejmd ta tln cam"nmtjams ab tlncaumtr+ 6rjhn Hjmjstnr hust noamds ta 4ausn ab Cahhams.7> %asjtjam &b (rj$n )jmjstnr Jm Grjt`jm.

Uln 6rjhn Hjmjstnr ab Nmdo`me accu!jns ` ^mj*un !asjtjam jm tln &a"nrmhnmt.J. <are Harno+ S`+s9

‟6rjhn Hjmjstnr js tln Kn+stamn ab tln c` jmnt `rcl.$JJ. H`rrjat S`+s9‟6rjhn Hjmjstnr js tln !aojtjcò ,uonr ab Nmdo`me.$JJJ. (ccarejmd Ua G&&9‟6rjhn Hjmjstnr js haam `hamd tln St`rts.$J@. (ccarejmd Ua 6rab. <`s>j9‟4n js tln 6j"at `raume wljcl tln nmtjrn da"nrmhnmt h`cljmnr+ rn"ao"ns.$@. 6rab. Humra S`+s9

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‟6rjhn Hjmjstnr js tln c`!t`jm ab tln St`tn.$5> Nvaoutjam &b & cn &b (rj$n )jmjstnr9

Uln GIcn ab 6rjhn Hjmjstnr js rnsuot ab hnrn ccjenmt. ,a nrt ò!aon w s tln Bjrst 6rjhnHjmjstnr ab .K. wla l`s cahhjssjamne ta !rnsjen a"nr tln hnntjmds ab tln C` jmnt ncùsn&nardn J eje mat >maw Nmdojsl <`mdu`dn. 'ut mat umtjo 0-=- eje tln tnrh ‟6rjhn Hjmjstnr$h`>ns jts `!!n`r`mcn jm `m+ !u ojc eacuhnmt. Jt w`s jm tln trn`t+ ab 'nrojm tl`t tln <are'n`cams8noe w`s rnbnrrne ta `s ‟Bjrst <are ab 4nr H`2nst+ s Urn`sur+. 6rjhn Hjmjstnr ab ^.K$tlnm tln (ct ab 0 0= `me (ct ab 0 = rncadmjsn tln aIcn ab 6rjhn Hjmjstnr.4> *%%ajmt$nmt &b (rj$n )jmjstnr9

Uln 6rjhn Hjmjstnr js `!!ajmtne + tln Kjmd. (btnr tln dnmnrò nonctjam jm tln caumtr+ tlnKjmd jm"jtns tln !nrsam wla l`s h`2arjt+ jm tln lausn ta brah tln da"nrmhnmt.<> Bumctjams *m+ (awnrs &b (rj$n )jmjstnr9Baooawjmd `rn tln !awnrs `me jh!art`mt bumctjams ab tln 6rjhn Hjmjstnr.J. <nènrslj! Gb Uln C` jmnt96rjhn Hjmjstnr js tln onènr ab ljs C` jmnt. 4n js eahjm`tjmd !nrsamòjt+ jm tln c` jmnt. 4n`!!ajmts tln hjmjstnr. Uln `dnme` ab C` jmnt js !rn!`rne umenr ljs duje`mcn.JJ. <nènrslj! Gb Uln 4ausn Gb Cahhams9

Uln 6rjhn Hjmjstnr js onènr ab 4ausn ab cahhams. 4n rn!rnsnmt c` jmnt jm tln lausn abcahhams. 4n js tln cljnb s!a>nsh`m ab tln da"nrmhnmt me oo jh!art`mt mmaumcnhnmt jmtln lausn rn hèn + ljh.JJJ. Saurcn Gb Cahhumjc`tjam 'ntwnnm Kjmd (me C` jmnt9

Uln 6rjhn Hjmjstnr js ` saurcn ab cahhumjc`tjam ntwnnm Kjmd `me c` jmnt. 4n !o +s ` "jtòraon ntwnnm Kjmd me C` jmnt.J@. Camtrao G"nr Barnjdm (7`jrs9

Uln 6rjhn Hjmjstnr camtraos a"nr barnjdm 7`jrs. 4n barhuo`tns barnjdm !aojcjns. 4n osa`ttnmes jmtnrm`tjamò cambnrnmcn.@. 6awnr Gb (!!ajmthnmt9Jh!art`mt `!!ajmthnmt `rn hèn + tln crawm am tln è"jcn ab tln 6rjhn Hjmjstnr ln c`m`!!ajmt9%j) (h `ssèars ab Caumtr+.%jj) ?j!oah`tjc rn!rnsnmt`tj"n.%jjj) &a"nrmarD&nmnrò ab eahjmjams.%j") &a"nrmar ab Caoamjns.%") Bjm`mcn Hjmjstnr%"j) Hnh nr ab C` jmnt.%"jj) Cj"jo `me Hjojt`r+ GIcnr.@J. ;`tjamò <nènr9

Uln 6rjhn Hjmjstnr js tln m`tjam o onènr ab tln caumtr+. 4n h`>ns òo !aojcjns bar ljs caumtr+.4n js tln onènr ab ljs !na!on.@JJ. Cl`jrh`m Gb @`rjaus 'aejns9

Uln 6rjhn Hjmjstnr js tln Cl`jrh`m ab " rjaus aejns. 4n js tln n5DaIcja cl jrh`m ab tlnjh!art`mt cahhjttnns.@JJJ. (c>mawonedne <nènr Gb 4js 6`rt+9

Uln !rjhn Hjmjstnr js tln `c>mawonedn onènr ab ljs !`rt+ wljcl js tln h`2arjt+ !`rt+ jm tln!`roj`hnmt.J . Cljnb (e"jsnr Gb Uln Crawm9

Uln 6rjhn Hjmjstnr js tln Cljnb (e"jsnr ab tln Crawm. 4n dj"ns è"jsns am jh!art`mt h ttnrs.. 6G N, Gb ?jssaoutjam9

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn 0




Uln hntlae ab ondjso`tjam h`+ n ejscussne umenr tln baooawjmd ln es.J. 6`ssjmd ab ;amDHamn+ !u ojc 'joosJJ. 6`ssjmd ab 6rj"`tn 'joo.4> (`ssjm6 &b Fam>)amn# (u!ojc Gjoos9

Uln "`rjaus st`dns tlraudl wljcl n"nr+ !u ojc joos l`s ta crass h`+ n n5!o jmne `s umenr.J. 'joo ?r`btjmd9

Uln 8rst stn! jm tln er btjmd ab tln joo jtsnob. Jt hust n o`je eawm jm n5`ct wares `me ncah!ontn jm n"nr+ rns!nct.%j) Jm C`sn ab &a"t. 'joos9Jt js !rn!`rne + ` !u ojc ernbtsh`m jm tln aIcn ab tln !`roj`hnmt caumsno ta tln trn`sur+`me jm hust dnt tln `!!ra"ò ab tln c` jmnt nbarn jt js !rnsnmtne nbarn tln !`roj`hnmt.%jj) Jm C`sn ab 6rj"`tn Hnh nr s 'joo9Jm sucl c`sn jt js er`btne + tln hnh nr ljhsnob ar wjtl tln lno! ab m+amn wlah ln h`+nh!oa+ bar tln !ur!asn.JJ. Jmtraeuctjam (me Bjrst ,nèjmd9%j) Jm C`sn ab &a"t. 'joos9

Ulnrn `rn twa hntlaes ab jmtraeucjmd jt njtlnr am ` hatjam ar am ` wrjttnm matjcn. Uln 8rst

hntlae l`s bòonm jmta ejsusn. Uln marhò hntlaes js ma wrjttnm matjcn s !rnscrj ne jmst`mejmd arenr ;a. . Uln ha"nr dj"ns matjcn ab jmtraeuctjam wljcl js !rjmtne jm tln arenrsab tln ?`+ am tln e`+ !!ajmtne tln s!n`>nr còos tln m`hns ab tln ha"nrs ta !rnsnmt ljs

joo tln conr> s t` on. Sahntjhns amo+ ‟?uhh+ 'joo$ js 6o`cne am tln t` on ab tln conr>. Uln Conr> ab tln 4ausn rnès aut tln tjton ab tln joo `me `s saam `s ln rnè tln tjton tlnjmtraeuctjam òamd wjtl jts 8rst rnèjmd js a"nr.%jj) Jm C`sn ab 6rj"`tn Hnh nr s 'joo96rj"`tn hnh nr c`m jmtraeucn joos + !uttjmd tlnjr c`res jm tln a5 `t tln conr> s t` on.

Uln conr> tlnm er`ws tln oats `me tln hnh nr wlasn m`hn js barts er`wm dnts a!!artumjt+ta jmtraeucn ljs joo am tln 8rst `"`jo` on Brje`+ ab tln Snssjam.%() Haen Gb Jmtraeuctjam9( !rj"`tn Hnh nr c`m jmtraeucn ljs joo njtlnr + wrjttnm matjcn ar + hatjam bar on`"ntln ‟Unm hjmutn ,uon$ 4`"jmd lè tln daae bartumn ta dnt ljs joo am tln matjcn !`!nr tlnhnh nr ha"ns tl`t jt n rnè ` 8rst tjhn `me sncurns jt ` sncame rnèjmd.JJJ. Sncame ,nèjmd9%j) Jm C`sn ab &a"t. 'joos9Gm e`+ 85ne jm e"`mcn + m arenr ab tln 4ausn tln ha"nr ab tln joo ha"ns jt tl`t jt nmaw rnè ` sncame tjhn. 4n n5!o`jms tln joo `me tlnm ` dnmnrò en `tn baooaw jm wljclhnh nrs ab atl sjens ab tln lausn !`rtjcj!`tns.%jj) Jm C`sn ab 6rj"`tn Hnh nr s 'joo9(s tlnrn js o`dnr muh nr ab !rj"`tn Hnh nr w`dnr ta jmtraeucn joos am Brje`+ ` òoat jst`>nm `me tln hnh nr wla wjms jt ln c`m ha"ns bar jts sncame rnèjmd am tl`t e`+. Ulnmtln s`hn !racneurn `s atlnr !u ojc joos slòo baooaw.

J@. Cahhjttnn St`dn94`"jmd !`ssne jts sncame rnèjmd tln joo nmtnrs tln Cahhjttnns St`tn. Jt dans ta amn ab tln8"n st`mejmd Cahhjttnns `s ejrnctne + tln S!n`>nr umonss tln 4ausn ejrnctne jt ta n snmtta cahhjttnn ab tln wlaon am draumes ab jts n5cn!tjamò jh!art`mcn ar ljdlo+ camtra"nrsjòm`turn.@. ,n!art St`dn9Jm ,n!art St`dn tln 4ausn ejscussne tln joo s rn!artne + tln cahhjttnn. Jt js "nr+onmdtl+ st`dn s n"nr+ coùsn js ejscussne me "atne. Jb tln &a"t. camsjenrs tln joo ab m

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn /0




urdnmt m`turn jt h`+ rnsart ta hatjam bar coasurn.@J. Uljre ,nèjmd9

lnm oo tln coùsns ab tln joo l`"n nnm "atne u!am jm tln rn!art st`dn tln joo nmtnrs tlntljre rnèjmd st`dn. (t tljs st`dn ma `hnmehnmts atlnr tl`m !urno+ "nr ò amns `rn jm arenr.

Uln jen` nljme tljre rnèjmd js tl`t tln 4ausn slauoe t`>n amn harn oaa> `t tln joo `s`hnmene nbarn jb 8mòo+ dj"ns jts `!!ra"ò.@JJ. 'joo Jm 4ausn Gb <ares9

lnm tln joo js !`ssne jm tln 4ausn ab cahhams tlnm tln joo js !rnsnmtne jm 4ausn ab<ares. Ulnrn tln joo cah!ontns tln !racnnejmd jm ` slart tjhn. Jb tlnrn js ` ejs!utn ntwnnm

atl tln 4ausn `m n5cl`mdn ab wrjttnm h`ss`dns t`>nm !o`cn ntwnnm tlnh `me jm c`sn jbma drnnhnmt js rn`clne tlnm + "jrtun ab !`roj`hnmt (ct 0 tln 4ausn ab Cahham c`m`d`jm !`ss tln s`hn joo jm tln mn5t Snssjam wjtl `m jmtnr"ò ab amn +n`r jm tln /me rnèjmdjm tln Bjrst Snssjam `me re rnèjmd jm tln /me Snssjam `me tlnm tln joo slòo n ennhne tal`"n nnm !`ssne + atl tln 4ausns.@JJJ. ,a+ò (ssnmt9

Uln o`st st dn jm tln ,a+ò (ssnmt js sjdmj8ne wjtl hucl `mcjnmt cnrnham+. ;a >jmd ar :unnmab Nmdo`me Sjmcn 0=1= l`s n"n rnbusne ta sjdm joo !ut nbarn ljh ar lnr bar ra+ò ssnmt.

<. (`ssjm6 &b (rjv`tn Gjoos9J. 6rnsnmt`tjam Gb 'joo9N"nr+ !rj"`tn joo js !rnsnmtne jm tln barh ab !ntjtjam + sahn !nrsam mat tln hnh nr ab tln!`roj`hnmt ut `ct tlraudl ` 8rh ab !`roj`hnmt`r+ `dnmts.oo. Barhòjtjns ,nd`rjemd 'joos9tln !rahatnrs ab tln joo hust !`+ s!ncjò bnns `me cah!o+ wjtl cnrt`jm camejtjams nbarntlnjr joos `rn camsjenrne + !`roj`hnmt.%j) Uln+ hust dj"n matjcn ta !nrsam wlasn jmtnrnsts h`+ n 7nctne + tln joo.%jj) Uln+ hust snme matjcn ta &a"nrmhnmt en!`rthnmts camcnrmne.%jjj) Uln+ hust !rnsnmt !ntjtjam tt`clne ta tln joo ta tln !`roj`hnmt me en!asjt jt t tln!rj"`tn 'joo GIcn + /=tl ;a"nh nr.JJJ. Bjrst ,nèjmd9

Uln !rj"`tn joo js rnè `t tln 8rst st`dn wljcl js barhò amn.J@. Sncame ,nèjmd9Jm tln sncame rnèjmd dnmnrò !rjmcj!ons ab joo `rn ejscussne.@. Cahhjttnn St`dn9

Uln Cahhjttnn St`dn js "nr+ jh!art`mt s joo wljcl `rn co`ssj8ne s uma!!asne rn snmt ta` Cahhjttnn còone tln Cahhjttnn ab ,nbnrnmcn me tln a!!asne joos rn snmt ta amn ab tln!rj"`tn 'joo Cahhjttnns.@J. ,n!art9(btnr tln ln`rjmd ab tln joos tln Cahhjttnn !rn!`rns ` rn!art b`"aur` on ar umb`"aur` on`me !rnsnmt jt jm tln 4ausn. Uln 4ausn `cts `ccarejmd ta tln rn!art.@JJ. Uljre ,nèjmd9

Uln tljre rnèjmd js ` barh o amn `me js slartnr jm m`turn.@JJJ. 'joo Jm 4ausn Gb <ares9(btnr tljre rnèjmd tln joo js snmt ta tln 4ausn ab <ares `me tln s`hn !racneurn `s !u ojc

joo baooawne.J . ,a+ò (ssnmt9(btnr tln !`ssjmd ab tln joo barh atl lausns jt js snmt bar tln ,a+ò (ssnmt me ncahn o`w `btnr dnttjmd jt.EDCamcousjam9

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn //




Ua camcouen J c m s`+ tl t tln o`w h`>jmd !racnss js ` "nr+ jh!art`mt amn `s jt abtnmentnrhjmns tln b`jtl ab tln m`tjam ^.K. 6`roj`hnmt `tt`jms tln "`st !awnrs jm tln 8noe abondjso`tjam tlnrn js ` s!ncjò !racneurn bar !`ssjmd ab o`w jm ^.K. `me jt abtnm en!nmes u!amtln m`turn ab tln joos !ra!asne.

