hydrogen fuel cell & photovoltaics. photovoltaics
TRANSCRIPT
Hydrogen Fuel Cell&
Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics
PV Cell
Conversion Efficiency
PV Array Components
oPV CellsoModulesoArrays
PV System Components
Net Metering
Net Metering Participation
PV Array Fields
Source: Solarbuzz, a part of The NPD Group
• Clean• Sustainable• Free• Provide electricity to
remote places
Advantages of Solar Energy
Disadvantages of Solar Energy
•Less efficient and costly equipment
•Part Time•Reliability Depends On
Location•Environmental Impact of PV
Cell Production
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
The NEED Project: 30 Years of Energy Education
Trends in the Use of Fuel
Wood Coal O il NaturalGas
Hydrogen
Percentage of hydrogen content in fuel
19th century: steam engine
20th century: internal combustion engine
21st century: fuel cells
A varied range of organizations, from energy companies to automobile manufacturers, are working to develop fuel cells and the accompanying
infrastructure. A trend in the production of power is clearly visible:
The History of Fuel Cells
Electrolyser Grove’s Gas Battery(first fuel cell, 1839)(after Larminie and Dicks, 2000)
Bacon’s laboratory in 1955
Photo courtesy of University of Cambridge
NASA Space Shuttle fuel cellPhoto courtesy of NASA
Applications for Fuel Cells
Transportation vehicles
Photo courtesy of DaimlerChrysler
NECAR 5
Distributed power stations
Photo courtesy of Ballard Power Systems
250 kW distributed cogeneration power plant
Applications for Fuel Cells
Home power
Photo courtesy of Plug Power
7 kW home cogeneration power plant
Applications for Fuel Cells
Portable power
50 W portable fuel cell with metal hydride storage
Applications for Fuel Cells
The Science of Fuel Cells
Phosphoric Acid
(PAFC)
Alkaline(AFC)
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
(PEMFC)
Direct Methanol
(DMFC)
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Molten Carbonate(MCFC)
Types of Fuel Cells
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane(PEMFC)
Direct Methanol(DMFC)
Solid Oxide(SOFC)
PEM Fuel Cell Electrochemical Reactions
Anode:
H2 2H+ + 2e- (oxidation)
Cathode:
1/2 O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O (l) (reduction)
Overall Reaction:
H2 + 1/2 02 H2O (l)
ΔH = - 285.8 kJ/mole
Hydrogen + Oxygen Electricity + Water
Water
A Simple PEM Fuel Cell
Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA)
O2
2H2O
4H+
Nafion
4e -
2
K
H2
O2
H2O
2H2 4H+
Nafion
4e -
O2
2H2O
4H+
Nafion
4e -
Nafion
H+
Catalysis
Transport
Resistance
Anode Cathode
Polymerelectrolyte
(i.e. Nafion)Carbon cloth Carbon cloth
Platinum-catalyst
Platinum-catalyst
Oxidation
Reduction
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
(after Larminie and Dicks, 2000)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) chains
Sulphonic Acid
50-175 microns(2-7 sheets of paper)
Water collects around the clusters of hydrophylic sulphonate side chains
Hydrogen Storage
56 L
14 L
9.9 L
Liters to store 1 kg hydrogen
Compressed gas (200 bar)
Liquid hydrogen MgH2 metal hydride
Hydrogen: Energy Forever
Fuel tank Reformer
H2
Hydrogen bottles
H2
H2
Hydrogen bottles
H2
Algae
H2
Hydrogen bottles
H2
Solar panel Electrolyser
Renewable Energy Sources
As long as the sun shines, the wind blows, or the rivers flow, there can be clean, safe, and sustainable electrical power, where and
when required, with a solar hydrogen energy system
M icro hydro
Storage
H 2
Oxygen
Oxygen
WaterWater
FuelCellE lectro lyzer
Solar Cell
W ind
Benefits of Fuel Cells
Modular
Clean
Quiet
Sustainable
Efficient
Safe
The Benefits of Fuel Cells
Heliocentris: Science education through fuel cells 35
Our Fragile Planet.
We have the responsibility to mind the planet so that the extraordinary natural beauty of the Earth
is preserved for generations to come.
Photo courtesy of NASA