unit title: principles of light: artificial light; daylight factor. photovoltaics and biomass...
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Unit title: Principles of light: artificial light; Daylight factor. Photovoltaics and Biomass Principals
Presentation title: Could domestic photovoltaics provide the electricity needed to meet household demand and power a family car in the uk?
Unit number: B1Unit date: January 14th 2009Presentation date: March 8th 2009 Student name: Craig EmbletonStudent number: 0750553Seminar group: 1 (Melissa Taylor) e-mail: [email protected]: www.greenfrontier.org
Could domestic photovoltaics provide the electricity needed to
meet household demand and power a family car in the UK?
Contents
• Introduction• Description of case study• Solar panels• Electric cars• Electricity generated and consumed• Summary• Conclusions• Issues• Questions
Introduction
Source: DUKES, 2008 & DfT, 2008
What are the problems?
Peak oil & climate change.• Domestic electricity in the UK responsible
for 9.57% of the nation’s CO2 emissions.
• Personal transportation responsible for
12.4% of the nation’s CO2 emissions.
Case Study House
Latitude* 52.04 degrees
Longitude* 0.97 degrees
Inclination of roof 35 degrees
Azimuth -30 degrees (from South)
Area of south facing part of roof
39.1 m2
Location and dimensions
*Source: Google Earth
Monthly solar radiation received on thesouth-facing roof
0
1
2
3
4
5
J F M A M J J A S O N D
kW
h/m
2
Annual Mean 3.12
Source: RETscreen using data supplied by NASA
Quarter Quarterly consumption kWHs
Monthly consumption kWHs
Winter 536 179
Spring 431 144
Summer 368 123
Autumn 483 161
Total 1,818
Electricity consumption
Source: Electricity statements from Good Energy
Annual mileage driven
Total Annual mileage
(3 year mean)
Monthly mean
Commuting mileage
7,889 657 428 (65% of total)
Source: Ministry of Transport test certificates
SunPower 230Wp photovoltaic module
Source: SunPower, 2008
Conversion efficiency 18.5 %
Area per kWp 5.409 m2
Source: Pininfarina, 2009
Electric car - Pininfarina Bº (Zero)
Top speed 80 mph
Range 153 miles
Efficiency 0.1961 kWHs/mile
Electricity consumption and module sizing
Household Pininfarina B°
Annual electricity consumed
1.818 MWHs 1.547 MWHs
(7,889 * 0.1961/1000)
Panel area required
9.3 m2 7.9 m2
•Area for 4 kWp installation = 22 m2
•Total panel area required = 17.2 m2
Source: Calculated using RETscreen algorithms
Electricity generated & consumed by case study house (kWHs/month)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
J F M A M J J A S O N D
kW
Hs
Consumed by householdConsumed by Pininfarina B0Generated by a 4 kWp installation
Summary
• Net exporter to the grid from March to
September.• Meets all the car’s requirements.• Generates 852 kWHs of electricity more
than required annually.
A 4 kWp installation covering 22m2 of case
study house’s roof would mean the house:
Conclusion
Yes. Easily for the case study house, by selling to and buying back from the
national grid to compensate for fluctuations.
Could domestic photovoltaics provide the electricity needed to
meet household demand and power a family car in the UK?
Issues – Areas for improvement?
• Data taken from commercially supplied
datasheets.• Real world independent trials necessary.• Costs of electricity.• Embodied energy.• Degradation of efficiency of photovoltaics.• Transmission losses.
Sources: Boyle, G 2004, National Travel Survey, 2007 & DUKES , 2008
Issues – What about the rest of the UK?
• Many UK houses could support a 4 kWp
photovoltaic array and over half are
orientated in a southerly direction.
However:• The mean UK household consumes more
than twice the electricity than the case
study, and drives over a quarter more
miles.
Questions?
Bibliography• Boyle, G. (2004). Solar Photovoltaics. In:
Boyle, G Renewable Energy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 66-104.
• Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (BERR). (2008). Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2008. Available: http://stats.berr.gov.uk/energystats/dukes08.pdf. Last accessed 7 February 2009.
Bibliography Continued• Department for Transport. (2008). National Travel
Survey: 2007. Available: http://www.dft.gov.uk/162259/162469/221412/221531/223955/3227431/NTS2007.pdf. Last accessed 11 February 2009.
• Department for Transport. (2008). Transport Statistics Great Britain (TSGB), Section 3 - Energy and Environment. Available: http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/tsgb/2008edition/section3energyenvironment.pdf. Last accessed 6 February 2009.
Bibliography Continued• NASA. (2009). NASA Surface meteorology and
Solar Energy: Locate RETScreen Data. Available: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse/ion-p?page=globe_main.ion&app=ret&[email protected]. Last accessed 15 February 2009.
• Pininfarina. (2008). B0 the Electric Car. Available: http://www.pininfarina.it/repository/Immagini/auto%20elettrica/BO%20pininfarina.pdf. Last accessed 16 February 2009.
Bibliography Continued• Pininfarina. (2008). Pininfarina B0 image gallery.
Available:
http://www.pininfarina.it/repository/Immagini/auto
%20elettrica/pagina%20download/Tqa.jpgLast
accessed 16 February 2009.
• RETScreen International. (2009). RETScreen Clean
Energy Project Analysis Software Download page.
Available: http://www.retscreen.net/ang/home.php.
Last accessed 1 February 2009.
Bibliography Continued
• SunPower. (2008). Datasheet: 230 Solar
Panel. Available:
http://www.sunpowercorp.com/Products-and-
Services/~/media/Downloads/
for_products_services/
spwr_230wh_res_en_lt_w_ra.ashx. Last
accessed 11 February 2009.