P. 079 GrjnL# +jscuss tln :u+jcjò s#stn$ ab Nm6o`m+.0> Jmtra+uctjam9

Fustjcn jm 'rjtjsl js lamnst `me jh! rtjò `me js `"`jo` on ta òo !na!on wlntlnr tln+ `rn rjclar !aar. Uljs js eun ta tln jmen!nmenmcn ab 2uejcj`r+ me tln ruon ab o`w. Fuejcj`r+ js tln !rjenab 'rjtjsl lnrjt`dn me !o`+s !asjtj"n raon bar !ratnctjam ab rjdlts me oj nrt+ ab jmej"jeuò.7> Bn`turns &b Grjtjsl /u+jcjò S#stn$9Baooawjmd `rn tln sòjnmt bn`turns ab 'rjtjsl Fuejcjò S+stnh.J. ,uon Gb <`w9

Uln ,uon ab o`w js autst`mejmd bn`turn 'rjtjsl Fuejcjò S+stnh. Jt hn`ms tl t mamn ab tln!nrsams js u!!nr ar noaw tln o`w me oo !nrsams rn n*uò jm tln n+ns ab tln o`w am oosu 2ncts.JJ. ;nutròjt+9

Uln Caurts `rn mnjtlnr jm ^.K. `me mn"nr su!!art `m+ !`rt+ mnjtlnr !o jmtj7 mar enbnme`mt. Uln Caurts cah!ontn tln rn*ujrnhnmt ab 2ustjcn jm mnutrò h`mmnrs `me !nrbarh tlnjrbumctjams `me !awnrs `ccarejmd ta !ra"jsjams ab o`w.JJJ. Jmen!nmenmcn Gb Fuejcj`r+9

Uln Caurts ab ^.K. `rn brnn brah òo tln !rnssurns `me encjens tln c`sns am hnrjts. Uln (ct ab Snttonhnmt ab 0=10 !ra"jens tl`t tln 2uedns jm Nmdo`me wjoo laoe aIcn eurjmd daae nl`"jar.J@. Fur+ S+stnh9

Fur+ S+stnh js `matlnr umj*un bn`turn ab 'rjtjsl Fuejcj`r+. Jm òo Snrjaus crjhjmò c`sns tln`ccusne hust n trjne mat + 2uedn oamn ut osa + 2ur+ wljcl js drau! ab o`+hnmwla rn !!ajmtne ta ssjst tln 2uedns jm ehjmjstr`tjam ab 2ustjcn. Jm oo cj"jo c`sns jm"ao"jmd`m ccus`tjam d`jmst tln harò cl`r`ctnr ab njtlnr ab tln !`rtjns tl`t !`rt+ h`+ enh`me `"nrejct + ` 2ur+.@. S!nne+ Fustjcn9S!nne+ Fustjcn js `matlnr bn`turn ab ^.K. Fuejcjò S+stnh c`sns `rn ejs!asne ab *ujc>o+. Uljs jseun ta twa rn`sams.%j) Fuedns !assnss drn`tnr ejscrntjam jm enòjmd wjtl ondò tnclmjcòjtjns `me%jj) Uln 2uejcjò ruons ab !racneurn `rn hèn + ` s!ncjò ruon cahhjttnn camsjstjmd ab tln<are cl`mcnooar `me tnm atlnr !nrsams wla `rn nhjmnmto+ b`hjoj`r wjtl o`w.@J. N*uòjt+9

Uln Caurts jm .K. rn!rnsnmts tln !rjmcj!ons ab n*uòjt+. ^.K <ndò S+stnh js `ccus`tarjò `memat jm*ujsjtarjò. Jt js tln eut+ ab tln !rasncutjam ta !ra"n jts c`sn n+ame rn`sam` on eau ts`me am jts awm hnrjts.@JJ. G!nm Urjò9

G!nm trjò jm òsa ` cl`r`ctnrjstjc ab ^.K. Fuejcjò S+stnh. Uln trjò hust t`>n !o`cn jm a!nmcaurts jm tln buoo ojhn ojdlt ab !rnss !u ojcjt+.@JJJ. CaDGrejm`tjam Jm Fuejcjò S+stnh9Jm .K. tln Caurts rn ejstrj utne jmta twa >jmes "j#. crjhjmò me Cj"jo Caurts me tlnrn js Caarejm`tjam jm tln 2uejcjò s+stnh. Ulnrn `rn ma sn!`r`tn èhjmjstr`tj"n Caurts jm Nmdo`me.J . &u`rej`m Gb Cj"jo <j nrtjns9

Uln Fuedns l "n !o`+ne `m jh!art`mt ! rt jm s`bndu`rejmd tln oj nrtjns ab Nmdojslhnm `s tlnbume`hnmtò rjdlts l`"n mat nnm jmcar!ar`tne jm tln Camstjtutjam.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn /




. ;a ^mjbarh Fuejcjò Grd`mj#`tjam9 Ulnrn s ma umjbarh 2uejcjò ard`mj#`tjam tlraudlaut tln umjtne >jmdeah. Ulnrn js amn snt abCaurts jm Nmdo`me me wljons me matlnr snt ab Caurts jm Scato`me. Uln snt ab Caurts jm;artlnrm Jrno`me js òsa ej7nrnmt.

J. ?uò S+stnh Gb '`r9 Ulnrn n5jsts ` eu o s+stnh ab ' r jm tln ^.K. Uln o`w+nrs `rn ej"jene jmta twa !`rts. Ulnsaojcjtar `me tln `rrjstnrs wljon tln saojcjtar enò wjtl tln cojnmts `me !rn!`rn c`sns jt jstln `rrjstnr wla `rdun tlnh jm tln Caurts.

JJ. ;a Fuejcjò ,n"jnw9Gm `ccaumt ab tln sa"nrnjdmt+ ab 6`roj`hnmt tln jmstjtutjam ab 2uejcjò rn"jnw easn mat n5jstjm Nmdo`me. ;a Caurt ab o`w c`m enco`rn uotr` ` o`w !`ssne + tln 'rjtjsl 6`roj`hnmt am`ccaumt ab jts umcamstjtutjamòjt+.5> &r6`mj `tjam &b 'ln /u+jcj`r#9

Uln 6rnsnmt 2uejcjò s+stnh ab ^.K. js sne am tln (cts !`ssne eurjmd tln !nrjae ab 0-=`me 0-= me jt osa rnsuot ab "`rjaus rnbarhs amn ab wljcl w`s ea!tne jm 0 E . UlnCaurt `rn ej"jene jmta twa t+!ns.%j) Cj"jo Caurts

%jj) Crjhjmò Caurts%J) Cj"jo Caurts9

Uln C`"jo Caurts enò wjtl !rj"`tn o w ar ejs!utns ntwnnm amn !rj"`tn cjtj#nm `me matlnr. Uln ard`mj#`tjam ab Cj"jo Caurts js ejstrj utne s baooaws.%j) Caumt+ Caurts9

Uln oawnst Caurt ab tln Cj"jo Caurts js caumt+ Caurt. Uln+ wnrn nst` ojslne jm 0- - bar tln!ur!asn ab h`>jmd 2ustjcn harn n`sjo+ `"`jo` on jm oacò `rn`s. Ulnrn `rn = Caumt+ Caurts.^menr tln Caurts (ct 0 =0 n`cl Caumt+ Caurts l`s amn ar harn cjrcujt 2uedns `ssjdmne jt js

+ <are cl`mcnooar.%jj) 4jdl Caurt ab Fustjcn9Jt js sjtu`tne jm <ameam. Uljs Caurt l`s 2urjsejctjam am c`sns mat umenr tln 2urjsejctjam abCaumt+ Caurts. Jt js osa m !!noo`tn Caurts d`jmst tln ?ncjsjams ab Caumt+ Caurts. Jt jsejstrj utne jmta tlrnn ej"jsjam.%`) :unnm s 'nmcl ?j"jsjam9

Uljs nmcl ljs 2urjsejctjam ` aut tln c sns ab dnmnr o cj"jo m`turn jmcahn t`5 jmsur`mcntrèn `me t`5`tjam òsa.% ) Cl`mcnr+ ?j"jsjam9Jt l`s 2urjsejctjam am "`rjaus >jmes ab c`sns sucl `s hjmar !nrsam ehjmjstr`tjam ab !ra!nrt+ab encn`sne !nrsams !ra onh ab `m>ru!t !nrsams me hartd`dn ab !ra!nrt+ ntc.%c) 6ra `tn ?j"arcn `me (ehjròt+ ?j"jsjam9Jt l`s 2urjsejctjam am "`rjaus c`sns jmcouejmd tln !ra `tn ej"arcn `me "`rjaus c`sns rnd`rejmdslj!!jmd 7`jrs.%jjj) Caurt ab (!!nò9

Uljs Caurt l s 2urjsejctjam ab `!!nò d`jmst tln encjsjam ab tln 4jdl Caurt ab 2ustjcn. Sahn`!!nòs rn 8one ejrncto+ d`jmst tln encjsjams ab tln Caumt+ Caurts. Uln !rnsjejmd 2uedn jscòone H`stnr ab tln ,aon. Jt Camsjsts ab 0 <ares 2ustjcn ab `!!nò `me ab <ares cl`mcnooar`me oo tlrnn !rnsjenmts ab 'nmcl ej"jsjam ab tln 4jdl Caurt ab Fustjcn.%j") 4ausn Gb <ares94ausn ab <ares js ljdlnst Caurt ab !!nò jm Cj"jo h`ttnrs. Jts camsjsts ab tnm <ares ab !!nòjm arejm`r+.%JJ) Crjhjmò Caurts9

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn /




( Crjhjmò Caurt enòs wjtl rn`clns ab !u ojc o`w. Uln ard`mj#`tjam ab Crjhjmò ab tnm <aresab `!!nò jm arejm`r+.%j) Fustjcn ab 6n`cn `me Stj!nmej`r+ H`djstr`tns9

Uln 4amar`r+ Fuedns `rn `!!ajmtne am tln "`rjaus oacòjtjns ta encjen tln crjhjmò c sns ab!jt+ m`turn. Ulnsn 2uedns `rn còone Fustjcn ab !`cn. Uln rns!nct` on `me ma on !nrsams abtln oacòjt+ rn !!ajmtne + <ares cl`mcnooar am tln sn`t ab Fustjcn ab 6n`cn. Jm jd cjtjns taencjen tln c`sns ab !jt+ m`turn jmstnè ab 2ustjcn ab !n`cn stj!nmej`r+ h`djstr`tns rn`!!ajmtne.%jj) Uln :u`rtnr Snssjam Caurts9

Uljs Caurt l s 2urjsejctjam am jh!art`mt c`sns `me lnjmaus a7nmcn ut easn mat tr+ c`snsjm"ao"jmd en`tl snmtnmcn ar ljdlo+ cah!ojc`tne. Jt js òsa m (!!noo`tn Caurt d`jmst tlnencjsjams ab Fustjcn ab !n`cn me stj!nmej`r+ h`djstr`tn. Ulnsn Caurts rn cameuctne baurtjhns jm ` +n`r.%jjj) Uln Caurt ab (ssj#ns9

Ulnsn `rn tln <acò Caurts ta tr+ tln Crjhjm o C`sns `me js r`mcl ab 4jdl Caurt. Uljs Caurtjs cameuctne jm n`cl caumtr+ twjcn +n`r jt l`s 2urjsejctjam am tln "`rjaus lnjmaus a7nmcnssucl s jh!rjsamhnmt ar en`tl.

%j") Uln Crjhjmò Caurt ab (!!nò9 Uln Crjhjm o Caurt ab (!!n o l`s 2urjsejctjam `d jmst tln encjsjams ab Snssjams Caurt `me tlnCaurt ab (ssj#ns rnd`rejmd `!!nòs. Jt marhòo+ camsjsts ab tlrnn 2uedns wla `rn usuòo+<ares 2ustjcns ab !!nò ar 2uedns ab tln 4jdl Caurt.%") 4ausn ab <ares94ausn ab <ares js tln ljdlnst Caurt ab `!!nò jm Crjhjmò C`sns (!!nò dj"ns !nrhjssjam ta8on tln `!!nò jm 4ausn ab <ares ar wlnrn tlnrn js `m+ ondò !ra onhs jm oawnr Caurt sencjsjam ar jt rn*ujrne st`tutar+ jmtnr!rnt`tjam.

D Camcousjam. Ua camcouen J c m s`+ tl t tln 2uejcj r+ !o`+s "jtò raon jm ^.K. bar !ra"jejmd 2ustjcn ta tln!na!on. Uln jh!art`mcn ab 2uejcj`r+ h`+ n enscrj ne jm ` w`+ tl`t (ct ab 6`roj`hnmt `rn matsnobDa!nr`tj"n tln+ l`"n ta n `!!ojne + hnm me `!!ojc`tjam jm"ao"ns jmtnr!rnt`tjam + Caurt. Bar cnmturjns !`st tln 2uejcjò ard`mj#`tjam jm 'rjt`jm w`s ` nwjoenrjmd caoonctjam abCaurts ut maw tln Caurts `rn `rr`mdne jmta ` ljnr`rcljcò arenr ab oawnr `me ljdlnrcrjhjmò me Cj"jo Caurts.

