unit vi – molecular genetics. iv. microbial genetics – viruses discovery of viruses 1883 -...
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UNIT VI – MOLECULAR GENETICS
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IV. MICROBIAL GENETICS – VIRUSES
• Discovery of Viruses 1883 - Adolf Mayer discovered that
__________________________________________________________________ was “contagious” because of the sap
Thought it was caused by a __________ 1890 – Dimitri Ivanowsky passed sap from
infected tobacco leaves through a filter designed to remove bacteria and found that the disease was still transmitted
Bacteria are so small they are getting through the filter
1897 – Martinus Beijerinck discovered that the infectious agent could reproduce & it could not be cultivated on nutrient media in test tubes or Petri dishes
1935 – Wendell Stanley Crystallized the particle & proved _________ were not cells
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IV. VIRUSES, CONT• Not organisms; correctly referred to as _________________• Not capable of carrying out life processes without a __________________• Parasites
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IV. VIRUSES, cont• Characteristics
Viral genome may be either __________-stranded or ____________-stranded _______ or ________.
Protein coat surrounding virus is known as a _____________ made up of protein subunits called _____________________.
Some viruses are also surrounded by a _______________________ Typically derived from host cell membraneException is Herpes virus, synthesized from nuclear envelope of host cellAide in ____________________. Envelope glycoproteins bind to receptor
molecules on host cellMost viruses that infect animals have envelope
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IV. VIRAL INFECTION
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IV. VIRAL INFECTION, cont - Reproduction
1. Lytic Cycle – Results in death of host cell.
LYTIC CYCLE
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IV. VIRAL INFECTION, cont - ReproductionLYSOGENIC CYCLE
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IV. VIRAL INFECTION, cont - Retroviruses
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IV. VIRUSES, cont – Animal Viruses
• DNA Viruses Herpesvirus
Herpes simplex I and II Epstein-Barr virus Varicella zoster
Papillomavirus
• RNA Viruses Rhinovirus Coronavirus Ebola virus Influenza virus
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IV. VIRUSES, cont – Other Infectious Agent• Viroids
• Prions
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V. MICROBIAL GENETICS - BACTERIA
• Genetic Make-up of Bacteria Prokaryotic Single chromosome wrapped in much
less protein than found in euks DNA concentrated in region known as
_____________
• Reproduction Haploid Reproduce asexually through _______________________ Mutations do produce minimal genetic
variation, but bacteria have developed mechanisms for genetic variability through _____________________________ ________________________________
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V. MICROBIAL GENETICS - BACTERIA• _______________________
Ability to take up _______________________ from surrounding environment
Used to introduce human genes into bacterial cells to produce human protein
“This is what you will do in lab today”
• ______________________ Use of _________________ to carry bacterial genes from one host cell
to another (phages)
• ______________________ “____________________” One-way transfer of a self-replication piece of DNA called a _______ Donor (male) extends _________, pulls cells together, cytoplasmic
bridge forms, and DNA is transferred
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V. BACTERIA, cont
• A Closer Look at Plasmids Bacterium’s ability to produce
plasmids and form pili due to specific piece of DNA known as the ______________________F factor may be integrated into
chromosome, or separate as a piece of plasmid
Contains an origin of replicationCopy of F factor may be
transferred to recipient cell; allow recipient cell to become “male”
• ___________________ – Carry genes for enzymes that destroy antibiotics “This is what you will use in lab
today”
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VI. DNA TECHNOLOGY, cont - Extensions
• Gene Cloning Process of preparing
multiple copies of a particular segment of DNA
Plasmid isolated from bacterial cell
Foreign DNA inserted into plasmid
Plasmid returned to bacterial cell; described as recombinant bacterium
Foreign gene is cloned as bacteria reproduce
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VI. DNA TECHNOLOGY Techniques• Restriction Enzymes
o Used by bacteria to _________________ viral DNA
o Very specific Each enzyme recognizes a
particular nucleotide sequence Specific points May create _______________
o Used in gel electrophoresis o Also used to form recombinant
DNA Fragments may be pasted
together with _____________
_______________ to form recombinant DNA
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VI. DNA TECHNOLOGY, cont - Techniques• Recombinant DNA
DNA containing nucleotides from other sources
Process utilizes _______________ _______________ that make jagged cuts in DNA; creates sticky ends
When DNA from different sources treated with same restriction enzyme, sticky ends “mix & match”
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VI. DNA TECHNOLOGY, cont - Extensions
A CLOSER LOOK AT
GENECLONING
USING PLASMIDS
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VI. DNA TECHNOLOGY, cont - Techniques• POLYMERASE CHAIN
REACTION (PCR)o In vitro method of
__________________ small amounts or fragmented DNA DNA is heated to
separate the double helix.
Mixture is allowed to cool, DNA primers attach to target
Heat-stable polymerase is used to extend the primers in the 5’–3’ direction.
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VI. DNA TECHNOLOGY, cont - Extensions
• GEL ELECTROPHORESISo Separates DNA fragments
based on __________o Restriction fragment analysis
DNA treated with restriction enzymes
Resulting fragments migrate based on size
Produce a pattern characteristic of original DNA and restriction enzyme used
Commonly used in forensics & paternity testing
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VI. DNA TECHNOLOGY, cont - Medicine• DNA Fingerprinting
– Collection of a specific pattern of DNA restriction fragments
• Gene Therapy– Replacing a _______________ gene with a _____________ gene (disorders)
• Transgenic Plants– Animals who carry ________________________________ from other species– Created using ___________________
• Transgenic Animals (aka “Pharm” Animals):– Animals who carry _______________ from other species– Goals
• To make animals with better quality traits (better wool, leaner meat, faster maturity)• To produce an animal that serves as a pharmaceutical “factory” by producing large amounts of rare biological
substance for medical use– Example: proteins (ex. blood clotting factor) can be secreted in the animal's milk and can be more easily purified)
– Remove egg cells from a female & fertilize them ___________. Desired gene from another organism is injected into the nuclei of the eggs. These eggs are implanted into a _______________ mother.
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VI. DNA TECHNOLOGY, cont - Extensions
• Reproductive Cloning _______________________ ________________________ Process of using unfertilized
egg cell & replacing nucleus with DNA
In 1997, scientists were able to produce first reproductive clone, “Dolly”, by culturing somatic cells in a nutrient-poor medium to de-differentiate them and force them back to totipotency.
Reproductive cloning in animals has enjoyed limited success.