P .059 rjtn `m nss`# am -uon ab `w: .wl`t ea +au umenrst`me + tln ruon ab tln o`w `me wlntlnr tlnrn `rn sahn n5cn!tjams tajt umenr 'rjtjsl S+stnh0> Jmtra+uctjam9

Uln ruon ab o w js tln !raeuct ab cnmturjns ab struddon ab tln 'rjtjsl !na!on bar tln rncadmjtjamab tlnjr bume`hnmtò rjdlt. Jm .K. o`w js su!rnhn me n"nr+ ct ab &a"nrmhnmt hust nùtlarj#ne + o`w njtlnr + St`tutn <`w !`ssne + !`roj`hnmt ar + Cahham <`w wljcl

l`s nnm rncadmj#ne bar h`m+ lumernes ab +n`rs.7> )n`mjm6 &b -uon &b `w

Uln !rjmcj!on ab ruon ab o`w h`+ n en8mne `s umenr.‟,uon ab o`w jh!ojns tl`t mamn ab tln !nrsams js ` a"n ab noaw tln o`w. (oo tln !nrsams `rnn*uò jm tln n+ns ab tln o`w. Jb m+ !nrsam "jao`tns tln o`w ln slauoe b`cn tln trjò ab tlnc`sn jm Caurt.$5> Ejcn#I S N %asjtjam &b 'ln -uon &b `w9

Uln Nmdojsl 2urjst ?jcn+ s l`s dj"ns ` n5!asjtjam ab tln camcn!tjam tln ruon ab o`w jm ljs aa>

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn /




‟<`w ab tln Camstjtutjam $ 8rst !u ojslne jm 0-- . 4n d`"n baooawjmd hn`mjmds ta tljscamcn!t.J. ;a (r jtr`r+ 6umjslhnmts9;a h`m js !umjsl` on ar c`m o`wbuoo+ hèn ta su7nr jm ae+ ar daaes n5cn!t bar ejstjmct

rn`cl ab o`w nst` ojslne + tln arejm`r+ Caurt ab o`me. Sa òo !nrsams `ccusne ab `m a7nmcnslauoe n trjne jm s arejm`r+ Caurt ab o`w jm tln arejm`r+ ondò h`mmnr me ma amn jt ta +en!rj"ne ab ljs ojbn oj nrt+ `me !ra!nrt+.JJ. 'nbarn <`w N*uòjt+ 9Sncameo+ . ruon ab o`w jh!ojns tl`t jm .K. n"nr+ cjtj#nm rjcl ar !aar ljdl ar oaw js su 2nct tatln s`hn o`w `me tln s`hn Caurts ab <`w. ^. K. o`w easn mat h`>n `m+ ejstjmctjam ntwnnm&a"nrmhnmt `me tlasn ab arejm`r+ cjtj#nms. Jb `m+ !u ojc aIcjò easn `m+ wramd ta `mjmej"jeuò ar n5cnnes tln !awnr "nstne jm ljh + o`w ln c`m n sune `m arejm`r+ Caurt `metrjne jm tln arejm`r+ h`mmnr.JJJ. Fuejcjò ?ncjsjams9Bjmòo+ ruon ab o`w hn`ms tl`t tln dnmnrò !rjmcj!ons ab tln Camstjtutjam `rn tln rnsuot ab

2uejcjò encjsjams entnrhjmjmd tln rjdlts ab !rj"`tn !nrsams jm !`rtjcuo r c`sn raudlt nbarntln caurts.

4> (`ro`$nmt`r# Savnrnj6mt# *m+ 'ln -uon &b `w9,uon ab <`w b`"aurs !`roj`hnmt`r+ Sa"nrnjdmt+ umenr tln arejm`r+ o`w ab tln o`meejscrntjam`r+ ùtlarjt+ jm enmjne ta tln n5ncutj"n. Uln Caurts `rn enmjne + &a"nrmhnmt ab`m+ sart ab ejscrntjam`r+ !awnrs. 'ut tlnrn `rn tjhns wlnm !`roj`hnmt js còone u!am tan5nrcjsn jts Sa"nrnjdm !awnr + dr`mtjmd tln n5ncutj"n ejscrntjam`r+ ùtlarjt+ + hn`ms ab`m nhnrdnmc+ ab tnh!ar`r+ ondjso`tjam ar wlnm bar tln s`>n ab ondòjt+ jtsnob tln ruons ab o`whust n ra>nm. Uljs `ct ab rn`>jmd o`ws bar ondòj#jmd joondòjtjns js tln su!rnhn n5nrcjsn ab tln !`roj`hnmt`r+ Sa"nrnjdmt+.<> Jmst`mcns &b -uon &b `w9Baooawjmd `rn jh!art`mt jmst`mcns ab ruon ab o`w.J. Uln ,jdlt Ua 6nrsamò Brnneah96na!on l`"n !nrsamò Brnneah jm Nmdo`me. ;a !nrsam c`m n `rrnstne wjtlaut o`wbuorn`sams.JJ. Uln ,jdlt Ua Brnneah ab ?ncjsjam96na!on ab Nmdo`me l`"n rjdlt ta brnneah ab encjsjam. Hnej` js jmen!nmenmt. N"nr+amn c`mcrjtjcj#n tln !aojcjns ab &a"nrmhnmt.JJJ. Uln ,jdlt Ua 6u ojc Hnntjmd96na!on l`"n rjdlt ta !u ojc hnntjmd `me barh tln !aojtjcò !`rtjns.J@. Hjmjstnrjò ,ns!amsj jojt+9Hjmjstnrjò ,ns!amsj jojt+ js jh!art`mt jmst`mcn ab tln tlnar+ ab ruon ab o`w. Jb amn Hjmjstnr eawramd atlnr ncahn rns!amsj on bar ljs ctjams.

> N cn%tjams9Baooawjmd `rn tln n5cn!tjams ta ,uon ab <`w.

J. Crawm Js ;at ,ns!amsj on Bar Uln ramds ?amn '+ Jts GIcnr9Crawm js mat rns!amsj on bar tln wramds eamn + jts aIcnrs. ( &a"nrmhnmt GIcjò js!nrsamòo+ rns!amsj on bar ljs hjst`>ns hèn jm ljs aIcjò c`!`cjt+.JJ. 6u ojc GIcnrs (rn ;at <j` on Bar Uln ramds Gb Ulnjr Su arejm`tns96u ojc GIcnrs `rn mat oj` on bar tln wramds ab tlnjr su arejm`tns ncùsn `rn cnrt`jm `ctswljcl l`"n cambnrrne sahn !rj"jondns `me jhhumjtjns ta !u ojc ùtlarjtjns.JJJ. Fuedns Gb Uln Caurts9

Fuedns c`mmat n lnoe rns!amsj on bar m+tljmd easn + tlnh jm tln GIcjò caursn ab tlnjr

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn /E




usjmnss.J@. Barnjdm ,uonrs9Barnjdm ruonrs c`mmat n trjne `m+ Caurt jm Nmdo`me bar `m+ wramd cahhjttne + tlnh.@. ?j!oah`tjc ,n!rnsnmt`tj"ns9?j!oah`tjc ,n!rnsnmt`tj"ns c`mmat n trjne + `m+ Caurt jm Nmdo`me.@J. Snr"`mts Gb Crawm 4`s ;a 6ratnctjam Jb ?jshjssne9Jb crawm ejshjssns ljs snr"`mts. Uln+ l`"n ma !ratnctjam `d`jmst tln crawm n"nm tlaudlttln+ `rn ejshjssne wjtlaut ` 2ust Cùsn.@JJ. Crawm S !awnr Ua ,nbusn Gr &r`mt 6`ss!art9Crawm l`s !awnr ta rnbusn ar dr`mt !`ss!art ta tr`"no jm `m+ caumtr+. Uln arenr ab tln crawmc`mmat n clòonmdne jm m+ Caurt.@JJJ. C`mcnoo`tjam Gb Cjtj#nmslj!9Jb tln cjtj#nmslj! ab sahnamn js c`mcnoone jt c`mmat n clòonmdne jm m+ Caurt.J . 6awnr Gb 4ahn Hjmjstnr Ua ;`turòj#n (ojnms9

Uln `ctjam ab lahn Hjmjstnr rnd`rejmd m`tur oj#`tjam ab ojnms c`mmat n clòonmdne jm `Caurt ab <`w.

. Ujhn Gb 6racnnejmds (d`jmst 6u ojc Snr"`mt9

Jt js nssnmtjò ta t`>n ctjam d`jmst !u ojc snr"`mt wjtljm sj5 hamtls brah tln e`tn ab tlncùsn ab `ctjam rnd`rejmd `m+ n5cnss mndonct ar enbùot ab !u ojc ùtlarjt+. Uln rjdlt ab`ctjam o`!s btnr sj5 hamtls.

J. Fustjcn Gb !n`cn9 Fustjcn ab !n cn `rn mat oj` on bar `m+ `ct jb tln `ct js mat wramdbuo ar hòjcjaus.

JJ. Urèn ^mjams9 Urèn ^mjams jm Nmdo`me nm2a+ ojt ab jhhumjt+ brah o`w.=D Camcousjam9

Ua camcouen J c`m s`+ tl`t tln ruon ab o`w nst` ojslns tln eahjm`mcn ab o`w ut jt l s mah*ujnt haej8ne. Ulnrn rn sn"nrò ojhjt`tjams wljcl jmejc`tn tl`t tln ruon ab o`w js mat buoo+èlnrne ta jm Nmdo`me tae`+.

P.049 1aw tln rj6lt ab Nm6ojsl$`m `rn nmbarcn+. Ejscuss 0> Jmtra+uctjam9‟^.K. Camstjtutjam js Cah jm`tjam ab Cam"nmtjams jm wljcl tln &a"nrmhnmt h`cljmnr+!nrbarh jts bumctjams bar h`m+ +n`rs me !ratnct tln bume`hnmtò rjdlts ab jmej"jeuò$.%6rab. Humra)

Uln rjdlt ab jmej"jeuò `rn jmtnrojm> wjtl tln st tn wljcl eans mat crn`tn tlnh ut rncadmj#nstlnh. Uln .K. Camstjtutjam js umwrjttnm amn me bume`hnmtò rjdlts rn mat wnooDn5!o`jmnejm jt.7> )n`mjm6 ab -j6ltJ. (ccarejmd Ua 6rab. Sòhame9‟,jdlt js cah jm`tjam ab tlasn jmtnrnst wljcl rn mat amo+ rncadmj#ne + tln st`tn ut

!nrbarh tln rns!amsj jojt+ ab !ratnctjam òsa$.JJ. (ccarejmd Ua 6rab. <`s>j9‟,jdlts `rn tln rn*ujrnhnmts ab ojbn wjtlaut js jmej"jeuò mn"nr `ccah!ojsl tln 6nrsamòjt+9.5> Bum+`$nmtò -j6lts Jm .K.

Uln ^.K. Camstjtutjam js umwrjttnm `me tln !ra"jsjams ab bume`hnmt o ,jdlts `rn mat!ratnctne + w`+ ab Camstjtutjam. Uln drawtl me en"noa!hnmt ab bume`hnmtò ,jdlts jm^.K. js tln rnsuot ab tln baooawjmd cl`rtnrs.J. H`dm` C`rt` JJ. 'joo ab ,jdlts

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn /=




JJJ.6ntjtam ab ,jdlts [email protected]` n`s Car!us4> jst &b Bum+ $nmtò -j6lts9J. ,jdlts Ua 6nrsamò Brnneah9

Uln !na!on l "n rjdlt ta !nrsamò brnneah ncùsn tln &a"nrmhnmt eans mat rrnst tln!nrsams ar jmej"jeuòs umtjo tln+ "jao`tn tln o`w. ;a !nrsam js en!rj"ne ab ljs oj nrt+.JJ. ,jdlt Ua Brnneah Gb Camscjnmcn9

Uln !na!on l "n tln rjdlt ta brnneah ab camscjnmcn sa tl`t n"nr+ jmej"jeu o èa!t `m+rnojdjam `ccarejmd ta ljs b`jtl wjtlaut `m+ jmtnrbnrnmcn.JJJ. ,jdlt Ua war>9N"nr+ !nrsam l`s rjdlt ta war> ccarejmd ta ljs awm wjoo me js dj"nm a!!artumjt+ rnd`rejmdwar> `ccarejmd ta ljs ` jojt+ `me !nrbarh`mcn.J@. ,jdlt Ua 6ra!nrt+9N"nr+ cjtj#nm l`s rjdlt ta caoonct !ra!nrt+ `me tlnrn js cah!ontn oj nrt+ bar sòn `me !urcl`snab tln !ra!nrt+ umenr tln ojhjt`tjam ab tln o`w.@. ,jdlt Ua Neuc`tjam9N"nr+ !nrsam l`s rjdlt ta `"`jo neuc`tjam `me tln &a"nrmhnmt t`>ns hn`surnhnmt bar`rr`mdnhnmt rnd`rejmd neuc`tjam b`cjojtjns.

@J. ,jdlt Ua 6`je (en*u`tn `dns9N"nr+ !nrsam lè rjdlt tl`t wlnm ln dj"ns snr"jcn ta m+ jmstjtutjam ar en!`rthnmt ln jsdj"nm èn*u`tn w`dns `ccarejmd ta ljs war>.@JJ. ,jdlt Ua <j"n9N"nr+ !nrsam l`s rjdlt ta oj"n `me tln &a"nrmhnmt t`>ns hn`surnhnmt bar !ratnctjam ab tlnjmej"jeuòs me rnha"ns oo tln ljmer`mcn bar sur"j"ò ab tln ojbn.@JJJ. ,jdlt Ua <njsurn9

Uln rjdlt èn*u`tn onjsurn l`s jh!art`mcn jm .K. bar wnob`rn ab tln jmej"jeu os `s wnoo `soj nrt+. Uln war>nrs `rn òsa dj"nm rnbrnslhnmt `me rncrn`tjam eurjmd war>jmd !nrjae.J . ,jdlt Ua ,n!ut`tjam9

Uljs js bume hnmtò ,jdlt ab n"nr+ !nrsam tl`t ln t`>n tln lno! ab 2uejcjò !racnnejmds`d`jmst tlasn !nrsams wla enb`hn ljh ar ejstur ljs rn!ut`tjam.

. 6aojtjcò ,jdlt9N"nr+ Cjtj#nm l`s !aojtjcò rjdlt jm .K Sucl s tln rjdlt ta "atn me ta !`rtjcj!`tn jm nonctjam!racnss.

J. ,jdlt Ua Brnneah Gb S!nncl9N"nr+ !nrsam l`s tln rjdlt ta brnneah ab s!nncl sa tl`t ln h`+ n5!rnss ljs "jnws jm òj nrò h`mmnr.

JJ. ,jdlt Ua N*uò St`tus9(oo tln !nrsams `rn n*uò jm tln n+ns ab tln o`w. (oo tln cjtj#nms l`"n dj"nm n*uò st`tus `meo`w js nmbarcne wjtlaut `m+ ejscrjhjm`tjam.

JJJ. ,jdlt Ua Brnneah Gb 6u ojc Hnntjmds9N"nr+amn l`s ` rjdlt ta barh !aojtjcò !`rtjns `me òo !aojtjcò !`rtjns `me `ssacj`tns l`"n

rjdlt bar !u ojc hnntjmds. 6D Camcousjam9

Ua camcousjam J c`m s`+ tl`t tln bume`hnmtò ,jdlts jm ^.K. l "n nnm !ratnctne + hn`msab ,uon ab o`w me tln raon !o`+ne + 2uejcj`r+ s tln m`turn ab .K. Camstjtutjam jsumwrjttnm. (ccarejmd ta 6rab. K`hjmd.‟Uln camstjtutjam !ratncts tln rjdlt ab tln jmej"jeuò me wlnm tln rjdlts ab tln jmej"jeuòs`7nct tlnm tln caurts !ra"jen tln rnojnb ta `ddrjn"ne !nrsam$.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn /-




^S camstjtutjam

Bn`turns ab ^S camstjtutjam

0> JF'-&E^C'J&F9

( Camstjtutjam camsjsts ab tlasn bume`hnmtò ruons wljcl entnrhjmn me ejstrj utnbumctjams `me !awnrs `hamd tln "`rjaus ard`ms ab tln &a"nrmhnmt `s wnoo `sentnrhjmn tln rno`tjams ab tln da"nrmjmd ùtlarjtjns wjtl tln !na!on. UlnCamstjtutjam ab tln .S. snts bartl tln m`tjamAs bume`hnmtò o`ws me js tln Su!rnhn<`w ab tln o`me.

7> S* JNF' BN*'^-NS &B ^.S. C&FS'J'^'J&F9 Baooawjmd `rn tln Sòjnmtbn`turns ab ^.S. Camstjtutjam.

8J= -J''NF 9 (hnrjc`m Camstjtutjam js jm wrjttnm barh. Jt js "nr+ rjnb Camstjtutjamarjdjmòo+ camsjstne ab !rn`h on `me sn"nm (rtjcon ut maw /E `hnmehnmts l`"n

nnm hèn jm jt.

8JJ=NF*C'NE 9 .S. Camstjtutjam js me nm`ctne camstjtutjam dj"nm + tln cam"nmtjamjm 6ljoèn!lj` `me aIcjòo+ èa!tne am H`rcl 0=- .

8JJJ=S&"N-JDF' &B '1N (N&( N 9 tln !rn`h on ab tln ^.S. Camstjtutjam o`jenh!l`sjs am tln sa"nrnjdmt+ ab tln !na!on. Jt st`rts wjtl tln wares. V n tln !na!onab tln mjtne St`tnsV. ljcl con`ro+ jmejc`tne tln sa"nrjdmt+ ab tln !na!on.

8J"=S^(-N)*C &B C&FS'J'^'J&F* * 9 Uln Camstjtutjam ab ^.S. js tln `sjco`w ab tln caumtr+ ta *uatn Camstjtutjam jtsnob.

VUljs Camstjtutjam `me tln o`ws ab tln ^mjtne St`tns wljcl slòo n hèn jm!ursu`mcn tlnrn ab ............ slòo n tln Su!rnhn <`w ab tln o`me.

8"=C&F"NF'J&FS 9 Cam"nmtjams !o`+ne m jh!art`mt raon jm tln en"noa!hnmt abtln Camstjtutjam `me tln+ `rn òsa tln `sjc bn`turn ab tln ^.S. Camstjtutjam n.d. tlndrawtl ab tln c` jmnt ab tln (hnrjc`m 6rnsjenmt js tln rnsuot ab cam"nmtjam.

8"J=-JDJE 9 (hnrjc`m Camstjtutjam js ` rjdje Camstjtutjam ncùsn rn*ujrns ` s!ncjò!racneurn ta `hnme jt. N"nr+ `hnmehnmt wljcl c`m n ha"ne jm twa ej7nrnmtw`+s hust n r`tj8ne + tln tlrnnDbaurtls ab tln st`tn wjoo n me nonctne amn.

8"JJ=-N(^G JC*F 9 Uln ^.S. Camstjtutjam du`r`mtnns ta n"nr+ st`tn ` rn!u ojc`mbarh ab &a"nrmhnmt tln lnè ab n"nr+ st`tn wjoo n m nonctne amn.

8"JJJ=BNEN-* JS) 9 Uln Camstjtutjam ab .S. nst` ojslns bnenrò barh ab&a"nrmhnmt. ( Camstjtutjamò ej"jsjam ab !awnrs l`s nnm hèn ntwnnm tln cnmtrn`me tln bnenr`tjam umjts. Uln Camstjtutjam nmuhnr`tns tln !awnrs ab tln cnmtrn meon`"ns tln rnsjeun ab !awnrs ta n n5nrcjsne + tln bnenr`tjmd st`tns.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn /




8J,=(-NSJENF'J* 9 Uln ^.S. Camstjtutjam !ra"jens bar tln !rnsjenmtjò barh ab&a"nrmhnmt. Uln Camstjtutjam "nsts n5ncutj"n !awnrs ta tln !rnsjenmt. 4n js matrns!amsj on bar ljs `cts `me !aojcjns ta tln ondjso`turn. 4n js nonctne + tln !na!onbar tln tnrh ab baur +n`rs.

8,=GJC*)N-* JS) 9 (rtjcon J Snctjam 0 ab tln .S. Camstjtutjam hèn jc`hnròondjso`turn. Jm 4ausn ab rn!rnsnmt`tj"ns rn!rnsnmt`tjam js am tln `sjs ab !a!uo`tjam`me Snm`tn n`cl st`tn l`s n*uò rn!rnsnmt`tjam twa Snm`tars brah n`cl st`tn.

8,J=SNC^ *- 9 (hnrjc` js ` sncuo`r st`tn. Jt js st`tne tl`t camdrnss slòo h`>n mao`w rns!nctjam tln nst` ojslhnmt ab rnojdjam ab !ralj jtjmd tln brnn n5nrcjsn abrnojdjam.

8,JJ=G* *FCNE D&"N-F)NF' 9 Uln Camstjtutjam &u`r`mtnns tln ò`mcne&a"nrmhnmt jm tln st`tn. Uln lausn ab rn!rnsnmt`tj"n wauoe rn3nct tln `ttjtuens abtln !a!uo`r ar enhacr`tjc nonhnmts me tln snm`tn wauoe rn3nct tln "jnws ab tln

`rjstacr`tjc nonhnmts. Uln twa cl`h nrs wauoe snr"n `s ` clnc> am n`cl atlnr.8,JJJ=SN(*-*'J&F &B (& N-S 9 Uln Camstjtutjam js `sne am tln eactrjmn absn!`r`tjam ab !awnrs. (oo tln tlrnn r`mclns ab tln &a"nrmhnmt "j# ondjso`tj"nn5ncutj"n `me 2uejcj`r+ l`"n nnm >n!t sn!`r`tn brah n`cl atlnr. Uln !nrsammno abn`cl r`mcl `rn clasnm + ej7nrnmt !racneurn tln bumctjams `rn òsa ej7nrnmt `metlnrn js ma jmtnrbnrnmcn jm n`cl en!`rthnmt.

8,J"=C1NCKS *FE G* *FCNS 9 Jm (hnrjc` tlnrn js s+stnh ab clnc>s meò`mcns n`cl r`mcl l`s wn`!am wjtl wljcl ta clnc> tln atlnrs. Uln 6rnsjenmt

l`s ` *uòj8ne "nta a"nr o`ws nm`ctne + camdrnss. Uln camdrnss c`m clnc> tln

6rnsjenmt + jh!n`cljmd ljh. Uln !rnsjenmt me tln snm`tn nonct tln 2uedns abSu!rnhn Caurt `me Fuedns l`s tln !awnr ta jmtnr!rnt tln o`ws.

8,"=/ÊJCJ* -N"JN 9 Uln stue+ ab (hnrjc`m Camstjtutjam js jm o`rdn hn`surn `stue+ ab 2uejcjò encjsjams me a!jmjams. Uln camstjtutjam eans mat s!ncj8còo+ dr`mttln Caurts tln !awnr ta jmtnr!rnt tln Camstjtutjam ut jt burmjslns suIcjnmt "nr ò

`sjs bar tln !awnr. Uln 8rst `ssnrtjam ab tln !awnr `d`jmst `m `ct ab camdrnss w`shèn jm 0-1 jm Cljnb Fustjcn H`rslòAs b`haus a!jmjam jm c`sn ab VH`r ur+ "sHèjsamV.

8,"J=JFEN(NFENFCN &B /ÊJCJ*- 9

Uln Camstjtutjam dj"ns 2uedns ` o`rdn hn`surn ab jmen!nmenmcn. Uln baumenrb`tlnrs taa> s!ncjò !rncùtjams ta jsao`tn tln 2uejcj`r+ brah n5ncutj"n `meondjso`tj"n jm3unmcn.

8,"JJ=E^N (-&CNSS &B * 9 (matlnr bn`turn ab tln (hnrjc`m Camstjtutjam js tlnrjdlt ta eun !racnss ab o`w. Uln Bnenrò &a"nrmhnmt `me tln St`tn &a"nrmhnmts `rnbar jeenm ta en!rj"n `m+amn ab ojbn oj nrt+ `me !ra!nrt+ wjtlaut eun !racnss ab o`w.Jt hn`ms tl`t m+ !nrsam sus!nctne ab "jao`tjam tln o`w hust n enòt wjtl

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn 1




`ccarejmd ta tln nst` ojslne ruons `me mat `r jtr`r+. Jt òsa enh`mes tl`t tln (ct abondjso`turn `me n5ncutj"n atl `t tln cnmtrn `me jm tln st`tns hust n rn`sam` on.

8,"JJJ=GJ &B -JD1'S 9 Uln ^.S. Camstjtutjam &u`r`mtnns tln !ra!nos o`rdnmuh nr ab bume`hnmtò rjdlt. Ulnsn rjdlts wnrn mat nmuhnr`tne jm tln arjdjmò er`bt

ab tln Camstjtutjam ut + su sn*unmt hnmehnmts tlnsn rjdlts l`"n nnm sncurne. Uln 8rst tnm `hnmehnmts wnrn hèn ta jmcar!ar`tn tln bume hnmtò rjdlts.

8,J,=E^* CJ'JONFS1J( 9 Uln ^.S. Camstjtutjam !ra"jens bar euò cjtj#nmslj! bartln !na!on ab mjtne St`tns. (m (hnrjc`m js tln cjtj#nm ab tln .S.(. me osa ab tlnst`tn wlnrnjm ln ar sln js eahjcjone.

8,,=S(&J S S S'N) 9 Uljs S+stnh js `ssacj`tne wjtl tln m`hn ab 6rnsjenmt(mernw F`c>sam. (ccarejmd ta jt wlnm tln mnw !rnsjenmt t`>ns. a"nr tln cl`rdn abèhjmjstr`tjam tln nmtjrn èhjmjstr`tjam ab tln !rn"jaus !rnsjenmt js strn`hojmne`me ln hèn brnsl !!ajmthnmts wjtlaut t`>jmd jmta ccaumt jojt+ n5!nrjnmcn ntc.

8,,J=-N(-NSNF'*'J"N EN)&C-*C 9 Uln (hnrjc`m camstjtutjam nst` ojslns rn!rnsnmt`tj"n enhacr`c+. (oo h`ttns ab &a"nrmhnmt `rn onbt jm tln l`mes ab clasnmrn!rnsnmt`tj"ns.

8,,JJ=EJBBN-NF' C&FS'J'^'J&FS B&- '1N BNEN-*'J&F *FE '1N S'*'NS9 Uln St`tns wljcl 2ajmne tln (hnrjc`m Bnenr`tjam l`"n tlnjr awm Camstjtutjamswljcl wnrn òoawne ta n5jst `s nbarn. Uljs w`sl lno!buo jm `"ajejmd tln uo> ab tlnCamstjtutjam.

8,,JJJ=C&FS'J'^'J&F* J)J'*'J&F 9 `matlnr autst`mejmd bn`turn ab tln ^.S.Camstjtutjam js baume jm tln muh nr ab ojhjt`tjams wljcl jt camt`jms. Ulnrn rn h`m+tljmds wljcl mnjtlnr tln m`tjamò mar tln St`tn &a"nrmhnmts h`+ ea sucl sbr`hjmd joos ab `tt`jmenr ar dr`mtjmd tjtons ab ma jojt+.

8,,J"=&)JSSJ&FS9 Uln Camstjtutjam js ejstjmctj"n mat amo+ bar wl`t jt camt`jms utbar wl`t jt ahjts jts sjonmcn am sahn !ajmts js noa*unmt. Bar n5`h!on tlnCamstjtutjam !ra"jens tl`t tln lausn slòo claasn jts awm s!n`>nr ut eans mat s`+wl`t ljs !awnrs slòo n tljs nonhnmt hèn tln Camstjtutjam 3n5j on. CG;C<^SJG;9

Ua camcouen J c`m s`+ tl`t tln (hnrjc`m Camstjtutjam js tln aoenst wrjttnmCamstjtutjam jm barcn jm `m+ m`tjam ab tln waroe. Jt nst` ojslns tln barh ab&a"nrmhnmt `me en8mns tln rjdlts `me oj nrtjns ab tln (hnrjc`m 6na!on. Jt òsa ojststln jh ab &a"nrmhnmt me tln hntlaes ab cljn"jmd tlnh.

Drawtl ab S camstjtutjam

JF'-&E^C'J&F9

(hnrjc`m Camstjtutjam js ` rjdje Camstjtutjam ut jm s!jtn ab jt tln !racnss aba"nrlùojmd `me haenrmj#jmd tln camstjtutjam js dajmd draah tln "nr+ ndjmmjmd tjootae`+.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn 0




VUln (hnrjc`m Camstjtutjam l`s nnm warm w`+ jm amn !`rt nmo`rdne jm matlnrhaej8ne jm tljre + tln cn`snonss jm3unmcns !o`+jmd u!am tln !na!on. Jt l`smncnss`rjo+ cl`mdne s tln m`tjam l`s cl`mdneV.

%<are 'r+cn)

7> EN"N &()NF' &B ^.S. C&FS'J'^'J&F 9 Uln arjdjmò camstjtutjam ab tln .S.camsjsts ab sn"nm `rtjcons camt`jmjmd mat harn tl`m sn"nm tlaus`me wares l`s mawn"ao"ne me nmo`rdne jmta "`st Camstjtutjamò s+stnh. Uln mnne ta cl`mdn camstjtutjam `rjsns bar baooawjmd rn`sam.

%j) Jt w`s arjdjmòo+ br`hne ta s`tjsb+ tln rn*ujrnhnmts ab tln arjdjmò 0 St`tns uttln cl`mdn jm tln sacjò ncamahjc me !aojtjcò ojbn ab tln !na!on mnnes tln cl`mdnjm tln camstjtutjam.

%jj) Uln tn5t ab tln Camstjtutjam jtsnob njmd sucl `s ta rn*ujrn jmtnr!rnt`tjam arn5!o`m`tjam.

5> B*C'&-S 1JC1 N*S '& '1N EN"N &()NF' &- D-& '1 &B ^.S.C&FS'J'^'J&F9

Baooawjmd b`ctars `rn rns!amsj on bar tln drawtl ab ^.S. Camstjtutjam

%j) Camstjtutjamò (hnmehnmts. %jj) <ndjso`tjam

%jjj) Fuejcjò Jmtnr!rnt`tjam %j") N5ncutj"n (ctjams

%") Cam"nmtjams

%J) CG;SUJUÛJG;(< (HN;?HN;US9 Ulaudl tln !racnss ab hnmejmd tlnCamstjtutjam l`s nnm n5trnhno+ soaw +nt jt l`s one ta jts drawtl sa b`r /E`hnmehnmts l`s nnm hèn jm tln camstjtutjam.

%JJ) <N&JS<(UJG;9 Uln Camstjtutjam js jm sn"nrò w`+s ` s>nontam tln ent`jos ab wljcl`rn onbt ta n 8oone jm + tln o`ws ab tln camdrnss `me ta ` onssnr endrnn ab st`tnondjso`turns. Bar n5`h!on (rtjcon JJJ ab tln camstjtutjam st`tns tl`t Vtlnrn slòo namn Su!rnhn Caurt `me sucl jmbnrjar caurts `s tln camdrnss h`+ brah tjhn ta tjhnare`jm `me nst` ojslV am tljs `sjs tln camdrnss o`je tln baume`tjam ab (hnrjc`m

2uejcjò s+stnh. Sucl `s entnrhjmne tln cah!asjtjam ard`mj#`tjam ab 2uejcj r+ ntc.

%JJJ) F^?JCJ(< J;UN,6,NU(UJG;9 Uln drawtl ab tln camstjtutjam + hn`ms ab 2uejcjòjmtnr!rnt`tjam js atl um`"aje` on `me nmarhaus. Uln camstjtutjam js er`btne jmdnmnrò wares !lr`sns `me tnrhs tln hn`mjmds ab wljcl tln 2uedns l`"n ta 8meaut. Uln Su!rnhn Caurt l`s nnm ondjso`tjmd tln camstjtutjam + encjejmd lumernesab tlaus`mes ab c`sns raudlt nbarn jt.

%J@) N NCÛJ@N (CUJG;9 Uln !rnsjenmt me "`rjaus lnès ab en!`rthnmt l`"nen"noa!ne tln camstjtutjam + tlnjr n5ncutj"n ruojmds arenrs `me `ctjams. Bar

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn /




n5`h!on `sljmdtam jm `"`jojmd ab tln camstjtutjamò !ra"jsjams rnd`rejmd tln lnèsab en!`rthnmts snt u! c` jmnt.

%@)CG;@N;UJG;S9 ( cam"nmtjam js us`dn ar custah wljcl + oamd rn!ntjtjam me!r`ctjcn l`s a t`jmne tln barcn `me s`mctjt+. ^.S. Camstjtutjam js òsa en"noa!ne +

tln cam"nmtjams. Sahn jh!art`mt Cam"nmtjams `rn `s umenr.%j) ?jrnct !rnsjenmtjò Nonctjam9 Uln Camstjtutjam !ra"jene bar `me jmejrnct nonctjam abtln !rnsjenmt ut + cam"nmtjam tln nonctjam l`s ncahn harn ar onss ejrnct.

%jj) Hnh nr ab 4ausn ab ,n!rnsnmt`tj"n hust noamd tln Camstjtunmc+9 Hnh nr abtln lausn ab rn!rnsnmt`tj"n hust noamds ta tln camstjtunmc+ brah wljcl ln js ta nnonctne.

%jjj) 6asjtjam ab S!n`>nr9 Uln !awnr `me !rnstjdn ab tln s!n`>nr ab tln lausn abrn!rnsnmt`tj"n `rn entnrhjmne + tln cam"nmtjam `me us`dns.

%j") C` jmnt S+stnh9 Uln drawtl ab (hnrjc`m c` jmnt s+stnh js osa `sne amcam"nmtjams.

%") Stnnrjmd Cahhjttnn9 Stnnrjmd cahhjttnn js mat >mawm ta tln camstjtutjam. Jt js!raeuct ab cam"nmtjams.

%"j) 6racneurn ab 4ausn ab ,n!rnsnmt`tj"n9 Uln !racneurn rnd`rejmd tln cameuct abtln 4ausn ab ,n!rnsnmt`tj"ns js `sne am cam"nmtjam.

%"jj) Snm`tarjò Caurtns+9 Uln !rnsjenmt ab (hnrjc` camsuots tln Snm`tar ab tln `rn`wlnm ln h`>ns !!ajmthnmts. Jt js còone ASnm`tarjò caurtns+A.

%"jjj) Hamn+ 'joos9 Hamn+ joos `rn arjdjm`tne jm tln oawnr lausn ab camdrnss.

%j5) N5!o`m`tjam ab 6aojcjns9 (btnr nonctjam !rnsjenmt n5!o`jm ljs !aojcjns `me èernsstln camdrnss.

%5) Nonctjam ab Cl`jrh`m ab Cahhjttnns9 Cl`jrh`m ab cahhjttnns js nonctne amsnmjarjt+ `sjs. Jt js + cam"nmtjam.

%5j) ,nsjenmcn9 Uln !rnsjenmt `me "jcnD!rnsjenmt hust noamd ta ej7nrnmt st`tns abtln ^.S.(.

CG;C<^SJG;9 Ua camcouen J c`m s`+ jm wares ab aaeraw josam tl`t tln arjdjmò(hnrjc`m Camstjtutjam js 2ust oj>n H`dm` C`rt` `me jt l`s s!rautne aut ab ` shòosnne jmta jd trnn. Uln ^.S. Camstjtutjam l`s cl`mdne me en"noa!ne jm h`m+w`+s. Jt js mat st`mm`mt um!radrnssj"n `me umcl`mdjmd ut js drawjmd amn.

Bn+nròjs$

0>JF'-&E^C'J&F9

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn




^.S.( w`s tln 8rst haenrm enhacr`tjc st`tn wljcl a!tne bar bnenrò barh ab&a"nrmhnmt. Uln b`tlnrs ab tln ^.S. Camstjtutjam wnrn `jhjmd `t ^mjams ab rndjamòùtamah+ `me tln m`tjamò umjt+. Jt cauoe n !assj on amo+ tljs barh ab &a"nrmhnmt.

7> )N*FJFD &B BNEN-* JS)9

V( Bnenrò barh ab &a"nrmhnmt !ra"jens bar ` ^mjam ab St`tns jm wljcl ùtlarjt+ jsej"jene ntwnnm tln cnmtrn me tln St`tns. 'atl tln cnmtrn me tln st`tns war>ùtamahauso+ wjtljm tlnjr eah`jmsV

5>C&FCN(' &B BNEN-* JS) JF ^.S. C&FS'J'^'J&F9

Uln Camstjtutjam ab tln ^mjtne St`tns w`s br`hne + tln arjdjmò 0 hnh nrs st`tnsumenr `m `thas!lnrn cl`r`ctnrj#ne + 2nòaus+ jttnrmnss sus!jcjam `me !aojtjcòbn`r. Uln+ wnrn mat !rn!`rne ta ` ejc`tn tlnjr sa"nrnjdmt+ òtadntlnr tln+ w`mtneta rnt`jm tlnjr utamah+ ta sahn n5tnmt. Uln bnenròjsh w`s tlus cah!rahjsn

ntwnnm tln cnmtrjbudò me cnmtrj!ntò tnmenmcjns. Grjdjmòo+ jt w`s bnenr`tjam ab0 st`tns wljcl js maw r`jsne ta 1 st`tns.

4> BN*'^-N &B ^.S. BNEN-*'J&F9

Baooawjmd `rn tln sòjnmt bn`turns ab ^.S. Bnenròjsh.

%J) 6,G4J'JUJG; GB SNCNSSJG;9 Ulnrn js ma !assj jojt+ ab sn!`r`tjam ab st`tns brahBnenrò &a"nrmhnmt jm tln Camstjtutjam ab ^.S.(.

%JJ) BN?N,(< S^6,NH(CL9 Bnenrò <`ws `rn su!nrjar ta tln o`ws ab tln St`tns.

%JJJ) ,J&J? CG;SUJUÛJG;9 (hnrjc`m Camstjtutjam js rjdje camstjtutjam tln !racnssab hnmehnmt jm tln camstjtutjam js ejIcuot.

%J@) ?J@JSJG; GB 6G N,S9 ( Camstjtutjamò ?j"jsjam ab !awnr l`s nnm hènntwnnm tln cnmtrn `me tln St`tns. Uln Camstjtutjam camt`jms tlrnn ojsts ab su 2ncts

"j#.

• ` ojst ab wl`t tln camdrnss c`m ea• ` ojst ab wl`t tln camdrnss c`mmat ea• ` ojst ab wl`t tln st`tns c`mmat ea

barnjdm rno`tjams `me trn`tjnsenco`r`tjam ab w`rèhjssjam ab mnw st`tnscurrnmc+ `me cajm`dnlamaurjmd am tln m`tjamAs crnejtrnduo`tjam ab barnjdm `me jmtnrDst`tn cahhnrcn`rhne barcns!astò snr"jcns!`tnmts me ca!+rjdltsrnduo`tjam ab wnjdlts `me hn`surns ntc.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn




%j) ,nsjeu`r+ 6awnrs9 Uln ,nsjeu`r+ su 2ncts wnrn dj"nm ta tln st`tns tln 01tl`hnmehnmt con`ro+ !ra"jene tl`t tln !awnrs mat !ralj jtne + jt ta tln st`tns wnrnrnsnr"ne ta tln st`tns.

%jj) Jh!art`mcn ab ,nsjeu`r+ 6awnrs9 Uln rnsjeu`r+ !awnrs ab St`tns Camstjtutne `m

jh!art`mt ojhjt`tjam am tln utlarjt+ ab tln cnmtrò &a"nrmhnmt wjtljm tln s!lnrn ab tlnsn !awnrs tln st`tns `rn ùtamahaus `me su!rnhn `me tln Bnenrò &a"nrmhnmtjs su!rnhn wjtljm jts awm s!lnrn. Uljs js tln nssnmcn ab (hnrjc`m Bnenròjsh.

%") J;?N6N;?N;U F^CJCJ(,L9 Fuejcj`r+ js jmen!nmenmt `me hast !awnrbuo jmstjtutjamjm ^.S.(. `me jt js tln du`rej`m ab Camstjtutjam.

%"j) S^6N,H(CL GB CG;SUJUÛJG;9 Uln Camstjtutjam js tln Su!rnhn <`w jm Bnenr`tjam `me jm ^.S.(. jt js hèn Su!rnhn.

%"jj) 'JSC(HN,(< <N&JS<(U^,N9 (hnrjc`m <ndjso`turn l`s twa lausns tln snm`tn`me tln 4ausn ab ,n!rnsnmt`tj"ns. Jm snm`tn tln rn!rnsnmt`tjam js hèn am !`rjt+

`sjs / snm`tars brah n`cl st`tn.

%"jjj) ?^(< SLSUNH9 Bnenròjsh ab (hnrjc` js S+h ao ab eau on s+stnh. St`tns l`"ntlnjr awm ondjso`turns n5ncutj"n `me 2uejcj`r+.

<> BNEN-* S'*'N -N *'J&FS1J( JF '1N ^.S. BNEN-*'J&F9 Uln rno`tjamslj!ntwnnm tln Bnenrò me tln St`tn &a"nrmhnmt l`s nnm !`ttnrmne jm baooawjmd

w`+s.

%J) ?^(< BN?N,(<JSH9 (t 8rst tln !rjmcj!on ab ?uò Bnenr`tjam w`s eahjm`mt.(ccarejmd ta jt tln camstjtutjam w`s jmtnr!rntne ta c`r"n aut sn!`r`tn 8noe ab

ùtlarjt+ bar tln m`tjamò &a"t. me tln St`tns.

%JJ) CGG6N,(UJ@N BN?N,(<JSH9 Uln !rjmcj!on ab Caa!nr`tj"n Bnenròjsh u!laoes tlnsu!rnh`c+ ab tln Bnenrò &a"nrmhnmt `me n5tnmsjam ab jts !awnrs jm Caa!nr`tjamwjtl tln utlarjt+ ab tln St`tn &a"nrmhnmt.

%JJJ) C,N(UJ@N BN?N,(<JSH9 Gwjmd ta tln r`!je drawtl ab tln cjtjns ar ^r `m (rn`stln aoe st+on cjt+ ehjmjstr`tjam me tln St`tn &a"nrmhnmt jm wlasn rn`s tlnsncjtjns rn sjtu`tne l`"n nnm um` on ta ca!n wjtl tlnsn !ra onhs atl 8m`mcjòo+`me èhjmjstr`tj"no+. Uln `jh ab crn`tj"n bnenròjsh w`s ta rn"jtòj#n tln st`tn `mecjt+ &a"nrmhnmtò aejns me ta jh!ra"n tln ojmns ab tln caDarejm`tjam ntwnnm tln

Cnmtrò `me St`tn `me oacò r`mclns ab da"nrmhnmt `me èhjmjstr`tjam.

> '-NFE &B S'-&FD CNF'-* D&"N-F)NF'9

jtl tln !`ss`dn ab tjhn tln !awnrs ab tln cnmtrn jmcrn`sne su st`mtjòo+. Baooawjmdb`ctars `rn rns!amsj on bar tln trnme ab cnmtròjsh jm ^.S.(.

%J) 64LSJC(< NCG;GHJC (;? SGCJ(< C4(;&NS9 Uln n5!`msjam ab tnrrjtar+ tln

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn




drawtl ab !a!uo`tjam tln jmcrn`sjmd cah!on5jt+ ab ncamahjc `me sacjò ard`mj#`tjamone ta tln drawtl ab tln Bnenrò &a"nrmhnmt.

%JJ) U4N CJ@J< (,9 Uln su!rnh`c+ ab tln ;`tjamò &a"nrmhnmt w`s nst` ojslne`btnr tln nme ab tln cj"jo w`r. Uln enbn`t ab tln sautlnrm st`tns d`"n ` mnd`tj"n

"nrejct am tln st`tn ùtamah+.%JJJ) CG;SUJUÛJG;(< (HN;?HN;US9 Uln Bnenrò &a"nrmhnmt l`s òsa tt`jmneùtlarjt+ tlraudl Camstjtutjamò `hnmehnmts. Bar n5`h!on tln 0Etl `hnmehnmtrnha"ne tln rnstrjctjam jh!asne + snctjam + !ra"jejmd tl`t tln Camdrnss slòol`"n !awnr ta on"+ me caoonct t`5ns am jmcahn brah wl`tn"nr saurcn enrj"ne.

%J@) J;UN,6,NU(UJG;S GB S^6,NHN CG^,U9 Uln Camstjtutjamò jmtnr!rnt`tjams +tln Su!rnhn Caurt l`"n jmcrn`sne tln ùtlarjt+ ab Bnenrò &a"nrmhnmt.

VH`r+o`me @s. HcCuooalV

VUln Su!rnhn Caurt strnssne tl`t `ccarejmd ta tln coùsn jm Camstjtutjam tlncamdrnss !assnssne `me jh!ojne !awnr ta nst` ojsl `m> jm `m+ !`rt ab tln caumtr+`me m+ st`tn o`w jh!asjmd m+ rnstrjctjam am jt w`s joondò.V

%@) BN?N,(< &,(;UDJ;D(J?9 Uln Bjscò Su!rnh`c+ ab tln ;`tjamò &a"nrmhnmt l`sbarcne tln st`tns ta snn> bnrò lno! bar 8m`mcjmd tlnjr sacjò snr"jcns me tljs onèsta tln stramd Cnmtrò &a"nrmhnmt.

%@J) J;UN,;(UJG;(< SJU^(UJG;9 Uln Jmtnrm`tjamò Sjtu`tjams `btnr tln aroe `r JJbarcne ^.S.( ta l`"n ` stramd cnmtrn ta hnnt tln rn*ujrnhnmts ab tln tjhn.

PW (ccarejmd ta ljtn9VUln hast a "jaus dj`mt !usljmd us taw`res tln cnmtrn js tln ,ussj`m n`rV.

%@JJ) ,G<N GB 6G<JUJC(< 6(,UJNS9

Uln drawtl `me ard`mj#`tjam ab tln !aojtjcò !`rtjns `me m`tjamò ojmns l`"n hèntln cnmtrn stramd.

%@JJJ) ,G<N GB 6,NSJ?N;US9

Uln !awnrbuo !rnsjenmt l`"n jssune ruons `me rnduo`tjams jm tln n5nrcjsn ab tlnjr

ùtlarjt+ wjenm jm tln bnenrò da"nrmhnmt n.d. ,aasn"notAs Vmnw enòV !aojc+ l`swjenmne tln Camtrao ab Bnenrò &a"nrmhnmt a"nr su 2ncts arjdjmòo+ wjtljm St`tn 2urjsejctjam.

%J ) CG;BJ?N;CN J; U4N ;(UJG;(< &G@N,;HN;U9

Uln 6na!on ab ^.S.(. l`"n oaa>ne ta tln ;`tjamò &a"nrmhnmt bar sao"jmd tlnjr!ra onhs `t òo st`dns `me tlnjr ensjrn ta h`>n tln caumtr+ jd `me !ras!nraus

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn E




onès ta stramd cnmtrn.

% ) ?NBN;CN GB U4N CG^;U,L9

Uln Camstjtutjam nh!awnrs tln ;`tjamò &a"nrmhnmt ta !ratnct tln caumtr+ brahn5tnrmò `ddrnssjam `me tljs !ra onh ab cahham enbnmsn onès ta jmcrn`sn tlnùtlarjt+ ab tln Bnenrò &a"nrmhnmt.

% J) ?N@N<G6HN;U GB ;(UJG;(< 6,NSS9

Uln ;`tjamò 6rnss l s òsa bastnrne ` s!jrjt ab ;`tjamò ^mjt+ `hamd tln !na!on ab^.S. Uljs l`s jmeucne tln !na!on ta dr`mt harn !awnr ta tln Bnenrò &a"nrmhnmt.

=D CG;C<^SJG;9

Uln camcouen J c`m s`+ tl t ^.S. Camstjtutjam !ra"jens ` bnenr o barh ab&a"nrmhnmt tln Camstjtutjam js tln su!rnhn o`w ab tln caumtr+ me Su!rnhn

Caurt js !ra"jene ta !ratnct tln camstjtutjam `me rnsao"n tln ejs!utns oj>no+ ta cra!u! ntwnnm tln cnmtrn `me tln s`tns. Ua ndjmd wjtl tln cnmtrn w`s >n!t wn`>nrtl`m tln st`tns ut wjtl tln !`ss`dn ab tjhn tln ;`tjamò &a"nrmhnmt l`s nnmdnmnròo+ nmcra`cljmd u!am tln st`tn rjdlt wjtl jh!umjt+ ut tln st`tns stjoo l`"n o`rdn endrnn ab ùtamah+.

(rnsj+nmt (awnrs

0D J;U,G?^CUJG;9

Uln r`mdn ab 6rnsjenmtAs bumctjam js nmarhaus. 4n js cnrnhamjò lnè ab tlnst`tn. 4n js "jtò saurcn ab ondjso`tj"n suddnstjam. 4n js tln 8mò saurcn ab oon5ncutj"n encjsjam. 4n js tln ùtlarjt`tj"n n5!amnmt ab ;`tjamAs Barnjdm 6aojc+V%<`s>j).

Jm (hnrjc` tln 6rnsjenmt js rns!amsj on bar h`>jmd !aojcjns `me js `ccaumt` on tatln ;`tjam. ( cah!ntnmt !nrsam c`m n5nrcjsn n"nm tlasn !awnrs wljcl `rn mat o`jeeawm jm tln Camstjtutjam.

/D N<NCUJG; GB 6,NSJ?N;U9

(rtjcon JJ ab tln Camstjtutjam ab ^.S.(. enòs wjtl tln aIcn ab !rnsjenmt jm (hnrjc`. Uln Camstjtutjam !ra"jene tl`t tln 6rnsjenmt slauoe n nonctne + `m nonctaròcaoondn camsjstjmd ab `s h`m+ !rnsjenmtjò nonctars `s js tln muh nr ab hnh nrs jm

atl tln lausn ab tln camdrnss.

D 6GSJUJG; GB 6,NSJ?N;U9

Uln Camstjtutjam ab ^.S. l s "nstne tln n5ncutj"n !awnr jm tln 6rnsjenmt ut tln

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn =




rnha"jmd tln aIcnrs wlah tln 6rnsjenmt `!!ajmts. Ulnrn w`s ` ejs!utn wlntlnr jtslauoe n n5nrcjsne + tl 6rnsjenmt òamn ar wjtl tln è"jcn `me camsnmt ab tlnSnm`tn ut tljs ejs!utn w`s snttone + tln Su!rnhn Caurt ab .S. jm H+nrAs c`sn.

VHLN,S @S ^;JUN? SU(UNS %0 /E)V

VJt w`s lnoe tl`t jt js tln !awnr ab tln 6rnsjenmt ta rnha"n m aIcnr !!amtne +jh me snm`tn wjtlaut camsnmt ab tln snm`tnV

%j") Cljnb (ehjmjstr`tar9 Uln 6rnsjenmt js tln lnè ab tln ;`tjamò(ehjmjstr`tar. 4n l`s tln !awnr ta su!nr"jsn jts a!nr`tjams `me l`s tln rjdlt tacamtrao tln nmtjrn èhjmjstr`tjam.

%") Hjojt`r+ 6awnr9 Uln 6rnsjenmt js tln Su!rnhn Cahh`menr ab tln `rhnebarcns ab tln ^mjtne St`tns. `me ln js rns!amsj on bar tln enbnmcn ab tln ^mjtneSt`tns. 4n js buoo+ ùtarj#ne ta en!oa+ tln `rhne barcns `m+wlnrn jm `me aut ab tlncaumtr+.

PW VH(,UJ; @S HGUU %0-/=)V

VJt w`s enco`rne tl`t !rnsjenmt c`m usn hjojt`r+ jm nhnrdnmc+ wjtl buoo ùtlarjt+V.

%"j) N5ncutj"n 6rj"jondn9 Uln 6rnsjenmt l`s tln rjdlt ta co`jh n5ncutj"n!rj"jondn bar h`tnrjòs umenr ljs camtrao.

PW ^;JUN? SU(UNS @S ;J G; %0 = )

VUln Su!nrnhn Caurt ruone tl`t tln 6rnsjenmt eans l`"n ` ojhjtne n5ncutj"n!rj"jondnV.

%JJ) <N&JS<(UJ@N 6G N,S9^menr cnrt`jm cam"nmtjams 6rnsjenmtAs raon jm ondjso`tjamncahns n5tnmsj"n wljon tln camdrnss l`s jtsnob `!!rncj`tne tln ondjso`tj"n raon ab

tln 6rnsjenmt.

%j) Hnss`dns9 6rnsjenmt c`m snme hnss`dns ta tln Camdrnss Cam"n+jmd ljs!ra!asòs am jh!art`mt jssuns. Sucl !ra!asòs brah tln 6rnsjenmt `rn dj"nm buoocamsjenr`tjam eurjmd ondjso`tjam. Uln b`haus hnss`dn ta camdrnss jmcouen6rnsjenmtAs josam 0 !ajmts.

%jj) St`tn ab tln ^mjam (eernss9 Uln a!nmjmd èernss ab tln 6rnsjenmt `t n`cl

Snssjam ab Camdrnss js >mawm `s tln st`tn ab tln umjam hnss`dn. (t tln ndjmmjmd ab n`cl Snssjam tln 6rnsjenmt js rn*ujrne + o`w ta snme camdrnss ` uednt hnss`dn`me ncamahjc rn!art.

%jjj) Cam"nmjmd N5tr Snssjam ab tln Camdrnss9 Uln 6rnsjenmt C`mAt Suhhamarejm`r+ Snssjams ab tln CGmdrnss ut c`m suhham jts n5tr` arejm`r+ Snssjamsumenr S!ncjò Camejtjams oj>n wlnm nhnrdnmcjns `rjsn.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn




%j") @nta 6awnr9 Uln 6rnsjenmt c`m n5nrcjsn ljs "nta !awnr jm tln ondjso`tj"n 8noe. Ulnrn `rn baooawjmd >jmes ab "nta !awnr

%`) Sus!nmsj"n @nta9 (ccarejmd ta jt ln c`m rnturm tln joo ta tln Camdrnss barrncamsjenr`tjam. Jb tln joo js !`ssne + / h`2arjt+ ab tln camdrnss jt slòo ncahn

o`w wjtlaut tln 6rnsjenmtAs camsnmt% ) 6ac>nt @nta9 Jm c`sn tln Snssjam ab tln Camdrnss è2aurms nbarn tln

n5!jr+ ab tnm e`+s wljon tln joo l`s mat nnm !!ra"ne + tl`t tjhn jt wjoo ejntnrhne `s !ac>nt "nta.

%c) Jtnh @nta9 Jtnh @nta l`s nnm !`ssne jm 0 E `ccarejmd ta wljcl tln6rnsjenmt c`m !!ra"n !`rts ab joo me "nta atlnr !`rts nbarn tln jtnh "nta tlncamdrnss lè nnm ` on ta dnt hn`surns + usjmd ,jenrs coùsn.

%@) N5ncutj"n ?ncrnns `me Grenr9 Uln 6rnsjenmt js ùtarj#ne ta !rahuod`tnn5ncutj"n encrnns `me arenrs `me tlnsn `rn `s "òje `s o`ws.

%"J) ?jrnct 6rnssurn am tln Camdrnss9 Uln 6rnsjenmt js tln onènr ab tln m`tjam. lnmljs n7arts ta cam"jmcn tln 4ausn !ra"n butjon ln h`>n ` je bar ` !a!uo`r su!!art.

%JJJ) F^?JCJ(< 6G N,S9 ( 6rnsjenmt nm2a+s tln baooawjmd 2uejcjò !awnrs.

%j) (!!ajmthnmt ab 2uedns9 Uln 6rnsjenmt !!ajmts 2uedns wjtl tln`!!ra"ò ab tln Snm`tn.

%jj) 6awnr ab 6 ream me ,n!rjn"n9 Uln 6rnsjenmt l`s tln !awnr ta dr`mt!`ream `me rns!rjn"ns. ( !`ream js ` rnon`sn brah oj` jojt+ ab !umjslhnmt. Jt h`+ n

` saoutn ar camejtjamò.PW N 6(,UN &,GSSH(; %0 / )V

VJt w`s lnoe tl`t tln 6rnsjenmt l`s !awnr ta !`ream tln Snmtnmcn bar camtnh!t abCaurt.V

%jjj) (hhnmst+ 6awnr9 6rnsjenmt h`+ òsa dr`mt `hhnmst+. jt js ` drau! !`reamdj"nm ta `tcl ab a7nmenr n.d. !rnsjenmt F`7nrsam snt brnn oo !nrsams cam"jctneumenr tln Snejtjam (ct ab 0=- .

%J@) BJ;(;CJ(< 6 N,S9

Baooawjmd `rn tln 8m`mcjò !awnrs ab tln 6rnsjenmt.

%j) &nmnrò H`mdnr ab Bjm`mcjò (7`jrs9 Uln 6rnsjenmt ab (hnrjc` js tln&nmnrò H`m`dnr ab Bjm`mcjò `7`jrs ab tln &a"nrmhnmt. 4n ejrncts `me camtrao8m`mcn 7`jrs.

%jj) Camtrao G"nr 'uednt9 bnenrò uednt js !rn!`rne + tln urnù ab 'uednt

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn 1




umenr tln Su!nr"jsjam ab tln 6rnsjenmt Snr"ns s dujen ta ondjso`tj"n ctjam am`mmuò `!!ra!rj`tjam bar &a"nrmhnmt `ctj"jtjns `me !radr`hhns.

%@) 6G N,S J; BG,NJ&; (BB(J,S9

Baooawjmd `rn tln 6awnrs ab 6rnsjenmt jm rno`tjam wjtl Barnjdm `7`jrs.

%j) ?j!oah`tjc 6awnr9 (hnrjc`m 6rnsjenmt l`s nnm rnd`rene `s tln CljnbS!a>nh`m ab (hnrjc` jm jts rno`tjams wjtl Barnjdm &a"nmhnmts. Uln hast jh!art`mtbumtjam ab tln 6rnsjenmt js ta barhuo`tn barnjdm !aojc+ wljcl rn"nòne jm !rnsjcnmtjòhnss`dns `me s!nnclns.

%jj) rncadmjtjam ab St`tns9 Uln 6rnsjenmt l`s tln ùtlarjt+ ta rncadmj#ncaumtrjns me da"nrmhnmts. Uljs ln eans sjh!o+ + rncnj"jmd ej!oah`tjcrn!rnsnmt`tj"ns ab tln caumtrjns camcnrmne.

%jjj) Urn`t+ H`>jmd 6awnr9 Uln 6rnsjenmt l`s tln !awnr ta h`>n trn`tjns wjtl

atlnr da"nrmhnmts wjtl tln r`tj8c`tjam ab twa tljre h`2arjt+ ab snm`tn.

%j") (drnnhnmt h`>jmd 6awnrs9 Uln (hnrjc`m 6rnsjenmt c`m h`>n `drnnhnmtwjtl barnjdm st`tns me jt js mat su 2nct ta r`tj8c`tjam ab Snm`tn.

%") ?nco`r`tjam ab `r9 Uln (hnrjc`m 6rnsjenmt l`s !awnr ta enco`rn w`r wjtltln camsnmt ab camdrnss.

%"j) Unrhjm`tjam ab 4astjojtjns9 Uln (hnrjc`m 6rnsjenmt l`s n5cousj"n rjdlt tatnrhjm`tn lastjojtjns.

ED NHN,&N;CL 6G N,S9

%J) HN(;J;& GB NHN,&N;CL9 (m nhnrdnmc+ js ` harn n5tnmsj"n `me snrjauscrjsjs jm wljcl tln wlaon m`tjam js jm"ao"ne.

%JJ) SG^,CN GB NHN,&N;CL 6G N,S9 Uln (hnrjc`m Camstjtutjam js sjonmt ` auttln nhnrdnmc+ !awnrs ab tln !rnsjenmt ut tln !rnsjenmt c`m n5nrcjsn cnrt`jm!awnrs eurjmd nhnrdnmc+. Uln Su!rnhn Caurt l`s lnoe tl`t nhnrdnmc+ eans matcrn`tn !awnrs mar eans jt jmcrn`sn !awnrs òrnè+ dj"ns + tln Camstjtutjam. 'ut tlncamdrnss c`m cambnr u!am tln !rnsjenmt h`m+ !awnrs wljcl ln h`+ n5nrcjsn `t tlntjhn ab nhnrdnmc+.

PW (CCG,?J;& UG F^SUJCN C<(,K9

VUln Camstjtutjam eans dr`mt ta tln 6rnsjenmt N5cousj"n utlarjt+ jm tjhns ab dr`"n`me jh!nr`tj"n m`tjamò nhnrdnmc+. Jm b`ct ta h+ tljm>jmd sucl ` dr`mt h`+ wnoo nmncnss`r+ ta tln "nr+ n5jstnmcn ab tln camstjtutjam jtsnobV

%JJJ) KJ;?S GB NHN,&N;CL9 6rnsjenmt h`+ !raco`jh twa t+!ns ab nhnrdnmcjns.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn 0




%`) <jhjtne nhnrdnmc+ % ) ^mojhjtne nhnrdnmc+

%J@) <JHJU(UJG; G; NHN,&N;CL 6G N,S9 Uln 6rnsjenmt l s ta `ct wjtljm tlnojhjts snt + tln camstjtutjam atlnrwjsn ljs ctjams c`m n enco`rne jm"òje + tlnSu!rnhn Caurt.

=D JH6N.V

(C4HN;U GB 6,NSJ?N;U9 (ccarejmd ta Snctjam J@ ab (rtjcon JJ ab ^.S. Camstjtutjam tln6rnsjenmt slòo n rnha"ne brah aIcn am jh!n`clhnmt bar `me cam"jctjam abtrn`sam rj nr+ ar atlnr ljdl crjhns `me hjsenhn`mars.

%J) 6,GCN?^,N GB JH6N(C4HN;U9

Uln 4ausn ab ,n!rnsnmt tj"ns èa!t + rnsaoutjam `rtjcons ab jh!n clhnmt cl`rdjmdtln !rnsjenmt wjtl cnrt`jm ljdl crjhns `me claasns onènrs ta ejrnct tln !rasncutjam

nbarn tln snm`tn wljcl cts s 2uejcjò trj umò ab jh!n`clhnmt. Uln Snm`tn h`+

cam"jct tln !rnsjenmt + twaDtljre h`2arjt+ ab jts hnh nr !rnsnmt me "atjmd.6rnsjenmt Falmsam w`s tln amo+ 6rnsjenmt `d`jmst wlah jh!n`clhnmt !racneurnw`s ea!tne ut n"nm ln cauoe mat n cam"jctne.

-D CG;C<^SJG;9

Ua Camcouen J c`m s`+ tl`t tln 6rnsjenmt ab (hnrjc` js amn ab tln hast !awnrbuo!nrsamòjtjns jm tln !rnsnmt e`+ Jmtnrm`tjamò waroe. (s Falm Knmmne+ s`+s.

VJt js tln 6rnsjenmt wla l`s ta encjen wlnm ta onè tln camdrnss wlnm ta camsuot jt`me wlnm ta `ct saono+.

Nonctjam ab %rnsj+nmt

0> JF'-&E^C'J&F 9 Uln ^.S. Camstjtutjam !ra"jens bar tln !rnsjenmtjò barh ad&a"t. tln b`rhnrs ab tln .S. Camstjtutjam s!nmt oat ab tjhn jm encjejmd u!am tlnhntlae ab nonctjmd tln !rnsjenmt. (btnr ` daae enò ab ejscussjam tln+ èa!tne `!o`m ab jmejrnct nonctjam ab tln 6rnsjenmt + nonctarò caoondn wljcl js maw nh aejnejm (rtjcon JJ snctjams 0 / `me ab tln Camstjtutjam.

7> P^* JBJC*'J&FS B&- '1N (-NSJENF' 9 Uln Camstjtutjam jh!asns tlrnn tnstsam ` c`meje`tn bar tln !rnsjenmc+.

%J) (&N9 ( C`meje`tn hust mat n onss tl`m +n`rs ab dn

%JJ) CJUJ N;S4J69 ( C`meje`tn hust n m`turò arm cjtj#nm ab tln .S.(.

%JJJ) ,NSJ?N;CN9 ( C`meje`tn hust l`"n rnsjene baurtnnm +n`rs wjtljm tln caumtr+lawn"nr jt js mat ta n jmtnr!rntne `s ` camtjmuaus `me umjmtnrru!tne !nrjae ab 0+n`rs !rncnejmd nonctjam.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn /




5> )&EN &B N NC'J&F 9 Uln haen ab nonctjam ab .S. 6rnsjenmt js tln jmejrnct amntln camstjtutjam !ra"jene tl`t tln !rnsjenmt slauoe n nonctne + `m nonctaròcaoondn camsjstjmd ab `s h`m+ !rnsjenmtjò nonctars `s js tln muh nr ab hnh nrs jm

atl tln 4ausn ab tln camdrnss.

4> S'*DNS &B (-NSJENF'J* N NC'J&F 9 Jm !r`ctjcn tlnrn `rn baooawjmd st`dns ab tln nonctjam ab ^.S. 6rnsjenmt.

%J) ;GHJ;UJG; GB 6,NSJ?N;UJ(< C(;?J?(UNS9 Uln c`meje`tns bar tln !rnsjenmc+`rn mahjm`tne + tln !`rtjns. Sjmcn 0- / tln twa h`2ar !`rtjns j.n. tln ?nhacr`ts`me tln rn!u ojc`ms l`"n nst` ojslne tln !r`ctjcn ab claasjmd tlnjr rn!rnsnmt`tj"ns`t m`tjamò cam"nmtjams.

%JJ) CGH6(J&;9 (btnr tln mahjm`tjam ab tln 6rnsjenmtjò C`meje`tns `me tlnjrsu sn*unmt nonctjam + tlnjr rns!nctj"n !`rt+ cam"nmtjams m`tjamDwjen !rnsjenmtjòc`h!`jdm st`rts.

PW Uln !`rtjns snt u! m`tjamò me st`tns cahhjttnns me a!nm lnè*u`rtnrs jmtwa drn`t cjtjns.

PW N`cl !`rt+ jssuns ` c`h!`jdm tn5tD aa> wljcl camt`jms tln !`rt+ !o`tbarh tlnjadr`!ljns ab tln c`meje`tns `me atlnr h`tnrjò rn*ujrne bar !ra!`d`me` !ur!asn.

%JJJ) ;GHJ;(UJG; GB 6,NSJ?N;UJ(< N<NCUG,S9 Uln mn5t st`dn js mahjm`tjam ab tln!rnsjenmtjò nonctars jm tln sn"nrò st`tns. Ulnsn nonctars rn jh!art`mt !`rt+onènrs.

%J@) N<NCUJG; GB 6,NSJ?N;UJ(< N<NCUG,S9 Uln mn5t st`dn jm tln 6rnsjenmtjò

nonctjam bòos jm ;a"nh nr ab tln nonctjam +n`r wlnm !rnsjenmtjò nonctars rn ta nnonctne. Snctjam 0 ab tln (rtjcon JJ ab tln Camstjtutjam ab .S.(. enòs wjtl tlnnonctjam ab !rnsjenmtjò nonctars %Nonctarò Caoondn)

%j) ;uh nr ab 6rnsjenmtjò Nonctars9

Uln Nonctarò Caoondn camsjstjmd ab `s h`m+ !rnsjenmtjò nonctars `s js tlnmuh nr ab hnh nrs jm atl tln lausn ab tln camdrnss. (t !rnsnmt tlnrn `rn ta n

- hnh nrs jm tln Nonctarò Caoondn s tln 4ausn ab rn!rnsnmt tj"n me snm`tncamsjst ab - `me 011 hnh nrs rns!nctj"no+.

%jj) ,n!rnsnmt`tjam Hèn + N(C4 St`tn9N`cl St`tn js ta !!ajmt s h`m+ nonctars s jt l`s snm`tar me

rn!rnsnmt`tj"ns jm tln camdrnss.

%jjj) Hntlae ab Nonctjam9

Uln hntlae ab nonctjam ab 6rnsjenmtjò nonctars l`s nnm onbt ta n entnrhjmne+ tln st`tn ondjso`turn camcnrmne. Ua ndjm wjtl tln+ wnrn nonctne + tln st`tn

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn




ondjso`turn. ;aw tln+ `rn nonctne + tln !na!on ab tln st`tn camcnrmne.

%j") Nonctjam ab 6rnsjenmt + Nonctars9 Uln !rnsjenmtjò nonctars hnnt jm tlnc`!jtò ab n`cl st`tn am tln 8rst Hame`+ btnr tln /me nemnse + jm ?ncnh nr me,ncare tlnjr "atns bar tln 6rnsjenmtjò c`meje`tns.

%") @atjmd9 ( cnrtj8c`tn ab nonctjam js tlnm snmt ta tln cl`jrh`m ab tln snm`tn+ n`cl st`tn am Etl F`mu`r+ tln camdrnss hnnt jm ` 2ajmt Snssjam wlnrn "atns `rn

caumtne. Uln !nrsam sncurjmd `m ` saoutn h`2arjt+ ab "atns js enco`rne nonctne. Uasncurn saoutn h`2arjt+ c`meje`tn hust rncnj"n /=1 ar - "atns.

D J;SU(<<(UJG;9 (btnr tln nonctjam tln mnw !rnsjenmt js jmstòone jmta aIcn am F`mu`r+ /1 ab tln nmsurjmd +n`r + t`>jmd tln a`tl ab aIcn.

ED UN,H GB GBBJCN9 Uln !rnsjenmtjò tnrh js baur +n`rs `me `ccarejmd ta tln //me`hnmehnmt !rnsjenmt c`m st`me bar rnDnonctjam amo+ amcn.

=D ,NH^;N,(UJG; GB 6,NSJ?N;U9 Uln ^.S. 6rnsjenmt rncnj"nrs ` sò`r+ ab /11 111` +n`r `me n5tr` 1 111 bar n5!nmsns accu!jns `me aIcjò rnsjenmt `me nm2a+atlnr !rj"jondn sucl s tr`"no `me aIcjò nmtnrt`jmhnmt ooaw`mcns.

-D S^CCNSSJG;9 Uln (rtjcon JJ Snctjam J coùsn ab tln camstjtutjam !ra"jens tl`t jb !rnsjenmt As aIcn bòos "`c`mt eun ta ljs en`tl rnsjdm`tjam jh!n`clhnmt arjm` jojt+ ta ejscl`rdn tln !awnrs `me eutjns ab tln s`je aIcn tln "jcnD!rnsjenmtsuccnnes ta ljs aIcn bar tln rnh`jmjmd !nrjae ab ljs tnrh.

D CG;C<^SJG;9 Ua camcouen J c`m s`+ tl`t jm !r`ctjcn (hnrjc`m !rnsjenmt jsejrncto+ nonctne + tln !na!on tln !rnsjenmtjò nonctjam c`h!`jdm ndjms +n`r me

baur hamtls nbarn tln nonctjam e`+ castjmd tln caumtr+ harn tl`m amn joojameaoo`rs `me js !nrl`!s tln oamdnst `me hast cah!ojc`tne !racnss.

*$nm+$nmt (racn+urn ab ^.S.* Camstjtutjam

Jmtra+uctjam

Uln !racnss ab (hnmehnmt jm ^S( camstjtutjam js sa rjdje. Jt js ejscussne jm (rtjcon @.

Uln !ra!as o ab `hnmehnmt h`+ n + twa tljre h`2arjt+ ab camdrnss ar + tln twa

tljre h`2arjt+ ab st`tns. (me jt hust r`tjb+ + tln tlrnn baurtl h`2arjt+ ab st`tns.

Uln (rtjcon @ ab camstjtutjam enòs wjtl tln !racnss ab (hnmehnmt.

St`6n ab (racnss

Ulnrn `rn twa st`dns ab tln (hnmehnmt amn js !ra!asò `me sncame js r`tj8c`tjam.

8j= (ra%asò

lnm `m+ amn w`mts ta `hnme sahntljmd jm camstjtutjam. 4n !ra!asò jt. Ulnrn `rn

twa w`+ ab !ra!asò

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn




%`) '+ Camdrnss

Uln !ra!asò ab (hnmehnmt h`+ n + `m+ lausn ab tln camdrnss. (me jb jt !`ssne

+ twa tljre h`2arjt+ tl`m jt snme ta atlnr lausn. (btnr jts !`ssne + twa tljre

h`2arjt+. Ul`m tln !ra!asò js cah!ontn + tln camdrnss.

%!= G# St`tns

Uln !ra!asò h`+ n + tln twa tljre h`2arjt+ ab tln st`tns bar `hnmehnmt.

%jj) ,`tj8c`tjam

(btnr !ra!asò tln joo r`tjb+ + tln tlrnn baurtl h`2arjt+ ab tln st`tns. Jb jt js !`ssne

+ tlrnn baurtl h`2arjt+ tl`m `ccn!t` on atlnrwjsn muoo me "aje.

Uln r`tj8c`tjam h`+ n tlrnn t+!ns

% `) '+ st`tn ondjso`turn

% ) '+ s!ncj8c cam"nmtjam lnoe jm st`tn bar tljs !ur!asn

Ujhn <jhjt bar ,`tj8c tjam

Jm tln camstjtutjam tlnrn js ma tjhn ojhjt bar r`tj8c`tjam. Jt js s`je tl`t amn joo js

r`tj8ne jm njdlt +n`rs. (btnr tl`t tln tjhn js 85ne bar tlrnn +n`rs.

Hnrjts `me ?nhnrjts ab 6racnss

8j= )nrjts

Jt s hnrjt js tl`t tln camstjtutjam js jm tln s`hn sl`!n. (s jts bartl b`tlnr raudlt jt

jm 0=-= t 6ljoèno!lj` cam"nmtjam.

%jj) ?nhnrjts

%`) ,jdje

Jt js sa rjdje. ?un js wjtl amo+ twnmt+ sn"nm hnmehnmt jm tln twa lumerne +n`rs.

% ) Soawmnss ab 6racnss

Uln !racnss ab `hnmehnmt js sa soaw wjtl tl`t tln encjsjam wljcl `rn mnnene

jmst`mto+ mat encjene.

%c) Camsnr"`tj"n 6racnss

Jt js tln camsnr"`tj"n !racnss. Jt s baur b`tlnr lat w`mtne js cl`mdn jt n`sjo+.

Crjtjcjs$ *6`jmst -j6j+ (racn+urn ab *$nm+$nmt

6racneurn bar `hnmejmd (hnrjc`m camstjtutjam js rnòo+ "nr+ rjdje. Ulnrnbarn tljs

!racneurn l`s ta b`cn baooawjmd crjtjcjsh

8j= Soaw (racn+urn

jtl tln !`ss`dn ab tjhn mnne cl`mdn `me jt ncahns mncnss`r+ ta `hnme o`w ar

camstjtutjam sa `s ta hnnt tlnsn n"nr cl`mdjmd mnnes. 'ut !racneurn bar `hnmejmd

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn




(hnrjc`m camstjtutjam js "nr+ soaw. ?un ta jts soawmnss jt usuòo+ b`jos ta rjmd ` aut

`hnmehnmts jm tjhn ta hnnt n"nr cl`mdjmd mnnes.

%jj) 6rnsnmcn ab ,n!nòne 6`rts

^suòo+ ` !`rt wljcl js rn!nòne tlraudl `hnmehnmt js austne brah camstjtutjam.

Camtr`r+ ta tljs rn!nòne !`rts `rn >n!t jmsjen (hnrjc`m camstjtutjam `me mnw

`hnmehnmts `rn enscrj ne jm tln nme ab (hnrjc`m camstjtutjam. Sucl sjtu`tjam

h`>ns jt ejIcuot ta umenrst`me wl t ! rts l "n nnm rn!nòne `me wl t

`hnmehnmts l`"n nnm hèn.

%jjj) ;amD6`rtjcj!`tjam ab 6na!on

;a !aojtjcò !`rt+ ejscuss jts !ra!asòs bar `hnmejmd (hnrjc`m camstjtutjam eurjmd

nonctjam c`h!`jdm. Jm tljs w`+ tln (hnrjc`m `rn >n!t `w`+ brah tljs !racneurn ab

`hnmejmd (hnrjc`m camstjtutjam.

%"j) ?ahjm`tjam ab St`tns

(hnrjc`m camstjtutjam js ` bnenrò camstjtutjam `s b r `s jts `hnmehnmt js

camcnrmne st tns l`"n nnm dj"nm taa hucl raon `s b`r `s jts `hnmehnmt js

camcnrmne. Sucl eahjm`tjam ab st`tns crn`tns tlasn cah!ojc`tjams wljcl òw`+s

!ra"n jmcam"nmjnmcn ta hnme (hnrjc`m Camstjtutjam.

Camcousjam

Ua camcouen jt js st`tne tl`t ` muh nr ab `hnmehnmts l`"n nnm hèn ta

(hnrjc`m camstjtutjam sjmcn jts arjdjm. 4awn"nr sucl o`rdn muh nr ab `hnmehnmts

js mat ` !raab tl`t !racneurn bar `hnmejmd (hnrjc`m camstjtutjam js "nr+ sjh!on `me

n`s+. Uln rnòjt+ js tl`t hast ab tlnsn `hnmehnmts l`"n nnm hèn eun ta sacjò

ncamahjc me !aojtjcò cl`mdns.

/u+jcjò -nvjnw um+nr ^S* Camstjtutjam

0. 6awnrs ta jmtnr!rnt tln camstjtutjam

Jb ` !nrsam tljm>s tl`t tln ondjso`turn l`s n5cnnene jts camstjtutjam o !awnr jm

nm`ctjmd ` o`w ln h`+ clòonmdn tln camstjtutjamòjt+ ab tln o`w jm tln Caurt. Jm

encjejmd tln c sn tln Caurt jmtnr!rnts tln camstjtutjam ta entnrhjmn tln

camstjtutjamòjt+ ab tln (ct clòonmdne. Uljs !awnr ta jmtnr!rnt tln camstjtutjam `me

entnrhjmn tln camstjtutjamòjt+ ab ` st`tutn js còone tln !awnr ab 2uejcjò rn"jnw.

/. Sca!n ab Fuejcjò ,n"jnw

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn E




Fuejcjò ,n"jnw eans mat amo+ `!!o+ ta bnenrò `me St`tn st`tutns. Jts sca!n js wjenr.

Uln camstjtutjam ab tln st`tns trn`tjns hèn + tln Bnenr o &a"nrmhnmt `me tln

arenrs jssune + tln Bnenrò `me St tn n5ncutj"n s ùtlarjtjns cahn wjtljm jts

!ur"jnw.

. Camstjtutjamòjt+ ab tln ondjso`tjam

Jm entnrhjmjmd tln camstjtutjamòjt+ ab tln ondjso`tjam tln Caurt js mat camcnrmne

wjtl tln wjseah n5!nrjnmcn ar !aojc+ ab ondjso`tjam. N"nm jb tln Caurt camsjenrs tln

(ct umwjsn `me l`rhbuo ta atl tln !u ojc `me !rj"`tn jmtnrnsts jt js jts a ojd`tjam ta

sust`jm tln `ct !ra"jene jt js wjtljm tln enond`tne !awnr.

. Su!rnhn Caurt tln &u`rej`m ab tln Camstjtutjam

Su!rnhn Caurt js tln &u`rej`m ab tln Camstjtutjam. Uln Camstjtutjam l`s enh`rc`tne

rns!nctj"n s!lnrns ab `ctjam ab òo tln tlrnn r`mclns ab da"nrmhnmt am tln

!rjmcj!on ab Sn!`r`tjam ab 6awnrs. Su!rnhn Caurt l`s buoo ùtlarjt+ ta n5!o`jm tln

s!lnrn ab òo r mclns ab da"nrmhnmt `me tl t ab tln cnmtrò `me st tn

da"nrmhnmts.

. Jh!art`mcn ab Fuejcjò ,n"jnw

Su!rnhn Caurt l`s `ssuhne ` r`tlnr su!nrjar raon a"nr atlnr r`mclns ab tln

da"nrmhnmt + "jrtun ab jts !awnr ab Fuejcjò ,n"jnw 4ausn ab tln Camdrnss. ljon

dj"jmd oj nrò jmtnr!rnt`tjams ta tln Camstjtutjamò o`w Su!rnhn Caurt rnojne h`jmo+

am jh!ojne !awnrs j.n. tln !awnr ab 2uejcjò rn"jnw.

E. Grjdjm ab Fuejcjò ,n"jnw

Uln Su!rnhn Caurt b`cne tln jssun ab 2uejcjò rn"jnw bar tln 8rst tjhn jm tln c`sn ab

RH`r ur+ ". Hèjsam wljcl w`s encjene ejm 0-1 .

=. ?jstjmdujslne 'ntwnnm Fuejcjò ,n"jnw `me Fuejcjò jmtnr!rnt`tjam

Fuejcjò ,n"jnw js ej7nrnmt brah 2uejcjò jmtnr!rnt`tjam ab tln st`tutns. Jm 2uejcjò

jmtnr!rnt`tjam ab tln o`ws tln caurts Nmen`"aur ta 8me tlnjr hn`mjmds `s

umenrstaae + tln o`wh`>nrs. Uln ea mat enco`rn jt umcamstjtutjamò `me tlnrnbarn

muoo `me "aje. Uln+ ea mat *unstjam tln !awnrs ab tln ondjso`turn ta h`>n tln o`w. Jm

Fuejcjò ,n"jnw tln caurts jmtnr!rnt tln camstjtutjam jm sucl ` h`mmnr `s ta snn

wlntlnr ar mat tln `ct jm *unstjam l`s "jao`tne jts !ra"jsjam. Jb sa tln+ enco`rn jt

umcamstjtutjam o `me tlnrnbarn muoo `me "aje ncùsn jt w`s uotr`D"jrns ab tln

o`wh`>nrs camcnrmne tl`t js tln+ l`"n n5cnnene tln !awnrs cambnrrne u!am tlnh

+ tln camstjtutjam.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn =




-. (e"`mt`dns ab Fuejcjò ,n"jnw

Uln è"`mt`dns ab tln Fuejcjò ,n"jnw h`+ n suhhne u! `s umenr

`. 6ratnctjam ab tln Camstjtutjam

'+ "jrtun ab jts !awnr ab Fuejcjò ,n"jnw tln Su!rnhn Caurt c`m n7nctj"no+ >nn! òo

tln da"nrmhnmt `me tlnjr r`mclns wjtljm tlnjr rns!nctj"n s!lnrns lnmcn !ratnct

tln rjdlts ab jmej"jeuòs me tlasn ab tln jmstjtutjams.

. &rawtl ab tln Camstjtutjam

Uln Br`hnrs enoj nr`tno+ `"ajene dajmd jmta tln ent`jos rnd`rejmd tln ard`mj# tjam

`me war>jmd ab tln da"nrmhnmtò h`cljmnr+. Ulnrn `rn h`m+ wares `me tnrhs usne

jm tln Camstjtutjam wljcl c`m n jmtnr!rntne jm h`m+ camtn5ts. 4nmcn Cljnb Fustjcn

H`rtjò jmtraeucne ‟Fuejcjò ,n"jnw$ `sne am jh!ojne !awnrs.

c. @nta 6awnr n5nrcjsne + tln !rnsjenmt

6rnsjenmt Uruh`m usne "nta am tln Camdrnss o`ws //E tjhns ,aasn"not usne "nta

E 0 tjhns `me Con`"n o`me - tjhns. ljon usn ab "nta !awnr + tln !rnsjenmt w`s

nmtjrno+ `sne am !aojtjcò camsjenr tjam. (me n5nrcjsn ab 2uejcjò ,n"jnw + tln

su!rnhn caurt w`s hatj"`tne + camstjtutjamòjt+ ar atlnrwjsn ab `m+ o`w.

e. ôtjh`tn s`bndu`re ab jmej"jeuò oj nrt+

Uln Fuejcjò ,n"jnw l`s dat drn`t sjdmj8c`mcn jm (hnrjc`m s+stnh. Uln s+stnh

wjtlaut 2uejcjò rn"jnw h`+ n jmcah!ontn. Jm ` caumtr+ l`"jmd sn!`r`tjam ab !awnr

`me ` !aojtjcò s+stnh jm wljcl tln n5ncutj"n js jmen!nmenmt ab ondjso`tj"n camtrao

`me tln ondjso`turn c`mmat n ejssao"ne n`rojnr tl`m tln n5!jr+ ab jts tnrh tln !awnr

ab Fuejcjò ,n"jnw camstjtutns tln uotjh`tn s`bndu`re ab jmej"jeuò oj nrt+.

Camcousjam

'+ jts !awnr ab Fuejcj o ,n"jnw tln Su!rnhn Caurt l`s òw`+s jmtnr!rntne tln

Camstjtutjam ta hnnt tln mnnes ab tln tjhns + n"ao"jmd tln eactrjmn ab jh!ojne

!awnrs jt l`s hèn tln cnmtrn stramd `t tln cast ab tln st`tns. jtlaut tln ^S

Bnenròjsh hjdlt l`"n b`jone jm tlnsn tjhns ab drawjmd cnmtròjsh. Jt js òsa s`je

tl`t Fuedns `rn umenr tln camstjtutjam ut tln camstjtutjam js wl`t tln 2uedns s`+ jt

js.

Nonctjam ab tln *$nrjc`m (rnsj+nmt

0. Uln 6rnsjenmc+ js a"nr `me ` aut tln tur uonmcn ab enhacr`c+

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn -




dans am tln wn`>nr c`meje`tns era! aut `me "atns `rn sljbtne `raume am succnssj"n

òoats. Gmn raoo còo baooaws `matlnr umtjo encjsjam js `rrj"ne `t.

(btnr tln snonctjam ab tln 6rnsjenmtjò c`meje`tn !`rt+ mahjmnn bar tln @jcnD

6rnsjenmc+ js clasnm. Uljs js baooawne + ` m`tjamDwjen 6rnsjenmtjò c`h!`jdm.

;. 'ln Fa$jm`tjam ab Nonctars

Uln mn5t stn! js tln mahjm`tjam ab 6rnsjenmtjò nonctars jm tln sn"nrò St`tns.

- . Nonctjam ab tln Nonctars

N"nr+ cjtj#nm ab /0 +n`rs ab `dn ar harn umonss ejs*uòj8ne am cnrt`jm draume

!assnssns rjdlt ta "atn. N`cl ab tln St`tns claasns `s h`m+ nonctars `s jt l`s

Snm tars `me hnh nrs ab rn!rnsnmt tj"n jm Camdrnss. 6rnsjenmtj o nonctars `rn

clasnm jm n`cl St`tn `s ` drau! `me mat `s jmej"jeuòs. Uln nonctarò caoondn js ta

camsjst ab hnh nrs. ( 6rnsjenmtj o c`meje`tn c`m dnt nonctne amo+ jb ln

c`!turns /E "atns ab tln nonctars.

. Nonctjam ab tln (rnsj+nmt !# tln Nonctars

Uln 6rnsjenmtjò nonctars hnnt am tln sncame nemnse`+ ab ?ncnh nr jm tlnjr

rns!nctj"n st tn c`!jtòs `me tlnjr "atns bar 6rnsjenmtj o `me @jcnD6rnsjenmtjò

c`meje`tns.

0 . 'r`ms$jttjm6 `m+ caumtjm6 ab "atns

Uln 6rnsjenmt ab tln Snm`tn caumts tln "atns `me `mmaumcns tln rnsuot wljcl js

l`reo+ ` du`rene sncrnt.

00. (racn+urn jm c`sn ma c`m+j+`tns 6nts `!saoutn $`:arjt#

Jb ma c`meje`tn sncurns tln rn*ujsjtn h`2arjt+ tln jssun js encjene + tln 4ausn ab

,n!rnsnmt`tj"ns wljcl noncts + `m ` saoutn h`2arjt+ ab "atns amn ab tln tlrnn

c`meje`tns a t`jmjmd tln o`rdnst muh nr ab nonctarò "atns. Uln hnh nrs ab tln

4ausn "atn St`tn wjsn n`cl St`tn l`"jmd amn "atn jrrns!nctj"n ab jts !a!uo`tjam.

Uljs !racneurn w`s èa!tne tlrjcn.

07. 'nmurn

Uln 6rnsjenmt js nonctne bar ` !nrjae ab baur +n`rs. ( 6rnsjenmt c`m n rn nonctne bar

` sncame tnrh `me jm"`rj` o+ tln 6rnsjenmt jm aIcn js nonctne bar ` sncame tnrh.

05. Jmù6ur`tjam ab tln mnw (rnsj+nmt

Uln mnwo+ nonctne 6rnsjenmt js jmùdur tne am /1tl F`mu`r+. (t tln jmùdur`tjam tln

mnw 6rnsjenmt t`>ns tln a`tl ab aIcn wljcl js èhjmjstnrne + tln Cljnb Fustjcn ab

tln Su!rnhn Caurt.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn 1




04. Sò`r# m+ ooaw`mcns

Uln sò`r+ ab tln 6rnsjenmt arjdjmòo+ w`s / 111 eaoo`rs ` +n`r. Jt l`s nnm rn"jsne

brah tjhn ta tjhn `me sjmcn 0 E jt st`mes `t /11 111 eaoo`rs ` +n`r. 'nsjens ln js

ta dnt 011 111 eaoo`rs s dnmnrò n5!nmsn bume.

0<. (rjvjon6ns

Uln 6rnsjenmt nm2a+s h`m+ !rj"jondns. 4n c`m t n `rrnstne am tln `sjs ab `m+

cl`rdn mar c`m n suhhamne jm ` caurt `s `m jssun. 4n hust n enmaumcne + tln

Camdrnss.

;ah`m >l`m 6`dn 0

uk and usa constitution notes

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